
I 



I 



(I 



THE 



ANATOMY or MELANCHOLY, 

WHAT IT IS, 

WITH 

AIL THE KINDS. CiUSES, SYMPTOMS, PROGNOSTICS, AND SEVEKAL CURES OF IT 

IN THREE PARTITIONS. 

WITH THEIR SEVERAL 



SECTIONS, MEMBERS, AND SUBSECTIONS, PHILOSOPHICALLY, MEDICALLY, 
HISTORICALLY OPENED AND CUT UP- 



BY DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR, 



A SATIRICAL PREFACE, CONDUCING TO THE FOLLOWING DISCOURSE 



^]fj(ttr Jdiimn 



CORRECTED, AND ENRICHED BY TRANSLATIONS OF THE NUMEROUS CLASSICAL EXTRACTS, 



By DEMOCRITUS MINOR. 



TO WHICH IS PREFIXED AN ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. 



Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit utile dulci. 

He that joins instruction with delight, 
Profit with pleasure, carries all the votes. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER, 

624, 626 & 628 MARKET STREET. 
1875. 



2^. • 



^F 






/O 






x3 



HONORATISSIMO DOMIITO, 

NON MINVS VIRTUTE SUA, QUAM GENERIS SPLENDORE 

ILLVSTRISSIMO, 

GEORGIO BERKLEIO, 

MIUTI DE BALNKO, BARONI DE BERKLEY, MOUBRBY, SE6RAVB. 

D DE BRDSE, 

DOMINO SUO MULTIS NOMINIBUS OBSERVANDO, 

HANC SUHM 

MELANCHOLItE anatomen, 

JAM SEXTO REVISAM, D. D. 

DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR. 



ADVERTISEMENT 

TO THE LAST LONDON EDITION. 



Th e work now restored to public notice has had an extraordinary fate. At the 
time of its original publication it obtained a great celebrity, which continued more 
than half a century. During that period few books were more read, or more de- 
servedly applauded. It was th** delight of the learned, the solace of the indolent, 
and the refuge of the uninformed. It passed through at least eight editions, by which 
the bookseller, as Wood records, got an estate ; and, notwithstanding the objection 
sometimes opposed against it, of a quaint style, and too great an accumulation of 
authorities, the fascination of its wit, fancy, and sterling sense, have borne down all 
censures, and extorted praise from the first writers in' the English language. The 
grave Johnson has praised it in the warmest terms, and the ludicrous Sterne has 
interwoven many parts of it into his own popular performance. Milton did not dis- 
dain to build two of his finest poems on it ; and a host of inferior writers have em 
bellished their works with beauties not their own, culled from a performance which 
they had not the justice even to mention. Change of times, ana the frivolity of 
fashion, suspended, in some degree, that fame which had lasted near a century ; and 
the succeedhig generation affected indifference towards an author, who at length was 
only looked into by the plunderers of literature, the poachers in obscure volumes, 
The plagiaiism? of Tristram Shandy^ so successfully brought to light by Dr. Fer- 
RiAR, at length drew the attention of the public towards a writer, who, though then 
little knoWii, might, without impeachment of modesty, lay claim to every mark of 
respect; and inquiry proved, beyond a doubt, that the rails of justice had been little 
attended to by others, as well as the facetious Yorick. Wood observed, more than 
a century ago, that several authors had unmercifully stolen matter from Burton 
without any acknowledgment. The time, however, at length arrived, when ihe 
merits of the Anatomy of Melancholy were to receive their due praise. The book 
was again sought for and read, and again it became an applauded performance. Its 
excellencies once more stood confessed, in the increased price which every copy 
offered for sale produced ; and the increased demand pointed out the necessity of a 
new edition. This is now presented to the public in a manner not disgraceful to 
the memory of the author ; and the publisher relies with confidence, that so valuable 
a repository of amusement and information will continue to hold the rank to which 
it has been restored, firmly supported by its own merit, and safe from the influence 
and blight of any future caprices of fashion. To open its valuable mysteries to 
those who have not had the advantage of a classical education, translations of the 
countless quotations from ancient writers which occur in the work, are now for the 
first time given, and obsolete orthography is in all instances modernized. 



(V) 




ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. 



Robert Burton was the son of Ralph Barton, of an ancient and genteel 
timily at Lindley, in Leicestershire, and was born there on the 8th of February 
1576,* He received the first rudiments of learning at the free school of Sutton 
Coldfield, in Warwickshire, t from whence he was, at the age of seventeen, in the 
lOng vacation, 1593, sent to Brazen Nose College, in the condition of a com- 
moner, where he made considerable progress in logic and philosophy. In 1 599 
ne was elected student of Christ Church, and, for form's sake, was put under the 
tuition of Dr. John Bancroft, afterwards Bishop of Oxford. In 1614 he was 
admitted to the reading of the Sentences, and on the 29th of November, 1616, 
had the vicarage of St. Thomas, in the west suburb of Oxford, conferred on him 
by the dean and canons of Christ Church, which, with the rectory of Segrave, in 
Leicestershire, given to him in the year 1636, by George, Lord Berkeley, he kept, 
to use the words of the Oxford antiquary, with much ado to his dying day. He 
seems to have been first beneficed at Walsby, in Lincolnshire, through the muni- 
ficence of his noble patroness, Frances, Countess Dowager of Exeter, but resigned 
the same, as he tells us, for some special reasons. At his vicarage he is remarked 
to have always given the sacrament in wafers. Wood's character of him is, that 
* he was an exact mathematician, a curious calculator of nativities, a general read 
scholar, a thorough-paced philologist, and one that understood the surveying of 
lands well. As he was by many accounted a severe student, a devourer of authors, 
a melancholy and humorous person; so by others, who knew him well, a person 
of great honesty, plain dealing and charity. I have heard some of the ancients of 
Christ Church often say, that his company was very merry, facete, and juvenile; 



*His elder brother was William Burton, the Leicestershire antiquary, born 24th Aunrust, 1,'>75, educated at 
Sutton Coldfield, admitted commoner, or gentleman commoner, of Brazen Nose College, 1591 ; at the Inner 
Temple, 20lh May, 1593; B. A. 2-2d June, 1504; and afterwards a barrister and reporter in the Court of Common 
Pleas. "But his natural genius," says Wood, "leading him to the studies of heraldry, genealogies, and anti- 
quities, he became excellent in those obscure and intricate matters; and look upon him as a gentleman, was 
accounted, by all that knew him, to be the best of hi? time for those studies, as may appear by his ' Description 
of Leicestershire.'" His weak constitution not permitting him to follow business, he retired into the country, 
and his greatest work, " The Description of Leicestershire," was published in folio, 1G22. He died at Falde. 
after suffering much in the civil war, 6th April, 1645, and was buried in the parish church belonging thereto, 
called Hanbury. 

\TKi is Wood's account. His will says, Nuneaton; but a passage in this work [see fol. 304 J mentions 
Sutton Co ^.leld : probablv he may have been at both schools. 

A ^ 



vi Account of the Author. 

and no man in his time did surpass him for his ready and dexterous interlarding 
bis commv>n discourses among them with verses from the poets, or sentences from 
classic authors; which being then all the fashion in the University, made bis 
compan y the more acceptable." He appears to have been a universal reader of 
all kinds of books, ajid availed himself of his multifarious studies in a very extra- 
ordinary manner. From the information of Hearne, we learn that John Rouse, 
the Bodleian librarian, furnished him with choice books for the prosecution of his 
work. The subject of his labour and amusement, seems to have been adopted 
from the infirmities of his own habit and constitution. Mr. Granger says, ** He 
composed this book with a view of relieving his own melancholy, but increased it 
to such a degree, that nothing could make him laugh, but going to the bridge-foot 
and hearing the ribaldry of the bargemen, which rarely failed to throw him into a 
violent fit of laughter. Before he was overcome with this horrid disorder, he, in 
the intervals of his vapours, was esteemed one of the most facetious companions ir 
the University." 

His residence was chiefly at Oxford; where, in his chamber in Christ Churcl 
College, he departed this life, at or very near the time which he had some years 
before foretold, from the calculation of his own nativity, and which, says Wood, 
" being exact, several of the students did not forbear to whisper among themselves, 
that rather than there should be a mistake in the calculation, he sent up his soul 
to heaven through a slip about his neck." Whether this suggestion is founded in 
truth, we have no other evidence than an obscure hint in the epitaph hereafter 
inserted, which was written by the author himself, a short time before his death. 
His body, with due solemnity, was buried near that of Dr. Robert Weston, in the 
north aisle which joins next to the choir of the cathedral of Christ Church, on the 
27th of January 1639-40. Over his grave was soon after erected a comely monu- 
ment, on the upper pillar of the said aisle, with his bust, painted to the life. On 
the right hand is the following calculation of his nativity : 




Account of the Author. vii 

and under the bust, this inscription of his own composition :— 

Paucis notus, paucioribus ignotus, 

Hie jacet Democrifus junior 

Cui vitam dndit et mortem 
Melancholia 
Ob. 8 Id. Jan, A. C. mdcxxxix. 

Arms :— Azure on a bend O. between three dogs' heads O. a crescent G. 

A few months before his death, he made his will, of which the following is a 
copy: 1 

Extracted from the Registry of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury. 

In nomine Dei Amen. August 15th One thousand six hundred thirty nine because there be so 
many casualties to which our life is subject besides quarrelling and contention which happen to 
our Successors after our Death by reason of unsettled Estates I Robert Burton Student of Christ- 
church Oxon. though my means be but small have thought good by this my last Will and Testa- 
ment to dispose of that little which I have and being at this present I thank God in perfect health 
of Bodie and Mind and if this Testament be not so formal according to the nice and strict terms 
of Law and other Circumstances peradventure required of which I am ignorant I desire howsoever 
this my Will may be accepted and stand good according to my true Intent and meaning First I 
bequeath Animam Deo Corpus Terrse whensoever it shall please God to call me I give my Land 
in Higham which my good Father Ralphe Burton of Lindly in the County of Leicester Esquire 
gave me by Deed of Gift and that which I have annexed to that Farm by purchase since, now 
leased for thirty eight pounds per Ann. to mine Elder Brother William Burton of Lindly Esquire 
during his life and after him to his Heirs I make my said Brother William likewise mine Executor 
as well as paying such Annuities and Legacies out of my Lands and Goods as are hereafter 
specified I give to my nephew Cassibilan Burton twenty pounds Annuity per Ann. out of my 
Land in Higham during his life to be paid at two equall payments at our Lady Day in Lent and 
Michaelmas or if he be not paid within fourteen Days after the said Feasts to distrain on any part 
of the Ground or on any of my Lands of Inheritance Item I give to my Sister Katherine Jackson 
during her life eight pounds per Ann. Annuity to be paid at the two Feasts equally as above said 
or else to distrain on the Ground if she be not paid after fourteen days at Lindly as the other some 
is out of the said Land Item I give to my Servant John Upton the Annuity of Forty Shillings out 
of my said Farme during his life (if till then my Servant) to be paid on Michaelmas day in Lind- 
ley each year or else after fourteen days to distrain Now for my goods I thus dispose them First I 
give an Cth pounds to Christ Church in Oxford where I have so long lived to buy five pounds 
Lands per Ann. to be Yearly bestowed on Books for the Library Item I give an hundredth pound 
to the University Library of Oxford to be bestowed to purchase five pound Land per Ann. to be 
paid out Yearly on Books as Mrs. Brooks formerly gave an hundred pounds to buy Land to the 
same purpose and the Rent to the same use I give to my Brother George Burton twenty pounds 
and my watch I give to my Brother Ralph Burton five pounds Item I give to the Parish of Sea- 
grave in Leicestershire where I am now Rector ten pounds to be given to a certain Feoffees to the 
perpetual good o( the said Parish Oxon* Item I give to my Niece Eugenia Burton One hundredth 
pounds Item I give to my Nephew Richard Burton now Prisoner in London an hundredth pound 
to reileem him Item I give to the Poor of Higham Forty Shillings where my Land is to the poor 
of Nuneaton where I was once a Grammar Scholar three pound to my Cousin Purfey of Wadlake 
[Wadley] my Cousin Purfey of Calcott my Cousin Hales of Coventry my Nephew Bradshaw of 
Orton twenty shillings a piece for a small remembrance to Mr. Whitehall Rector of Cherkby rnyne 
own Chamber Fellow twenty shillings I desire my Brother George and my Cosen Purfey of Cal- 
cott to be the Overseers of this part of my Will I give moreover five pounds to make a small 
Monument for my Mother where she is buried in London to my Brother Jackson forty shillings to 
my Servant John Upton forty shillings besides his former Annuity if he be my Servant till I die 
if he be till then my Servantj— ROBERT BURTON— Charles Russell Witness — John Pcpp. t 
Witness. 

• So in the Registe^. t So in the Register. 



viii Account of the Author. 

An Appendix o this my Will if I die in Oxford or whilst I am of Christ Chu ch and 
with good Mr. Taynes August the Fifteenth 1639. 

I give to Mr. Doctor Fell Dean of Christ Church Forty Shillings to the Eight Canoi.s ti^enty 
Shillings a piece as a small remembrance to the poor of St. Thomas Parish Twenty Shil.tngs to 
Brasenose Library five pounds to Mr. Rowse of Oriell Colledge twenty Shillings to Mr. Heywood 
xxs. to Dr. Metcalfe xxs. to Mr. Sherley xxs. If I have any Books the University Library hath 
not, let them take them If I have any Books our own Library hath not, let them take them I give 
to Mrs. Fell all my English Books of Husbandry one excepted to 

her Daughter Mrs. Katherine Fell my Six Pieces of Silver Plate and six Silver spoons to Mrs. lies 
my Gerards Herball To Mrs. Morris my Country Farme Translated out of French 4. and all my 
English Physick Books to Mr. Whistler the Recorder of Oxford I give twenty shillings to all my 
fellow Students M^s of Arts a Book in fol. or two a piece as Master Morris Treasurer or Mr. Dean 
shall appoint whom I request to be the Overseer of this Appendix and give him for his pains Atlas 
Geografer and Ortelius 'J'heatrum Mond' I give to John Fell the Dean's Son^ Student my Mathe- 
matical Instruments except my two Crosse Staves which I give to my Lord of Donnol if he be 
then of the House To Thomas lies Doctor lies his Son Student Saluntch on Paurrhelia and 
Lucian's Works in 4 Tomes If any books be left let my Executors dispose of them with all such 
Books as are written with my own hands and half my Melancholy Copy for Crips hath the other 
half To Mr. Jones Chaplin and Chanter my Surveying Books and Instruments To the Servants 
of the House Forty Shillings ROB. BURTON— Charles Russell Witness — John Pepper Witness 
— This Will was shewed to me by the Testator and acknowledged by him some few days before 
his death to he his last Will Ita Testor John Morris S Th D. Prebendari' EccI Chri' Oxon 
Feb. 3, 1639. 

Probatum fuit Testamentum suprascriptum, &c. 11° 1640 Juramento Willmi Burton Fris' 
et Executoris cui &c. de bene et fideliter administrand. &c. coram Mag'ris Nathanaele 
Stephens Rectore Eccl. de Drayton, et Edwardo Farmer, Clericis, vigore commis* 
sionis, &c. 



The only work our author executed was that now reprinted, which probably 
was the principal employment of his life. Dr. Ferriar says, it was originally 
published in the year 1617; but this is evidently a mistake;* the first edition was 
that printed in 4to, 1621, a copy of which is at present in the collection of John 
Nichols, Esq., the indefatigable illustrator of the History of Leicestershire ; to 
whom, and to Isaac Reed, Esq., of Staple Inn, this account is greatly indebtea 
for its accuracy. The other impressions of it were in 1624, 1628, 1632, 1638, 
1651-2, 1660, and 1676, which last, in the titlepage, is called the eighth edition. 

The copy from which the present is re-printed, is that of 1651-2 : at the con- 
clusion of which is the following address: 

"TO THE READER. 

" BE pleased to know (Courteous Reader) that since the last Impression of this Book, the 
ingenuous Author of it is deceased, leaving a Copy of it exactly corrected, with several consider- 
able Additions by his own hand ; this Copy he committed to my care and custody, with directions 
to have those Additions inserted in the next Edition ; which in order to his command, and the 
Publicke Good, is faithfully performed in this last Impression." 

H. C. (/. e. HEN. CRIP PS.) 

♦ Originating, perhaps, in a note, p. 448, 6th edit. (p. 455 of the present), in which a book is quoted as havmg 
oeen " printed at Paris 1624, seven years after Burton's first edition." As, however, the editions after that of 
1621, are regularly mari<ed in succession to the eighth, printed in 1676, there seems very little reason t:>d3nbt 
that, in the note above alluded to, either 1624 has been a misprint for 1628, or seven years for thrit yean '''he 
Bumerous typographical errata in other parts of the work strongly aid this latter supposition. 



Account of the Author. ix 

The following testimonies of various authors will serve to jhow the estimation 
in which this work has been held : — 

"The Anatomy of Melancholt, wherein the author hath piled up variety of much e.iceller 
learning. Scarce any book of philology in our land hath, in so short a time, passed so inanj 
eflitions." — Fuller's Worthies, fol. 16. 

» 'Tis a book so full of variety of reading, that gentlemen who have lost their time, and are put 
to a push for invention, may furnish themselves with matter for common or scholastical discourse 
and writing." — Wood's Athense Oxoniensis, vol. i. p. 628. 2d edit. 

"If you never saw Buutox upox Melancholy, printed 1676, I pray look into it, and read 
the ninth pa^e of his Preface, * Democritus to the Reader.' There is something there which 
touches the point we are upon ; but I mention the author to you, as the pleasantest, the most 
learned, and the most full of sterling sense. The wits of Queen Anne's reign, and the beginning 
of George the First, were not a little beholden to him." — Archbishop Herring's Letters, 12ma 
1777. p. 149. 

"Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, he (Dr. Johr»son) said, was the only book that ever 
took him out of bed two hours sooner than he wished to rise." — Boswelfs Life of Johnson, vol. i. 
p. 680. 8vo. edit. 

"Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy is a valuable book," said Dr. Johnson. " It is, pe-- 
haps, overloaded with quotation. But there is great spirit and great power in what Burton says 
when he writes from his own mind." — Ibid. vol. ii. p. 325. 

"It will be no detraction from the powers of Milton's original genius and invention, to remark, 
that he seems to have borrowed the subject of V Allegro and // Penseroso, together with some 
particular thoughts, expressions, and rhymes, more especially the idea of a contrast between the&e 
two dispositions, from a forgotten poem prefixed to the first edition of Burton's Anatomy of 
Melancholy, entitled, 'The Author's Abstract of Melancholy; or, A Dialogue between Pleasure 
and Pain.' Here pain is melancholy. It was written, as I conjecture, about the year 1600. I 
will make no apology for abstracting and citing as much of this poem as will be sufficient to 
prove, to a discerning reader, how far it had taken possession of Milton's mind. The measure 
will appear to be the same ; and that our author was at least an attentive reader of Burton's book, 
may be already concluded from the traces of resemblance which I have incidentally noticed in 
passing through the L' Allegro and II Penseroso." — After extracting the lines, Mr. Warton ad<^s, 
" as to the very elaborate work to which these visionary verses are no unsuitable introduction, the 
writer's variety of learning, his quotations from scarce and curious books, his pedantry sparkling 
with rude wit and shapeless elegance, miscellaneous matter, intermixture of agreeable tales and 
illustiations, and, perhaps, above all, the singularities of his feelings, clothed in an uncommon 
quaintness of style, have contributed to render it, even to modern readers, a valuable repository of 
amusement and information." — \Varton''s Milton, 2d edit. p. 94. 

" The Anatomy of Melancholy is a book which has been universally read ai d admired. 
This work is, for the most part, what the author himself styles it, 'a cento;' but it is a very 
ingenious one, His quotations, which abound in every page, are pertinent; but if he had made 
more use of his invention and less of his commonplace-book, his work would perhaps have been 
more valuable than it is. He is generally free from the affected language and ridiculoU' metaphors 
which disgrace most of the books of his time." — Granger's Biographical History. 

" BuRTox's Anatomy of Melancholy, a book once the favourite of the Iearne;l and the 
witty, and a source of surreptitious learning, though written on a regular plan, consir*". chiefiy 
of quotations : the author has honestly termed it a cento. He collects, under every divis\-n, the 
•)pinions of a multitude of writers, without regard to chronological order, and has too QAjn the 
modesty to decline the interposition of his own sentiments. Indeed the bulk of his m.\ft;ials 
generally overwhelms him. In the course of his folio he has contrived to treat a great va-i-^ty 
of topics, that seem very loosely connected with the general subject : and, like Bayle, when he 
starts a favourite train of quotations, he does not scruple to let the digression outrun the princ'p."! 
question. Thus, from the doctrines of religion to military discipline, from inland navigation to 
the morality of dancing-schools, every thing is discussed and determined." — Ferriar's Illustraticru 
of Si erne, p. 58. 
2 



^gfWf^e M-^. 



X Account of the Author. 

< The archness which Burtox displays occasionally, and his indulgence of playful digression* 
from the moit serious discussions, often give his style an air of familiar conversation, notwith- 
standing the laborious collections which supply his text. He was capable of writing excellent 
poetry, but he seems to have cultivated this talent too little. The English verses prefixed to his 
book, which possess beautiful imagery, and great sweetness of versification, have been frequently 
published. His Latin elegiac verses addressed to his book, shew a very agreeable turn for 
raillery." — Ibid. p. 58. 

" When the force of the subject opens his own vein of prose, we discover valuable sense and 
brilliant expression. Such is his account of the first feelings of melancholy persons, written, 
probably, from his own experience." [See p. 154, of the present edition.] — Ibid. p. 60. 

<' During a pedantic age, like that in which Buuton's production appeared, it must have been 
emrnently serviceable to writers of many descriptions. Hence the unlearned might furnish them- 
selves with appropriate scraps of Greek and Latin, whilst men of letters would find their enquiries 
shortened, by knowing where they might look for what both ancients and moderns had advanced 
on the subject of human passions. I confess my inability to point out any other English author 
who has so largely dealt in apt and original quotation." — Manuscript note of the late George 
Sieevens, Esq., in his copy of The Anatomt of Melaxcholt. 



(xi) 



DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR AD LIBRUM SUUM. 



Va.de libur, qualis, non ausim dicere, foelix, 

Te nisi t'oelicem fecerit Alma dies. 
Vade tamen quocunque lubet, quascunque per 
oras, 

Et Genium Domini fac imitere tui. 
I blandas inter Cliariles, mystamque saluta 

Musarum quemvis, si tibi lector erit. 
Rura colas, urbem, subeasve palatia regum, 

Submisse, placide, te sine dente geras. 
Nobilis, aut si quis te forte inspexerit heros, 

Da te morigerum, perlegat usque lubet. 
Est quod Nobilitas, est quod desideret heros, 

Gratior hasc forsan charta place re potest. 
Si quis morosus Cato, tetricusque Senator, 

Hunc etiam librum forte vide re velit, 
Sive magistratus, tum te reverenter habeto ; 

Sed nullus ; muscas non capiunt Aquilae. 
Non vacat his tempus fugitivum impendere 
nugis. 

Nee tales cupio ; par mihi lector erit. 
Si matrona gravis casu diverterit istuc, 

Illustris domina, aut te Comitissa legal : 
Est quod displiceat, placeat quod forsitan illis, 

Ingerere his noli te modo, pande tamen. 
At si virgo tuas dignabitur inclyta chartas 

Tangere, sive schedis hasreat ilia tuis: 
Da modo te facilem, et quasdam folia esse me- 
mento 

Conveniant oculis quae magis apta suis. 
Si generosa ancilla tuos aut alma puella 

Visura est ludos, annue, pande lubens. 
Die utinam nunc ipse meus* (nam diligit istas) 

In praesens esset conspiciendus herus. 
Ignotus notusve mihi de gente togata 

Sive aget in ludis, pulpita sive colet, 
Sive in Lycoeo, et nugas evolverit istas, 

Si quasdam mendas viderit inspiciens. 
Da veniam Authori, dices ; nam plurima vellet 

Expungi, quae jam displicuisse sciat. 
Sive Melancholicus quisquam, seu blandus 
Amator, 

Aulicus aut Civis, seu bene comptus Eques 
Hue appellat, age et tulo te crede Icgenti, 

Multa istic forsan non male nata leget. 
Quod fugiat, caveat, quodque amplexabitur, 
ista 

Pagina fortassis promere multa potest. 
At si quis Medicus coram te sistet, amice 

Fac circumspecte, et te sine labe geras : 



Invenict namque ipse meis quoque plunnia 
scriptis, 

Non leve subsidium quae sibi forsan erunt. 
Si quis Causidicus chartas impingat in istas, 

Nil mihi vobiscum, pessima turba vale ; 
Sit nisi vir bonus, et juris sinfe fraude peritus,. 

Tum legat, et forsan doctior inde siet. 
Si quis cordatus, facilis, lectorque benignus 

Hue oculos vertat, quae velit ipse legat ; 
Candidus ignoscet, metuas ail, pande libenter, 

Offensus mendis non erit ille tuis, 
Laudabit nonnulla. Venit si Rhetor ineptus, 

Limata et tersa, et qui benti cocta petit, 
Claude citus librum ; nulla hie nisi ferrea verba, 

Offendent stomachum quae minus apta suum. 
At si quis non eximius de plebe poeta, 

Annue ; namque istic plurima ficta leget. 
Nos sumus e numero, nullus mihi spiral Apollo, 

Grandiloquus Vales quilibel esse nequit. 
Si Crilicus Lector, lumidus Censorque moleslus, 

Zoilus et Momus, si rabiosa cohors : 
Ringe, freme, et noli tum pandere, turba ma- 
lignis 

Si occurrat sannis invidiosa suis : 
Fac fugias ; si nulla tibi sit copia eundi, 

Contemnes, tacile scommata quaeque feres. 
Frendeat, allalret, vacuas gannitibus auras 

Impleat, haud cures ; his placuisse nefas. 
Verum age si forsan divertal purior hospes, 

Cuique sales, ludi, displiceanlque joci, 
Objiciatque tibi sordes, lascivaque : dices, 

Lasciva est Domino et Musa jocosa tuo. 
Nee lasciva tamen, si pensitet omne ; sed esto ; 

Sit lasciva licet pagina, vita proba est. 
Barbarus, indoctusque rudis spectator in islam 

Si messem intrudat, fuste fugabis eum, 
Fungum pelle procul (jubeo) nam quid mihi 
fungo ? 

Conveniunt stomacho non minus isla suo. 
Sed nee pelle tamen; laeto omnes accipe vultu, 

Quos, quas, vel quales, inde vel unde viros. 
Gratus erit quicunque venit, gratissimus hospesi 

Quisquis erit, facilis difficilisque mihi. 
Nam si culparit, quasdam culpasse juvabit, 

Culpando faciei me meliora sequi. 
Sed si laudaril, neque laudibus efTerar ullis, 

Sit satis hisce malis opposuisse bonum. 
Haec sunt quae nostro placuil mandare libello, 

Et quae dimiltens dicere jussit Herus. 



♦ Hec comic« dicta cave ne mal* capias. 



(xii) 



DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR TO HIS BOOK. 



PARAPHRASTIC METRICAL TRANSLATION. 



'Jo forth ray book niio the open day ; 

Happy, if made so by its garish eye. 
3'er earth's wide surface take thy vagrant way, 

To imitate thy master's genius try. 
The Graces three, the Muses nine salute, 

Should those who love them try to con thy lore. 
The country, city seek, grand thrones to boot. 

With gentle courtesy humbly bow before. 
Should nobles gallant, soldiers frank and brave 

Seek thy acquaintance, hail their first advance : 
From twitch of care thy pleasant vein may save. 

May laughter cause or wisdom give perchance. 
Some surly Cato, Senator austere, 

Haply may wish to peep into thy book: 
Seem very nothing — tremble and revere : 

No forceful eagles, butterflies e'er look, 
rhey love not thee: of them then little seek, 

And wish for readers triflers like thyself. 
Of ludeful matron watchful catch the beck. 

Or gorgeous countess full of pride and pelf. 
They may say "pish !" and frown, and yet read 
on: 

Cry odd, and silly, coarse, and yet amusing. 
Should dainty damsels seek thy page to con. 

Spread thy best stores : to them be ne'er re- 
fusing : 
Say, fair one, master loves thee dear as life; 

Would he were here to gaze on thy sweet look. 
Should known or unknown student, freed from 
strife 

Of logic and the schools, explore my book : 
Cry mercy critic, and thy book withhold: 

Be some few errors pardon'd though observ'd : 
An humble author to implore makes bold. 

Thy kind indulgence, even undeserv'd. 
Should melancholy wight or pensive lover. 

Courtier, snug cit, or carpet knight so trim 
Our blossoms cull, he'll find himself in clover. 

Gain sense from precept, laughter from our 
whim. 
Should learned leech with solemn air unfold 

Thy leaves, beware, be civil, and be wise : 
Thy volume many precepts sage may hold. 

His well fraught head may find no trifling prize. 
Should crafty lawyer trespass on our ground, 

CaitiflTs avaunt ! disturbing tribe away ! 
LTnless (white crow) an honest one be found ; 

He'll better, wiser go for what we say. 
Should some ripe scholar, gentle and benign, 

With candour, care, and judgment thee peruse: 



Thy faults to kind oblivion he'll consign; 

Nor to thy merit will his praise refuse. 
Thou may' St be searched for polish' d words and 
verse 

By flippant spouter, emptiest of praters : 
Tell him to seek them in some mawkish verse : 

My periods all are rough as nutmeg graters. 
The doggerel poet, wishing thee to read. 

Reject not ; let him glean thy jests and stories. 
His brother I, of lowly sembling breed : 

Apollo grants to few Parnassian glories. 
Menac'd by critic with sour furrowed brow, 

Momus or Troilus or Scotch reviewer : 
Ruffle your heckle, grin and growl and vow : 

Ill-natured foes you thus will find the fewer. 
When foul-mouth'd senseless railers cry thee 
down, 

Reply not : fly, and show the rogues thy stern : 
They are not worthy even of a frown: 

Good taste or breeding they can ne^er learn; 
Or let them clamour, turn a callous ear. 

As though in dread of some harsh donkey's 
bray. 
If chid by censor, friendly though severe, 

To such explain and turn thee not away. 
Thy vein, says he perchance, is all too free ; 

Thy smutty language suits not learned pen : 
Reply, Good Sir, throughout, the context see ; 

'Thought chastens thought ; so prithee judge 
again. 
Besides, although my master's pen may wander 

Through devious paths, by which it ought not 
stray. 
His life is pure, beyond the breath of slander: 

So pardon grant ; 'tis merely but his way. 
Some rugged ruffian makes a hideous rout — 

Brandish thy cudgel, threaten him to baste ; 
The filthy fungus far from thee cast out ; 

Such noxious banquets never suit my taste. 
Yet, calm and cautious moderate thy ire. 

Be ever courteous should the case allow — 
Sweet malt is ever made by gentle fire : 

Warm to thy friends, give all a civil bow. 
Even censure sometimes teaches to improve. 

Slight frosts have often cured too rank a crop, 
So, candid blame my spleen shall never move. 

For skilful gard'ners wayward branches lop. 
Go then, my book, and bear my words in mind 
Guides safe at once, and pleasant ihein you'll 
find. 



(xiii) 



THE ARGUMENT OF THE FRONTISPIECE, 



Ten distinct Squares here seen apart, 
Are joined in one by Cutter's art. 



I. 



Old Democritus under a tree, 
Sits on a stone with book on knee; 
About him hang there many features, 
Of Cats, Dogs and such like creatures, 
Of which he makes anatomy. 
The seat of black choier to see. 
Over his head appears the sky. 
And Saturn Lord of melancholy. 



To the left a landscape of Jealousy, 
Presents itself unto thine eye. 
A Kingfisher, a Swan, an Hern, 
Two tight ing-cocks you may discern, 
Two roaring Bulls each other hie, 
To assault concerning venery. 
Symbols are these ; I say no more, 
Conceive the rest by that's afore. 



The next of solhariness, 

A portraiture doth well express, 

By sleeping dog, cat: Buck and Doe, 

Hares, Conies in the desert go : 

Bats, Owls the shady bowers over, 

In melancholy darkness hover. 

Mark well : If 't be not as 't should be, 

Blame the bad Cutter, and not me. 



I'th' under column there doth stand 

Inamorato with folded hand; 

Down hangs his head, terse and polite, 

Some ditty sure he doth indite. 

His lute and books about him lie. 

As symptoms of his vanity. 

If this do not enough disclose. 

To naint him, take thyself by th' nose. 



Hypocondriactis leans on his arm, 
WinH in his side doth him much harm. 
And troubles him full sore, God knows. 
Much "ain h*. hath and many woes. 
About him pots and glasses lie, 
Newly brought from's Apothecary. 
This Saturn's aspects signify, 
You see them portray'd in the sky. 



Beneath them kneeling on his knee 
A superstitious man you see : 
He fasts, prays, on his Idol fixt. 
Tormented hope and fisar betwixt: 
For Hell perhaps he takes more pain, 
Than thou dost Heaven itself to gain 
Alas poor soul, I pity thee. 
What stars incline thee so to be ? 



But see the madman rage downright 
Whh furious looks, a ghastly sight. 
Naked in chains bound doth he lie. 
And roars amain he knows not why ' 
Observe him ; for as in a glass, 
Thine angry portraiture it was. 
His picture keeps still in thy presence; 
'Twixt him and thee, there's no difference 

VIII, IX. 

Borage and Hdlehor fill two scenes, 
Sovereign plants to purge the veins 
Of melancholy, and cheer the heart, 
Of those black fumes which make it smart 
To clear the brain of misty fogs. 
Which dull our senses, and Soul clogs. 
The best medicine that e'er God made 
For this malady, if well assay'd. 



Now last of all to fill a place, 
Presented is the Author's face; 
And in that habit which he wears. 
His image to the world appears. 
His mind no art can well express. 
That by his writings you may guess. 
It was not pride, nor yet vain glory, 
(Though others do it commonly) 
Made him do this: if you must know, 
The Printer would needs have it so. 
Then do not frown or scoff at it, 
Deride not, or detract a whit. 
For surely as thou dost by him. 
He will do the same again. 
Then look upon't, behold and see, 
As thou lik'st it, so it likes thee. 
And I for it will stand in view. 
Thine to command. Reader, adieu. 



(xiv) 



THE AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT OF MELANCHOLY, a.«ac>5,. 



Whe.v I go musing all alone 
Thinking of divers things fore-known. 
When I build castles in the air, 
Void of sorrow and void of fear, 
Pleasing myself with phantasms sweet, 
Methinks the time runs very fleet. 
All my joys to this are folly, 
Naught so sweet as melancholy. 
When I lie waking all alone, 
Recounting what I have ill done, 
My thoughts on me then tyrannise, 
Fear and sorrow me surprise, 
Whether I tarry still or go, 
Methinks the time moves very slow. 
All my griefs to this are jolly. 
Naught so mad as melancholy. 
When to myself I act and smile, 
With pleasing thoughts the time beguile. 
By a brook side or wood so green, 
Unheard, unsought for, or unseen, 
A thousand pleasures do me bless, 
And crown my soul with happiness. 
All my joys besides are folly. 
None so sweet as melancholy. 
When I lie, sit, or walk alone, 
I sigh, I grieve, making great mone. 
In a dark grove, or irksome den, 
With discontents and Furies then, 
A thousand miseries at once 
Mine heavy heart and soul ensonce. 
All my griefs to this are jolly. 
None so sour as melancholy. 
Methinks I hear, methinks I see. 
Sweet music, wondrous melody, 
Towns, palaces, and cities fine ; 
Here now, then there ; the world is mine, 
Rare beauties, gallant ladies shine, 
Whate'er is lovely or divine. 
All other joys to this are folly. 
None so sweet as melancholy. 
Methinks I hear, methinks I see 
Ghosts, goblins, fiends; my phantasy 
Presents a thousand ugly shapes. 
Headless bears, black men, and apes, 
Doleful outcries, and fearful sights, 
My sad and dismal soul affiights. 
All my griefs to this are jolly. 
None so damn'd as melancholy. 



Methinks I court, methinks I kiss, 
Methinks I now embrace my mistress. 

blessed days, O sweet content. 
In Paradise my time is spent. 

Such thoughts may still my fancy move, 
So may I ever be in love. 
All my joys to this are folly. 
Naught so sweet as melancholy. 
When I recount love's many frights, 
My sighs and tears, my waking nights, 
My jealous fits ; O mine hard fate 

1 now repent, but 'tis too late. 
No torment is so bad as love, 
So bitter to my soul can prove. 

All my griefs to this are jolly. 
Naught so harsh as melancholy. 
Friends and companions get you gone, 
'Tis my desire to be alone ; 
Ne'er well but when my thoughts and 1 
Do domineer in privacy. 
No Gem, no treasure like to this, 
'Tis my delight, my crown, my bliss. 
All my joys to this are folly, 
Naught so sweet as melancholy. 
'Tis my sole plague to be alone, 
I am a beast, a monster grown, 
I will no light nor company, 
I find it now my misery. 
The scene is turn'd, my joys are gone, 
Fear, discontent, and sorrows come. 
All my griefs to this are jolly. 
Naught so fierce as melancholy. 
I'll not change life with any king, 
I ravisht am: can the world bring 
More joy, than still to laugh and smile, 
In pleasant toys time to beguile ? 
Do not, O do not trouble me. 
So sweet content I feel and see. 
All my joys to this are folly, 
None so divine as melancholy. 
I'll change my state with any wretch. 
Thou canst from gaol or dunghill fetch • 
My pain's past cure, another hell, 
I may not in this torment dwell ! 
Now desperate I hate my life, 
Lend me a halter or a knife ; 
All my griefs to this are jolly. 
Naught so damn'd as melancholy. 



(16) 

DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR 

TO THE READER. 



(lENTLE reader I presume thou wilt be very inquisitive to know what antic or 
^ personate actor this is, that so insolently intrudes upon this common theatre, to 
the world's view, arrogating another man's name; whence he is, why he doth it, and 
what he hath to say; although, as 'he said, Primum si noluero, non respondebo^ quis 
coacturus est? I am a free man born, and may choose whether I will tell; who can 
compel me? If I be urged, 1 will as readily reply as that Egyptian in ^Plutarch, when 
a curious fellow would needs know what he had in his basket, Quum vides velatam, 
quid inquirls in rem ahsconditamf It was therefore covered, because he should not 
know what was in it. Seek not after that which is hid; if the contents please thee, 
'''and be for thy use, suppose the Man in the Moon, or whom thou wilt to be the 
Author;" I would not willingly be known. Yet in some sort to give thee satisfac- 
tion, which is more than I need, I will show a reason, both of this usurped name, 
title, and subject. And first of the name of Democritus ; lest any man, by reason of 
it, should be deceived, expectmg a pasquil, a satire, some ridiculous treatise (as I 
myself should have done), some prodigious tenet, or paradox of the earth's motion, 
of infinite worlds, in infinito vacuo^ ex fortuitd atomorum coUisione^ in an infinite 
waste, so caused by an accidental collision of motes in the sun, all which Democritus 
held, Epicurus and their master Lucippus of old maintained, and are lately revived 
by Copernicus, Brunus, and some o^liers. Besides, it hath been always an ordinary 
custom, as ^Gellius observes, "for later writers and impostors, to broach many absurd 
and insolent fictions, under the name of so noble a philosopher as Democritus, to 
get themselves credit, and by that means the more to be respected," as artificers 
usually do, JYovo qui marmori ascribunt Praxatilem suo. 'Tis not so with me. 

5 Non hie Centaurus, non Gorgonas, Harpyasque | No Centaurs here, or Gorgons look to find, 

Invenies, hominem pagina nostra sapit. | My subject is ofman and human kind. 

Thou thyself art the subject of my discourse. 

" Quicquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, I Whate'er men do, vows, fears, in ire, in sport, 
Gaudia, discursus, nostri farrago libelli. I Joys, wand'rings, are the sum of my report. 

My intent is no otherwise to use his name, than Mercurius Gallobelgicus, Mercu- 
rius Britannicus, use the name of Mercury, "'Democritus Christianus, &c.; although 
there be some other circumstances for which I have masked myself under this vizard, 
and some peculiar respect which I cannot so well express, until I have set down a 
brief character of this our Democritus, what he was, with an Epitome of his life. 

Democritus, as he is described by ^Hippocrates and ^Laertius, was a little wearish 
old man, very melancholy by nature, averse from company in his latter days,'° and 
much given to solitariness, a famous philosopher in his age, ^'cocbvus with Socrates, 
wholly addicted to his studies at the last, and to a private life : wrote many excellent 
works, a great divine, according to the divinity of those times, an expert physician, 
a politician, an excellent mathematician, as ''Diacosmus and the rest of his works 
do witness. He was much delighted with the studies of husbandry, saith '^Columella, 
and often I find him cited by '^ Constantinus and others treating of that subject. He 
knew the natures, differences of all beasts, plants, fishes, birds ; and, as some say, 
could 'Hmderstand the tunes and voices of them. In a word, he was omnifaridm 
doctus, a general scholar, a great student ; and to the intent he might better contem- 



• Seneca in ludo in mortem Claudii Cresaris. « flip. Epist. Dameget. 9 Laert. lib 9. lo Hor- 

« L"t). de Curiositate. s Modt> hec tibi usui sint, tulo sibi cellulam seligens, ibique seipsum includens, 

quenivis auctorem fingito. Wecker. ^ Lib. 10, c. vixit solitarius. '' Floruit Oiympiade i>0; "700 annis 

12. Multa a mal6 feriatis in Demjcritl nomine com- poslTroiam. " Djacos. quod cunclisoperibiis facil* 

menta data, nobilitatis, a«ctoriiaiisque ejus perfugio excellit. LaSrt. ^3 (jol. lib. 1. c. 1. '^ Const, lib. 

itlrntibus. s Martiali8,lib. 10, epigr. 14. « Juv. de agric. passim. "> Volucrnm voces et linguat 

■a*. 1 ' Auih. Pet. Besseo edit. Coioniae, If '6. | intclligere se dicit Abderitaus Ep. Hip 



16 Democnfus to the Reader. 

plate, ^ I find it related by some, that he put out his eyes, and was in his old ag^ 
voluntarily blind, yet saw more than all Greece besides, and '^ writ of every subject, 
wV7/i// in toto oplficio naturcB, de quo non scripslt}^ A man of an excellent wit, pro- 
found conceit ; and to attain knowledge the better in his younger years, he travelled 
to Egypt and '^Athens, to confer with learned men, ^""admired of some, despised of 
others." After a wandering life, he settled at Abdera, a town in Thrace, and was 
sent fur thither to be their law-maker. Recorder, or town-clerk, as some will ; or as 
others, he was there bred and born. Howsoever it was, there he lived at last in a 
garden in the suburbs, wholly betaking himself to his studies and a private life, 
*'^' saving that sometimes he would walk down to the haven, ^^and laugh heartily at 
such variety of ridiculous objects, which there he saw." Such a one was Democritus. 
But in the mean time, how doth this concern me, or upon what reference do I 
usurp his habit } I confess, indeed, that to compare myself unto him for aught 1 
have yet said, were both impudency and arrogancy. I do not presume to make any 
parallel, Jlntlstat mihl mill'ibus trecentis, ^^parvus sum^ nullus sum., altum nrc spiro., 
?iec spero. Yet thus much J will say of myself, and tliat I hope without all suspi- 
cion of pride, or self-conceit, I have lived a silent, sedentary, solitary, private life, 
mihi et musis in the University, as long almost as Xenocrates in Athens, ad senecfam 
fere to learn wisdom as he did, penned up most part in my study. For I have been 
brought up a student in the most flourishing college of Europe,^^ august isslmo collegioj 
and can brag with ^^Jovius, almost, in ed luce domicilii Vacicani., tot ins orbis ceJe- 
berrijni^ per 37 annos multa opportunaque didici ;" for tliirty years I have continued 
(having the use of as good ^® libraries as ever he had) a scholar, and would be there- 
fore loth, either by living as a drone, to be an unprofitable or unworthy member of 
so learned and noble a society, or to write that which should be any way dishonour- 
able to such a royal and ample foundation. Something I have done, though by my 
profession a divine, yet turbine raplus ingenii., as ^^he said, out of a running wit, an 
unconstant, unsettled mind, I had a great desire (not able to attain to a superficial 
skill in any) to have some smattering in all, to be aliquis in omnibus.^ nullus in sin- 
gulis^^ which ^^ Plato commends, out of him ^"Lipsius approves and furthers, "as fit 
to be imprinted in all curious wits, not to be a slave of one science, or dwell alto- 
gether in one subject, as most do, but to rove abroad, centum puer artium., to have 
an oar in every man's boat, to ^' taste of every dish, and sip of every cup," which, 
saith ^^ Montaigne, was well performed by Aristotle, and his learned countryman 
Adrian Turnebus. This roving humour (though not with like success) I have ever 
had, and like a ranging spaniel, that barks at every bird he sees, leaving his game, I 
have followed all, saving that which I should, and may justly complain, and truly, 
qui ubique cst^ nusquam est^'^ wdiich ^^Gesner did in modesty, that I have read many 
books, but to little purpose, for want of good method ; I have confusedly tumbled 
over divers authors in our libraries, with small profit, for want of art, order, memory, 
judgment. I never travelled but in map or card, in which my unconfined thoughts 
have freely expatiated, as having ever been especially delighted with the study of 
Cosmography. ''^Saturn was lord of my geniture, culminating, &c., and Mars prin- 
cipal significator of manners, in partile conjunction with my ascendant; both fortunate 
in their houses, &c. I am not poor, I am not rich ; nihil est^ nihil deest., I have 
little, I want nothing : all my treasure is in Minerva's tower. Greater preferment as I 
could never get, so am I not in debt for it, I have a competence [laus Deo) from my 
noljle and munificent patrons, though I live still a collegiate student, as Democritus 
in liis garden, and lead a monastic life, ipse mihi theatrum., sequestered from those tu- 
mults and troubles of the world, Et tanquam in specula positus., C^as he said) in some 

'«Sabellicusexenipl., lib. 10. Oculisse privavit, ut me- Hisl. 26 Keeper of our college library, lately re- 
I1U3 comemplationi operand daret, snhlinii vir infienio, vived by Otho Nicolson, Esquire. '^^ Scalicer. 
profuridas cogitationis, &c. '■ Naliiralia. moralia, 2« Somebody in everylhiiifj, nobody in each thing, 
mathematici, liberales disciplinas, arliumqne orii- m In Tiieat. ao Thil Sfoic. li. diff. 8. Dogma cu- 
nium peritiam callebat. i** Nothing in nature's pidi.'* et ruriosi? ingeniis imprjmendum, ut sit talis qui 
power to contrive of which he has not written, nnlli rei serviat, ant exacts unum uliqnid claboret, alia 
J' Veni Athenas, et nemo me novit. "^o Idem con- nejilisrens, ui artifices, &c. si Delibare gratuin de 
temptiii et admirationi habitus. 21 Solebat ad quociinque cibo, et pittisare de quocuiique dolio ju- 
portam amhiilare, et inde, &c. Hip. Ep. Dameg. cundum. ^ Essays, lib. 3. "^ He that ia 
"2 Perpetuorisu pulmonem agitare solebat Democritus, everywhere is nowhere. 84 praefat. bibliothec. 
Juv. Sat. 7. ■^3 Non sum dignus praestare matePa. 36 Ambo fortes et fortunati. Mars idem magislerii do- 
Mart ■■" Christ Church in Ovford. *i Praefat. minus juxta primam Leovitiiregulain. >* Hensiu*. 



Democritus to the Reader. 17 

liig'l, place above you all, like Stoicus Sapiens, omnia scvculu., prcr.terita present! «iqw 
vide.is^ uno velut intuitu^ I hear and see what is done abroad, how others ^"run, ride^ 
turmoil, and macerate themselves in court and country, far from those wrangling^ 
i3wsuits, aul(B vanifatem, fori ambitionem^ riderc mecum soleo : I laugh at all, ^^onl) 
secure, lest my suit go amiss, my ships perish, corn and cattle miscarry, trade decay, 
I have no wife nor children good or bad to provide for. A mere spectator of other 
men's fortunes and adventures, and how they act their parts, which methinks are 
diversely presented unto me, as from a common theatre or scene. I hear new news 
every day, and those ordinary rumours of war, plagues, fires, inundations, thefts, 
murders, massacres, meteors, comets, spectrums, prodigies, apparitions, of towns 
taken, cities besieged in France, Germany, Turkey, Persia, Poland, &.C., daily musters 
and preparations, and such like, which these tempestuous times atlbrd, battles fought, 
eo many men slain, monomachies, shipwrecks, piracies and sea-fights \ peace, leagues,, 
f^tratagems, and fresh alarms. A vast confusion of vows, wishes, actions, edicts, 
petitions, lawsuits, pleas, laws, proclamations, complaints, grievances are daily 
brouglit to our ears. New books every day, pamphlets, currantoes, stories, whole 
catalogues of volumes of all sorts, new paradoxes, opinions, schisms, heresies, con- 
troversies in philosophy, religion, &c. Now come tidings of weddings, maskings, 
mummeries, entertainments, jubilees, embassies, tilts and tournaments, trophies, 
triumphs, revels, sports, plays : then again, as in a new shifted scene, treasons, 
cheating tricks, robberies, enormous villanies in all kinds, funerals, burials, deaths 
of princes, new discoveries, expeditions, now comical, then tragical matters. To-day 
we hear of new lords and officers created, to-morrow of some great men deposed, 
and then again of fresh honours conferred; one is let loose, another imprisoned; 
one purchaseth, another breaketh : he thrives, his neighbour turns bankrupt ; now 
plenty, then again dearth and famine ; one runs, another rides, wrangles, laughs, 
weeps, &c. Thus I daily hear, and such like, both private and public news, amidst 
the gallantry and misery of the world ; jollity, pride, perplexities and cares, simplicity 
and villany; subtlety, knavery, candour and integrity, mutually mixed and oflering 
themselves ; I lub on privus privatus ; as I have still lived, so I now continue, statu 
quo prius., left to a solitary life, and mine own domestic discontents : saving tliat 
sometimes, ne quid menfiar., as Diogenes went into the city, and Democritus to the 
haven to see fashions, I did for my recreation now and then walk abroad, look into 
the world, and could not choose but make some little observation, non tarn sagax 
observatory ac simplex recitator^^ not as they did, to scoff or laugh at all, but with a 
mixed passion. 

<o Bilem sa?p6, jocum vestri movdre tumultus. 

Ye wrelched mimics, whose fond heats have been, 
IIow oft! the objects of my inirtli and spleen. 

I did sometime laugh and scoff with Lucian, and satirically tax with Menippus, 
lament with Heraclitus, sometimes again I was "^^petulanti splene chachinno, and then 
ugain, ^^urere bilisjecur^ I was much moved to see that abuse which J could not 
mend. In which passion howsoever I may sympathize with him or them, 'tis for 
1 o such respect I shroud myself under his name; but either in an unknown habit to 
assume a little more liberty and freedom of speech, or if you will needs know, for 
that reason and only respect which Hippocrates relates at large in his Epistle to 
Damegetus, wherein he doth express, how coming to visit him one day, he found 
Democritus in his garden at Abdera, in the suburbs, ^^ under a shady bower, "Svith 
a book on his knees, busy at his study, sometimes writing, sometimes walking. 
The subject of his book was melancholy and madness ; about him lay the carcases 
of many several beasts, newly by him citt up and anatomised ; not that he did con- 
temn God's creatures, as he told Hippocrates, but to find out the seat of this atra 
biJui, or melanclioly, whence it proceeds, and how it was engendered in men's bodies, 
to the intent he might better cure it in himself, and by his ^vntings and observation 



s^ Calide ambientes, soHcite litigantes, out misere ex- 
cidentes, voce?, strepiium contentiones, &c. sb (^-yp 
ad Donat. Unice securns, ne excidani in foro, ant" in 
inari Indico bonis elua, de dote fills, patrimonio tilii 
nor eum solicitus. sa Not so sapacious an ob- 

server as simple a narrato, <"> Ilor. Ep. lib. 1. 

••iK.,20. 4' Per. A laughter with a petulant spleen. 



b2 



^2 Flor. lib. 1, sat. 9. *^ Secnndnm mcEnia locus eral 
frondosis populis opacus, vitiinisque sponte naiis, 
tennis jirope aqua defluebal, placide murmnians, ubi 
sedile et donius Deniocrili conspicicbatur. ^' Ipse 

composite considebat, supe. penua volumen habent, 
et utrinque alia patentia parata, dissectaqne animaliA 
cumulatim Rtrata, quorum viscera rimabatur. 



^E^V^^HB^ 



18 DemocrUus to the Reaaer. 

*'*' teach others how to prevent and avoid it. Which good intent of his, Hippoctauis 
highly coinmenaed : Democritiis Junior is therefore bokl to imitate, and because he 
left it imperfect, and it is now lost, quasi succenluriator DemocrUi^ to revive again, 
prosecute, and finish in this treatise. 

You have had a reason of the name. If the title and inscription offend yoar 
{rravity, were it a sufficient justification to accuse others, I could produce many sober 
treatises, even sermons themselves, which in their fronts carry more fantastical 
names. Howsoever, it is a kind of policy in these days, to prefix a fantastical title 
(o a book which is to be sold ; for, as larks come down to a day-net, many vain 
readers will tarry and stand gazing like silly passengers at an antic picture in a 
painter's shop, that will not look at a judicious piece. And, indeed, as '^'^Scaliger 
observes, " nothing more invites a reader than an argument unlooked for, unthought 
of, and sells better than a scurrile pamphlet," turn maxlme cum novitas cxc'itat ^'pa- 
latum,. " Many men," saith Gellius, '•'• are very conceited in their inscriptions," 
"and able (as "''' Pliny quotes out of Seneca) to make him loiter by the way that went 
in haste to fetch a midwife for his daughter, now ready to lie down." For my part, 
I have honourable ^"precedents for this wliich I have done : I will cite one for all, 
Anthony Zara, Pap. Epis., his Anatomy o{ Wit, in four sections, members, subsec- 
tions, &c., to be read in our libraries. 

If any man except against the matter or manner of treating of this my subject, and 
will demand a reason of it, I can allege more than one ; I write of melancholy, by 
being busv to avoid melancholy. Tiiere is no greater cause pf melancholy than 
idleness, '•' no belter cure than business," as ^"Rhasis holds : and howbeit, stiiltus lahor 
est ineptiarwn^ to bt busy in toys is to small purpose, yet hear that divine Seneca, 
allud agere qiiam mliil^ better do to no end, than nothing. 1 wrote therefore, and 
busied myself in tliis playing labour, otiosaq ; diligentid ut vltarem torporrmferl.andi 
with Vectius in Macrobius, atq ; otium in utile verterem negotlum. 

61 Simiil et jiiciinda et idonea dicere vitae, 
Leclorem delcictando simiil alque nioiiendo. 
Poets would profit or delight mankir-l, 
And with the pleasing have th' insvructive joined. 
Profit and pleasure, then, to mix with art, 
T' inform the judgment, nor offend the heart, 
Shall gain all votes. 

To this end I write, like them, saith Lucian, that "recite to trees, and decitaim to 
pillars for want of auditors:" as ^^ Paulus iEgineta ingenuously confesseth, "'•not that 
anything was unknown or omitted, but to exercise myself," which course if some 
took, I think it would be good for their bodies, and much better for their souls ; oi 
peradventure as others do, for fame, to show myself ( Scire tuiim nihil est^ nisi te 
scire hoc sciat alter). I might be of Thucydides' opinion, ^^" to know a thing and 
not to express it, is all one as if he knew it not." When I first took this task in 
hand, et quod ait '"^ilk., ivipellcnte genio negofium suscepi^ this I aimed at; ^''vel ui 
Icnirem animum scrihcndo^ to ease my mind by writing; for 1 had gravidum cor^ 
fcetum caputs a kind of imposthume in my head, which I was very desirous to be 
unladen of, and could imagine no fitter evacuation than this. Besides, I might not 
well refrain, for ubi dolor^ ihi digitus^ one must needs scratch where it itches. I was 
not a little offended with this malady, shall I say my mistress "•melancholy," my 
Alger'm^ or my mains genius ? and for that cause, as he that is stung with a scorpion, 
1 would expel clavum clavo^ ^^ comfort one sorrow with another, idleness with idl'>» 
ness, ut ex viperd Theriacum^ make an antidote out of that which was the prime 
cause of my disease. Or as he did, of whom ^^ Felix Plater speaks, that thought he 
liad some of Aristophanes' frogs in his belly, still crying Brecc^ ckex^ coax^ coax^ 
oop,, oop, and for that cause studied physic seven years, and travelled over most part 



••'' Cutn tnundiis extra se sit, et mente captus sit, et ] Antimonj', &c. ^oCont. 1. 4, c. 9. Non est 

nescial se lanirnere, ut medelam adhibeat. •"^ Sea- j cura mclior qnim lahor. ^i jjor. De Arte Poxt. 

liuer, E|). ad I'atisonem. Nihil inagis lectoretn invitat 52 iVon quod dc novo quid addere, aut A veteribus pr«. 
•luatn inopinatuniargumentum, neque vendihiliornierx , tertnissuni, sed proprine ex ercitationis causa. ^^ Qui 
I'st qua.ui petulans liber. '• Lib x.x. c. 11. Miras i novit, neque id quod seniit expriniil, perirde est ac si 

♦equuntur inseriptionnm festivitates. •" Prnr-fat. j ne?ciret. *' Jovius Pra'f. Hist. "-Erasmus. 

Nal Hist. Patri ohstetriceni parturient! filijE accersenti ^c )tiumotio dolorcm dolore sum f-->latus. s^ Ob* 

iioran: injicere possunt. *'■* Anatoitiy of Popery, set vat. 1. 1. 

inatomy of immorlalily, Angelas salas, Anatomy of 



DemocrUus lo the Reader. 



10 



of Europe to ease himself. To do myself good I turned over such physicians a,s 
our libraries would afford, or my '^'^ private friends impart, and iiave taken this pains. 
And why not ? Cardan professeth he wrote his book, ^^De Consolatione" aficr iiis 
son's death, to comfort himself; so did Tully write of the same subject with like 
intent after his daughter's departure, if it be his at least, or some impM.«tor's put out 
in his name, which Lipsius probably suspects. Concerning myself, 1 can pei adven- 
ture aflirm with Marius in Sallust, ^''" that which others hear or read of, I felt and 
practised myself; they get their knowledge by books, I mhie by melancholising:" 
Erpertn crede Roberto. Something I can speak out of experience, cprumnabi/is expe- 
rientia me docuit ; and with her in the poet, ^^Hnud ignara mail miseris suecurreip, 
disco; I would help others out of a fellow-feeling; and, as that virtuous lady did 
of o^'. '*'" being a leper herself, bestow all her portion to build an hospital for lepers^" 
I will spend my time and knowledge, which are my greatest fortunes, for the common 
good of all. 

Yea, but you will infer that this is ^^ actum agere^ an unnecessary work, crajiihen 
bis cocfam apponnere^ the same again and again in other words. To what purpose.'' 
"•^^Nothing is omitted that may well be said," so thouglit Lucian in the like theme. 
How many excellent physicians have written just volumes and elaborate tracts of 
this subject.'' No news here; that which I have is stolen from others^ ^^Dicif que 
mihi mea pagina fur es. If that severe doom of ^'Synesius be true, ''■ it is a greater 
offence to steal dead men's labours, than their clothes," what shall become of most 
writers .'' I hold up my hand at the bar among others, and am guilty of felony in 
this kind, habes confitenfem reum^ I am content to be pressed with the rest. 'Tis 
most ivwe^ tenet insanabile muUos scribendi cucoethes^ and ^^" there is no end of 
writing of books," as the Wise-man found of old, in this ^' scribbling age, especially 
wherein ^*" the number of books is without number, (as a worthy man saith,) presses 
be oppressed," and out of an itching humour that every man hath to show himself, 

^^ desirous of fame and honour {^scribimus indocti doctique ) he will write no 

matter what, and scrape together it boots not whence. '""Bewitched with this 
desire of fame, etiam mediis in niorbis^ to the disparagement of their health, anc' 
scarce able to hold a pen, they must say something, "'"and get themselves a name," 
saith Scaliger, " though it be to the downfall and ruin of many others." To be 
counted writers, scriptores ut sahitentur^ to be thought and held Polumatlies and 
Polyhistors, apud imperitum vulgiis ob ventosce nomen artis^ to get a paper-kingdom : 
nulla spe qucEsfus sed ainpl'i famce^ in this precipitate, ambitious age, nunc ut est 
scpxulum^ inter immaturam erudLtion''m^ ambitiosum et prcEceps ('tis "Scaliger's cen- 
sure) ; and they that are scarce auditors, i? /a; auditores^ must l3e masters and teachers 
before they be capable and fit hearers. They will rush into all learning, togatatu 
armatam^ divine, human authors, rake over all indexes and pamphlets for notes, as 
our merchants do strange havens for traffic, write great tomes. Cum nan sint re verr 
doctiores^ sed loquaciores^ whereas they are not thereby better scholars, but greater 
praters. They commonly pretend public good, but as "^Gesner observes, 'tis pride 
and vanity that eggs them on ; no news or aught worthy of note, but the same ii< 
other terms. JVe feriarentur fortasse typographic vel idea scribejidum est oliquid ut 
se vixisse testentur. As apothecaries we make new mixtures every day, pour out 
of one vessel into another; and as those old Romans robbed all the cities of the 
world, to set out their bad-sited Rome, we skim of!' tlie cream of other men's wits, 
pick the choice flowers of their tilled gardens to set out our own sterile plots. 
Vastrant alios ut libros suos per se graciles alicno adipe sujfarciant (so ''*Jovius 
/nveighs.) They lard their lean books with the fat of others' works. Ineruditi 
fures, &c. A fault thai every writer finds, as I do now, and yet faulty themselves, 



»'' M. .Toh. Roui, our Protobih. Oxon. M. Hopper, M. 
Giilliridire, &c. 69 q,|jb illi aiitlire et lejrore soleiit, 

eorum parliin vidi ejoniet, alia gessi, quae illi literi*. 
ejro iiiilitando didici, nunc vos existiniate facta an 
dicta pliiris sint. "" Dido Vir<r. "Taught l)y that 

I'ower that piiies nie,I learn to pitjthem." "I't^ain- 

den, Ipsa elephantiasi correpta elephantiasis hospicium 
construxil. «- Iliada post llouieruin. «a Nihil 

prjEterinissum quod a ouovis dici possit. ♦'^ Mar- 

tialis. sft Macis ini,>iuin mortunruui lucubrationes, 

qukn. ?€««•« fura* •« EccI ult. «' Libros 



Eunuchi gigniint, steriles parinnt. «*• D. Kine 

priefat. lect. Jonas, the late rifiht reverend Lord T. 
of London. «9 Homines fainelici t'l^riip ad osten- 

tatiofieni eruditionis undique conjierunt. Huchananiis 
'" EfTacinati etiam laudis aniore, &c. Justus IJarfmins. 
'1 Ex ruinisalienspexistiniritionissiliiL'radum adfamain 
strnunt. 7:2 Exercit. 288. 7j Omrifs sibi fanuim 

qua-runt et quovis modo in orbeni apargi contendutil, 
ui novae alicujus rei haheantur auclores. PrEf. bibli- 
oib. '< Praefat. hist. 



^mr. 



20 Democritus to the Reader. 

'^ Trlum TUerarum Jiomines^dii] thieves; they pilfer out of old writers to stuff up theii 
new comments, scrape Ennius dung--hills, and out of "''Democritus' pit, as I hare 
Jone. By which means it comes to pass, '^" that not only libraries and shops are 
lull of our putrid papers, but every close-stool and jakes, Scribunt carmina qua 
Icgunt cacant.es ; they serve to put under pies, to '^^lap spice in, and keep roast-mea^ 
from burning. "With us in France." saith ''^Scaliger, "every man hath liberty V 
write, but few ability. ^"^ Heretofore learning was graced by judicious scholars, bux 
now noble sciences are vilified by base and illiterate scribblers," that eitlier write 
(or vain-glory, need, to get money, or as Parasites to flatter and collogue with some 
g?eat men, they put out ^^ hurras^ quisquUldsque ineptiasque. ^^ Amongst so many 
thousand authors you shall scarce find one, by reading of whom you shall be an) 
whil better, but rather much worse, qulbus inficitur potius, qudm perfcUur, by which 
he is rather infected than any way perfected. 

-Qui talin legit. 



Quid ditlicit tandem, quid scit nisi souinia, nugasi 

So that oftentimes it falls out (which Callimachus taxed of old) a great book is a 
gi^eat mischief. ^^ Cardan finds fault with Frenchmen and Germans, for their scrib- 
bling to no purpose, non inquit ah edendo deterreo^ modo nomim aliquid invenlanf, 
he doth not bar them to write, so that it be some new invention of their own ; but 
we weave the same web still, twist the same rope again and again; or if it be a new 
invention, 'tis but some bauble or toy which idle fellows write, for as idle fellows to 
read, and who so cannot invent ? ®^" He must have a barren wit, that in this scrib- 
bling ao-e can forgfe nothinor. ^^ Princes show their armies, rich men vaunt their build- 
iiigs, soldiers their manhood, and scholars vent their toys;" they must read, they 
must hear whether they will or no. 

ST Et quodcinque semel cimrtis illeverit. omnes I y^^^^, ^^^^ ^^ g^j,, ^^j ^^it, all men must know. 



Gesiiet k furno redeuntes scire lacuque 
Et pueros el anus 



Old wives and children as they come and go. 



'^What a company of poets hath this year brought out," as Pliny complains to 
Sossius Sinesius. ^^"This April every day some or other have recited." What a 
catalogue of new books all this' year, all this age (I say), have our Frankfort Marts, 
our domestic Marts brouglit out.'' Twice a year^^^''^ Prof erunt se nova ingenia ef 
ostentanf^ we stretch our wits out, and set tliem to sale, magno conatu nihil agimus. 
So that which ^°Gesner much desires, if a speedy reformation be not had, by some 
Prince's Edicts and grave Supervisors, to restrain this liberty, it will run on in infi- 
nitum. Quis tarn avidus lihrorum helluo^ who can read them ? As already, we 
!*hall have a vast Chaos and confusion of books, we are ^' oppressed with them, ^^ oui 
eyes ache with reading, our fingers with turning. For my part I am one of the 
number, nos numerus sumus, (we are mere cyphers) : I do not deny it, I have only 
this of Macrobius to say for myself, Omne meum^ nihil meum^ 'tis all mine, and none 
mine. As a good housewife out of divers fleeces weaves one piece of cloth, a bee 
gathers wax and honey out of many flowers, and makes a new bundle of all, Flori- 
feris ut apes in sallihus omnia Jibant^] have laboriously ^^ collected this Cento out of 
divers writers, and that sine injuria., I have wronged no authors, but given every 
man his own ; which ^^Hierom so much commends in Nepotian ; he stole not whole 
verses, pages, tracts, as some do now-a-days, concealing their authors' names, but 
.still said this was Cyprian's, that Lactantius, that Hilarius, so said Minutius Felix, 
so Victorinus, thus far Arnobius : I cite and quote mine authors (which, howsoever 
some illiterate scribblers account pedantical, as a cloak of ignorance, and opposite 



''sPlautus. '76E Democriti puteo. i^ Non : mense Aprili nullus f^re dies quo non aliquis recitavil. 



tarn refertse hibliothecsB quain cloacce. '^8 Et quic- 

cjuid cartis amicilur ineptis. "Epist. ad Petas. 

iti regno Frariciae omnibus scribendi datur libertas, 
paucis facultas. fcuQIim literae ob homines m 

precio nunc sordent ob homines. ^' Ans. pac. 

f^-'Tnte tot mille volumina vix unus a ciijus lectione 
quis melior evade' immo potius non pejor. ^'■' Palin- 
penius. What does at-y one, who reads such works, 
learn or know but dreams and trifling things. ^^ Lib. 
5.- de Sap. ^5 Sterile oportet esse ingeninm quid 

in hoc scriplurifntum pruritus, <Sf.c. ^6 Cardan, 

pf8» ad Consol. «' Hor. lib. 1, sat. 4. »« Epist. 

lib. 1. Magnum poetarum proventum annus hie attulit« 



Idem. *w Principibus et doctoribus deliberanaum 

relinquo, ut arguantur auctorum furta et milies rene- 
tita tollantur, et teniere scribendi libido coerceatur, 
aliter in infinitum progress-ura. 9' Onerabnntur 

ingenia, nemo legendis sufficit. ^^ Libris ol)ruimur, 

oculi legendo, manus volitando dolent. Fam. Strada 
Momo. Lucretius. 9^ Quicquid ubique bene dictum 

facio nievim, et illnd nunc nieis ad compendium, nunc 
ad fidem et auctoriiatem alienis e.xprimo verbis, onines 
auctores nieos clientes esse arbitror, &;c. Sarisburi- 
ensis ad Folycrat. prol. »» In Epitaph. Nep. ill.it' 

Cyp. hoc Lact. illud Hilar, est, ita Victoriu'.:s, in haiir 
modum loquutus est Arnobius, A;c 



Demoontus to the Reader. 21 

lo their affec ied fine style, I must and will use) sumpsi., non suripul ; and what Varro^ 
lib. 6. de re rust, speaks of bees, minime maleJiccB nuUius opus vellicantes faciunt 
deterius^ I can say of myself, Whom have I injured ? The matter is theirs mos* 
part, and yet mine, apparet uncle sumptum sit (which Seneca approves), aliud tavicn 
qudm unde sumptum sit apparet^ which nature doth with the aliment of our bodies 
incorporate, digest, assimilate, I do concoquere quod hausi^ dispose of what 1 take. 
I make them pay tribute, to set out this my Maceronicon, the method only is miiifi 
own, I must usurp that of ^' Weckcr e Ter. nihil dicium quod non diciuvi. prius^ 
methodus sola artijicem ostendit^ we can say nothing but what hath been said, th« 
composition and method is ours only, and shows a scholar. Oribasius, ^Esius, Avi- 
cenna, have all out of Galen, but to their own method, divcrso stilo, non divtrsa jide. 
Our poets steal from Homer ; he spews, saith jElian, they lick it up. pivines use 
Austin's words verbatim still, and our story-dressers do as much ; he that comes lasl 
is commonly best, 

donee quid grandius setas 

Poslera soisque ferat inelior. as 

' Though there were many giants of old in Physic and Philosophy, yet I say with 
^'Didacus Stella, '•'' A dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than 
a giant himself;" I may likely add, alter, and see farther than my predecessors ; and 
it is no greater prejudice for me to indite after others, than for iElianus Montidtus, 
that famous physician, to write de morbis capitis after Jason Pratensis, Heurnius, 
Hildeslieim, &.C., many horses to run in a race, one logician, one rhetorician, after 
another. Oppose then what thou wilt, 

Allatres licet usque nos et usque 
Et gaiuiitibus iuiprobis iacessas. 

I solve it thus. And for those other faults of barbarism, ^ Doric dialect, extempora- 
iiean style, tautologies, apish imitation, a rhapsody of rags gathered together from 
several dung-hills, excrements of authors, toys and fopperies confusedly tumbled out, 
without art, invention, judgment, wit, learning, harsh, raw, rude, fantastical, absurd, 
insolent, indiscreet, ill-composed, indigested, vain, scurrile, idle, dull, and dry ; ) 
confess all ('tis partly aflfected), thou canst not think worse of me than I do of 
myself. 'Tis not worth the reading, I yield it, I desire thee not to lose time m 
perusing so vain a subject, I should be peradventure loth myself to read him or thee 
so writing; 'tis not operce pretium. All J say is this, that J have ^^ precedents for it, 
which Isocrates calls perfugium iis qui peccant., others as absurd, vain, idle, illiterate, 
&c. jYormulli alii idem Jecerunt ; others have done as much, it may be more, an3 
perhaps thou thyself, JVovimus et qui te^ &c. We have all our faults ; scimus., ct 
hanc, veniam.) &c.; '°^thou censurest me, so have I done others, and may do thee, 
Cedimus inque vicem-f &g., 'tis lex talionis^ quid pro quo. Go now, censure, criti- 
cise, scoff, and rail. 



1 Nasiitus ris usque licet, sis denique nasus: 
Noil poles in nusias dicere plura ineas, 
Ipse ego qu^iii dixi, &:c. 



Wert thou all scoffj and flouts, a very Momus, 
Than we ourselves, thou canst not say worse of ua. 



Thus, as when women scold, have I cried whore first, and in some men's censures 
I am afraid I have overshot myself, Laudare se vani^ vituperare stulti^ as J do not 
arrogate, 1 will not derogate. Primus vestriim non sum., nee imus., I am none of the 
best, I am none of the meanest of you. As I am an inch, or so many feet, so many 
parasangs, after him or him, I may be peradventure an ace before thee. Be it there- 
fore as it is, well or ill, I have essayed, put myself upon the stage ; I must abide the 
censure, I may not escape it. It is most true, stylus virum arguit^ our style bewrayj 
us, and as ^hunters find their game by the trace, so is a man's genius descried by 
his works, Multb melius ex sermone quam lineamentis^ de moribus hominum judi^ 
camus ; it was old Cato's rule. I have laid myself open (I know it) in this treatise, 
turned mine inside outward : I shall be censured, I doubt not; for, to say truth with 
Erasmus, nihil morosius hominum judiciis., there is nought so peevish as men's judg- 

"^rrffif. ad Syntax, nied. "s Until a later age and ' apes. Lipsius adversua dialogist. "^Uno absurdo 



a happier lot produce something nK)re truly grand, j dato niille sequuiitur. '""Nondubilo niultos lec- 

-•■■ In l.uc. 10. toni. 2. Tigniei Gijrantuin hunieris i tores hie fore stultos. ' Martial, 13, 2 a Hi 

.njpositi plusquani ipsi Giganles vident. •"" Nee ' venatores ferani 6 vestigio impresso, virura 8criptiu»«- 

BranearuiM textus ideo melior quia ex se fila gigiiuntur, cul^ Lips. , 

■ec nosrer id 20 vilior, quia ex alienis libanius ut ■ 



22 



Democritus to the Reader. 



iiieiits , ye' this is some comfort, ut palata^ sic judicia^ our censures are as various 
as our palaies. 

, ,, ,. J- . -J . I Three siiests 1 have, dissenting at my feast, 

s I rps n.ih; cnnviva- nrope dissentire v.dentur, Requiring each lo -ratify his taste 

l'..scemes vario multuin diversa pali.to, &c. .| y^^^^^ different food. 

Our writings are as so many dishes, our readers guests, our books like beauty, 
h^t which one admires another rejects ; so are we approved as men's fancies are 
inclined. Pro captu leclorls liabent sua fata I'lbelli. That which is most pleasing 
to on 3 is amaracum sui^ most harsh to another. Quot homines^ tot sententicE^ so 
manj men, so many minds : that wliich thou condemnest he commends. ^ Quod 
pet'is., id sane est invisum acidumque duohus. He respects matter, thou an wholly 
for words ; he loves a loose and free style, thou art all for neat composition, strong 
lines, hyperboles, allegories ; he desires a iine frontispiece, enticing pictures, such as 
^ Hieron. Natali the Jesuit hath cut to the Dominicals, to draw on the reader's atten- 
tion, which thou rejectest; that which one admires, another explodes as most absurd 
and rithculous. If it be not pointblank to his humour, his method, his conceit, *^ si 
quid forsan omissum., quod is animo conccperit., si quce dictio^ &c. If aught be omit- 
ted, or added, which he likes, or dislikes, thou art mancipium paucce leclionis^ an 
idiot, an ass, nuUus es, or pJagiarius^ a trifler, a trivant, thou art an idle fellow ; or 
else it is a thing of mere industry, a collection without wit or invention, a very toy. 
' Facilia sic putant omnes quce jam fact a j wc de salehris cogifant^uhi via strata ; so 
men are valued, their labours vilified by fellows of no worth themselves, as things 
of nought, who could not have done as much. Unusquisque ahundat sensu suOf 
every man abounds in his own sense ; and whilst each particular party is so affected, 
how should one please all ? 

* Quid dem? quid non deml Renuis tii quod jubet jUe. 

What courses must I chusel 

What not 7 What both would order you refuse. 

How shall I hope to express myself to each man's humour and ^ conceit, or to give 
satisfaction to all r Some understand too little, some too much, qui si?niUter in 
legcndos Ubros^ atque in saJutandos homines irruunt., non cogitantes quales^ sed quihus 
vcstibus induti sint., as '"Austin observes, not regarding what, but who write, ^^ orcxin 
habet auctores celebritas^ not valuing the metal, but stamp that is upon it, Cantharum 
aspicii,nt^ non quid in eo. If he be not rich, in great place, polite and brave, a great 
doctor, or full fraught with grand titles, though nev^^r so well qualified, he is a dunce ; 
hut, as '^Baronius hath it of Cardinal Carafia's works, he is a mere hog that rejects 
any man for his poverty. Some are too partial, as friends to overween, others come 
with a prejudice to carp, vilify, detract, and scofi'; (qui de me forsan., quicquid esty 
omni conterajAu confemptius judicant) some as bees for honey, some as spiders to 
gather poison. What shall I do in this case .? As a Dutch host, if you come to an 
inn in Germany, and dislike your fare, diet, lodging, Sec, replies in a surly tone, 
'^ " aliud tibi qucpras diver sorium^'^'' if you like not this, get you to another inn : 1 
resolve, if you like not my writing, go read something else. I do not much esteem 
thy censure, take thy course, it is not as thou wilt, nor as I will, but when we have 
both done, that of '^ Plinius Secundus to Trajan will prove true, ^^ Every man's witty 
labour lakes not, except the matter, subject, occasion, and some commending favour 
ite happen to it." If I be taxed, exploded by thee and some such, I shall haply be 
approved and commended by others, and so have been (Expertus loquor)^ and may 
truly say with '^Jovius in like case, (absit vcrbo jactantia) heroum quomndam., pon 
tifi^wn., et virorum 7iob ilium familiaritatem et amicifiamy gratasque gratias., et multo^ 
rum '^ bene laudatorum lavdcs sum inde promeritus., as I have been honoured by 
some worthy men, so have I been vilified by others, and shall be. At the first pab 
lishing of thi- book, (which '"Probus of Persius satires), editum librum continub 
mirari homines., a! que avide deripere coeperunt., I may in some sort apply to this my 
\v >rk. The firs% second, and third edition were suddenly gone, eagerly read, and 
ds I have said, not so much approved by some, as scornfully rejectecl by others 



s Hor. * Hot. o Aatwerp. fol. 1607. e Mu- 
retus. * Lipsius. f Uor. ••> Fieri non po- 

test, ut quod quisq\ie cogiiat, dicat uicus. Muretus. 
»*Lib. ). de ord., cap. 11. 'i Erasmus. '- An- 

lal. Totn. 3. ad annum 360. Est porcus ille qui sacer- 



dotem ex amplitudine redituum sordide demetitur 
'3Erasm. dial. '^ Epist <ib. 6. Cujusque in-re. 

nium non statim emersit, nisi materire fautor, occasioi, 
coinmendatorque continual. '° I'ra'f. hist. i" l.aii 
dari & laudato laus est. ^' Vjt. Per«ii. 



Democritus to the Reader. 23 

'#»,< it was Democritus his fortune, Idem admirationi et ^"imsioni habitus. 'Tvvas 
5f>»<fca's fate, that superintendent of wit, learninor, judgment, '^ ad stuporem doctus^ 
ihc best of Greek and Latin writers, in Plutarch's opinion •, that renowned correc- 
toi of vice," as ^Tabius terms him, "and painfu' omniscious pliilosopher, tliat writ 
so excellently and admirably well," could not please all parties, or escape censure. 
Htrw is he vilified by ^' Caligula, Agellius, Fabius, and Lispsius himself, his chief 
piupugner ? In eo plcraque pernittosa^ saith the same Fabius, many childish tracts 
aiW sentences he hath, senno illahoratus^ too negligent often and remiss, as Agelliua 
observes, oratio vulgaris et proirita^ dicaccs ct incptiE^ sententia^ eruditio phbeia^ 
an homely shallow writer as he is. In partibus spinas etfastidia hahet^ saith ^^Lip- 
sius \ and, as in all his other works, so especially in his epistles, alicR in argufiis et 
ineptiis occupanlur^ intricatus alicubi^ et parum composilus^ sine copid rcrum hoc 
fecit^ he jumbles up many things together immethodically, after the Stoics' fashion, 
parum ordinavit^ multa accumulavit^ &c. If Seneca be thus lashed, and many famous 
men that I could name, what shall I expect ? How shall I that am vix umbra tanti 
philosophic hope to please .? " No man so absolute (^^ Erasmus holds) to satisfy all, 
except antiquity, prescription, &c., set a bar." But as I have proved in Soneca, this 
will not always take place, how shall I evade ? 'Tis the common doom of all writers, 
I must (I say) abide it; I seek not applause; '''^ JSTon ego ventoscB venor suffragia 
plebis : aorain, 7ion sum adeo informis^ 1 would not be ^ vilified. 

26 laudatiis aliunde, 

Not! fistidiliis si tibi, lector, ero. 

I fear good men's censures, and to their favourable acceptance I submit my labours, 

'■^'' et linguas niancipiorum 

Coiileiimo. 

A? ttio barking of a dog^ I securely contemn those malicious and scurnle obloquies, 
flouts, caliuimies of railers cvnd detractors ; I scorn the rest. What therefore 1 have 
said, pro fcnuitate mea^ I have said. 

One or two things yet I was i^sirous to have amended if 1 could, concerning the 
manner of handling this my subject, for which I must apologise, deprccari^ and 
upon better advice give the friendly reader notice : it was not mine intent to prosti- 
tute my muse in English, or to divulge recrcta MinervcB^ but to have exposed this 
more contract in Latin, if J could have gnt it printed. Any scurrile pamphlet is 
welcome to our mercenary stationers m English ; they print all, 

cudiintqiie lihellos 

111 qiioruiii foliis vix simia nuda cacaret ; 

But in Latin they will not deal; which is one of the reasons ^^ Nicholas Car, in hi.s 
oration of the paucity of English writers, gives, that so many flourishing wits are 
smothered in oblivion, lie dead and buried in this our nation. Another main fault 
is, that I have not revised the copy, and amended the style, which now flows remissly, 
as it was first conceived; but my leisure would not permit; Feci nee quod potui^ nee 
quod volui^ I confess it is neither as I would, nor as it should be. 

28Cum rclego scripsisse piidtU, quia pliirirna ceriio I When I peruse ibis tract whirl) 1 liave writ, 

Me quoqiie quae fuoraiit judice digna iiiii. | I am aliasli'd, atid much I hold unfit. 

Et quod gravissimum^ in the matter itself, many things I disallow at this present, 
which when I writ, ^"Aow eadem est cetas^ non mens ; I w^ould willing-ly retract much, 
Slc, but 'tis too late, I can only crave pardon now for wlmt is amiss. 

I might indeed, (had I wisely done) observed that precept of the poet, nonum- 

que prematur in annum^ and have taken more care : or, as Alexander the physician 
would have done by lapis lazuli, fifty times washed before it be used, I should have 
levised. corrected and amended this tract; but I had not (as I said) that happy leisure, 
no amanuenses or assistants. Pancrates in ^Lucian, wanting a servant as he went 
from Memphis to Coptus in Egypt, took a door bar, and after some superstitious 

"^ Miiuiit praeseniia famam. i9 Lipsius .ludic. de turpe frigide laiidari ac inserfanter vitiiperari. Pha- 

l?eneca. *'Lib. 10. I'lurimum studii, niuliam vorinus A. Gel. lib. 19, cap. 2. -i^ Ovid, Irist. 11 

reriim cognitioiieni, oiiMiem sludioruni niateriam, &c. eleg. 0. -Wiiven. ssat. 5. -'• Aut artis inscit 

iiiiilta in eo [trohanda, niulta admiraiida. '-• Suet, aul quscstui magis quani lileris student hal). Cantai* 

Arena sine calce. -^ Introduct. ad .Sen. 2' Ju- ot Lond. Exciis 197(). -"' Ovid, de ponr. Eleg. I. 6 

die. de S^en. Vix aliquis tani absolntus, ut alter! per ^"Hor. ^i Tom. 3. riiilop.seud. accep'.t (less.ilo 

omnia salisfaciat, nisi longa lemporis prffscripiio, se- I quuin carmen qiioddain dixissei, effeci: u; a«i l-ul»re. 
inota jiidicandi libertate, religione quadam animos ' aquam haurirel, urnam pararet. Ate. 
HCvuparii. '^^Hor. Ep. 1, lib. 19. ^^ Mnixe \ 



24 Democritus to the Reader. 

words pronounced (Eucrates the relator Avas then present) made it stand up like a 
«erving-man, fetch him water, turn the spit, serve in supper, and what work he would 
besides ; and when he had done that service he desired, turned his man to a stick 
again. I have no such skill to make new men at my pleasure, or means to hire 
them ; no whistle to call like the master of a ship, and bid them run, &c. I have 
no such authority, no such benefactors, as that noble ^^Ambrosius was to Origen, 
allowing him six or seven amanuenses to write out his dictates ; I must for that cause 
do my business myself, and was therefore enforced, as a bear doth her Avhelps, to 
bring forth this confused lump ; J had not time to lick it into f<^rm, as she doth her 
young ones, but even so to publish it, as it was first wiitten qui:quid in huccam oe- 
nit^ in an extemporean style, as ^^I do commonly all other exercises, ejfudi quicquid 
dictavit genius mens, out of a confused company of notes, and writ with as small 
deliberation as I do ordinarily speak, without all affectation of big words, fustian 
phrases, jingling terms, tropes, strong lines, that like ^^ Acesta's arrows caught fire as 
they dew, strains of wit, brave heats, elogies, hyperbolical exornations, elegancies, 
&,C., which many so much affect. I am ^^aquct potor, drink no wine at all, which 
so much improves our modern wits, a loose, plain, rude writer, Jicum^ voco jicum et 
ligonem ligoriem., and as free, as loose, idem calamo quod in menfe, ^ I call a spade a 
spade, animis Jkec scribo., non aurihus., I respect matter not words ; remembering that 
of Cardan, verba propter res., non res propter verba : and seeking with Seneca, quid 
scribajn^ non quemadmodum., rather what than hovj to write : for as Philo thinks, ^'^ " He 
that is conversant about matter, neglects words, and those that excel in this art of 
' speaking, have no profound learning, 

^ Verba nitcnt phaleria, at nullus verba medullas 
Intus habont 

Besides, it was the observation of that wise Seneca, ^^" when you see a fellow careful 
about his words, and neat in his speech, know this for a certainty, that man's mind 
is busied about toys, there's no solidity in him. JVon est ornanientum virile concin- 
nilas: as he said of a nightingale, vox es, prceterea nihil^ &c. I am therefore in tliis 
point a professed disciple of ""^ ApoUonius a scholar of Socrates, I neglect phrases, 
and labour wholly to inform my reader's understanding, not to please his ear ; 'ti* 
not my study or intent to compose neatly, which an orator requires, but to express 
myself readily and plainly as it happens. So that as a river runs sometimes precipi- 
tate and swift, then dull and slow ; now direct, then per ambages ; now deep, then 
shallow ; now muddy, then clear ; now broad, then narrow ; doth my style flow : 
now serious, then light ; now comical, then satirical ; now more elaborate, then 
remiss, as the present subject required, or as at that time I was affected. And if 
thou vouchsafe to read this treatise, it shall seem no otherwise to thee, than the 
way to an ordinary traveller, sometimes fair, sometimes foul ; here champaign, there 
inclosed ; barren in one place, better soil in another : by woods, groves, hills, dales, 
plains, &c. I shall lead thee per ardua monfium, et lubrica vallium^ et roscida 
cespitiim^ et ^' glcbosa camporum, through variety of objects, that which thou shalt 
like and surely dislike. 

For the matter itself or method, if 't be faulty, consider I pray you that of Colu- 
mella^ JVifiil perfectum., aut a singu/ari consummafum industrid.^ no man can observe 
all, much is defective no doubt, may be justly taxed, altered, and avoided in Galen, 
Aristotle, those great masters. Boni venatorls (^^one holds) plures feras capere., non 
omnes ; he is a good huntsman can catch some, not all: I have done my endeavour, 
r Besides, I dwell not in this study, Aon liic sulcos ducimus^ non hoc puhiere desudamus., 
I am but a smatterer, I confess, a stranger, ''^here and there I pull a flower; I do 
easily grant,, if a rigid censurer should criticise on this which I have writ, he should 
not find three sole faults, as Scaligerin Terence, but three hundred. So many as 



a^Eiisebiiis, eccles. hist. lib. 6. » Stans pede in Epint. lib. 1. 21. ^o Pbilostratus, lib. 8, vit. Apo! 

•no, as he made verses. 3^ Virg. sop«jon eadom Negli!,'el)at nratoriam factiltalem, et penilns asperna- 
4 siimmo expectes, minimoqiie poeta. ^^^ .Stylus batur ejus professnres, quod lin<;uam duntaxat, non 

«ic luilliis, prceter parrlie^iain a" Qui rebus se | autem luentem redderent eruditi(^rem. ' Hie eniin, 

exercet, verba iiegli<;it, et qui callet artem dicendi, I quod Seneca de I'onto, bos herham, ciconia larisam, 
nullam disciplinam habet recoj;iiitam. -<" Talin- I eaiiis lepornm, virijo florem legaf. ■•■ Pet. Nauniua 

Seniuri. Words may be resplendent with ornamr-iit, not. in Mor. '^ Non hie colonus domicilium habeo, 

hut they contain no marrow within. •'Cujuscun- sed lopiarii in morem, hjnc inde floreio vellico, u: ca- 

que orationem vides politani e* sollicitam, sciio am- niu Nilum lunibens. 
mum in pusilis oceupatum, in ecriptia nil sulidun;. ! 



Dcmocritus to the Reader. 25 

he hath done in Cardan's subleties, as many notable errors as ^^Gul Laurembergius, a 
late professor of Rostocke, discovers in that anatomy of Laurentius, or Barocius the 
Venetian in Sacro boscus. And aUhough this be a sixth edition, in which I shouhl 
have been more accurate, corrected all those former escapes, yet it was magni lahoris 
opus., so difficult and tedious, that as carpenter* do find out of experience, 'tis much 
better build a new sometimes, than repair an old house ; I could as soon write as 
much more, as alter that which is written. If aught therefore be amiss (as 1 grant 
mere is), I require a friendly admonition, no bitter invective, ^^Shit musis socit Charite^^ 
Furiaomnis abesto^ otherwise, as in ordinary controversies, y?me7/ic<7?i/e7t//oni^ necta- 
mus^ sed cut bono? We may contend, and likely misuse each othei, but to what 
purpose ? We are both scholars, say, 

«e Arcades ambo I Both youiiff Arcadians, b /ih alike instpir'd 

El Cantare pares, et respondere parali. | To sing and answer as the song reqiiir'd. 

If we do wrangle, what shall we get by it ? Trouble and wrong" ourselves, make 
sport to others. If I be convict of an error, I will yield, 1 will amend. Si quid 
bonis moribus., si quid veritati dissentancum., in sacris vel humnnis Uteris a me dictum 
sit, id nee dictum esto. In the mean time I require a favourable censure of all faults 
omitted, harsh compositions, pleonasms of words, tautological repetitions (though 
Seneca bear me out, nunquam nimis dicitur., quod nunquam satis dicitur) perturbations 
of tenses, numbers, printers' faults, &cc. My translations are sometimes rather para- 
phrases than interpretations, non ad verbu?n, but as an author, I use more liberty, 
and that's only taken which was to my purpose. Quotations are often inserted in 
the text, which makes the style more harsh, or in the margin as it happened. Greek 
authors, Plato, Plutarch, Athenaeus, &c., Ihave cited out of their interpreters, because 
the original was not so ready. I have mingled sacra prophanis, but I hope not pro- 
phaned, and in repetition of authors' names, ranked them per accidens, not according 
to chronology ; sometimes Neotericks before Ancients, as my memory suggested. 
Some things are here altered, expunged in this sixth edition, others amended, much 
added, because many good '^'^ authors in all kinds are come to my hands since, and 
'tis no prejudice, no such indecorum., or oversight. 

<*< Nunquam ita quicquam bene subductd ratione ad vitam fuit, 
Quin Ti'.s, fctus, usus, soniper aliquid apportent novi, 
Aliquid nioneant, ut iil;i quee scire te credas, nescias, 
Et quiE tibi puta.ris prima, in exercendo ut repudias. 
Ne'er was ought yet at first contriv'd so fit, 
But use, age, or something would alter it; 
Advise thee better, and, upon peruse. 
Make thee not say, and what thou tak'st refuse 

But I am now resolved never to put this treatise out again, JYe quid nimis., I will not 
hereafter add, alter, or retract ; I have done. The last and greatest exception is, that 
1, being a divine, have meddled with physic, 

<9Taniunine est ab re tu4 otii tibi, 
Aliena ul cures, eaque nihil quce ad te attinent. 

Which Menedamus objected to Chremes ; have I so much leisure, or little business 
of mine own, as to look after other men's matters which concern me not ? What 
have I to do with physic } Quod medicorum est promittant medici. Tlie ^° Lacede- 
monians were once in counsel about state-matters, a debauched fellow spake excellent 
well, and to the purpose, his speech was generally approved : a grave senator steps 
up, and by all means would have it repealed, though good, because de hone stab at ur 
yessimo auctore., it had no better an author; let some good man relate the same, and 
then it should pass. This counsel was embraced, factum est, and it was registered 
forthwith, Et sic bona sententia mansit, malus auctor mutatus est. Thou sayest a? 
much of me, stomachosus as thou art, and grantest, peradventure, this which I have 
written in physic, not to be amiss, had another done it, a professed physician, or so, 
but why should 1 meddle with this tract } Hear me speak. Tliere be many othei 
subjects, I do easily grant, both in humanity and divinity, fit to be treated of, of 
•vhich had I written ad ostentationem only, to show myself, I should have rather 
chosen, and in which I have been more conversant, I could have more willingly 

« Supra bis mille notabiles errores Laurentii de- | Adelph. « Hesiut. Act 1. ecen. 1. ^ Gelliua 

ron^travi, &c. « Philo de Con. « Virg. lib. 18, cap. 3. 

' Frambesa ius, Sennerlus, Ferandus, &c *» Xer. | 



^sm^Wt^MiA^. .1 "^^CT^^^B!^ 



26 



Democritus to the Reader. 



iuxurialed, and better satisried myself and others; but that at this timr I was fatally 
driven upon this rock of melancholy, and carried away by this by-stream, which, as a 
fillet, is deducted from the main clianncl of my studies, in which I have pleased and 
busied myself at idle hours, as a subject most necessary and commodious. Not that 
I prefer it before divinity, which I do acknowledge to be the queen of professions, 
and to which all the rest are as handmaids, but that in divinity J saw no such great 
need. For had I written positively, there be so many books in that kind, so many 
commentators, treatises, pamphlets, expositions, sermons, that whole teams of oxen 
cannot draw them ; and had I been as forward and ambitious as some others, I might 
have haply printed a sermon at Paul's Cross, a sermon in St. Marie's Oxon, a sermon 
in Christ-Church, or a sermon before the right honourable, right reverend, a sermon 
before the right worshipful, a sermon in Latin, in English, a sermon with a name, 
a sermon without, a sermon, a sermon, Slc. But I have been ever as desirous tc 
suppress my labours in this kind, as others have been to press and publish theu's 
To have written in controversy had been to cut off an hydra's head, ^' lis litem 
g&neraf^ one begets another, so many duplications, triplications, and swarms of ques- 
tions. Li sacro hello hoc quod sfilimucrone agifur^ that having once begun, I should 
never make an end. One had much better, as ^^ Alexander, the sixth pope, long since 
observed, provoke a great prince than a begging friar, a Jesuit, or a seminary priest, 
I will add, for inexpugnahile genus hoc hominum., they are an irrefragable society, 
they must and will have the last word ; and that with such eagerness, impudence, 
abominable lying, falsifying, and bitterness in their questions they proceed, that as 
he ^'^ said, ywrorne ccecus^ an rapit vis acriorj an culpa^ responsum date ? Blind fury, 
or error, or rashness, or what it is that eggs them, I know not, 1 arn sure many time.s, 
which "^^ Austin perceived long since, tempest ate contenfionis^ scrcnitas charitalis 
ohnuhilatur., with this tempest of contention, the serenity of charity is overclouded, 
and there be too many spirits conjured up already in this kind in all sciences, and 
more than we can tell how to lay, which do so furiously rage, and keep such a 
racket, that as ^^Fabius said, '' It had been much better for some of them to have 
been born dumb, and altogetlier illiterate, than so far to dote to their own destruction. 

At melius fiierat non scribere, namque tacere^ 
Tuluni semper erit, 

"'TIS a general fault, so Severinus the Dane complains ^^in physic, " unhappy men as 
we are, we spend our days in unprofitable questions and disputations," intricate 
subtleties, de lani caprind about moonshine in the water, " leaving in the mean time 



manner of diseases are to be found, and do not only neglect them ourselves, but 
hinder, condemn, forbid, and scoff at others, that are willing to inquire after them. 
These motives at this present have induced me to make choice of this medicinal 
subject. 

If any physician in the mean time shall infer, JVe sutor ultra crcpidam., and find 
himself grieved that I have intruded into his profession, I will tell him in brief, I do 
not otherwise by them, than they do by us. Jf it be for their advantage, I know 
many of their sect which have taken orders, in hope of a benefice, 'tis a commoii 
transition, and why may not a melancholy divine, that can get nothing but by 
simony, profess physic ? Drusianus an Italian (Crusianus, but corruptly, Trithemius 
calls him) ^^'' because he was not fortunate in his practice, forsook his profession, 
and writ afterwards in divinity." Marcilius Ficinus was semel et simul ; a priest 
and a physician at once, and ^^T. Linacer in his old age took orders. The Jesuits 
profess both at this time, divers of them permissu superiorum., chirurgeons, panders, 
bawds, and midwives, &,c. Many poor country-vicars, for want of other means, are 
driven to their shifts ; to turn mountebanks, quacksalvers, empirics, and if our 



*' Et inde catena qusdam fit, quae hceredes etiam 
ligat. Cardan, flensius. ^a Malle se bellum cum 

mauno priiicipe irerere, quam cum urm ex fratrum 
mendicaniium nrdine. ^^ jjor. epod. lib. od. 7. 

>< Epist. 86, ad Casulam presb. ss Lib. 12, cap. 1. 

Mutos nasci. et omui sclenlia egere salius fuisset, 
qu4ui sic in propriam perniciein iusanire. ^ But 

.t would be better not to write, for silence is the safer 
■eut*^. S' 'nf«^liv mnrtahtas inutilibus uussliun- 



! ibus ac disceptationibus vitam traducinius, natursc 
principps thesauros, in qiiibus gravis^im^ niorboruio 
nu'diciniE collocata; sunt, interim inta( tos relinqiiimus. 
Nee ipsi soluin relinquimus, sed et alios prolribemna. 
impedimus, condemnamus, ludibriisque atficinius. 
°'' Ciuf)d in nra.\i minime fortunatus esset, medicinaiii 
reiiquit,et nrdinibus initiatus in Theol;)gia postmodunj 
scripsit. Gesner bibliotheca. ^^ P. Jovius. 



.Democrilus to 'he Reader. 



27 



gr€i!ily patrons hold us to such hard conditions, as commonly they ilo. they wii 
mace most of us work at some trade, as Paul did, at last turn .asker^- malt 
steis, costermongers, graziers, sell ale as some have done, or worse. Howsoevei 
in undertaking this task, I hope 1 shall commit no great error or indecorum^ if all be 
considered aright, I can vindicate myself with Georgius Braunus, and Hieronymus 
Hemingius, those two learned divines; who (to borrow a line or two of mme ^''eldei 
brother) drawn by a " natural love, tlie one of pictures and maps, prospectives an() 
corographical delights, writ that ample theatre of cities ; the other to the study ot 
genealogies, penned theatrum genealogicumP Or else I can excuse my studies with 
*'Lessius the Jesuit in like case. It is a disease of the soul on which I am to treat 
and as mucli appertaining to a divine as to a physician, and who knows not whai 
an agreement there is betwixt these two professions ? A good divine either is oi 
ought to be a good physician, a spiritual physician at least, as our Saviour calls 
himself, and was indeed, Mat. iv. 23 ; Luke, v. 18 ; Luke, vii. 8. They differ but in 
object, the one of the body, the other of the soul, and use divers medicines to cure; 
one amends animam per corpus^ the other corpus per anhnam^ as ^'^our Regius Pro- 
fessor of piiysic well informed us in a learned lecture of his not long since. One 
helps the vices and passions of the soul, anger, lust, desperation, pride, presumption, 
&c. by applying that spiritual physic ; as the other uses proper remedies in bodily 
diseases. Now this being a common infirmity of body and soul, and such a one 
that hath as much need of spiritual as a corporal cure, I could not find a fitter task 
to busy myself about, a more apposite theme, so necessary, so commodious, and 
generally concerning all sorts of men, tliat should so equally participate of both, and 
require a whole physician. A divine in this compound mixed malady can do little 
alone, a physician in some kinds of melancholy much less, both make an absolute 



^^Alterius sic altera poscit opem. 



when in friendship joined 

A mutual succour in each other find. 



And 'tis proper to them both, and I hope not unbeseeming me, who am by my pro- 
fession a divine, and by mine inclination a pliysician. I had Jupiter in my sixtli 
house ; I say with ^^ Beroaldus, non sum medians^ ncc medicinal prorsus expers^ in 
the theory of physic I have taken some pains, not with an intent to practice, ^but to 
satisfy myself, which was a cause likewise of the first undertaking of this subject. 

If these reasons do not satisfy thee, good reader, as Alexander Munificus that 
bountiful prelate, sometimes bishop of Lincoln, when he had built six castles, ad 
invidiam operis eluendam^ saith ^^Mr. Camden, to take away the envy of his work 
(which very words Nubrigensis hath of Roger the rich bishop of Salisbury, who in 
king Stephen's time built Shirburn castle, and that of Devises), to divert the scandal 
pr imputation, which might be thence inferred, built so many religious houses. If 
this my discourse be over-medicinal, or savour too much of humanity, I promise 
thee that I will hereafter make thee amends in some treatise of divinity. But this J 
hope shall suffice, when you have more fully considered of the matter of this my 
subject, rem snhstratam^ melancholy, madness, and of the reasons following, which 
were my chief motives : the generality of the disease, the necessity of the cure, and 
the commodity or common good that will arise to ail men by the knowledge of it, 
as shall at large appear in the ensuing preface. And I doubt not but that in the did 
you will say with me, that to anatomise this humour ariglit, through all the members 
of this our Microcosmus, is as great a task, as to reconcile those chronological errors 
in the Assyrian monarchy, find out the quadrature of a circle, the creeks and sounds 
of the north-east, or north-west passages, and all out as good a discovery as that 
hungry ^^ Spaniard's of Terra Australis Incognita, as great trouble as to perfect the 
motion of Mars and Mercury, which so crucifies our astronomers, or to rectify the 
Gregorian Kalender. I am so affected for my part, and hope as ^'Theophrastus did 



™ M. W. Burton, preface to his description of Leices- 
tershire, printed at London by W. Jasgard, for J. 
White, 1C22. ci ]n Hygiasticon, neqnt; enini h.'ec 

tractatio aliena videri debet a. theologo, &c. agitur de 
morbo aniinse. oi i>. Clayton in comiliis, anno 

1621. 63Hor. 6<Lib. de pesiil. eo in Newark 
'n Nottinghamshire. Cum duo edificasset castella, ad 
oll^ndam structionis invidiam, et expiandam macu- 



lanijduo instituit coenobia, et collegis religiositi imple-. 
vit. "' Ferdinando de Quir. anno 1612. Anister- 

danii impress. «■ Pricfat. ad Cliaracteres : ?ipeio 

enim (O Policies) libros nostros melii.res inde futures, 
quod istiiismodi memorue mandata reliquerimus, ex 
preceptis et -jxemplis nottris ad vitani .'icconmiodatis, 
nt se inde cc rrigant. 



'TT^SF. 



28 htmocritus to the Reader. 

by his characters, "That our posterity, O friend Policies, shall be the better for th'th 
which we have written, by correcting and rectifying what is amiss in themselves by 
our examples, and applying our precepts and cautions to their own use." And as thai 
great captain Zisca would have a drum made of his skin when he was dead, because he 
thought the very noise of it would put his enemies to flight, I doubt not but t!iat these 
following lines, when they shall be recited, or hereafter read, will drive away melan- 
choly (though i be gone) as much as Zisca's drum could terrify his foes. Yet one 
caul ion let me give by the way to my present, or my future reader, who is actually 
melancholy, that he read not the ^* symptoms or prognostics in this following tract, 
lest by applying that which he reads to himself, aggravating, appropriating things 
generally spoken, to his own person (as melancholy men for the most part do) he 
trouble or hurt himself, and get in conclusion more harm than good. I advise them 
therefore warily to peruse that tract, Lapldes loquitur (so said ^^ Agrippa de occ. Phil.) 
et caveant leclores ne cerebrum Us excutlat. The rest I doubt not they may securely 
read, and to their benefit. But I am over-tedious, I proceed. 

Of the necessity and generality of this which I have said, if any man doubt, I shall 
desire him to make a brief survey of the world, as "° Cyprian adviseth Donat, "sup- 
posing himself to be transported to the top of some high mountain, and thence to be- 
hold the tumults and chances of this wavering world, he cannot chuse but either 
laugh at, or pity it." S. Hierom out of a strong imagination, being in the wilder- 
ness, conceived with himself, that he then saw them dancing in Rome ; and if thou 
shalt either conceive, or climb to see, thou shalt soon perceive that all the world is 
mad, that it is melancholy, dotes ; that it is (which Epichthonius Cosmopolites ex- 
pressed not many years since in a map) made like a fool's head (with that motto, Ca- 
put hellehoro dignum) a crazed head, cavea stuUorum., a fool's paradise, or as Apol- 
lonius, a common prison of gulls, cheaters, flatterers, &c. and needs to be reformed. 
Strabo in the ninth book of his geography, compares Greece to the picture of a man, 
which comparison of his, Nic. Gerbelius in his exposition of Sophianus' map, ap- 
proves ; the breast lies open from those Acroceraunian hills in Epirus, to the iSunian 
promontory in Attica ; Pagae and Magaera are the two shoulders ; that Istlmius ot 
Corinth the neck ; and Peloponnesus the head. If this allusion hold, 'tis sure a 
mad head ; Morea may be Moria ; and to speak what I think, the inhabitants of 
modern Greece swerve as much from reason and true religion at this day, as that 
Morea doth from the picture of a man. Examine the rest in like sort, and you shall 
find that kingdoms and provinces are melancholy, cities and families, all creatures, 
vegetal, sensible, and rational, that all sorts, sects, ages, conditions, are out of tune, 
as in Cebes' table, omnes errorem bibunt^ before they come into the world, they are 
intoxicated by error's cup, from the highest to the lowest have need of physic, and 
those particular actions in "'Seneca, where father and son prove one another mad, 
may be general; Porcius Latro shall plead against us all. For indeed who. is not a 
fool, melancholy, mad ? — ''^ Qui ml molitur incple, who is not brain-sick } Folly, 
melancholy, madness, are but one disease, Delirium is a common name to all. Alex- 
ander, Gordonius, Jason Pratensis, Savanarola, Guianerius, Montaltus, confound them 
as differing secundum magls et minus ; so doth David, Psal. xxxvii. 5. " I said 
unto the fools, deal not so madly," and 'twas an old Stoical paradox, omnes stultos 
insanire^ '^all fools are mad, though some madder than others. And who is not a 
fool, who is free from melancholy .? Who is not touched more or less in habit or 
disposition ? If in disposition, " ill dispositions beget habits, if they persevere," saith 
'^Plutarch, habits either are, or turn to diseases. 'Tis the same which TuUy main- 
tains in the second of his Tusculans, omnium insipientum animi in morho sunt., et per- 
turbatorum, fools are sick, and all that are troubled in mind : for what is sickness, 
but as "^Gregory Tholosanus defines it, "A dissolution or perturbation of the bodily 
league, which health combines :" and who is not sick, or ill-disposed ? in whom doth 

6- Part 1. sect. 3. «9 Prsef. lectori. "o Ep. 2. Sat\ ra 3. Damasippus Stoicus probat omnes stuilos 

1. 2. ad Doiiatum. Paulisper te crcdc suliduci in ardui insanire. ^^Tom. 2. synipos. lib. 5. c. 6. \nim> 

montis verticein ctlsiorem, specnlarc iiide rcrnm ja- affectiones, si diutius inhsereant, pravos generaiu ha- 

cenlium facies, et oculis in diversa porrertis, flnctii- bitus. 's Lib. 28, cap. 1. Synt. art. inir. Morbus 

amis miiiidi turbines intuere, jam simul ant ridebis nihil est aliud quam dissolutio qused.im ac perturbaiio 

*ut miserebi ri.s, jtc. ^i Coutrov. 1. 2. cont. 7. et foederis in corpore existentis, sicut et sanitas est cq:; • 

. 6. cont. 7-iioratius. '^Idem, llor. 1. 2. ' genlientis bene corporis consummalio qusdaia. 



Dtmocritus to tht Reader. 2ft 

ftot passion, anger, envy, disconlcnt, fear and sorrow reign ? Who labours not i f this 
disease ? Give me but a little leave, and you shall see by what testimonies, con- 
fessions, arguments, I will evince it, that most men are mad, that they had as much 
need to go a pilgrimage to the Anticyrae (as in '''Strabo's time they did) as in our 
days they run to Compostella, our Lady of Sichem, or Lauretta, to seek for help; 
that it is like to be as prosperous a voyage as that of Guiana, and that there is much 
more need of hellebore tlian of tobacco. 

That men are so misaffected, melancholy, mad, giddy-headed, hear the testimon} 
■i)f Solomon, Eccl. ii. 12. "• And I turned to behold wisdom, madness and folly,' 
Stc. And ver. 23 : "• All his days are sorrow, his travel grief, and his heart taketh 
no rest in the night." So that take melancholy in what sense you will, properly 
or improperly, in disposition or habit, for pleasure or for pain, dotage, discontent, 
fear, sorrow, madness, for part, or all, truly, or metapliorically, His all one. Laugh-, 
ter itself is madness according to Solomon, and as St. Paul hath it, " Worldly sorrow 
brings death." " The hearts of the sons of men are evil, and madness is in theii 
hearts while they live," Eccl. ix. 3. " Wise men themselves are no better." Eccl. i. 
18. " In the multitude of wisdom is much grief, and he that increaseth wisdom 
increaseth sorrow," chap. ii. 17. He hated life itself, nothing pleased him : he hated 
his labour, all, as ''he concludes, is " sorrow, grief, vanity, vexation of spirit." Ana 
though he were the wisest man in the world, sanctuarium sapicnlia;^ and had wisdom 
in abundance, he will not vindicate himself, or justify his own actions. " Surely I 
am more foolish than any man, and have not the understanding of a man in me," 
Prov. XXX. 2. Be they Solomon"'s words, or the words of Agur, the son of Jakeh, 
they are canonical. David, a man after God's own heart, confesseth as much of 
kimself, Psal. xxxvii. 21, 22. '<• So foolish was I and ignorant, I was even as a beast be- 
fore thee." And condemns all for fools, Psal. xciii. ; xxxii. 9 ; xlix. 20. He com- 
pares them to " beasts, horses, and mules, in wliich there is no understanding." The 
apostle Paul accuseth himself in like sort, 2 Cor. ix. 21. "-I would you would sutler 
a little my foolisliness, 1 speak foolishly." '•'• The whole head is sick," saith Esay, 
*' and the heart is heavy," cap. i. 5. And makes lighter of them than of oxen and 
asses, '*• the ox knows his owner," &c. : read Deut. xxxii. 6 ; Jer. iv. ; Amos, iii. 1 ; 
Ephes. V. 6. " Be not mad, be not deceived, foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched 
you r" How often are they branded with this epithet of madness and folly .'' No 
word so frequent amongst the Withers of the Church and divines ; you may see what 
an opinion they had of the world, and how they valued men's actions. 

I know that we think far otherwise, and hold them most part wise men that are 
in authority, princes, magistrates, "® rich men, they are wise men born, all politicians 
and statesmen must needs be so, for who dare speak against them ? And on the 
other, so corrupt is our judgment, we esteem wise and honest men fools. Which 
Democritus well signified in an epistle of his to Hippocrates : "^ the " Abderites 
account virtue madness," and so do most men living. Sliall I tell you the reason of 
it.'* ^Fortune and Virtue, Wisdom and Folly, their seconds, upon a time contended 
in the Olympics ; every man thought that Fortune and Folly would have the worst, 
and pitied their cases ; but it fell out otherwise. Fortune was blind and cared not 
where she stroke, nor whom, without laws, Audahatarum instar^ &c. Folly, rash 
and inconsiderate, esteemed as little what she said or did. Virtue and Wisdom gave 
^' place, were hissed out, and exploded by the common people ; Folly and Fortune 
admired, and so are all their followers ever since : knaves and fools commonly fare 
and deserve best in worldlings' eyes and opinions. Many good men have no better 
fate in their ages : Achish, 1 Sam. xxi. 14, held David for a madman. ^^ Elisha and 
the rest were no otherwise esteemed. David was derided of the common people, 
Ps. ix. 7, " I am become a monster to many." And generally we are accounted fools 
Tor Christ, 1 Cor. xiv. " We fools thought his life madness, and his end without 
honour," Wisd. v. 4. Christ and his Apostles were censured in like sort, John x. ; 

"I-ib. 9. Geogr. Plures olim gentes navigabant illuc ] stultitiatn. Scd praeter expectationem res evenit, Au- 
Banitatis causa. " Eccles. i. 24. "8 Jure IiJEredi- I dax stnltitia in earn irruit, &c. ilia cedit iriisa, el 
tario sapere jubentur. Euphnrmio Salyr. -» Apud | plures hinc liabet sectatores sluititia. «' Non eel 

'1U08 virtus, in.sauia et furor esse dicitiir. ''ofal- respondendum stuUo secundum stultitiam. »* 

tagninus Apol. oranes mirabaiitur, putantes illisam iri 1 Reg. 7. 

c 2 



30 



Democritus to the Reader. 



Mark lii. ; Acts xxvi. And so were all Christians in ^^ Pliny's iime^ fue runt ct alu 
sivulis dcmciiticv^ Sac. And called not long after, *"* Fc5an/« seclatores^ eversores hojui- 
num., pollu'i novatores., fanatlci^ canes^ malcjici., vewjic'i^ GoUIceI homuncioncs., &c. 
'Tis an ordinary thing with us, to account honest, devout, orthodox, divine, religious, 
plain-dealing men, idiots, asses, that cannot, or will not lie and dissemble, shift, flatter, 
accommodare se ad aim locura uhi naii sunt^ make good bargains, supplant, thrive, 
pafronis inservlre ; solcnnes asccndcndi modos apprchcnderCf leges., mores^ consuetu- 
d'lncs recti ohservare^ candide laudare^fortiter drfcndere., scnfentias amplecti., dicbi- 
tare de mdliis., credere omnia., accipere omnia., nihil reprehendere., cceteraqiie qua 
■prornofionem ferunt ei securitafem., quai sine ambage fa^licem., rcddunt homincm., et 
vere sapienfem apud nos ; that cannot temporise as other men do, ^^ hand and take 
bribes, &c. but fear God, and make a conscience of their doings. But the Holy 
Ghost that knows better how to judge, he calls them fools. '^ The fool hath said 
in his heart," Psal. liii. 1. " And their ways utter their folly," Psal. xlix. 14. " ^'For 
what can be more mad, than for a little worldly pleasure to procure unto themselves 
eternal punishment V As Gregory and others inculcate unto us. 

Yea even all those great philosophers the world hath ever had in admiration, whose 
works we do so much esteem, that gave precepts of wisdom to others, inventors of 
Arts and Sciences, Socrates the wisest man of his time by the Oracle of Apollo, 
whom his two scholars, ^^ Plato and ''^Xenophon, so much extol and magnify with 
those honourable titles, " best and wisest of all mortal men, the liappiest, and 
most just ;" and as ^^ Alcibiades incomparably commends him ; Achilles was a 
worthy man, but Bracides and others were as worthy as himself; Antenor and Nes- 
tor were as good as Pericles, and so of the rest ; but none present, before, or after 
Socrates, nemo veteri/m neqiie eoriim qui nunc sunt., were ever such, will match, or 
come near him. Those seven wise men of Greece, those Britain Druids, Indian 
Braclimanni, ^.thiopian Gymnosophist, Magi of the Persians, ApoUonius, of whom 
Philostratus, JVon doctus., sed natus sapiens., wise from his cradle, Eoicurus so much 
admired by his scholar Lucretius : 

Ciui fjeniis humaniini ingenio siiper;ivir, et omnes 
Perstrinxit siellas exortus iit aethcrius sol. 

Or that so much renowned Empedocles, 

so Ut vix Ininnna videatur stirpe creatus. 

All those of v/hom we read such ^' hyperbolical eulogiums, as of Aristotle, that he 
was wisdom itself in the abstract, ^-'a miracle of nature, breathing libraries, as Euna- 
pius of Longinus, lights of nature, giants for wit, quintessence of wit, divine spirits, 
eagles in the clouds, fallen from heaven, gods, spirits, lamps of the world, dictators, 
.Yulla feronl talem sccla fufura virum : monarchs, miracles, superintendents of wit 
and learning, oceanus., phainix., atlas., monsfrnm., po'rfentum hominis^ orhis universi 
mnsaum., ultimus humana naluriE ^onafus., nafurce maritus, 

meril5 cui rfnctinr orliis 

Siibmissis defert fascibu^^ impcriuin. 

As Mian writ of Protagoras and Gorgias, we may say of them all, tanium a sapientihus 
ahfuerunt., quantum a viris pueri^ they were children in respect, infants, not eagles, 
but kites-, novices, illiterate, Eunuchi sapientice. And although they were the 
wisest, and most admired in their age, as he censured Alexander, 1 do them, there 
were 10,000 in his army as worthy captains (had they been in place of command) as 
valiant as himself; there were myriads of men wiser in those days, and yet all short 
of what they ought to be. ^^Lactantius, in his book of wisdom, proves them to be 
dizards, fools, asses, madmen, so full of absurd and ridiculous tenets, and brain-sick 
positions, that to his thinking never any old woman or sick person doted worse. 
^^ Democritus took all from Leucippus, and left, saith he, " the inheritance of his folly 

83 Lib. 10. ep. 97. 84 Aiiij. pp. 1T8. so Q„is 

ii'si mentis inops, &c. t-*' Quid insanius quam pro 

nmniontanea felicitate spternis te nianripare suppliciis? 
" In fine Phiedonip. Ilic finis fiiit aniici nostri 6 Eii- 
crates, nnstro qiiideiri j\idicio omnium quos experti 
Kiimiis optiini et apprime sapic.aistfimi, et justissimi. 
t* Xpnnp. 1. 4. H-^ dictis Socratis ad finem. talis fuit 
P^-crates qiiH.u omnium optimum et Apliiissimum sta- 
luam. *>" Lib. 2.7. Platonis Convivio. *i Lu- 

-stius. 81 Anaxagoras olim mens dictus ab anti- 



Whn^e wit exceli'd the wif.^ of mf^n as far, 
As the sun rising doth obscure a star, 



qiiis. ^ Repula naturae, nature miracvluu), iisa 

erudilio dtemonium hominis, sol scientiarum. mare, 
sophia, antistes literarum et sapientia", ut Srioppius 
oli... ^f. Seal, et Ileinsius. Aquila In nnbihus, In.pe- 
rator liier.itorum, columen literarum, abyssus erudi- 
tionis, ocellus Eiiropa', Scaliger- >" Lib. 3. de sap 

c. 17. et 20. omnes Pbiiosophi. aut stiiiti, aut in&!»/)i; 
nulla anus nulltis fpjrer ineptius deliravir. »» De- 

mocritus in Leucippo doctus, ha^reditatem stullHiar 
reliquit Epic, 



Democritus to the Reader. 31 

o Epicurus," ^^insanicntl dum sapiential.^ &c. The like he holds ol Plato, Aristippus, 
dud the rest, making no difference ^"^ betwixt them and beasts, saving that they could 
speak." "Theodoret in his tract, Dc cur. grcc. affect, manifestly evinces as much 
of Socrates, whom though that Oracle of Apollo coniirmed to be tlie wisest man 
then living, and saved him from plague, whom 2000 years have admired, of vhoui 
some will as soon speak evil as of Christ, yet re vera., he was an illiterate idiot, as 
^^ Aristophanes calls him, irriscor et amhitiosus., as his master Aristotle terms him, 
scurrn. Jjtticus., as Zeno, an ^^ enemy to all arts and sciences, as Athaneus, to phih'so- 
phers and travellers, an opiniative ass, a caviller, a kind of pedant ; for his manners, 
as Theod. Cyrensis describes him, a ^^ sodomite, an atheist, (so convict by Anytus) 
iracvndus et ebrius^ dicax, &.c. a pot-companion, by '^"Plato's own confession, a 
sturdy drinker ; and that of all others he was most sottish, a very madman in his 
actions and opinions. Pythagoras was part philosopher, part magician, or part witch. 
If you desire to hear more of Apollonius, a great wise man, sometime paralleled by 
Julian the apostate to Christ, I refer y(ni to that learned tract of Eusebius against 
Hierocles, and for them all to Lucian's Fiscator., Icarnmenipjms, JVccyomantin : their 
actions, opinions in general were so prodigious, absurd, ridiculous, which they 
broached and maintained, their books and elaborate treatises were full of dotage, 
which Tully ad Jitticiim long since observed, delirant plcrumq ; scripfores in lihris 
suis., their lives being opposite to their words, they commended poverty to others, 
and were most covetous themselves, extolled love and peace, and yet persecuted one 
another with virulent hate and malice. They could give precepts for verse and 
prose,>but not a man of them (as ' Seneca tells them home) could moderate his aflec- 
tions. Their music did show us Jiehiles rnodos., &c. how to rise and (all, but they 
could not so contain themselves as in adversity not to make a lamentable tone. 
They will measure ground by geometry, set down limits, divide and subdivide, but 
cannot yet prescribe quantum homini satis., or keep Mdthin compass of reason ann 
discretion. They can square circles, but understand not the state of their own souls, 
describe right lines and crooked, &c. but know not what is right in this life, qiiid in 
vita rectum sit., ignorant ; so that as he said, JVescio an Jinticyram ratio illis destinet 
omnem. I think all the Anticyraj will not restore them to their wits, ^ if these men 
now, that held ^Xenodotus heart. Crates liver, Epictetus lanthorn, were so sottish, 
and had no more brains than so many beetles, M^iat shall we think of the com- 
monalty ? what of the rest ? 

Yea, but you will infer, that is true of heathens, if they be conferred with Chris- 
tians, I Cor. iii. 19. "■The wisdom of this world is foolishness with God, earthly 
and devilish," as James calls it, iii. 15. "• They were vain in their imaginations, and 
their foolish heart was full of darkness," Rom. i. 2 1 , 22. " When they professed 
themselves wise, became fools." Their witty works are admired here on earth, 
whilst their souls are tormented in hell fire, hi some sense, Christiani Crassiani., 
Christians are Crassians, and if compared to that wisdom, no better than fools. Quis 
est sapiens? Solus Deus., "'Pythagoras replies, '•'- God is only wise," Rom. xvi Paul 
determines " only good," as Austin well contends, " and no man living can be 
justified in his sight." ''■ God looked down from heaven upon the children oj 
men, to see if any did understand," Psalm liii. 2, 3, but all are corrupt, err. Rom. 
iii. 12, "None doeth good, no, not one." Job aggravates this, iv. 18, "Behold he 
found no stediastness in his servants, and laid folly upon his angels," 19. "How 
much more on them that dwell in houses of clay .^" In this sense we are all fools, 
and the ''Scripture alone is arx MinervcE., we and our writings are shallow and 
imperfect. But I do not so mean ; even in our ordinary dealings M^e are no bctte: 
than fools. "All our actions," as ^ Pliny told Trajan, "upbraid us of folly," ouj 
whole course ol" life is but matter of laughter : we are not soberly wise , and the 
world itself, which ought at least to be wise by reason of his antiquity, as ^Hugo do 



t*' Hor. car. lib. 1. od. 34. 1. epicur. 9*^ Nihil 

interest niter hoR et bestias nisi t|uod loquantiir. de 
i-a. 1. 2fi. c. 8. »; Cap de virt. «^ Neb. et 

Unnis. «•' Omnium ilisciplinariiniignarus. '"« Pul- 
»hrornin adolescenluin txi!isd freqwentur gymnas 



tnti cfficntiie non possiint. ^ Cor Xenodoti et 

jeriir Craleti?. ^ Lib. dc nat- boni. •' Uic 

proCundissiniJE Sopbitc fodiiia^ <= Pani'eyr. Ira- 

jaiio omnes actiones exprolirare stultitiam videninr 
4 in dniiii Pal. Mnndus qui ob antiquilaieni de- 



fibibnt &c. » Seneca. Seis rotunda nietiri, fed \ beret esse sapiens, semper stiiltizat, et niiliis flat'ellis 

C-«ii tunm aniiDum. 2 Ab uberibus sapientia lac- *iieralur, sed ut puer vult rosis et floribiis coronari 



32 Vemocntus to the Reader. 

Prato Fiorido will have it, semper sfuJtizat^ is every day more foolish than other 
the more it is whipped, the worse it is, and as a child will still be crowned with 
roses and flowers." We are apish in it, asini bipedes^ and every place is full inver- 
sorum Apidciornm^ of metamorphosed and two-legged asses, invcrsorum Silcnorum, 
childish, pueri instar himiili^ tremuld pafris dormientls in ulna. Jovianus Pon- 
tanus, Antonio Dial, brings in some laughing at an old man, that by reason 
of his age was a little fond, but as he admonisheth there, JVe mireris mi hospes 
de hoc scne^ marvel not at him only, for tola hcec clvitas delirium^ all our town dotes 
m like sort, ®we are a company of fools. Ask not with him in the poet, ^ Larva 
hunc 'mtcmpericE insania^que agitant senem f What madness ghosts this old man. 
but what madness ghosts us all ? For we are ad unum omnes., all mad, semcl insani- 
vimus omnes^ not once, but alway so, et semel^ et simul^ et semper.^ ever and altogether 
as bad as he ; and not senex bis puer^ delira anus., but say it of us all, semper pueri^ 
young and old, all dote, as Lactantius proves out of Seneca ; and no difference betwixt 
us and children, saving that, majora. ludimus., et grandioribus pupis. they play with 
babies of clouts and such toys, we sport with greater baubles. We cannot accuse 
or condemn one another, being faulty ourselves, deliramenta loqueris^ you talk idly, 
or as '°Mitio upbraided Demea, insanis, aitferte^ for we are as mad our ownselves, 
and it is hard to say which is the worst. Nay, 'tis universally so, ^^Vitam regit 
foriuna^ non sapientia. 

When '^Socrates had taken great pains to find out a wise man, and to that purpose 
had consulted with philosophers, poets, artificers, he concludes all men were fools; 
and though it procured him both anger and much envy, yet in all companies he 
would openly profess it. When '^Supputius in Pontanus had travelled all over 
Europe to confer with a wise man, he returned at last without his errand, and could 
find none. "Cardan concurs with him, "Few there are (for aught I can perceive) 
well in their wits." So doth '^Tully, " J see everything to be done foolishly and 
unadvisedly." 

Ilirt sinistrorstim, hie dextrorsum, umis utrique I One reels to thi.s, another to that wall, 

Erroi, sed variis illudii partihus onines. | 'Tis the same error that deludes them all. 

'^They dote all, but not alike, Mavio. yap 7i(xrsiv u^ota, not in the same kind, "• One is 
covetous, a second lascivious, a third ambitious, a fourth envious, &c." as Dama- 
sippus the Stoic hath well illustrated in the poet, 

n Desipiunl omnes jeque ac tu. I ^/"^ they who call you fool, with equal claim 

I May plead an ample title to the name. 

'Tis an inbred malady in every one of us, there is seminarium stulfilia^ a seminary 
of folly, " which if it be stirred up, or get a-head, will run in infinitum., and infinitely 
varies, as w^e ourselves are severally addicted," saith '^Balthazar Castilio : and cannot 
so easily be rooted out, it takes such fast hold, as Tully holds, allce radices slullifi^x^ 
'^so we are bred, and so we continue. Some say there be two main defects of wit, 
error and ignorance, to which all others are reduced ; by ignorance we know not 
things necessary, by error we know them falsely. Ignorance is a privation, error a 
positive act. From ignorance comes vice, from error heresy, &c. But make how 
many kinds you w^ill, divide and subdivide, few men are free, or that do not impinge 
on some one kind or other. ^° Sic plerumque ogitat stultos inscitia^ as he that 
examines his own and other men's actions shall find. 

^' Charon in Lucian, as he wittily feigns, Avas conducted by Mercury to such a 
place, where he might see all the world at once ; after he had sufficiently viewed, 
and looked about. Mercury would needs know of him what he had observed : He 
told him that he saw a vast multitude and a promiscuous, their habitations like 
Tiolehills, the men as emmets, " he could discern cities like so many hives of bees, 
wherein every bee had a sting, and they did nought else but sting one another, some 
domineering like hornets bigger than the rest, some like filching wasps, others as 



« Insanumte omnes pueri, clamantqne puellte. Hor. alius alio morho laboret, hie libidinis, ille avaritiw, 
»Piautus Aubular. '" Adelph. act. 5. seen. 8. amltitionis, invidiic. " Ilor. 1. 2. sat. 3. '"Lib. 

•Tully Tusc. 5. fortune, not wisdom, governs our 1. de aulico Est in unoquoq ; nostrum seminarium 
lives. '2 Plato Apologia Socratis. ^^ Ant. aliqnod stultitiae, quod si quandoexcitetur, in infmituiu 

Dial. " Lib. 3. de sap. pauci ut video saniE mentis facile excre.scit. '^ Primaque lux vita' pri-na 

sunt. '« Stult6 et incaute omnia agi video. ; juroris erat. 20 Tibulliis, siulii pr;etereunt dies, 

'« Insania non omnibus eadem, Erasm. chil. 3. cent. | their wits are a wool-gathering. So fools commonly 
10. nemo mortalium qui non aliqua in re desipit, licet dote. 21 Dial, coniemplanies, Tom. 2 



Democntus to the Reader. 33 

drones." Over their heads were hovering a confused company of perturbations, 
hope, fear, anger, avarice, ignorance, &c,, and a multitude of diseases hanging, whicli 
they still pulled on their pates. Some were brawling, some fighting, riding, runnings 
soUicite ambientcs^ callide Uliganics^ for toys and trilles, and sucli momentary thiings, 
Their towns and provinces mere factions, rich against poor, poor against rich, nobles 
against artificers, they against nobles, and so the rest. In conclusion, he condemned 
them all for madmen, fools, idiots, asses, O st.ulli, quccnam hcBC est amcniia f O 
fools, O madmen, he exclaims, insana studia^ insan'i lahores^ &c. Mad endeavours, 
mad actions, mad, mad, mad, ^^O secJuvi insiplcns et infacetnm^ a giddy-headed age. 
Heraclitus the philosopher, out of a serious meditation of men's lives, fell a weeping, 
and with continual tears bewailed their misery, madness, and folly. Democritus on 
the other side, burst out a laughing, their whole life seemed to him so ridiculous, and 
he was so far carried with this ironical passion, that the citiz^i^^ ui /iociera luun. him 
to be mad, and sent therefore ambassadors to Hippocrates, the pnysician, that he would 
exercise his skill upon him. But the story is set down at large by Hippocrates, in 
his epistle to Damogetus, which because it i-s not impertinent to this discourse, I will 
insert verbatim almost as it is delivered by Hippocrates himself, with all the circum- 
stances belonging unto it. 

When Hippocrates was now come to Abdera, the people of the city came flocking 
about him, some weeping, some intreating of him, that he would do his best. After 
some little repast, he went to see Democritus, the people following him, whom he 
found (as before) in his garden in the suburbs all alone, '^^'^ sitting upon a stone under 
a plane tree, without hose or shoes, with a book on his knees, cutting up several 
beasts, and busy at his study." The multitude stood gazing round about to see the 
congress. Hippocrates, after a little pause, saluted him by his name, whom he 
resaluted, ashamed almost that he could not call him likewise by his, or that he had 
forgot it. Hippocrates demanded of him Mdiat he was doing : he told him that he 
Mas ^^" busy in cutting up several beasts, to find out the cause of madness and 
melancholy." Hippocrates commended his work, admiring his happiness and leisure. 
And why, quoth Democritus, have not you that leisure } Because, replied Hip- 
pocrates, domestic affairs hinder, necessary to be done for ourselves, neighbours, 
friends ; expenses, diseases, frailties and mortalities which happen ; wife, children, 
servants, and such business which deprive us of our time. At this speech Demo- 
critus profusely laughed (his friends and the people standing by, weeping in the 
mean time, and lamenting his madness). Hippocrates asked the reason why he 
laughed. He told him, at the vanities and the fopperies of the time, to see men so 
empty of all virtuous actions, to hunt so far after gold, having no end of ambition ; 
to take such infinite pains for a little glory, and to be favoured of men ; to make 
such deep mines into the earth for gold, and many times to find nothing, with loss 
of their lives and fortunes. Some to love dogs, others horses, some to desire to be 
obeyed in many provinces,^^ and yet themselves will know no obedience. ^^Some 
to love their wives dearly at first, and after a while to forsake and hate them ; 
begetting children, with much care and cost for tlieir education, yet when they grow 
to man's estate, ^'^to despise, neglect, and leave them naked to the world's mercy. 
^Do not these behaviours express their intolerable folly .'' When men live in peace, 
they covet war, detesting quietness, "^Meposing kings, and advancing others in their 
stead, murdering some men to beget children of their wives. How many strange 
humours are in men ! When they are poor and needy, they seek riches, and when' 
they have them, they do not enjoy them, but hide them under ground, or else 
wastefully spend them. O wise Hippocrates, 1 laugh at such things being done, but 
much more when no good comes of them, and when they are done to so ill purpose. 
There is no truth or justice found amoiigst them, for they daily plead one against 
another, ^°the son against the father and the mother, brother against brother, kindre-d 

32 Calull'is. 23 Sub ramosa platano sedentem, bilisq ; nataram disquirens. 25 Aust. 1. 1. in Gen. 

tolum, dis:alceatum, super lapidem, valde pallidum Juinoiui & servi tui obsequium rigide postulas, et lu 

ac maciler.;um, pmniissa barba, libruni super genibus nnlliiin praslas aliis, nee ipsi Deo. -' V. xorna 

♦labenlem. -^ I)e furore, mania melancbotiascribn, ducnnt, mox foras ejiciunt. 2'' Puerns amant, mox 

ut sciaui quo pacto in honiinibus gignatur, fiat, crescat, f.istidiunt. -'* Qrid hoc ab insania deesi 1 '^' K#- 

cnmuletur, minuatur ; haec inquit aniiualia quje vides ges eiigunt, depon.iut. so Contra parentes, frat cm, 

*ru(iierea seco, non Dei opera perosus, sed fellis cives, psrpetuo rixantur, et inluir.itias agunt. 



.i^u:\.vAJ.j^i^V 9 JJ.UJP.^^J ^^^^^^^^EI^^^^^^^^^^WBy 



34 Dcmocritus to the Reader. 

and friends of the same quality ; ami all this for riches, whereof after death they 
cannot Se possessors. And yet notwithstanding they will defame and kill onp 
another, commit all unlawful actions, contemning God and men, friends and countrv 
They mike great account of many senseless things, esteeming them as a great pan 
of their treasure, statues, pictures, and such like movables, dear bought, and so cun- 
ningly wrought, as nothing but speech wanteth in them, ^'and yet they hate lirmg 
persons speaking to them.^^ Others affect difficult things ; if they dwell on linn 
land tliey will remove to an island, and thence to land again, being no way constant 
to their desires. They commend courage and strength in wars, and let themselves 
be conquered by lust and avarice ; they are, in brief, as disordered in their minds, as 
Thersites was in his body. And now, methinks, O most worthy Hippocrates, you 
should not reprehend my laughing, perceiving so many fooleries in men; ^"^for no 
man will mock his own folly, but that which he seeth in a second, and so they 
justly mock one another. The drunkard calls him a glutton whom he knows to be 
sober. Many men love the sea, others husbandry ; briefly, they cannot agree in 
their own trades and professions, much less in their lives and actions. 

When Hippocrates heard these words so readily uttered, without premeditation, 
to declare the world's vanity, full of ridiculous contrariety, he made answer. That 
necessity compelled men to many such actions, and divers wills ensuing from divine 
pennission, that we might not be idle, being nothing is so odious to them as sloth 
and negligence. Besides, men cannot foresee future events, m this uncertainty of 
human aliairs ; they would not so marry, if they could foretel the cau-es of their 
dislike and separation ; or parents, if they knew the hour of their children's death, 
so tenderly provide for them ; or an husbandman sow, if he thought there would be 
no increase ; or a merchant adventure to sea, if he foresaw shipwreck ; or be a magis- 
trate, if presently to be deposed. Alas, worthy Democritus, every man hopes the 
best, and to that end he doth it, and therefore no such cause, or ridiculous occasion 
of laughter. 

Democritus hearing this poor excuse, laughed again aloud, perceiving he wholly 
mistook him, and did not well understand what he had said concerning perturbations 
and tranquillity of the mind. Insomuch, that if men would govern their actions by 
discretion and providence, they would not declare themselves fools as now they do. 
and he should have no cause of laughter; but (quoth he) they swell in this life as 
if they were immortal, and demigods, for want of understanding. It were enough to 
make them wise, if they would but consider the mutability of this world, and ho\\ 
it wheels about, nothing being firm and sure. He that is now above, to-morrow is 
beneath ; he that sate on this side to-day, to-morrow is hurled on the other : and 
not considering these matters, they fall into many inconveniences and troubles, 
coveting things of no profit, and thirsting after them, tumbling headlong into many 
calamities. So that if men would attempt no more than what they can bear, they 
should lead contented lives, and learning to know themselves, would limit their 
ambition, ^Uhey would perceive then that nature hath enough without seeking such 
superiluities, and unprofitable things, which bring nothing with them but grief 
and molestation. As a fat body is more subject to diseases, so are rich men to 
absurdities and fooleries, to many casualties and cross inconveniences. There are 
many that take no heed what happeneth to others by bad conversation, and the^-e- 
fore overthrow themselves in the same manner through their own fault, not foreseeing 
dangers manifest. These are things (O more than mad, quoth he) that give me 
matter of laughter, by suffering the pains of your impieties, as your avarice, envy, 
malice, enormous villanies, mutinies, unsatiable desires, conspiracies, and other 
inciirable vices; besides your ^'dissimulation and hypocrisy, bearing deadly hatred 
one to the other, and yet shadowing it with a good face, flying out into all filthy 
lusts, and transgressions of all laws, both of nature and civility. Many things which 
they have left off, after a while they fall to again, husbandry, navigation; and leave 

*' Mnla inanimata amant, aiiimata odio liabent, sic I et finire laboreni incipias, partis quod avebas, uterc 
pontificii. 32 Qredo equidem vivos diicent A mar- Her. sf' Astiitain vapidn servat sub peclore vulpern 

more vulius. -3 Suain stultitiain perspicit nemo, I Et cum viilpo positus patiter vulpinarici Cretixun 

>»ed alter alterum deridet. ^4 Denique sit finis que- i dtim cuin Crete. 
Tondi, cunique habeas plus, pauperiein metuas minus, 1 



Dcmocritus to the Reader. 35 

9!,^iiiu nr kle aad incon^•.1a^t as they are. When iltey are young, tliey woiikl he ohi 
faiid old, young. ^^ Princes commend a private life ; private men itch after lionour . 
a magistrate commends a quiet life; a quiet man would he in his oflice, and (^heyed 
as he is : and wliat is the cause of all this, hut that they know not themselv«.'S .'' 
Some delight to destroy, ^' one to huild, another to spoil one country to enric)i 
another and himself ^'^In all these things they are like children, in whom is no 
judgment or counsel and resemble beasts, saving that beasts are better than they, as 
being contented with nature. ^^ When shall you see a lion hide gold in the ground, or a 
bull contend for better pasture ? When a boar is thirsty, he drinks wliat will sei ve 
kim. and no more \ and when his belly is full, ceaseth to eat : but men are immoderate 
in both, IS in lust — they covet carnal copulation at set times; men always, ruinating 
thereby the liealth of their bodies. And doth it not deserve laughter to see an amor- 
ous fool torment himself for a wench ; weep, hoAvl for a mis-shapen slut, a dowdy 
sometimes, that might have his choice of the finest beauties } Is there any remedy 
for this in physic ? I do anatomise and cut up these poor beasts, "''to see these dis- 
tempers, vanities, and follies, yet such proof were better made on man's body, if my 
kind nature would endure it : "^ who from the hour of his birth is most miserable 
weak, and sickly ; when he sucks he is guided by others, when he is grown great 
practiseth unhappiness ""^and is sturdy, and when old, a child again, and repentetli 
him of his life past. And here being interrupted by one that brought books, he fell 
to it again, that all were mad, careless, stupid. To prove my former speeches, look 
into courts, or private houses. '^Judges give judgment according to their own 
advantage, doing manifest wrong to poor innocents to please others. Notaries alter 
Kentences, and for money lose their deeds. Some make false monies; others coun- 
terfeit false weights. Some abuse their parents, yea corrupt their own sisters ; others 
make long libels and pasquils, defaming men of good life, and extol such as are lewd 
and vicious. Some rob one, some another: ''^magistrates m.ake laws against thieves, 
and are the veriest thieves themselves. Some kill themselves, others despair, not 
obtaining their desires. Some dance, sing, laugh, feast and banquet, whilst others 
sigh, languish, mourn and lament, having neither meat, drink, nor clothes. **^Some 
prank up their bodies, and have their minds full of execrable vices. Some trot about 
**^to bear false witness, and say anything for money; and though judges know of it, 
yet for a bribe they w^nk at it, and suffer false contracts to prevail against equity 
Women are all day a dressing, to pleasure other men abroad, and go like sluts at 
home, not caring to please their own husbands whom they should. Seeing men are 
so fickle, so sottish, so intemperate, why should not I laugh at those to whom "'^ folly 
seems wisdom, will not be cured, and perceive it not ? 

It grew late : Hippocrates left him ; and no sooner was he come away, but all the 
cuizens came about flocking, io know how he liked him. He told them in brief, 
that notwithstanding those small neglects of his attire, body, diet, ''^the world had 
not a wiser, a more learned, a more honest man, and they were much deceived to 
say that he was mad. 

Thus Democritus esteemed of the world in his time, and this was the cause of his 
laughter : and good cause he had. 

Democritas fiid well to laugh of old, 



^3 Oliin jure quidein, nunc phis Dentocrite ride ; 
Quill ride^l vita iifec nunc magd ridicula est. 



Good cause lie liad, hiil i o\v much more 
This life of ours is more riditnlous 
Than that of his, or Ion" hefore. 



Never so much cause of laughter as now, never so many fools and madmen. 'Tis 
not one '° Democritus will serve turn to laugh in these days ; we have now need of a 

•"Qui (it Mecaenas ut nemo quain sibi sorteni. Sen Damnat foras judex, quod intus operatur, Cyprian 

ratio dederit, pen sors ribiftcerit, ilia contentus vivat, '•' Viiltus magna cura, magna animi incuria. Am. 

fcc. Ilor. •'' Diruif, [puificat, mutat qiiadrata rotiin- Marcel. '^Horrenda re.s est, vix duo verba sine 

rlis. Trnjanus pouter ■ struxit ^nper Danubium, quem mendiicio proferuniur : et quamvis solenniter liomines 

enrre«sor ejus Adrianus stAtim dem<ititus. ^^ Qiifl ad veritatem dicendum invitentur, pcjerare tamen noii 

«ji(i hi re ab infanttbus difreninl, quibus mens et sen- dnhitant, ul ex decem teslibus vix uiius verum dicat 

eos sine ratione inrst, quicqnid spsp his otTert vohipe Calv. in 8 J*ihn, Serm 1. ^"Sapienliam insaniain 

est. ^-'Idem I'hit. 't' TJt insani:r caiisam dis- esse dicunt. ■•-" Siquidem sapientifp suae admira- 

qiiiram briiia marto et seen, cum hoc potiiis in hnmi- tione me complevit, offendi sapientissiinnm virur/u 

tiibus iiivestigandum esset. •" Toms ^ nativitate qui salvos potest omnes liomines reddere. >'' V. 

.'norbus est. *- In vigore furibundns, quiim decre- Gra;c. epig. w piures Demo( riti nunc non siiffU 

ecit insatiabilis. « Cyprian, ad Donatum Qui ciunt, opus Democrito qui Deniocrituin rideat. Era? 

•edet criniina judicaturus, &c. ■'-'Tu pessimus , Moria. 
'iir.nium latTD es, as a thief told Alexander in Ciirtius 



Lu u^mjiaa g^^^^^^^iWP 



36 Democritus to (he Reader. 

^Democrilus to laugh at Democritus;" one jester to flout at another, one fool t« 
flear at another : a great stentorian Democritus, as big as that Rhodian Colossus 
For now, as '' Salisburiensis said in his time, totiis mundus hlstrlonem agif^ tlie whole 
world plays the fool ; we have a new theatre, a new scene, a new comedy of errors, 
a new company of personate actors, volupicB sacra ('as Calcagninus willingly feigns 
in his Apologues) are celebrated all the world over. " where all the actors were mad- 
men and fools, and every hour changed habits, or took that which came next. He 
that vva3 a mariner to-day, is an apothecary to-morrow ; a smith one while, a philoso- 
her another, in his volupice ludis ; a king now with his crown, robes, sceptre, attend- 
ants, by and by drove a loaded ass before him like a carter, &c. If Democritus 
were alive now, he should see strange alterations, a new company of counterfeit 
vizards, whilHers, Cumane asses, maskers, mummers, painted puppets, outsides, fan- 
tastic shadows, gulls, monsters, giddy-heads, butterflies. And so many of them are 
indeed (^^if all be true that 1 have read). For when Jupiter and Juno's wedding 
was solemnised of old, the gods were all invited to the feast, and many noble mon 
besides : Amongst the rest came Crysalus, a Persian prince, bravely attended, rich 
in. golden attires, in gay robes, with a majestical presence, but otherwise an ass. 
The gods seeing him come in such pomp and state, rose up to give him place, ex habitii 
homincm metientes ; ^ but Jupiter perceiving what he was, a light, fantastic, idle fel- 
low, turned him and his proud followers into butterflies : and so they continue still 
(for aught I know to the contrary) roving about in pied coats, and are called chrysa- 
lides by the wiser sort of men : that is, golden outsides, drones, and flies, and things 
>f no worth. Multitudes of such, &c. 

" ubiqiie invenies 

Stultos avaros, sycopliantas prodigos."55 

Many additions, much increase of madness, folly, vanity, should Democritus observe, 
were he now to travel, or could get leave of Pluto to come see fashions, as Charon 
did in Lucian to visit our cities of Moronia Pia, and Moronia Foelix : sure I think 
he would break the rim of his belly with laughing. ^^ Siforet in terris rideret De^- 
mocrihis., seu^ &.c. 

A satirical Roman in his time, thought all vice, folly, and madness Avere all at full 
sea, ^'' 0mm in prcpxipifi v ilium stetit. 

^'^ Josephus the historian taxeth his countrymen Jews for bragging of their vices, 
publishing their follies, and that they did contend amongst themselves who should 
be most notorious in villanies ; but we flow higher in madness, far beyond them, 

,„,,,. . ... ., I And yet with crimes to us unknown, 

69 Mox daturi progeniem v.tiosiorem," | q,,, /^^^ g,,.j„ ^^^rk the connng age their own. 

and the latter end (you know whose oracle it is) is like to be worse. 'Tis not to 
be denied, the world alters every day, Rmmt urhes^ regna transfer untiir^ &c. varian- 
fur habitus^ leges innovanlur^ as ^° Petrarch observes, we change language, habits, 
laws, customs, manners, but not vices, not diseases, not the symptoms of folly and 
madness, they are still the same. And as a river, we see, keeps the like name and 
place, but not water, and yet ever runs, ^' Labifur ef labetur in omne volubilis cpviim ; 
our times and persons alter, vices are the same, and ever will be ; look how night- 
ingales sang of old, cocks crowed, kine lowed, sheep bleated, sparrows chirped, 
dogs barked, so they do still : we keep our madness still, play the fools still, nee 
diimjinitus Orestes ; we are of the same humours and inclinations as our predeces- 
sors were ; you shall find us all alike, much at one, we and our sons, et nati nato- 
i-ttm^ et qui nascuntur ab illis. And so shall our posterity continue to the last. But 
to speak of times present. 

If Democritus were alive now, and should but see the superstition of our age, oui 
•^religious madness, as "Meteran calls it, Religiosam insaniam, so many professed 

s' Polycrat. lib. 3- cap. 8. 6 Petron. s^ujjjomnes protinusq ; vestis ilia manicata in alas versa est, et 

^jlirabant, omnes insani, &c. hodie nauta, eras philo- mortales inde Chrysalides vocant hujusmodi homines. 

''^ You will meet covetous fools and prodigal syco- 
phants everywhere. ^ejuven. s'Juver.. 
^ De biillo Jud. 1. 8. c. 11. Iniquitates vestrae nemi- 
nem latent, i.ique dies singulos certamen habetis quii 
lie.ior sit. 6a Hor. «" Lib. 5. Epist. 8. ei Hor. 
6^ Superstitio est insanus error. P^Lib. 8. fai«t 
Beig. 



•ophus ; hodie faher, eras pharmacopola ; liic modo 
regem agel)at multo saitellilio, tiara, et scepiro orna- 
ms, nunc vili aniictiis centiculo, asinum elilellarium 
Impellit. 6'' Calcagninus Apol. Crysalus 6 cajteris 

aiiro dives, manicato pepio et tiara conspicuus, levis 
alioquin et nullius consilii, (Sec. niagno fastii ingredi- 
ent! assiirgunt dii, &c. 6' Sed hominis levitatem 
f^piter perspiciens, at tu (in-quit) esto bombilio, fee. 



mmm9mmm^ 



Vemocritus to the Reader. 37 

Giristians, yet so few imitators of Christ ; so much talk of reli^on, so much science 
go little conscience; so much knowledge, so many preachers, so little practice; such 

variety of sects, such have and hold of all sides, ^^ ohvla signis Signa^^c, such 

absurd and ridiculous traditions and ceremonies : If he should meet a ^^ Capuchin, 
a Franciscan, a Pharisaical Jesuit, a man-serpent, a shave-crowned Monk in his robes, 
a begging Friar, or see their three-crowned Sovereign Lord the Pope, poor Peter's 
successor, servus servorum Dei., to depose kings with his foot, to tread on emperors' 
necks, make them stand bare-foot and bare-legged at his gates, hold his bridle and 
stirrup, &c. (O that Peter and Paul were alive to see this !) If he should observe 
a ^"^ Prince creep so devoutly to kiss his toe, and those Red-cap Cardinals, poor parish 
priests of old, now Princes' companions ; what would he say ? Coelum ipsum pcli- 
tur stuldtia. Had he met some of our devout pilgrims going bare-foot to Jerusa- 
lem, our lady of Lauretto, Rome, S. lago, S. Thomas' Shrine, to creep to those 
counterfeit and maggot-eaten reliques ; had he been present at a mass, and seen such 
kissing of Paxes, crucifixes, cringes, duckings, their several attires and ceremonies, 
pictures i^{ saints, ^' indulgences, pardons, vigils, fasting, feasts, crossing, knocking, 

kneeling at Ave-Marias, bells, with many such; jncunda rudi spectacula plebU""* . 

praying in gibberish, and mumbling of beads. Had he heard an old woman say her 
prayers in Latin, their sprinkling of holy water, and going a procession, 

6'J "incedunt monachoruin ao^mina tnille ; 

Quid moinerein vexilla, cruces, idol;ique culta, &c." 

Their breviaries, bulls, hallowed beans, exorcisms, pictures, curious crosses, fables, and 
baubles. Had he read the Golden Legend, the Turks' Alcoran, or Jews' Talmud, 
the Rabbins' Comments, what would he have thought ? How dost thou think he 
might have been affected .'* Had he more particularly examined a Jesuit's life amongst 
the rest, he should have seen an hypocrite profess poverty, ''°and yet possess more 
goods and lands than many princes, to have infinite treasures and revenues ; teach 
others to fast, and play the gluttons themselves ; like watermen that row one way 
and look another. ^'Vow virginity, talk of holiness, and yet indeed a notorious 
bawd, and famous fornicator, lascivum pecus^ a very goat. Monks by profession, '' 
such as give over the world, and the vanities of it, and yet a Machiavelian rout 
'^interested in all manner of state : holy men, peace-makers, and yet composed of envy, 
lust, ambition, hatred, and malice ; fire-brands, adulta patria pestis^ traitors, assassi 
nats, hdc itur ad astra., and this is to supererogate, and merit heaven for themselves 
and others. Had he seen on the adverse side, some of our nice and curious schis- 
matics in another extreme, abhor all ceremonies, and rather lose their lives and livings, 
than do or admit anything Papists have formerly used, though in things indiflerenl 
(they alone are the true Church, sal terrce^ cum sint omnium insulsissimi). Formal- 
ists, out of fear and base flattery, like so many weather-cocks turn round, a rout of 
temporisers, ready to embrace and maintain all that is or shall be proposed in hope 
of preferment : another Epicurean company, lying at lurch as so many vultures, 
watching for a prey of Church goods, and ready to rise by the downfall of any : as 
'^Luciau said in like case, what dost thou think Democritus would have done, had 
he been spectator of these things .'' 

Or had he but observed the common people follow like so many sheep one of 
ineir fellows drawn by the horns over a gap, some for zeal, some for fear, quo se 
cunque raplt tempestas., to credit all, examine nothing, and yet ready to die before 
they will adjure any of those ceremonies to which they have been accustomed , 
others out of hypocrisy frequent sermons, knock their breasts, turn up their eyes, 
pretend zeal, desire reformation, and yet professed usurers, gripers, monsters of men 
harpies, devils in their lives, to express nothing less. 



^ Lucan. es Father Anjrelo, the Duke of Joyeux, 
goiiii,' hare-foot over the Alps to Home, &;c. " Si 

rui intueri vacet qnas patiuiitur sn[)erstiti<isi, irivenies 
lam iiidecora hnnestis, tain iiidiL'tia liheris, tain dissi- 
niilia sanis. ut nemo fuerit duliitaiurus fiirere eos, si 
cum [laiicji'iihus fuerent. Senec. «' Quid dicam 

de eoriim induljientiis, ohiationibus, votis, solutionihus, 
jejuniis, cocnobiis, somniis, horis, orjianis, cantiletiis. 
campanis. simulachris, missis, [)urjTiitoriis, niitris, hre- 
viariis, bullirJ, histralihus, aquis, rasuris, untiionibus, 
tandt'lis, raljcibus,crucibu.-', mappis, cereis. ihuribulls, 
*ji(:<uutk»ubus. exorcismiB, sputis, legendie, &.c- Ba 



lens de actis Rom. Pont. «" Pleasing spectacl|,e« 

to the ignorant poor. '^^ Th. Neajreor. ■" Du'ii* 

simulant spernere, acquisiverunt sibi 30 annoriim 
spatio bis centena millia librarum annua. Arnold 
" Kt quiim interdiu de viriute loquuti sunt, sero in 
latiltulis dunes ajritant labore nocturno, Apryppa. 
''- 1 Tim. iii. 13. lUti ihey shall prevail no lonpei, 
their madness shall he known to all men. "'^ litttxiff- 
niiaiis sinus solebat esse, nunc liiium officina curia 
Roniana Bndsus. ''* Quid tibi videinr factuiut 

Dcmocntua, si horum spectator contigiseetl 



88 Dcmocritus to the Reader. 

What voiikl he have said to see, hear, and read so many bloody battles, so many 
thoi sands slain at once, such streams of blood able to turn mills : unius oh noxam 
f/i.r..asqu.c^ or to make sport for princes, without any just cause, '^'•'■for vain title.^ 
(saith Austin), precedency, some wench, or such like toy, or out of desire jf domi- 
neering, vainglory, malice, revenge, folly, madness," (goodly causes all, ol? qu.as 
iinivzrsu.s orh'is hellis ct cmdibus mlsccafur.,) whilst statesmen themselves in the mtaii 
time are secure at home, pampered with all delights and pleasures, take their ease, 
and follow their lusts, not considering what intolerable misery poor soldiers endure, 
their often wounds, hunger, thirst, &.C., the lamentable cares, torments, calamities, 
and oppressions that accompany such proceedings, they feel not, take no notice of 
It. " So wars are begun, by the persuasion of a few debauclied, hair-brain, poor, 
dissolute, hungry captains, parasitical fawners, unquiet hotspurs, restless innovators, 
green heads, to satisfy one man's private spleen, lust, ambition, avarice, &c. ; tales 
rapitmf scclcrata in prcelia causce. Flos homimim., proper men, well proportioned, 
carefully brought up, able both in body and mind, sound, led like so many "*^ beasts 
lo the slaughter in the flower of their years, pride, and full strength, without all 
remorse and pity, sacrificed to Pluto, killed up as so many sheep, for devils' food, 
40,000 at once. At once, said I, that were tolerable, but these wars last always, and 
for many ages ; nothing so familiar as this hacking and hewing, massacres, murders, 

desolations ignoto caelum clangor e rcmugit^ they care not what mischief they 

procure, so that they may enrich themselves for the present ; they will so long blow 
the coals of contention, till all the world be consumed with fire. The ''siege of 
Troy lasted ten years, eight months, there died 870,000 Grecians, 670,000 Trojans, 
at the taking of the city, and after were slain 276,000 men, women, and children of 
all sorts. Caesar killed a million, ^^ Mahomet the second Turk, 300,000 persons; 
Sicinius Dentatus fought in a hundred battles, eight times in single combat he over- 
came, had forty wounds before, was rewarded with 140 crowns, triumphed nine 
times for his good service. M. Sergius had 82 wounds ; Sca^va, the Centurion, 1 
know not how many ; every nation had their Hectors, Scipios, Caesars, and Alex- 
anders ! Our "^ Edward the Fourth was in 26 battles afoot: and as they do all, he 
glories in it, 'tis related to his honour. At the siege of Hierusalem, 1,100,000 died 
with sword and famine. At the battle of Cannas, 70,000 men were slain, as ^°Poly- 
bius records, and as many at Battle Abbey with us ; and 'tis no news to fight from 
6un to sun, as they did, as Constantine and Liciniiis, &c. At the siege of Ostend 
(the devil's academy) a poor town in respect, a small fort, but a great grave, 120,000 
men lost their lives, besides whole towns, dorpes, and hospitals, full of maimed 
soldiers ; there were engines, fire-works, and whatsoever the devil could invent to 
do mischief with 2,500,000 iron bullets shot of 40 pounds weight, three or four 
millions of gold consumed. ^''-'•Who (saith mine author) can be sufficiently amazed 
at their flinty hearts, obstinacy, fury, blindness, who without any likelihood of good 
success, hazard poor soldiers, and lead them without pity to the slaughter, whi<;li 
may justly be called the rage of furious beasts, that run without reason upon their 
own deaths:" ^^quis mains genitis., qua: furia qncE pestis., &c. ; what plague, what 
fury brought so devilish, so brutish a thing as war first into men's minds ? Who 
made so soft and peaceable a creature, born to love, mercy, meekness, so to rave, rage 
like beasts, and run on to their own destruction .'' how may Nature expostulate with 
mankind. Ego te divinum animal fmxi., &.c. ? I made thee an harmless, quiet, a divine 
creature : how may God. expostulate, and all good men .'' yet, lioriim facta (as ^^one 
condoles) tantum admirantnr^ et heronm numcro hahcnt : these are the brave spirits, 
the gallants of the world, these admired alone, triumph alone, have statues, crowns, 
pyramids, obelisks to their eternal fame, that immortal genius attends on them, hac 
ilur ad aslra. When Rhodes was besieged, ^foss(B urhis cadaveribus repletce sum, 
the ditches were full of dead carcases : and as when the said Solyman, great Turk, 
beleaguered Vienna, they lay level with the top of the walls. This they makt; a 



" Ob irianes ditionnm titulos, oh prereptum locum, 
oh interc<>p'nnri iniilierculaiTi, vnl quod 6 stuliitia iiatuin, 
^f\ 6 iiialitiii, quod cupido dominandi, libido iioreiidi, 
■^c. ■'' Beiiuiii rem plane belliii nam vocat JVIorci. 

«trip lib. 2. T' Mnnster. Cosmog. I. 5, c, 3 E. 

l).ri. Creteni '" Joviua vii. ejus. '» Comineus 



so Lib. .S. 81 Hist, of the siege of Ostend. fol. 5j. 

^-Erasmus de bello. Ut placidum illnd animal hr nr- 
volenti.'e nalum tarn ferina vecordi^in mut 'am rn ,ri'» 
pernicieni. «^ Rich. Uinoth. pr?efai. lit-Ui civilis 

Gal. »i Jovius. 



Dcmocritus to the Reader. 39 

j^port of, and will do it to their friends and confederates, against oaths, vows, jiro- 

mises, by treachery or otherwise; ^* dolus an virtus? quis in hosic requira'? 

leagues and laws of arms, {^^ silent leges infer arma.^) for their adva^'tage, omnia nira^ 
divina., humana., proculcata plerumque sunt ; God's and men's laws are trampled 
under foot, the sword alone determines all ; to satisfy their lust and spleen, they care 
not what they attempt, say, or do, ^^Rara fdes^ probitasque viris qui castra sequuntur. 
Nothing so common as to have ^'^" father fight against the son, brother against 
brother, kinsman against kinsman, kingdom against kingdom, province against pro- 
vince, Christians against Christians :" a qnihus nee unquam cogitatione fuerunt Ivisi^ 
of whom they never had oflence in thought, word, or deed. Infinite treasures con- 
sumed, towns burned, flourishing cities sacked and ruinated, quodque animus mcmi- 
nisse 'lorret., goodly countries depopulated and left desolate, old inhabitants expelled, 
trade and tralHc decayed, maids deflowered, Virgines nondum thalamis jugafa^ et 
comis nondum positis ephcebi ; chaste matrons cry out with Andromache, ^^ Concu- 
bitum mar. cogar pati ejus^ qui inlercmit Heetorem., they shall be compelled perad- 
venture to lie with them that erst killed their husbands : to see rich, poor, sick, 
sound, lords, servants, eodem omnes incommodo macti,, consumed all or malir.ed, &c. 
Fit quicquid gaudcns scelere animus audet., et perversa, mens., saith Cyprian, and 
whatsoever torment, misery, mischief, hell itself, the devil, ^^ fury and rage can invent 
to their own ruin and destruction ; so abominable a thing is ""war, as Gerbelius con^ 
eludes, adrofeeda et abominanda res est bellum., ex quo liominum cades., vast a I tones, 
&,c., the scourge of God, cause, effect, fruit and punishment of sin, and not tonsura 
Jiumani generis as Tertullian calls it, but ruina. Had Democritus been present at 

the late civil wars in France, those abominable wars bellaque matribus detestata, 

^'" where in less than ten years, ten thousand men were consumed^ saiih Collignius, 
twenty tliousand churches overthrown ; nay, the whole kingdom subverted (as 
*- Richard Dinoth adds). So many myriads of the commons were Initchered up, 
with sword, famine, war, tanto odi.o vlrinque ut barbari ad abhorrendam lanienam 
obsiupescerrnt., with such feral hatred, the world was amazed at it : or at our late 
Pharsalian fields m the time of Henry the Sixth, betwixt the houses of La!;raster and 
York, a hundred thousand men slain, ''^one writes; ^^ another, ten thousand families 
were rooted out, '^ That no man can but marvel, saith Comineus, at that barbarous 
irnmanity, feral madness, committed betwixt men of the same nation, language, and 
religion." ^' Quis furor., O cives? "-Why do the Gentiles so furiously rage," saith 
the Prophet David, Psal. ii. 1 . But we may ask, why do the Christians so furiously 
rage ? '''^Jlrma volunt., quare poscnnf.^ rapiunfque juvenfus f Unflt for Gentiles, 
nmch less for us so to tyrannize, as the Spaniard in the West Indies, that killed up in 
42 years (^if we may believe ^"Bartholoniccus a Casa, their own bishop) VI millions 
of men, with stupend and exquisite torments ; neither should I lie (said he) if I said 
50 millions. 1 omit those French massacres, Sicilian evensongs, ^^ the Duke of 
Alva's tyrannies, our gunpowder machinations, and that fourth fury, as '^one calls 

it, the Spanish inquisition, which quite obscures those ten persecutions, '^"^ sami 

toto Mars impius orbe. Is not this ^mundus furiosus., a mad world, as he terms it, 
insanum beilum f are not these mad men, as '^Scaliger concludes, qui in pra^lio acerbd 
morte., insanice suce memoriam pro perpetuo teste relinquunt posteritati ; whicJi leave 
so frequent battles, as perpetual memorials of their madness to all succeeding v\ges ? 
Would this, think you, have enforced our Democritus to laughter, or rather made 
him turn his tune, alter his tone, and weep with ^Heraclitus, or rather howl, ''roar, 
and tear his hair in commiseration, stand amazed ; or as the poets feign, that Niobe 

"* Dolus. a!=perita!=, in justilia propria beliorurn ne- pladio. bello, fame miserabiliter perierunt. ^"^ Pont, 

gotia. T'irtul. f^ Tiilly. « Liican, "' I'ater lluienis. '^' Comineus. lltniilliis non execretur et 

in filium nffinis in affiutni, amicus in aniicum, &c. admiretur crudelitalom, et barltarani insaniiim, qua) 

Regifi diiri. regione, rej;mim regno coliidiinr. I'opiilus inter homines eodem sub coiio natos, ejusdem lingutJ, 

oopulo in miituam perniciein, belliianim instar san- sanuminis, religionis, exercebatur. I ucan. 

guinolente ruentium. *'" Libanii declani. ^a Ira «'' Virg. ^'' Bishop of ("useo, an eye-witness, 

enun et furor Bellona' consullores, &c,. dcmentes sacer- "n Ked,! Meteran of liis stupend cruelties. •'' flen 

'iotes sunt «o helium quasi heliua et ad omnia sius Austriaco. '»' Virir. Georg. "impious wa» 

?celera furor immissus. « Gallorum decies centum rages tlirou<:hout the whole world." ' .lansenius 

•'illia ceciderunt. Ecclesiaris 20 millia fundamentis GallobeL'icus 159f). Mundus fiiriosus. inscripiio libri. 

excisa ■' Bplli civilis Gal. 1. 1. hoc feraii bello et '^ Exercitat. 250. si^rm 4. Flcat ileraclitusaB 

ee.','Jbu« onitiia repleverunt. et regnum amplissimiim & rideat Democritus. * Curs leves loquunlur, in- 

'^'%^amentis peue everterunt, piebis tot niyriades " gentes stupent. 



40 Democntus to the Reader. 

was foi grid quite stupified, and turned to a stone ? I have not yet said the worst, 
that which is more absurd and ^mad, in their tumuhs, seditions, civil and unjusi 
wars, ^quod stulte sucipitur^ impie geritur, misere finitur. Such wars I mean ; foi 
all are not to be condemned, as those fantastical anabaptists vainly conceive. Oui 
Christian tactics are all out as necessary as the Roman acies, or Grecian phalanx , 
to be a soldier is a most noble and honourable profession (as the world is), not to 
he spared, they are our best walls and bulwarks, and I do therefore acknowledge 
that of "Tully to be most true, " All our civil affairs, all our studies, all our pleading 
mdustry, and commendation lies under the protection of warlike virtues, and when- 
soever there is any suspicion of tumult, all our arts cease ;" wars are most behoveful, 
pj. hellatores agricolis civitati sunt uliliores^ as ^Tyrius defends : and valour is much 
to be commended in a wise man ; but they mistake most part, auferre^i trncidare^ 
rapere^ falsis nominihus virtutcm vocanf, &c. ('Twas Galgacus' observation in 
Tacitus) they term theft, murder, and rapine, virtue, by a wrong name, rapes^ 
slaughters, massacres, &c. jociis et Indus., are pretty pastimes, as Lvdovicus Vives 
notes. ^'•'They commonly call the most hair-brain blood-suckers, strongest thieves, 
the most desperate villains, treacherous rogues, inhuman murderers, rash, cruel and 
dissolute caitiffs, courageous and generous spirits, heroical and worthy captains, 
'"brave men at arms, valiant and renowned soldiers, possessed with a brute persuasion 
of false honour," as Pontus Huter in his Burgundian history complains. By means 
of which it comes to pass that daily so many voluntaries offer themselves, leaving 
their sweet wives, children, friends, for sixpence (if they can get it) a day, prostitute 
their lives and limbs, desire to enter upon breaches, lie sentinel, perdue, give the first 
onset, stand in the fore front of the battle, marching bravely on, with a cheerful 
noise of drums and trumpets, such vigour and alacrity, so many banners streaming 
in the air, glittering armours, motions of plumes, woods of pikes, and swords, variety 
of colours, cost and magnificence, as if they went in triumph, now victors to the 
Capitol, and with such pomp, as when Darius' army marched to m-eet Alexander at 
Jssus. Void of all fear they run into imminent dangers, cannon's mouth, &c., ut 
vuln'rlbus suis ferrum hostium heheient., saith "Barletius, to get a name of valour, 
honour and applause, which lasts not either, for it is but a mere flash this fame, and 
like a rose, intra diem unum extinguitur^ 'tis gone in an instant. Of 15,000 prole- 
taries slain in a battle, scarce fifteen are recorded in history, or one alone, the General 
perhaps, and after a while his and their names are likewise blotted out, the whole 
battle itself is forgotten. Those Grecian orators, summa vi ingenii et eloquenticB., set 
out the renowned overthrows at Thermopylae., Salamis^ Marathon., Micale., Maiir- 
tinea., Chcroncea, Plattsa. The Romans record their battle at Cannas, and Pharsa- 
lian fields, but they do but record, and we scarce hear of them. And yet this 
supposed honour, popular applause, desire of immortality by this means, pride and 
vain-glory spur them on many times rashly and unadvisedly, to make away them- 
selves and multitudes of others. Alexander was sorry, because there were no more 
worlds for him to conquer, he is admired by some for it, animosa vox videtur., el 
re^m, 'twas spoken like a Prince; but as wise '^Seneca censures him, 'twas vox 
mqnissima et stnltissima, 'twas spoken like a Bedlam fool ; and that sentence which 
the same "Seneca appropriates to his father Philip and him, I apply to them all, JVon 
minores fiiere pestes mortal'uun qudtn inundatio^ qudm conflagratlo., quihus., &.c. they 
did as much mischief to mortal men as fire and water, those merciless elements when 
they rage. '^ Which is yet more to be lamented, they persuade them this hellish 
course of life is holy, they promise heaven to such as venture their lives hello sacro^ 
and that by these bloody wars, as Persians, Greeks, and Romans of old, as mo<lern 
Turks do now their commons, to encourage them to fight, ut cadant infellciter. 



' Arma amens capio, nee sat rationis in armis. i vitam, quee non assneverit armis. " Lib. 10. vft. 

• Erat:inii3. Pro Miirena. Oinnes url)aTijE res, ! S( aiiperhejr. '-Nuili beatioies hahiti, qiiftm qui 



Ojniii;i stiidia, otniii? forensis laus elindiisiria latet in 
tutela et prrecidij l)eliica; virtiitis, et sininl alqiie in- 
crepuit suspicio tiiinultus, artes illico iiostr.^ contices- 
cum. ' Ser. i3 '* Crudplissinins sfevissi- 

mosqiip latrones, fnrtissinins halteri propiignatores, 
fidissinios duces halx-nt, brnta persiiasione donati. 
'« Eol)aims Ilessus. Qiiihns oninis in armis vita pla- 
eet, non ulla juvat nisi norte, nee ullam esse putant 



n proeiiis tecidissent. Brisonius de rep. Persariiin. 
3. foi. 3. 44. Idem Lactanlius de Romani? et Gra^cis 
Idem Animianus, lib. 23. "de Paribis. Judicatiir is 
solus beams apiid eos qui in proclio fiiderit animam. 
De Benef. lib. 2 c. 1. i- Nat. qiia-st. lib. 3. Bo- 

terns Aniphitridion. Bnsbeqiiins Tiirc. hist. Percaide* 
et saii^'uitieni parare honiinibus ascensum in coelun 
putant, Laclan. de falsa relig. 1. 1. cap. 8. 



^mmm 



Democritus to the Reader. 



41 



*'• If they die in tiie field, tliey go directly to heaven, and shall be canonized for saints.'* 
(O diabolical invention !) put in the Chronicles, /w jperpetuam rei mcmoriam^ to theji 
eternal memory : when as in truth, as '^some hold, it were much better (since wars 
are the scourge of God for sin, by which he punisheth mortal men's peevishness and 
folly) such brutish stories were suppressed, because ad vioruvi mstltufioncm nihil 
hahent^ they conduce not at all to maimers, or good life. But they will have it thus 
nevertheless, and so tliey put note of '^ " divinity upon the most cruel and pernicious 
plague of human kind," adore such men with grand titles, degrees, statues, images, 
'" honour, applaud, and highly reward them for their good service, no greater glory 
than to die in the field. So Africanus is extolled by Ennius : Mars, and '^Hercules, 
and I know not how many besides of old, were deified ; went this way to heaven, 
that were indeed bloody butchers, wicked destroyers, and troublers of the world, 
prodigious monsters, liell-hounds, feral plagues, devourers, common executioners of 
human kind, as Lactantius truly proves, and Cyprian to Donat, such as were despe- 
rate in wars, and precipitately made away themselves, (like those Celtes in Dama- 
scen, with ridiculous valour, ut dedecorosum pufarenl muro rucnii se subducere^ a 
disgrace to run away for a rotten wall, now ready to fall on their heads,) such as 
will not rush on a sword's point, or seek to shun a cannon's sliot, are base cowards, 
and no valiant men. By which means, Madet orbis mutuo sanguine^ the earth wal- 
lows in her own blood, '^ ScEvit amor ferri et scelerati insunia belli ; and for that, 
which if it be done in private, a man shall be rigorously executed, ^'•'and which is 
no less than murder itself; if the same fact be done in public in wars, it is called 

manhood, and the party is honoured for it." "^^Prosperum etfcelix scelus, virtus 

vocatur. 

We measure all as Turks do, by the event, and most part, as Cyprian notes, in all 
ages, countries, places, 5tEui//<2 magnitudo impunitatem sceleris azquirU., the foulness 
of the fact vindicates the offender. ^^One is crowned for that which another is tor- 
mented : Ille crucem sceleris precium tulit^ hie diadema ; made a knight, a lord, an 
earl, a great duke, (as ^^Agrippa notes) for that which another should have hung in 
gibbets, as a terror to the rest, 

2^ "pt tamen alter, 

Si fecisset ifleiu, caderel suh judice niorum." 

A poor sheep-stealer is hanged for stealing of victuals, compelled peradventurr jy 
necessity of that intolerable cold, hunger, and thirst, to save himself from star' ing : 
but a ^^ great man in office may securely rob whole provinces, undo thousands, pill 
and poll, oppress ad libitum^ flea, grind, tyrannise, enrich himself by spoils of the 
commons, be uncontrolable in his actions, and after all, be recompensed with tur- 
gent titles, honoured for his good service, and no man dare find fault, or ^^ mutter 
at it. 

How would our Democritus have been affected to see a wicked caitiff, or ^""fool. 
a very idiot, a funge, a golden ass, a monster of men, to have many good men, wise, 
men, learned men to attend upon him with all submission, as an appendix to his riches, 
for that respect alone, because he hath more wealth and money, ^^and to honour him 
with divine titles, and bombast epithets," to smotlier him with fumes and eulogies, 
whom they know to be a dizard, a fool, a covetous wretch, a beast, &.c. " because 
he is rich ?" To see sub exuviis Icon'is onagrum^ a filthy loathesome carcass, a Gor- 
gon's head puffed up by parasites, assume tliis unto himself, glorious titles, in worth 
an infant, a Cuman ass, a painted sepulchre, an Egyptian temple .'' To ste a wither- 
ed face, a diseased, deformed, cankered complexion, a rotten carcass, a viperous mind, 
and Epicurean soul set out with orient pearls, jewels, diadems, perfumes, curious 



'sQuoniain bella acerbissima dei fla?ella sunt quihus 
honnniiiii pcrtinaciam pmiit, ea perpetiia oltlivinne 
sepelienda poiius q\iain nienioriffi niandanda pleiiqne 
jadicant. liicli. Dinoih- pra^f hist. Gall. " Cru- 

t;ntain liunnni jreneris pesteni, et perniciem divinita- 
lis notd insigiiiiint. • Et quod dolenduiii, a[>p!aii- 

iUin liabent et occiirsuni viti tales. '"Jlernili 

eadem porta ad cosliim patuit, qui magnain peiieris 
hunr.ani pirteiii perdidit. ''J Virij. .lEneid. 7. 

^' Iloiiiii uliiiui (luiiin coriiniittiint siiiguli, criiiieii est, 
qtmnj publi(6 treritiir, virtus vocatur. Cyprianus. 
"Seneca. Successful vice is called virtue. ■^-Ju- 



»fr. 



'^- I)e vault, sclent, de f riocip. nobilitalis. 
6 D 



21 Juven. Sat. 4. '^ pansa rapit, quod Natta reli • 

quit. Tu pessimtis orriniuni lairo es, as Deiiieiriii* 
the Pirate told Alexander in ("urtiiis. -' Non ausi 

nmtire, &;c. Avsop. -■ Iniprobuni et stultnni, s 

diviteni inultos b inos viros in servitnlem habeiitem, 
oh id duntaxat quod ei contingat aureoruin numis- 
niatuni cumulus, ut appendices, et ailditanienia nu- 
tnisrnatuin. Morus Utopia. '-» KoruuKi ; detes- 

tai tiir IJtopien&es insaniaiii, qui divinos honores iis 
inipendunt, quos sordidos et avaros agnoscunt; non 
alio respeciu hunorantes, quani quod dites sint. 
Idem. lib. '2. 



2 



42 Democritus to the Reader. 

elabv.rate works, as proud of his clothes as a child of his new coals ; and a goodly 
person, of an angel-like divine countenance, a saint, an humble mind, a meet spirit 
clothed in rags, beg, and now ready to be starved ? To see a silly contemptible 
sloven in apparel, ragged in his coat, polite in speech, of a divine spirit, wise r another 
neat in ( lothes, spruce, full of courtesy, empty of grace, wit, talk nonsense ? 

To see so many lawyers, advocates, so many tribunals, so little justice ; so many 
magistrates, so little care of common good ; so many laws, yet nevermore disorders ; 
Tribunal Utium segefcm^ the Tribunal a labyrinth, so many thousand suits in one 
c )urt sometimes, so violently followed ? To see injusfissimum scepe juri prcEsiden- 
/em, hnpium rdigloni^ bnperUlsshnum erudllioni^ otiosissimum labori^ monstrosum 
humanLtatl? to see a lamb '^executed, a wolf pronounce sentence, latro arraigned, 
and fur sit on the bench, the judge severely punish others, and do worse himself, 
^^ cundem furtum facere ct punire^ '■^Wapincwi plccfere^ quum sit ipse raptor? Laws 
altered, misconstrued, interpreted pro and con, as the ^^ Judge is matle by friends, 
bribed, or otherwise affected as a nose of wax, good to-day, none to-morrow ; or 
firm in his opinion, cast in his? Sentence prolonged, changed, ad arhitrium judicis^ 
still the same case, ^^^' one thrust out of his inheritance, anotlier falsely put in by 
favour, false forged deeds or wills." Incisce leges negUguntur^ laws are made and 
lot kept ; or if put in execution, ^^ they be some silly ones that are punished. As, 
put case it be fornication, the father will disinherit or abdicate his child, quite cashiei 
him (out, villain, be gone, come no more in my sight) ; a poor man is miserably 
tormented witli loss of his estate perhaps, goods, fortunes, good name, for ever dis- 
graced, forsaken, and must do penance to the utmost ; a mortal sin, and yet make 
the worst of ii^ nuiiquid aliud fecit .,i>aiih Tranio in the ^'^ \)OCi^ nisi quod faciunt sumr- 
mis nati generihusf he hath done no more than what gei\tlcmen usually do. ^JYe- 
que novum^ ncque mirum^ neque secus quam alii solcnt. For in a great person, right 
worshipful Sir, a right honourable Grandy, 'tis not a venial sin, no, not a peccadillo^ 
'tis no ofience at all, a common and ordinary thing, no man t^kes notice of it ; he 
justifies it in public, and peradventure brags of it, 

3'' "Nam quod turpe boms, Titio, Seioque, decebat 

Crispiniim" 

For what would be base in good men, Titius, and Seius, became Crnpinus. 

^^Many poor men, younger brothers, &c. by reason of bad policy and idle education 
(for they are likely brought up in no calling), are compelled to beg or steal, and 
then hanged for theft ; than whicli, what can be more ignominious, non minus enim 
turpe principi multa supplicia^ qudm medico multa funera., 'tis the governor's fault. 
Lihenlius verberunt quajn doccnf^ as sclioolmasters do rather correct th'^ir pupils, than 
teach them when they do amiss. ^'■^'•'- They had more need provide theif^ should be no 
more thietes and beggars, as they ought with good policy, and take a^^ay the occa- 
sions, than let them run on, as they do to their own destruction : root out likewise 
those causes of wrangling, a multitude of lawyers, and compose contioversies, lites 
lustrales et seculares^ by some more compendious means." Whereas now for every 
toy and tritle they go to law, *^ Mugit litibus insanum forum^ et scevit invirrm dis^or- 
danlium rabies^ they are ready to pull out one another's throats ; and for rr'^mmodity 
*'to squeeze blood," saith Hierom, *•' out of their brother's heart," defamr lie, dis- 
grace, backbite, rail, bear false witness, swear, forswear, fight and wraufle^ spend 
their goods, lives, fortunes, friends, undo one another, to enrich an harp}' advocate, 
that preys upon them both, and cries Eia Socrates, Eia Xantippe ; or soi.ie corrupt 
Judge, that like the "^Kite in iEsop, while the mouse and frog fought, cairied both 
away. Generally they prey one upon another as so many ravenous birds, brute 
beasts, devouring fishes, no medium, ''^omnes hie aut captan'ur a?d captant ; autcada- 
vera qucB lacerantur, aut corvi qui lacerant, either deceive or be dvvsived ; tear others 



-'■'Cyp. 2. ad Donat. ep. Ut reus innoceiis pereat, i tratniim culpa fit, qui males iinitaufir prmceptore* . 
sit nocens. Judex damnnt foras,quod intus operatnr. qui discipulos libentius verbera'si (\.v\i{\ docunt. Mo 
^"Sidoiiius Apo ^igaiyjanns 1.3. de orov^den. j rus, Utop. lib. 1. ^'J Decemintur \uri irravia ei 

'■- Krgo judicium nihil e.«;t nisi publica meices. letro- ' horreuda supplicia. qunni potiyr \ ^oviiU^ruliim mnlti. 
nius. Quid faciant leges ubi sola pecunia regnati I forel iie fures sint, ne cuiquam tir'>«;fa furandi aiM 
Idem. wiiic arcemur hiereditatil»us Jiberi, hie j pereundi sit uecessilas. Idem. ^o \,.terus de ang- 

doiiatiir bonis alienis. falsum consiilit, alter testamen- ment. urb. lib. 3. cap. 3 '' F ?a* vo corde sau- 

tii.Ti corrumpit, (fee. Idem. 34Vexat censura co- guinem eliciunt. «Milvus »'J6| "- ac degluba 

ludibag. 36 i>iaut. niostel. ^^Idem. 37 j,,ven. i « Petronius de Crotone civit. 
8at* 4. 3tiQyu(] iQi g^^^^ fures et mendici, magis- 1 



■ AtiUii i- ' U I 



Dcmocritus to the Reader. 43 

* r be torn in pieces themselves ; like so many buckets in a well, as ow riseth 
another falleth, one's empty, another's full ; his ruin is a ladder to the third ^ such 
are our ordinary proceedings. What's the market? A place, according to ''"'Ana- 
charsis, wherein they cozen one another, a trap; nay, what's the world itself? 
^^A vast chaos, a confusion of manners, as lickle as the air, domicilium insanorvniy 
a turbulent troop full of impurities, a mart of walking spirits, goblins, ihe theatre of 
hypocrisy, a shop of knavery, flattery, a nursery of villany, the scene of babbling, 
the school of giddiness, the academy of vice ; a warfare, ubi i ells noils pvgnandum 
aui vincas aid succumbas^ in which kill or be killed ; wherein every man is for hinv 
self, his private ends, and stands upon his own guard. No charity, ''Move, friendship, 
fear of God, alliance, affinity, consanguinity, Christianity, can contain them, but if 
they be any ways offended, or that string of commodity be touched, they fall foul. 
Old friends become bitter enemies on a sudden for toys and small offences, and they 
that erst were willing to do all mutual offices of love and kindness, now revile and 
persecute one another to death, with more than Vatinian hatred, and will not be 
reconciled. So long as they are behoveful, they love, or may bestead each other, 
but when there is no more good to be expected, as they do by an old uog, hang 
him up or casliier him : which "^Cato counts a great indecorum, to use men like old 
shoes or broken glasses, which are flung to the dunghill ; he could not And in his 
heart to sell an old ox, much less to turn away an old servant : but they instead of 
recompense, revile him, and when they have made him an instrument of their villany, 
as ""^^Bajazet the second Emperor of the Turks did by Acomethes Bassa, make him 
away, or instead of ^^reward. Irate him to death, as Silius was served by Tiberius. 
In a word, every man for his own ends. Our summum bonum is commodity, and the 
goddess we adore Dea moneta,, Queen money, to whom we daily ofler sacrifice, 
which steers our hearts, hands, ""^ affections, all : that most powerful goddess, by 
whom we are reared, depressed, elevated, ^'esteemed the sole commandress of our 
actions, for which we pray, run, ride, go, come, labour, and contend as fishes do for 
a crumb that falleth into the water. It's not worth, virtue, (that's bonum theatrale^) 
wisdom, valour, learning, honesty, religion, or any sufficiency for vvliich we are 
respected, but ^^ money, greatness, office, honour, authority ; honesty is accounted fol- 
ly ; knavery, policy ; '^men admired out of opinion, not as they are, but as they seem 
to be : such shifting, lying, cogging, plotting, counterplotting, temporizing, flattering, 
cozening, dissembling, ^"^^^ that of necessity one must highly oflend God il' he be con- 
formable to the world," Cretizare cum Crete., '*• or else live in contempt, disgrace and 
misery." One takes upon him temperance, holiness, another austerity, a third an 
affected kind of simplicity, when as indeed, he, and he, and he, and the rest are 
^" hypocrites, ambidexters," out-sides, so many turning pictures, a lion on the one 
side, a lamb on the other.^^ How would Democritus have been aflected to see these 
things ! 

To see a man turn himself into all shapes like a camelion, or as Proteus, omnia 
transformans sese in mlracula rerum., to act twenty parts and persons at once, for 
his advantage, to temporize and vary like Mercury the Planet, good with good ; bad 
with bad ; having a several face, garb, and character for every one he meets ; of all 
religions, humours, inclinations ; to fawn like a spaniel, mentitls et mimicis obsequis^ 
rage like a lion, bark like a cur, fight like a dragon, sting like a serpent, as meek as 
a lamb, and yet again grin like a tiger, weep like a crocodile, insult over some, and 
yet others domineer over him, here command, there crouch, tyrannize in one place, 
be baffled in another, a wise man at home, a fool abroad to make others merry. 

To see so much difference betwixt words and deeds, so many parasangs betwixl 



<4Qni(i forum? locus quo alius aliuni circunivenit. 
«Vastum chaos, larvarum emporium, theatrum hypo- 
crisios, &c. •"•Nemo coelum, nemo ju^'jurandum, 

nemo Jovem pluris facit, sed omnes apertis oculis 
bona sua couiputant. Petron. •''Plutarch, vit. 

ejus. Indecorum animatis ut v-iiceis uti aut vltris, 
qua; ubi fracta abjicimus, nam ut de uieipso diciim, 
nee bovem senem vendideram, nedum houiiuem natu 



tia odium redditur. Tac. ^Paucis charior est 

fides quam pecunia. Salust. f'' Prima fere vota et 

curutis, &:c. ^-^Et genus el formam regina pecu- 

nia donat. Quantum quisque sua nummorum servat 
in area, tantuni habet et fidei. ^-^ Non il i)eriti^ sed 

ab ornutu el vulgi vocibus habemur excellentes. Car- 
dan. I. 2. de cons. ^ Perjurala suo jfostponit nu- 
miiia luero, Mercator. Ut netessarium sit ve| Deo 



grandem laboris socium. '<^Jovius. Cum innu- displicere, vel ab hominibus contemni, vexari, neg- 

niera ijlius beneficia rependere non posset aliter, in- i lipi. "Quj Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt. 

lerfici jussit. •i*' Beneficia eo usque lata sunt dum '"' Trajreiapho similes vel centauris, sursum homines 

videntur solvi posse, ubi multum anlevenere pro gra- ! deorsum equi. 



! ^XLL.A ■- g^' 



'44 Democntus to the Reader, 

tongue and neart, men like slage-players act variety of parts, "give good precepts to 
others, soar aloft, whilst they themselves grovel on the ground. 

To see a man protest friendship, kiss his hand, ^^ quern mallet truncatum videre^ 
'^ smile with an intent to do mischief, or cozen him whom he salutes, ®° magnify his 
friend unworthy with hyperbolical eulogiums ; his enemy albeit a good man, to 
vilify and disgrace him, yea all his actions, with the utmost that livor and malice 
can invent. 

To see a ^' servant able to buy out his master, him that carries the mace more 
worth than the magistrate, which Plato, lib. II, de leg., absolutely forbids, Epictetus 
abhors. A horse that tills the ^Mand fed with chaff, an idle jade have provender in 
abundance ; him that makes shoes go barefoot himself, him that sells meat almost 
pined ; a toiling drudge starve, a drone flourish. 

To see men (juy smoke for wares, castles built with fools' heads, men like apes 
follow the fashions in tires, gestures, actions : if the king laugh, all laugh ; 

63 *' Rides 1 majorechachinno 

Coticutitiir, flet si lacliryinas conspexit amici." 

"Alexander stooped, so Ud his courtiers ; Alphonsus turned his head, and so did his 
parasites. ^^Sabina Poppea, Nero's wife, wore amber-coloured hair, so did all the 
Roman ladies in an instant, her fashion was theirs. 

To see men wholly led by affection, admired and censured out of opinion with- 
out judgment : an inconsiderate multitude, like so many dogs in a village, if one 
bark all bark without a cause : as fortune's fan turns, if a man be in favour, or com- 
manded by some great one, all the world applauds him ; ^ if in disgrace, in an instant 
all hate him, and as at the sun when he is eclipsed, that erst took no notice, now 
gaze and stare upon him. 

To see a man ^' wear his brains in his belly, his guts in his head, an hundred oaks 
on his back, to devour a hundred oxen at a meal, nay more, to devour houses and 
towns, or as those Anthropophagi, ^^to eat one another. 

To see a man roll himself up like a snowball, from base beggary to right Avorship- 
ful and right honourable titles, unjustly to screw himself into honours and offices; 
another to starve his genius, damn his soul to gather wealth, which he shall not en- 
joy, which his prodigal son melts and consumes in an instant.'^'* 

To see the xaxoi^rjTuau of our times, a man bend all his forces, means, time, fortunes, 
to be a favorite's favorite's favorite, &c., a parasite's parasite's parasite, that may 
scorn the servile world as having enough already. 

To see an hirsute beggar's brat, that lately fed on scraps, crept and whined, crying 
to all, and for an old jerkin ran of errands, now rulHe in silk and satin, bravely 
mounted, jovial and polite, now scorn his old friends and familiars, neglect his kin- 
dred, insult over his betters, domineer over all. 

To see a scholar crouch and creep to an illiterate peasant for a meal's meat ; 
a scrivener better paid for an obligation ; a falconer receive greater wages than a 
student : a lawyer get more in a day than a philosopher in a year, better reward for an 
hour, than a scholar for a twelvemonth's study ; him that can '° paint Thais, play on 
a fiddle, curl hair, &c., sooner get preferment than a philologer or a poet. 

To see a fond mother, like Aesop's ape, hug her child to death, a "wittol wink at 
his wife's honesty, and too perspicuous in all other affairs ; one stumble at a straw, 
and leap over a block ; rob Peter, and pay Paul ; scrape unjust sums with one hand, 
purchase great manors by corruption, fraud and cozenage, and liberally to distribute 
to the poor with the other, give a remnant to pious uses, 8tc. Penny wise, pound 
foolish; blind men judge of colours; wise men silent, fools talk; "find fault with 

6" Pripreptis suis coelum promittunt, ipsi interim nius 1.37. cap. 3. capillos habiiit succineos, exinde 
pulveris lerreni vilia inancipia. "«jEneas Sil/. factum ut omiies piiellje Romaiias colorein ilium affec- 

wArridere homines ut saeviant, blandiri lit fallant. tarenl. sc Odit damnatos. Juv, i^' Ajirippa 

Cy[). ad Donatum. euLove and iiate are lilce the ep. 28. 1. 7. Quoriimcerehrum est in ventre, inseni- 

•wo ends of a perspective glass, the one multiplies, um in patinis. ♦>^Psul. They eat up my people 

the other makes less. 6' Ministri locupleliores iis as bread. csAbsiimit hferes cascuba iiiinior ser- 

quibus ministratiir, servus majores opes habensquam vata centum clavibus, et mero distinfinet pavimentis 
pattonus. e-Quiterram colunt equi paleis pas- superho, pontificum putiore ccenis. Ilor. '"Qii 

cuntur, qui otiantnr caballi aveu4 sauinantur, discaU Thaidem pingere, inflare tibiain, crispare crines 
ceatus discurrit qui calces aliis facit. t^^Juven. T Doctus spectare lacunar 'JTuliius. Est eniiu 

Do you laugh 1 he is shaken by still greater lausliter 1 I proprium stultitise aliorum cernere vitia, oblifisci si:- 
'o weeps also when he has beheld the tears of his I orum. Idem Arislippus Charidemo apud Lucianui^ 
%iend. "godin, lib. 4. de repub. cap. 6. e^Pli- I Omnmo stultiliae cujusdam esse pulo, &c. 



JJemocritus to the Reader. 45 

others, and do worse themselves ; "denounce that in public which he doth in secret, 
and which Aurelius Victor gives out of Augustus, severely censure that in a third, 
of which he is most guilty himself. 

To see a poor fellow, or an hired servant venture his life for his new master that 
will scarce give him his wages at year's end ; A country colone toil and moil, till 
and drudge for a prodigal idle drone, that devours all the gain, or lasciviously con- 
sumes with phantastical expences ; A noble man in a bravado to encounter death 
and for a small flash of honour to cast away himself; A worldling tremble at an ex 
ecutor, and yet not fear hell-fire ; To wish and hope for immortality, desire to b( 
happy, and yet by all means avoid death, a necessary passage to bring him to it. 

To see a fool-hardy fellow like those old Danes, qui decollari malunt qiiam 
verherari^ die rather than be punished, in a sottish humour embrace death with 
alacrity, yet '"'scorn to lament his own sins and miseries, or his dearest friends' 
departures. 

To see wise men degraded, fools preferred, one govern towns and cities, and yet 
a silly woman overrules him at home ; ''^Command a province, and yet his own ser- 
vants or children prescribe laws to him, as Themistocles' son did in Greece ; 
'®"What I will (said he) my mother will, and what my mother will, my father 
doth." To see horses ride in a coach, men draw it; dogs devour their masters; 
towers build masons; children rule; old men go to school; women wear the 
breeches; "sheep demolish towns, devour men, &.c. And in a word, the world 
turned upside downward. O vlveret Democritus. 

'^To insist in every particular were one of Hercules' labours, there's so many 
ridiculous instances, as motes in the sun. Quantum est in rebus inane ? (How 
much vanity there is in things !) And who can speak of all ? Crimine ah uno disce 
omnes^ take this for a taste. 

But these are obvious to sense, trivial and well known, easy to be discerned. How 
v\'ould Democritus have been moved, had he seen '^ tlie secrets of their hearts ? If 
every man had a window in his breast, which Momus would have had in Vulcan's 
man, or that which Tully so much wished it were written in every man's forehead, 
Quid qidsque de republics senliret,, what he thought ; or that it could be eflected in 
an instant, which Mercury did by Charon in Lucian, by touching of his eyes, to make 
him discern semel et siimil rumores et susurros. 

" Spes hnriiinum caccas, moibos, votuinque labores, I "Illipd hopes and wishes, their tlKUiirhts and affairs, 
Et passim toto volitantes asthere ciiras." | Whispers and rumours, and those flying cares." 

That he could cubiciilorum obductas foras recludere et secreta cordium penetrare^ 
which '^° Cyprian desired, open doors and locks, shoot bolts, as Lucian's Gallus did 
with a feather of his tail : or Gyges' invisible ring, or some rare perspective glass, or 
Otacousticon^ which would so multiply species, that a man might hear and see all at 
twice (as ^' Martianus Capella's Jupiter did in a spear which he held in his hand, 
which did present unto him all that was daily done upon the face of the earth )^ 
observe cuckolds' horns, forgeries of alchemists, the philosopher's stone, new pro- 
jectors, &c,, and all those works of darkness, foolish vows, hopes, fears and wishes, 
what a deal of laughter would it have afforded ? He should have seen windmills in 
one man's head, an hornet's nest in another. Or had he been present with Icarome- 
nippus in Lucian at Jupiter's whispering place, ^^ and heard one pray for rain, an- 
other for fair weather ; one for his wife's, another for his father's death, &.c ; " to ask 
that at God's hand which they are abashed any man should hear :" How would he 
have been confounded ? Would he, think you, or any man else, say that these 
men were well in their wits } H(EC Sani esse hominis quis sanus juret Orestes ? 

"Execrari publice quod occult^ agat. Salvianiis ! ep. pra?d. ITos. dejerantes et potantes dsprehendet 
lib. de pro. acres ulciscendis vitiis quibus ipsi vehe- hos vonientes, illos litigantes, insidias niolientes, snf- 
menter indulgent. '^ Adamus eccl. hist. cap. 212. j fragantes, venena miscentes, in amicorurn acciisalio- 

Hiquis damnatus fuerit, laetus esse gloria est; nam I nem subscribentes, hos gloria, illos anibitione, cupidi- 



iachrymas et planctum cajteraque compunctionum 
genera qua nos salubria censemus, ita abominantur 
Dani, ut nee pro peccatis nee prodefunctis amicis ulli 
.flcie liceat. '^Orbi dat leges foras, vix fainuluni 



tate, mente captos, &c. '■'^ Ad Donat. ep 2. I. 1. O 
si posses in specula sublimi constilutus, &c. «i Lib. 
1. de iiup Philol. in qua quid singuli nationum popull 
qiiotidianis motibus agilarnnt. relucebat. *• O Ji 



r'^git sine strepitu domi. '"Quicquid eiro volo hoc piter contingat mihi aiirum haereditas, <fec. Multo? da 

'■■lit mater moa, et quod mater vult, facit pater. Jupiter annos. Dementia quanta est hominum, tur- 
" Oves, olim mile pecus, nunc tam indomitum et edax pissima vota diis instisurrant, si quis admoverit aurem, 
•U homines devorent, &c. Morus. Utop. lib. 1. ''pDj^ conticescunt ; et quod scire homines nolunt, Deo nar« 
•etsos variis tribuit natura furores. '»Democrit. I rant. Senec. ep. 10. 1. i. 



4o Democritus to tJu Reader. 

Can all the hellebore in the Anticyrae cure these men ? No, sure, ^' " an acre of 
hellebore will not do it." 

That which is more to be lamented, they are mad like Seneca's blind woman, 
and will not acknowledge, or ^^ seek for any cure of it, for pauci vidcnt morbum 
suum^ onines amant. If our leg or arm offend us, we covet by all means possible to 
redress it ; ^'' and if we labour of a bodily disease, we send for a physician ; but for 
the diseases of the mind we take no notice of them : ^^Lust harrows us on the one 
side ; envy, anger, ambition on the other. We are torn in pieces by our passions, 
as so many wild horses, one in disposition, another in habit ; one is melancholy, 
another mad ; '''^and which of us all seeks for help, doth acknowledge his error, or 
knows he is sick .'' As that stupid fellow put out the candle because the biting fleas 
should not find him ; he shrouds himself in an unknown liabit, borrowed titles, be- 
cause nobody should discern him. Every man thinks with himself, Egomet vidcor 
•niilii sanus^ I am well, I am wise, and laughs at others. And 'tis a general fault 
amongst them all, that ^"^ which our forefathers have approved, diet, apparel, opinions, 
humours, customs, manners, we deride and reject in our time as absurd. Old men 

account juniors all fools, when they are mere dizards ; and as to sailors, terrcs- 

que urbcsque recedunf they move, the land stands still, the world hath much 

more wit, they dote themselves. Turks deride us, we them ; Italians Frenchmen, 
accounting them light headed fellows, the French scoff again at Italians, and at their 
several cuetoms ; Greeks have condemned all the world but themselves of barbarism, 
the world as much vilifies them now ; we account Germans heavy, dull fellows, explode 
many of tlieir fashions ; they as contemptibly think of us ; Spaniards laugh at all, and 
all again at them. So are we fools and ridiculous, absurd in our actions, carriages, 
diet, apparel, customs, and consultations ; we ^^ scoff and point one at another, when 
as in conclusion all are fools, ^"'■'■and they the veriest asses that hide their ears most. 
A private man if he be resolved with himself, or set on an opinion, accounts ail 

idiots a!id asses that are not affected as he is, ^' 7iil rectum^ nisi quod placuit 

^sUn., duci^ that are not so minded, ^^(quodque vohmt homines se bene vellc pufant^) 
all fools that think not as he doth : he will not say with Atticus, Suam quisque 
sponsum., mihi mcam., \ei every man enjoy his own spouse; but his alone is fair, 
suus umor^ &c., and scorns all in respect of himself, ^^will imitate none, hear none 
^ but himself, as Pliny said, a law and example to himself. And that which Hippo- 
crates, in liis epistle to Dionysius, reprehended of old, is verified in our times, Quis- 
que in alio superjlunm esse cen^et^ ipse quod non habct nee curaf^ that which he hath 
not himself or doth not esteem, he accounts superfluity, an idle quality, a mere fop- 
pery in another: like ^sop's fox, wlien he had lost his tail, would have all his fel- 
low foxes cut off theirs. The Chinese say, that we Europeans have one eye, they 
themselves two, all the world else is blind : (though ^^ Scaliger accounts them brutes 
too, merimi pecus^) so thou and thy sectaries are only wise, others indifferent, the 
rest beside themselves, mere idiots and asses. Thus not acknowledging our own 
errors and imperfections, we securely deride others, as if we alone were free, and 
spectators of the rest, accounting it an excellent thing, as indeed it is, Aliciid opti- 
mum frui insania^ to make ourselves merry with other men's obliquities, when a« 
he himself is more faulty than the rest., mufafo nomine^ de te fabula narratur^he m.ay 
take himself by the nose for a fool ; and which one calls maximum siultifice specimen^ 
to be ridiculous to others, and not to perceive or take notice of it, as Marsyas was 
when he contended with Apollo, non intelUgens se deridiculo haberi^ saith ^" Apu- 
leius ; 'tis his own cause, lie is a convicted madman, as ^'Austin well infers " in the 
eyes of wise men and angels he seems like one, that to our thinking walks with his 



*'3 Plaiitiis Menech. non potest htPC res Ilellebori ju- priscis exprobrat. Bud.de affec. lib. 5. 8^Sen^•8 

gere obtiiierier. «*»Eoque pravior morbws quo i;?- pro stnltis habent jiivenes. Balth. Cast. ^ociodina 

notior pi^riclitanti. ^'Qiue liPdimt oculos, festinas accusal injethos. «o Omnium stultissinii qui auri- 

demere ; si quid est animuni, differs curandi tempiis culas siudios6 te?unt. Sal. Menip. o Hor. Episl. 2. 

in anittiiii. Hor. ""^ Si cai)uf, crus dolet, brachiuni, «- Prosjier. "^ Statim sapiunt, statini sciunt, nenii- 

&c. Medituin accersiiiius, recte el lionesle. si par nem rev<;rentur, neminem imitanliir. ipsi sibi exem- 

etiaui iiidii-tria ill atiimi uiorhis poiu-retiir. Job. Pe- pb). IMiri. Epist. lib. 8. »«Nulli alteri sajw re 

/enus .losuiia. Ml). 2. de bum. affec iiioiborumque rura. concedit, ne desipere videatur. A<!rip. ''"Oninis 



*<' El quoli'sqnisque tameii est qui contra tot pestes 
medicum •■•(luirat vel a'j.'rotare se agnoscat ? ehullit 
ira, &c. Et nos tanien ffiL'ros esse nefzaniua. Iiico- 
umes medicum recusant. Prresens jetas slultitiam 



orbis persechio a persis ad Lusitaniam. *f'2 Florid. 

9' August. Qualis in oculis hominum qui inv^rsi* w di- 
btis ainhulal, talis in oculis sapienium et n'^geii 'am 
qui sibi placet, aut cui passioues dominaniur. 



Democntus to the Reader. 47 

heels upwards." So thou laughest at me, and I at thee, both at a thin! ; and he ns 
tunis that of the poet upon us again, ^"^Hei mild., insanire me aiiin'. qvvm ipsi ullrh 
insaniant. We accuse others of madness, of folly, and are tlie veriest dizards our- 
Sfjlves. For it is a great sign and property of a fool (which Eccl. x. 3, points at) 
out of pride and self-conceit to insult, vilify, condemn, censure, and call other mer. 
fools (JVon vidcmus manficcc quod a tergo est) to tax that in others of whicii we are 
most faulty, teach that which we follow not ourselves : For an inconstant man to 
write of constancy, a profane livei prescribe rules of sanctity and piety, a dizard 
himself make a treatise of wisdom, or with Sallust to rail downright at spoilers of 
countries, and yet in ^^ office to be a most grievous poler himself This argues 
weakness, and is an evident sign of such parties' indiscretion. ^'^^Prccnl uter nostrum 
criice dlgnius f " Who is the fool now ?" Or else peradventure in some places we 
are all mad for company, and so His not seen, Satietas erroris et dementicr^ pariter 
absurditatcm et admlrationem toU'it. 'Tis with us, as it was of old i^in 'Tully's cen- 
sure at least) with C. Fimbria in Rome, a bold, hair-brain, mad fellow, and so es- 
teemed of all,, such only excepted, that were as mad as himself: now in such a case 
there is ^ no notice taken of it. 

" Niiniiusn insaniis panels videatur ; e6 quod I " When al) are mad, where all are like opirest 

Maxima pars homimiiii inorbo jactalur eodem." | Who can discern one mad man from the restl" 

But put case they do perceive it, and some one be manifestly convicted of madness 
'he now takes notice of his folly, be it in action, gesture, speech, a vain humour he 
hath in building, br gging, jangling, spending, gaming, courting, sciibbling, prating, 
for which he is rid> ulous to others, "'on whicli he dotes, he dotli acknowledge as 
much : yet with all the rhetoric thou hast, thou canst not so recall him, out to the 
contrary notwithstanding, he will persevere, in his dotage. 'Tis aii'abiUs insan'm^ et 
men! is grafissimus error ^ so pleasing, so delicious, that he ^cannot leave it. He 
knows his error, but will not seek to decline it, tell him what tlie event will be, 
beggary, sorrow, sickness, disgrace, shame, loss, madness, yet ^"•■an angry man will 
prefer vengeance, a lascivious his whore, a thief his booty, a glutton his belly, before 
his welfare." Tell an epicure, a covetous man, an ambitious man of his irregular 
course, wean him from it a little, pol me occidistis amici^ he cries anon, you have 
undone him, and as ''a "dog to his vomit," he returns to it again; no persuasion 
will take place, no counsel, say what thou canst, 

" Clames licet et mare coslo 
Coiifiindas siirdo narras,"* 

demonstrate as Ulysses did to ^Elpenor and Gryllus, and the rest of his companions 
" those swinish men," he is irrefragable in his humour, he will be a hog still ; bray 
him in a mortar, he will be the same. If he be in an heresy, or some perverse opi- 
nion, settled as some of our ignorant Papists are, convince his understanding, show 
him the several follies and absurd fopperies of that sect, force him to say, vcris vin- 
cor., make it as clear as the sun, '°he will err still, peevish and obstinate as he is ; 
and as he said " si in hoc erro^ lihenter erro., nee hunc errorem mifcrri mild volo ; 1 
will do as 1 have done, as my predecessors have done, '^and as my friends now do : 
I will dote for company. Say now, are these men '^ mad or no, ^^Heus age responde f 
are they ridiculous ? ccdo qu.cmvis arbilrum., are they sance mentis., sober, wise, and 

discreet ? have they common sense ? '"' vter est insanior horum f I am of De- 

mocritus' opinion for my part, I hold them worthy to be laughed at; a company of 
brain-sick dizards, as mad as "^Orestes and Athamas, that they may go '•'•ride thi 
ass," and all sail along to the Anticyra), in the " ship of fools" for company togethe**. 
I need not much labour to prove ihis which I say otherwise than thus, make any 

^-Tlautus Menechmi. ^^ Governor of Asnirh by hoiiores, avarus opes, &c. odimns hasc et accercimus. 

Cffisar's appointment. '"« Nunc saiiitatis pairoci- Cardan. I. 2. de conso. ' I'rov. xxvi. 11. ^^ Al- 

nium est ins:tnientium turba. Sen. ' I'ra Roseio thoufrh you call out, and confound the sea and sky, 

Anieriiio, et quod inter omnes constat insanissimus, you still address a deaf man. "•> I'lutarch. Gryllo. 

nisi inter eos, qui ipsi quoque insaniunt. - Ne- | siiilli homines sic Clem. Ale.x. vo. '"Non per- 

cesse est cum insanientibus furere, nisi solus relin- suadebis, etiamsi persu;iseris. "Tully. '-INlalo 

queri.s. Petronius. 3 Quoniam non est genus cum illis insanire, qnam cum aliis bene sentire. 

unum stulhtije qua me insanire putas. * Smitum ' 'Qui inter hos enntriuntur. non magis sapere possum, 

me fateiir, liceat concedere verum, Afque etiam insa- qnJlm qui in cnlin^ i)ene olere. Patron. '^ Per- 

Tinm. Hor. b Odi nee possum cupii'us tiec esse sins. >6lIor.2. ser. which of these is the more 

quod odi. Ovid. Errore grato libenter omnes ins:mi- mad. ^evesanum exagitant fiieri, innuptajqut 

•nine- « Amator scortum viise praeponit, iracundiis puells. 

viiiJittani; fur pra;dam. uarasitus ^ulam, ambitiosiig . 



^— ^^W 



48 Democritus to the Reader. 

solemn protestation, or swear, I think you will believe me without an oath ; say at 
a wortl, are they fools ? I refer it to you, though you be likewise fools and madmen 
yourselves, and I as mad to ask the question ; for what said our comical Mercury r 

•" " Justum ab injustis petere insipientia est." | I'll stand to your censure yrl, what think you 1 

But forasmuch as 1 undertook at first, that kingdoms, provinces, families, were 
melanclioly as well as private men, I will examine them in particular, and that which 
I have hitlierto dilated at random, in more general terms, I will particularly insis* 
in, prove with more special and evident arguments, testimonies, illustrations, and 
that in brief. ^^JVunc acclpe quare deslpiant omnes ceque ac tu. My first argument 
is borrowed from Solomon, an arrow drawn ovit of his sententious quiver. Pro. iii, 7, 
•' Be not wise in thine own eyes." And xxv 12, " Seest thou a man wise in his 
own conceit .^ more hope is of a fool than of him." Isaiah pronounceth a woe 
against such men, cap. v. 21," that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in thei' 
own sight." For hence we may gather, that it is a great offence, and men are much 
deceived that tliink too well of themselves, ati especial argument to convince them 
of folly. Many men (saito '^Seneca) "had been without question wise, had they 
not had an opinion that they had attained to perfection of knowledge already, even 
before they had gone half wa/," too forward, too ripe, prcBproperi, too quick aiid 
teady, ^'-'cito prudentes., cito pii^ citb mariii^ citb pafres^ c'llo sacerdotts., cild omnis 
fljicil capaccs et curiosi^ they had too good a conceit of themselves, and that marred 
all ; of their worth, valour, skill, art, learning, judgment, eloquence, their good parts ; 
all their geese are swans, and that manifestly proves them to be no better than fools. 
In former times they had but seven wise men, now you can scarce find so many 
fools. Thalcs sent the golden Tripos, which the fishermen found, and the oracle 
commanded to be ^' " given to the wisest, to Bias, Bias to Solon," Stc. If such a 
thing were now found, we should all fight for it, as the three goddesses did for the 
golden apple, we are so wise : we have women politicians, children metaphysicians ; 
every silly fellow can square a circle, make perpetual motions, find the philosopher's 
stone, interpret Apocalypses, make new Theories, a new system of the world, new 
Logic, new Philosophy, &c. JVostra utique regio^ saith ''^Petronius, " our country 
is so full of deified spirits, divine souls, that you may sooner find a God than a man 
amongst us," we think so well of ourselves, and that is an ample testimony of much 
folly. 

My second argument is grounded upon the like place of Scripture, which though 
before mentioned in effect, yet for some reasons is to be repeated (and by Plato's good 
leave, I may do it, ^^8ui to xa-^v prj9iv o-ibsv j3'Kd7tr(i) "Fools (saith David) by reason 
of their transgressions." &c. Psal. cvii. 17. Hence Musculus infers all transgressoi-s 
must needs be fools. So we read Rom. ii., " Tribulation and anguish on the soul 
of every man that doeth evil ;" but all do evil. And Isaiah, Ixv. 1 4, " My servant 
shall sing for joy, and ^^ye shall cry for sorrow of heart, and vexation of mind." 
'Tis ratified by the common consent of all philosophers. " Dishonesty (saith 
Cardan) is nothing else but folly and madness. ^ Probus qu'is nolisciim vivitf 
Show me an honest man, JVemo malus qui non stultus, 'tis Fabius' aphorism to the 
same end. If none honest, none wise, then all fools. And well may they be so 
accounted : for who will account him otherwise. Qui iter adornat in occidcntem^ 
quum properaret in orientem ? that goes backward all his life, westward, when he is 
bound to the east ? or hold him a wise man (saith ^^ Musculus) " that prefers momen- 
tary pleasures to eternity, that spends his master's goods in his absence, forthwith 
to be condemned for it .^" JVequicquam saplt qui sihi non sapif, who v^ill say that 
a sick mail is wise, that eats and drinks to overthrow the temperature of liis body .'' 
Can you account him wise or discreet that would willingly have his health, and yet 
will do nothing that should procure or continue it? ^'Theodoret, out of Piotinus 
the Platonist, " holds it a ridiculous thing for a man to live after his own laws, to do 

' I'? riautus. i8Hor. 1. 2. sat. 2. Superbam stulti- i 2' Malefactors. 2-'^' Who can find a faithful mani 

fiam Plinivis vocat. 7. epist. 21. quod semel dixi,fi.\um I Prov. xx. 6. ^In Tsal. xiix. Qui momentatiea 

ratunique sit. '^Multi sapienles procuMubio fuis- sempiternis, qui delapidat heri absentis bona, mox in 

sent, si se non putasseni ad sapientiae sumniuin per- ; jus vocandiis et daninandiis. -i" Perquani ridi- 

veiiisse. -'^Idem, ^i pimarchus Solone. culum est homines ex animi sententia vivere, et qu<B 

Detur sapientiori. '"Tarn prcesentibus plena Diis ingrata sunt exequi, el tanien ii solis Diis vella 

est nuii:inibus, ut facilius possis Dcuinquani hominem solvos fieri, quum proprite salutis curam abjecerint 
invenire. ^apujchrum bis dicere non nocct. | Theod. c. 6. de provld. lib. de curat, griec. affect 



^^^^we^flHwwii™ 



Democritus to tJte Reader. 49 

that wliich is offensive to God, and yet to hope that lie should save him : and wiien 
he voluntarily neglects his own safety, and contemns the means, to think to be deliver- 
ed by another : who will say these men are wise ? 

A third argument may be derived from the precedent, ^'all men are carried away 
with passion, discontent, lust, pleasures, &c., they generall}' hate those virtues they 
should love, and love such vices they should hate. Therefore more than melancholy, 
«[uite mad, brute beasts, and void of reason, so Chrysostom contends; ••*• or rather 
dead and buried alive," as ^^Philo Judeus concludes it for a certainty, '-'• of all such 
that are carried away with passions, or labour of any disease of the mind. Where^ 
is fear and sorrow," there ^°Lactantius stiffly maintains, " wisdom cannot dwell. 

'qui cupiet, metuet quoque porr6, 

Qui metuens vivit, liber mihi non eril unquam.' " 3i 

Seneca and the rest of the stoics are of opinion, that where is any the least perturba- 
tion, wisdom may not be found. "What more ridiculous," as ^^Lactantius urges, 
'*' than to hear how Xerxes whipped the Hellespont, threatened the Mountain Athos, 
and the like. To speak ad rem., who is free from passion.? ^'■^Mor talis nemo est 
quern non attingat dolor., morhusve., as ^^Tully determines out of an old poem, no 
mortal men can avoid sorrow and sickness, and sorrow is an inseparable companion 
from melancholy. ^^ Chrysostom pleads farther yet. that they are more than mad, 
very beasts, stupified and void of common sense • ** Por how (saith he) shall I know 
thee to be a man, when thou kickest uke an ass. neighest like a horse after women, 
ravest in lust like a bull, ravenest like a bear, stingest like a scorpion, rakest like a 
wolf, as subtle as a fox, as impudent as a dog } Shall [ say thou art a man, that 
hast all the symptoms of a beast ? How shall 1 know thee to be a man } by thy 
shape ? That affrights me more, when I see a beast in likeness of a man. 

^•^ Seneca calls that of Epicurus, magnijicam vocem., an heroical speech, " A fool still 
begins to live," and accounts it a filthy lightness in men, every day to lay new 
foundations of their life, but who doth otherwise ? One travels, another builds ; one 
for this, another for that business, and old folks are as far out as the rest ; O demen- 
tern sencctutem, Tully exclaims. Therefore young, old, middle age, are all stupid, 
and dote. 

^"jEneas Sylvius, amongst many other, sets down three special ways to find a fool 
by. He is a fool that seeks that he cannot find : he is a fool that seeks that, which 
oeing found will do him more harm than good : he is a fool, that having variety of 
ways to bring him to his journey's end, takes that which is worst. If so, methinks 
most men are fools ; examine their courses, and you shall soon perceive what dizards 
and mad men the major part are. 

Beroaldus will have drunkards, afternoon men, and such as more than ordinarily 
delight in drink, to be mad. The first pot quencheth thirst, so Panyasis the poet 
determines in JlthcncFUS^ secunda gratiis., horis et Dyonisio : the second makes meiTy, 
the third for pleasure, quarta ad insaniam^ the fourth makes them mad. If this posi- 
tion be true, what a catalogue of mad men shall we have ? what shall they be that 
drink four times four ? JVonne supra omncm furorem., supra omnem insanian red- 
dunt insanisswios f I am of his opinion, they are more than mad, much worse than 
mad. 

The ^^Abderites condemned Democritus for a mad man, because he was sometimes 
sad, and sometimes again profusely merry. Hctc Patr'ia (saith Hippocrates) oh risum 
furere et insanire dicunt., his countrymen hold him mad because he laughs ; ^^and 
therefore " he desires him to advise all his friends at Pvhodes, that they do not laugh 
too much, or be over sad." Had those Abderites been conversant with us, and but 



2P Sapiens sibi qui imperiosns, &r,. Ilor. 2. ser. 7. 1 niulieres, ut ursus ventri imUil<reas, qnum rapias ni 



'^•'Coiicliis. lib. de vie. offer, certuni est aiiiini nioibis 
lahoranles pro rnortuis conseiidos. so Lib. de sap. 

Ubj timor aiest, snpientia adejise tiequit. 3' lie who 
•s desirous is also fearful, and he who lives in fear 
never can be free. ^-Qnid insanius Xerxe Heiles- 
pontum verberante, &c. -i-Eccl. xxi. 12. Where 

is bii'<?rn->ss, there is no understandijig. Prov. xii. 
'6. An angry man is a fool. 3' 3 Tusc. Injuria 



upus, &c. at inquis forniam lioiiiinis habeo, Id niaiiis 
terret, quum feram humana specie videre me putem. 
3fiF,pist. lib. 2. 13. Stultus semper incipit vivere, 
fcerla honiinuin levitas, novaquotidie fundamenta vita; 
ponere, novas spes, &c. •'• De curial. miser. 

Stultus, qui qu.Trit quod nequit invenire, stultus qui 
quaerit quod nocet invenlum, stultus qui cum |)lures 
hal)et calles, deteriorem deliait. Mihi videntur oninea 



*apiei)tem non cadit. so Horn. 6. in 2 Epist. ad Cor. | deliri, amentes, &c. * Kp. Deuiagele. a" Amici« 
'lominem te agnoscere nequeo, rum lanquam asinus imstris Rhodi dicilo, ne nimium rideant, aut nimii;"' 
recalcitres, lascivias ut taurus, liinnias ut equus post tristes sint 

^ E 



wrmm'^ 



50 



Democritas to the Reader. 



Been what ^"fleering and grinning there is in this age, they would certainly have 
concluded, we had been all out of our wits. 

Aristotle in his eth/cs holds fcel'ix idemque sapiens^ to be wise and happy, are 
leciprocal terms, bonus idemque sapiens honesfus. 'Tis "*' Tully's paradox, '•'■wise 
men are free, but fools are slaves," liberty is a power to live according to his own 
laws, as we will ourselves : who hath this liberty ? who is free ? 



-"sapiens sibiqtip iriiperiosus, 



Qtiem iieqiie pauperis, neque mors, iieqiie vincula 

teirent, 
Respoiis.ire cupidinibus, conteinnore nonoros 
Foriis, et in seii^^o lotus teres atque rdiiiiidiis." 



'He is wise that can command his own will, 
Valiant and constant to hiinseirsiill, 
Wlmm poverty 'lor ieath, nor hands can frisht, 
Ciiecks his desires, scorns Honours, jiisi ami rigni. 



But where shall such a man be found ? If no where, then e diametro^ we are all 
slaves, senseless, or worse. JVemo malus faJiv. But no man is happy in this life, 

none good, therefore no man wise. '^'^Rari quippe honi For one virtue you shall 

find ten vices in i\\< same party ; paiici Promefhei., rnulti Epimethei. We may per- 
adventure usurp tne name, or attribute it to others for favour, as Carolus Sapiens, 
Philippus Bonus, Lodovicus Pius, &c., and describe the properties of a wise man, 
as TuUy doth an orator, Xenophon Cyrus, Castilio a courtier, Galen temperament, 
an aristocracy is described by politicians. But where shall such a man be found ? 



Vir bonus et sapiens, qualem vix repperit nnum 
Millibus 6 inultis honiinuni consiiitns Apollo." 



' A wise, a g^ood man in a million, 
Apollo consulted could scarce find onf 



A man is a miracle of liimself, but Trismegistus adds. Maximum miraculum homo 
sapiens., a wise man is a wonder : mulli Thirsigeri^ pauci Bacchi. 

Alexander when he was presented with that rich and costly casket of king Darius, 
and every man advised him what to put in it, he reserved it to Tvcep Homer's works, 
as the most precious jewel of human wit, and yet "" Scaliger upbraids Homer's muse, 
JVulricem insance sapicnticp^ a nursery of madness, ''^ impudent as a court lady, that 
blushes at nothing. Jacobus Mycillus, Gilbertus Cognatus, Erasmus, and almost all 
posterity admire Lucian's luxuriant wit, yet Scaliger rejects him in his censure, and 
calls him the Cerberus of the muses. Socrates, whom all the world so much magf- 
nified, is by Lactantius and Theodoret condemned for a fool. Plutarch extols Sene- 
ca's wit beyond all the Greeks, nulU secundus., yet '^^Seneca saith of himself, " when 
I would solace myself with a fool, I reflect upon myself, and there I have him." 
Cardan, in his Sixteenth Book of Subtilties, reckons up twelve super-eminent, acute 
philosophers, for worth, subtlety, and wisdom: Archimedes, Galen, Vitruvius, Ar- 
chitas Tarentinus, Euclid, Geber, that first inventor of Algebra, Alkindus the Mathe- 
matician, both Arabians, with others. But his triumviri terrarum far beyond the 
Test, are Ptoloma3us, Plotinus, Hippocrates. Scaliger exercifat. 224., scofk at this 
.censure of his, calls some of them carpenters and mechanicians, he makes Gajen 
fimhrlam Hippocratis., a skirt of Hippocrates: and the said ■'^Cardan himself else- 
where condemns both Galen and Hippocrates for tediousness, obscurity, confusion. 
"Paracelsus will have them both mere idiots, infants in physic and philosophy. Sca- 
liger and Cardan admire Suisset the Calculator, qui pene modum exces^ii humani in- 
genii^ and yet ^*^Lod. Vives calls them nugas Suisset icas : and Cardan, opposite to 
himself in another place, contemns those ancients in respect of times present, '^^Ma- 
joresque nosfros ad presenfes collatos juste pueros appellari.. In conclusion, tlie 
said ''^Cardan and Saint Bernard will admit none into this catalogue of wise men, 
^' but only prophets and apostles ; how they esteem themselves, you have heard 
before. We are worldly-wise, admire ourselves, and seek for applause : but heai 
Saint ^^ Bernard, quanta magis foras es sapiens., tanto mag'is intus stultiis efficeris., &lc. 
in omnihis cs prudens., circa teipsum. insipicns : the more wise thou art to others, 
the more fool to thyself I may not deny but that there is some folly approved, a 
divine fury, a holy madness, even a spiritual drunkenness in the saints of God them- 
selves ; sanctum insanium Bernard calls it (though not as blaspheming ^^ Vorstius, 
would infer it as a passion incident to God himself, but) familiar to good men, as* 



■"Ter niiiltuin risiim poteris cojrnoscere stnltum. 
Offic. 3. c. 9 4isapientes libeii, stulti sorvi, li- 

bertas est potestas, &c. ■''^Hor. 2. ser. 7. ■*■' Ju- 

ven. "Good people are scarce." •'•' Ilypocrit. 

*->Ut inulier aulica nulliiia pudens. ^sEpist 33. 

Qiianilo fatuo.delectari volo, non est longe quaerendus, 
•me video. ^vPrimo contradicentium. ^''Lib. 



de causis corrupt, artiuni. ^^ Actione ad subtil in 

Seal. fol. 12-26. ''"Lib. 1. de sap. s' Vide misef 

honio, quia totum est vanitas, tolum stultitia. totuin 
dementia, quicquid facis in hoc mundo, prieter hoc so- 
lum quod propier Deum facis. Ser. de miser, hom. 
s-^In 2 Platonis dial. 1 de justo wDum iranr. e3 

odium in Deo revera ponit. 



I 



Dcmor.ritus to the. Render. 61 

nat of Paul, 2 Cor. " he was a fool," &c. and Rom. ix. he wishcth himself lo he 
dnalhemalized for them. Such is that drunkenness vviiirh Ficinus speaks of, when 
• lie soul is elevated and ravished with a divine taste of that heavenly nectar, wliicli 
poets deciphered by the sacrifice of Dionysius, and in this sense with the poel. 
'"^ msanire lubet, as Austin exhorts us, ad ebrictatcm se qinsque paret^ let's all be Inad 
and ^^ drunk. But we commonly mistake, and go beyond our conuuission, we reel 
to the opposite part, ^^we are not capable of it, ''and as he said of the Greeks, Vof, 
Grcpci semper pueri^ vos Britannia Galli^ Germanic, Italic, &.c. you are a comp^my 
of fools. 

Proceed now a partihus ad totum., or from the whole to parts, and you shall find 
no other issue, the parts shall be sufficiently dilated in this following- Preface. The 
whole must needs follow by a sorites or induction. Every multitude is niad, 
'^ hellua multoriim capitum^ (a many-headed beast), precipitate and rash without 
judgment, stultnm animal^ a roaring rout. ^^ Roger Bacon proves it out of Aristotle, 
Vvlgus div'idi In opposllum contra sapienfcs., quod vulgo vidcfur verum^fahum est ; 
that which the commonalty accounts true, is most part false, they are still opposite 
to wise men, but all the world is of this humour [vvlgus)^ and thou thyself art de 
vulgo., one of the commonalty ; and he, and he, and so are all the rest ; and there- 
fore, as Phocion concludes, to be approved in nought you say or do, mere idiots 
and asses. Begin then where you will, go backward or forward, choose out of the 
wdiole pack, wink and choose, you shall find them all alike, " never a barrel better 
herring." 

Copernicus, Atlas his successor, is of opinion, the earth is a planet, moves and 
shines to others, as the moon doth to us. Digges, Gilbert, Keplenis, Origanus, and 
others, defend this hypothesis of his in sober sadness, and that the moon is inhabi- 
ted : if it be so that the earth is a moon, then are we also giddy, vertigenous and 
lunatic within this sublunary maze. 

J could produce such arguments till dark night: if you should hear the rest, 

"Ante diem clause component vesper Olunpo : " I " '''^""-'h ^^^^^\ ■> ^ai" "f^^^''"'f^^ '( V*",""':? "'"S, 
^ I The day would sooner than the tale be done :" 

but according to my promise, I will descend to'particulars. This melancholy extends 
itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles. I speak not of those 
creatures which are saturnine, melancholy by nature, as lead, and such like mine- 
rals, or those plants, rue, cypress, &c. and hellebore itself, of which ^"Agrippa treats, 
fishes, birds, and beasts, hares, conies, dormice, &c., owls, bats, nightbirds, but that 
artificial, which is perceived in them all. Remove a plant, it will pine away, wdiich 
is especially perceived in date trees, as you may read at large in Constantine's hus- 
bandry, that antipathy betwixt the vine and the cabbage, vine and oil. Put a bird 
in a cage, he will die for sullenness, or a beast in a pen, or lake his young ones or 
companions from him, and see what effect it will cause. But who perceives not 
these common passions of sensible creatures, fear, sorrow, &c. Of all other, dogs are 
most subject to this malady, insomuch some hold they dream as men do, and through 
violence of melancholy run mad ; 1 could relate many stories of dogs that have died 
for grief, and pined away for loss of their masters, but they are common in every 
''' author. 

Kingdoms, provinces, and politic bodies are likewise sensible and subject to this 
disease, as ^^Boterus in his politics hath proved at large. ''As in human bodies 
(saith he) there be divers alterations proceeding from humours, so be there many dis- 
eases 111 a commonwealth, which do as diversely happen from several distempers," 
as you may easily percieve by their particular symptoms. For where you shall ?ee 
the people civil, obedient to God and princes, judicious, peaceable and quiet, rich, 
fortunate, ^^ and flourish, to live in peace, in unity and concord, a country well tilled, 
many fair built and populous cities, uli incolm niient as old ^' Cato said, the people 
are neat, polite and terse, ubi bene., beateque vivunt^ which our politicians make the 



fi» Virsr. 1. Eccl. 3. ^ Ps. inebriabunlur ah nher- 

tate donius. &« In Psal. civ. Austin. &■ In Pia- 

toin> Tim. sarerdos iEsryptius. "^ Ilor Tuiijisin- 

$aiuMn -'"Patet ea diviso probabilis, &.r. ex. Ar^at. 

Top. lb. 1. c. 8. Roc. Bac. Epist. de secret, ^rt. et nat. 
c. 8. non est judicium in vulgo. coDe occult. Phi- 



loRop I. 1. c. 25 et 19. ejusd. I. Lib. 10. cap. 4. "' See 
Lipsius epist. c^ De politai illustrium lib. I. cap. 4. 

ut in humanis coporii)us varijr accidunt niutaticies 
corporis, aniniique, sic in republics, Szv. coXJl/ 

reges philosophuntur, Plato. <^^Lib. de re rust. 



fcjr^ ...i.^ i.^ ,*-^ 



52 Democntus to the Reader. 

chief end of a commonwealth; and which ^'^ Aristotle Pol'd. lib. 3, cap. 4 calls Com- 
mune bonum^ Polybius lib. 6, opfabilem et selrctum statum^ that country is free from 
melancholy ; as it was in Italy in the time of Augustus, now in China, now in many 
other flourishing kingdoms of Europe. But whereas you shall see many discontents, 
common grievances, complaints, poverty, barbarism, beggary, plagues, wars, rebel- 
lions, seditions, mutinies, contentions, idleness, riot, epicurism, the land lie nntilled, 
waste, full of bogs, fens, deserts, &c., cities decayed, base and poor towns, villages 
depopulated, the people squalid, ugly, uncivil ; that kingdom, that country, must 
needs be discontent, melancholy, hath a sick body, and had need to be reformed. 

Now that cannot well be effected, till the causes of these maladies be first removed, 
which commonly proceed from their own default, or some accidental inconvenience • 
as to be situated in a bad clime, too far north, sterile, in a barren place, as the desert 
of Lybia, deserts of Arabia, places void of waters, as those of Lop and Belgian in 
Asia, or in a bad air, as at Mexandretta., Bantam., Pisa., Durrazzoy S. John de Ulloa., 
&.C., or in danger of the sea's continual inundations, as in many places of the Low 
Countries and elsewhere, or near some bad neighbours, as Hungarians to Turks, 
Podolians to Tartars, or almost any bordering countries, they live in fear still, 
and by reason of hostile incursions are oftentimes left desolate. So are cities by 
reason ^^of wars, flres, plagues, inundations, "'wild beasts, decay of trades, barred 
havens, the sea's violence, as Antwerp may witness of late, Syracuse of old, Brundu- 
sium in Italy, Rye and Dover with us, and many that at this day suspect the sea's 
fury and rage, and labour against it as the Venetians to their inestimable charge. 
But the most frequent maladies are such as proceed from themselves, as first when 
religion and God's service is neglected, innovated or altered, where they do not fear 
God, obey their prince, where atheism, epicurism, sacrilege, simony, &c., and all 
such impieties are freely committed, that country cannot prosper. When Abraham 
came to Gerar, and saw a bad land, he said, sure the fear of God was not in that 
place. ^^ Cyprian Echovius, a Spanish chorographer, above all other cities of Spain, 
commends " Borcino, in which there was no beggar, no man poor, &c., but all rich, 
and in good estate, and he gives the reason, because they were more religious than 
their neighbours :" why was Israel so often spoiled by their enemies, led into capti- 
vity, &c., but for their idolatry, neglect of God's word, for sacrilege, even for one 
Achan's fault ? And what shall we except that have such multitudes of Achans, 
church robbers, simoniacal patrons, &c., how can they hope to flourish, that neglect 
divine duties, that live most part like Epicures t 

Other common grievances are generally noxious to a body politic ; alteration of 
laws and customs, breaking privileges, general oppressions, seditions, &c., observed 
by "^Aristotle, Bodin, Boterus, Junius, Arniscus, Slc. I will only point at some of 
chiefest. "^^LnpotenlJa gubernandl^ afaxia., confusion, ill (government, which proceeds 
fi-om unskilful, slothful, griping, covetous, unjust, rasii, or tyrannizing magistrates, 
v/hen they are fools, idiots, children, proud, wilful, partial, indiscreet, oppressors, 
giddy heads, tyrants, not able or unfit to manage such offices : '^' many nobic cities 
and flourishing kingdoms by that means are desolate, the whole body groans under 
such heads, and all the members must needs be disaffected, as at this day those 
goodly provinces in Asia Minor, Sic. groan under the burthen of a Turkish govern- 
ment; and tho'^e vast kingdoms of Muscovia, Russia, '^^ under a tyrannizing duke. 
Who ever heard of more civil and rich populous countries than those of " Greece, 
Asia Minor, abounding with all " wealth, multitudes of inhabitants, force, power, 
splendour and magnificence ?" and that miracle of countries, '''' the Holy Land, that 
in so small a compass of ground could maintain so many towns, cities, produce so 
many fighting men ? Egypt another paradise, now barbarous and desert, and almost 
waste, by the despotical government of an imperious Turk, intolerabili scrvitiitis 



65 Vel piiblicain ntilitatem: salus publica suprema 
nx esto. Beata civiias noii ubi paiici bi'ati, sed lota 
Livitas beata. Plato quarto de republica. «Man- 

• iia VK iiiiser.T nimiiim viciria Cremona. 67i„t,:,r_ 

dism a feris, iit nlim Mauritania, &c. f.^ Deliciis 

HispaniJE anno 1(504. Nemo mains, nemn pauper, op- 
tiniiis quisque atque ditissimus. Pie, sancteqiie vive- 



5. c. 3. '0 Boterus Polit. lib. 1. c. 1. Cum nempe 

princeps rerum gerendarum imperitus, segnis, osti- 
tans, suique niiineris iiiuriemor, ant fulnus est. 
^' Non viget respublica cujus caput infirniatur. Sa- 
lisburiensis. c. 22. '^See Dr. Fletcher's rela- 

tion, and Alexander Gauninus' history. "-'Abun- 

dans oinni divitiarum affluentia incolarnni mnltinidine 



bant summaqne cnin veneratione, et timore divino splendore ac potentia. '^ Not above 200 miles in 

ctiltui, sacrisque rel)us incumbebant. c"-" Polit. 1. : length. 60 in breadth, according to Adricomivs 



Denwcritus to the Reader. 53 

jugo prenufnr ('°one saith) not only fire and water, goods or lands, sed ipse spiritui. 
lib insokntissimi victoris pendet nutu^ such is their slavery, their lives and souls 
depend upon his insolent will and command. A tyrant that spoils all wheresoever he 
comes, insomuch that an '^historian complains, '' if an old inhabitant should now see 
them, he would not know them, if a traveller, or stranger, it would grieve his heart to 
behold them." Whereas '"Aristotle notes, JS'ovce exactiones^ nova oncra imposita^ new 
burdens and exactic<is daily come upon them, like those of which Zosimus, lib. 2, so 
grievous, ut viri uxores^ palres Jilios prostituerent ut exactorlhus e qucstu^ Sic, they 
must needs be discontent, hi7ic civitatum gem'Uus et ploratiis^ as '^Tully holds, 
hence come those complaints and tears of cities, " poor, miserable, rebellious, and 
desperate subjects, as "^^Hippolitus adds; and "^as a judicious countryman of ours 
observed not long since, in a survey of that great Duchy of Tuscany, the people 
lived much grieved and discontent, as appeared by their manifold and manifest com- 
plainings in that kind. " That the state was like a sick body which had lately taken 
physic, whose humours are not yet well settled, and weakened so much by purging, 
that nothing was left but melancholy." 

Whereas the princes and potentates are immoderate in lust, hypocrites, epicures, 
of no religion, but in show : Quid hypocrisi fragilius? wliat so brittle and unsure ? 
what sooner subverts their estates than wandering and raging lusts, on their subjects' 
wives, daughters .? to say no worse. That they shoidd faccm pnpferre^ lead tlie 
way to all virtuous actions, are the ringleaders oftentimes of all mischief and disso- 
lute courses, and by that means their countries are plagued, ^' '''• and they themselves 
often ruined, banished, or murdered by conspiracy of their subjects, as Sardanapalus 
was, Dionysius, junior, Heliogabalus, Periander, Pisistratus, Tarquinius, Tiniocrates, 
Childericus, Appius Claudius, Andronicus, Galeacius Sforsia, Alexander Medices," &.c. 

Whereas the princes or great men are malicious, envious, factious, ambitious, 
emulators, they tear a commonwealth asunder, as so many Guelfs and Gihelines 
disturb the quietness of it, ^^and with mutual murders let it bleed to death; our his- 
tories are too full of such barbarous inhumanities, and the miseries that issue from 
them. 

Whereas they be like so many horse-leeches, hungry, griping, corrupt, ^^ covetous, 
avarilicE mancipia^ ravenous as wolves, for as TuUy writes : qui prcECSt prodest^ cl 
qui pecudibus prceest., debet eorum utilitafi inservire : or such as prefer their private 
before the public good. For as ^^ he said long since, res privatcB publicis semper 
ojficere. Or whereas they be illiterate, ignorant, empirics in policy, ubi deest facui- 
tas^ ^virtus (Aristot. pol. 5, cap. 8,) et scientia^ wise only by inheritance, and in 
authority by birth-right, favour, or for their wealth and titles ; there must needs be 
a fault, ^^a great defect: because as an ^' old philosopher affirms, such men are not 
always fit. " Of an infinite number, few alone are senators, and of those few, fewer 
good, and of that small number of honest, good, and noble men, few diat are learned, 
wise, discreet and sufficient, able to discharge such places, it must needs turn to the 
confusion of a state." 

For as the ^^ Princes are, so are the people; Quails Rex^ talis grex : and which 
^Antigonus right well said of old, qui Macedonice regem erudit., omnes etiam subditos 
erudite, he that teacheth the king of Macedon, teacheth all his subjects, is a true 
saying still. 

"For Princes are the glass, the school, the book, I ^ TT " Velocius et citius nos 

V^-here subjects' eyes do learn, do read, do look." Corrumpunt vitionim exempla domestica, magnis 

I Cum subeaiit aminos auctoribus." 'm 

Their examples are soonest followed, vices entertained, if they be profane, irreli- 

■?s Romulus Amascus. "f' SabelMcns. Si quis in- plant and overthrow their adversaries, enrich theiu- 

cola vetus, lion agnosceret, si quis pcregrinus inge- ' selves, get honours, dissemble ; but whit is this to the 
niisceret. "' Polit. I. 5. c. 6. Crudelitas piincipum, bene esse, or preservation of a Comnioiiwea'itli 1 
impunitas scelerum, violatio legiini, peculalr's pt-Minia; ** Imperiiiin suapte sponte corriiit. ^^ Apul. Prim, 

publiciE, eic. '» Epist. ^'' De increm. urb. cap. Flor. Ex innuiiierabilibus, pauci Senatores geneie 

20. suhditi miseri, ubelles, desperaii, &c. " R. j nobiles, 6 consularibus pauci bont, 6 bonis adhuc priiici 

Darlington. 1596. conclusio libri. »" Boterus I. 9. , eruditi. f" Non solum viiia cor.cipr-ini ipsi princi- 

c. 4. I'olit. Quo fit ui ant rebus depperntis exulenc, ' pes, sed etiam infundunt in civitaieni, plusque e.-ekJi,)lo 
aut conjuratione sul)ditoruni crudolissinie tandem tru- quaiii peccaio nocent. Cic. l.delegibus. IpUi. 

cidentur. f^ Mutiiis odiis et cfpdibus exhausti, <fec. ail Zen. .luven. Sat. 4. Paupertas seditiojiem gi^ ill 

K* Lucra ox malis, scelerastisque causis. ''i Salust. et rnalef>cium. Arist. Pol. 2. c. 7. "<' Vicicy*, (^ 5 

*■ For nio^r part we mistake the name of Politicians, mestic examples operate more quickly upon us wli p 
accounting such -ts read Machiavel and '1 acitus, great suggppted to our minds by higb authorities, 
t'atosmen, that can dispute of noiitical preceots, sup- 

E 2 



54 Dcmocritus to the Reader. 

^ious, lascivioi^s, riotous^ epicures, factious, covetous, ambitious, illiterate, so will tlie 
commons most pait be, idle, unthrifts, prone to lust, drunkards, and therelbre poor 
and needy [;^ Tf^vca oiaciv f^irtoift xai xo,xov^yLo.v, for poverty begets sedition and villany) 
upon all occasions ready to mutiny and rebel, discontent still, complaining, mur- 
muring, grudging, apt to all outrages, thefts, treasons, murders, innovations, in debt, 
shifters, cozeners, outlaws. Profligates famce. ac vitce. It was an old ^' politicia)i''s 
apiiorism, '■'• They that are poor and bad envy rich, hate good men, abhor the present 
government, wish for a new, and would have all turned topsy turvy." When Cati- 
line rebelled in Rome, he got a company of such debauched rogues together, they 
were his familiars and coadjutors, and such have been your rebels most part in all 
ages. Jack Cade, Tom Straw, Kette, and his companions. 

Where they be generally riotous and contentious, where there be many discords, 
many laws, many lawsuits, many lawyers and many physicians, it is a manifest sign 
of a distempered, melancholy slate, as '^^ Plato long since maintained : for where such 
kind of men swarm, tliey will make more work for themselves, and that body politic 
diseased, which was otherwise sound. A general mischief in these our times, an 
insensible plague, and never so many of them : ""which are now multiplied (sailh 
Mat. Garaldus, ^^a lawyer himself,) as so many locusts, not the parents, but ihe 
plagues of the country, and for the most part a supercilious, bad, covetous, litigious 
generation of men.. ^^ Cruvienimulga nalio^ &ic. A purse-milking nation, a clamor- 
ous company, gowned vultures, ^^qui ex injuria vivenf et songuinf. civin?7u thieves 
and seminaries of discord ; worse than any polers by the highway side, miri accipi- 
tres., auri exterebronides^ pecuniarum hamiolce^ quadrujjJafores^ curice harpagon6s, 
fori tmtinabiila^ monsfra hominum., mangones^ Sic. that take upon them to make 
peace, but are indeed the very disturbers of our peace, a company of irreligious har- 
pies, scraping, griping catclipoles, (I mean our coimnon hungry pettifoggers, ^ rabu- 
las forenses., love and honour in the meantime all good laws, and worthy lawyers, 
that are so many ^^oracles and pilots of a well-governed commonwealth). Without 
art, without judgment, that do more harm, as ^^^ hi\y said^ qumn htlla externa., fames^ 
morhiDCf than sickness, wars, hunger, diseases ; '•'• and cause a most incredible de- 
strunlionof a commonwealth," saith ^^Sesellius, a famous civilian sometimes in Paris, 
as ivy doth by an oak, embrace it so long, until it hath got the heart out of it, so do 
they by such places they inhabit ; no counsel at all, no justice, no speech to be had, 
nisi eum premulscris.) he must be fed still, or else he is as mute as a fish, better open 
an oyster without a knife. Experto crede (saith '°° Salisburiensis) in jnanus eorum 
milUes incidi^ et Charon immitis qui nuUi pepcrcil unquam^ his longe clementior est ; 
'' 1 speak out of experience, \ have been a tliousand times amongst them, and Charon 
himself is more gentle tlian they ; ' he is contented with his single pay, but they 
multiply still, they are never satisfied," besides they have damnificas linguas^ as he 
terms it, nisi fiinibus argenteis vincias., they must be fed to say nothing, and ■^ get 
more to hold their peace than we can to say our best. They will speak their clients 
fair, and invite them to their tables, but as he follows it, ^ " of all injustice there is 
none so pernicious as that of theirs, which when they deceive most, will seem to 
be honest men." They take upon them to be peacemakers, et fovere causas humi- 
lium^ io help them to their rights patrocinantur afflictis., '^ hut aW is for their own 
good, ut loculos plcniorom exhauri,ant^ they plead for poor men gratis, but they are 
but as a stale to catch others. If there be no jar, ^they can make a jar, out of the 
law itself find still some quirk or other, to set them at odds, and continue causes so 
long, lustra aliquot., I know not how many years before the cause is heard, and 
vvlten 'tis judged and determined by reason of some tricks and errors, it is as fresh 
to begin, after twice seven years sometimes, as it was at first ; and so they prolong 



«' SnluPt. Sempor in civitate quibus opes nullaR sunt 
bonis invident, vctera odere, nova exoptant, odio su- 
armn renim iniitari oiniiii peturit. '■' De let^ibns. 

proriigatJE in re|iib. dir-ciplinai est indicium juiisperi- 
t'lr iMi iiiuricriis, <'t m'-dirornin copia. " In prffif. 

stud, juris. Multiplicatittir nunc in tcrris ut locusta; 



9^^I,ih. 3. &"Lib. 1. de rep. Gallorum, incredibilem 

reipub. pcrniciom afTt-nint. '*>" Polycrat. lib. » la 
stipe contentus. et lii asses :nte;?ros sibi nuiltiplicari 
jubent. '^ Plug arcipiunt tacere, quani nos loqni. 

•' Totius injiistilife nulla capitalior, qn.^ni eornni qoi 
iiin niaxinie decipiunt, id asjunt. ut boni viri esse vi- 



n<>n 'la'ria^ parentis, ;<(h1 pestes, pc;T;siiiii liomincs, ma- deaniiir. ^ Nam qiiociiiiqne niodo causa procedat, 

joro f.x parta supercilioBi contentiosi, &c. licit n m ' hoc semper agitur, ut locuii impleantur, etsi avaiiiu 
\nlrocmi\im ^'.xerccMit. ''i Dousa epki loquiclcia j ntHniit saj,iari. ^ Camdef in Norfolk ; qui si nilnl 

Uirba. vultures lojiati. '•» Hare. An-en. ■''Juris i sit litium 6 juris apicibus litob lamen screro callent. 

5()ii6ulti donius oranilum civium». Tuily. f Lib. 3. 1 



^^tmsmmm 



Democrltus to the Reader. 55 

time, delay suit* till they have enriched themselves, and beggared tlieir clients. And, 
as '^Cato inveighed against Isocrates' schulars, we may justly tax our wrangling law 
yers, they do consenescere in Jilibus. are so litigious and busy liere on earth, that I 
think they will plead their client's rauses hereafter, some of them in hell. 'Siinleru.s 
complains amongst the Snisseres of the advocates in his time, that when they should 
make an end, they began controversies, and "protract their causes many years, per- 
suading them their title is good, till their patrimonies be consumed, and tliat ihey 
have spent more in seeking than the thing is worth, or they shall get by the recovery.^ 
So that he that goes to law, as the proverb is, ** holds a wolf by the ears, or as a 
sheep in a storm runs for shelter to a brier, if he prosecute his cause he is consumed, 
if he surcease his suit he loseth all; ^what difference .'' They had wont heretofore, 
saith Austin, to end matters, per communes arhitros ; and so in Switzerland (we are 
informed by '"Simlerus), "they had some common arbitrators or daysmen hi every 
town, that made a friendly composition betwixt man and man, and he much wonders 
at tlieir honest simplicity, that could keep peace so well, and end such great causes 
by that means. At "Fez in Africa, they have neither lawyers nor advocates; but 
if there be any controversies amongst tiiem, both parties plaintiff and dofeiulant come 
to their Alfakins or chief judge, " and at once without any farther appeals or pitiful 
delays, the cause is heard and ended." Our forefathers, as '^a worthy chorographer 
of ours observes, liad wont pauculis cruculls aure'is^ with a few golden crosses, and 
lines in verse, make all conveyances, assurances. And such was the cand(mr and 
integrity of succeeding ages, that a deed (as I have oft seen) to convey a whole 
manor, was ifnpli cite contained in some twenty lines or thereabouts; like that scede 
or Si/f-Ua Laconica^ so much renowned of old in all contracts, which '^Tiilly so 
earnestly commends to Atticus, Plutarch in his Lysander, Aristolle polit. : T/mciH 
dides^lih. 1, '^Diodorus and Suidus approve and magnify, for that laconic brevity 
in this kind; and well they might, for, accordhig to '■'TertuUian, certa sunt ])aucis^ 
there is much more certainty in fewer words. And so was it of old throughout: 
but now maii}^ skins of parchment will scarce serve turn ; he that buys and selli 
a house, must have a house full of writings, there be so many circumstances, so 
many words, such tautological repetitions of all particulars (to avoid cavillation they 
say) ; but we find by our woful experience, that to subtle wits it is a cause of much 
more contention and variance, and scarce any conveyance so accurately penned by 
one, wiiich another will not find a crack in, or cavil at ; if any one word be mis- 
placed, any little error, all is disannulled. That which is a law to-day, is none to- 
morrow ; that which is sound in one man's opinion, is most faulty to another ; that 
in conclusion, here is nothing amongst us but contention and confusion, we bandy 
one against another. And that which long since '^ Plutarch complained of tliem in 
Asia, may be verified in our times. "These men here assembled, come not to sacri- 
fice to their gods, to offer Jupiter their first-fruits, or merriments to Bacchus ; but an 
yearly disease exasperating Asia hath brought them hither, to make an end of their 
controversies and lawsuits." 'Tis mulutudo perdentium et pereunlium^ a destructive 
rout that seek one another's ruin. Such most part are our ordinary suitors, termers, 
clients, new stirs every day, mistakes, errors, cavils, and at this present, as I have 
heard in some one court, I know not how many thousand causes : no person free, 
no title almost good, with such bitterness in following, so many slights, procrastina- 
tions, delays, forgery, such cost (for infinite sums are inconsiderately spent), violence 
and malice, I know not by whose fault, lawyers, clients, laws, both or all : but as 
Paul reprehended the ''Corinthians long since, I may more positively infer now : 
"There is a limit amongst you, and I speak it to your shame. Is there not a "^wise 
man amongst you, to judge between his brethren .? but that a brother goes to law 

* Kiiitarch. vit. Cat. caiisas apiul inferos quas in 'iClenard. 1. 1. ep. Si quje conlrovcrsise u(raqiie pars 

«nani tidem receperiint, p;Urocinio siio tiiehuiitur. judicein adit, is senit-l et piiiml rem traiisiuit. iiudit : 

' I.il). 2. de llelvet. repub. iion oxplicandis, sed nioii- nee quid sit appellatio, laciiiyinopreque nioiffi nnscunl- 

endis controversiis operam dant, ita ul lies in niultos ' Camden. " Lib. 10. ejtist. ad Allicum, epi.si. II. 

annos exlraiinntnr sumnia cum moieslia mrisque; '^ HibHoih. 1. 3. '-Lii). de Anim. '"Lib. major 

par'.ix et diim interea pairimonia exliatiiiatiuir. morb. coip. uii animi Hi nonionveniiuit tit di:s mora 

" Lnpiiin anrihiis teiient. " Mor. '"Lib de n)ajnrum sacra faciant, noii ut Jovi primitras ntTerant, 

Helvet. repii<». Judices qnocunqiie pago coristiiuunl aut Uaccho commessationes, sed aiiniverrTii iiu- nior- 

qui aniica aliqiia transactione «' fieri possit, lites tol- bus esasperans Asiam hue- eos coegil, ul contentioneii 

lant. Ego majormn nosirorum simplicitatem adnii- liic peragant. '^ 1 Cor. vi. 5, 6. »" Stulti quanda 

tor, qui »:: causas gravissimas composucrint, &c. deniumsapietiBl Pu. ilix.8. 



^^^^pvwrr 



56 Democritus to the Reader. 

with a broiher." And '^Christ's counsel concerning lawsuits, was never so fit to be 
inculcated as in this age : ^^ Agree with thine adversary quickly," &c. Matth. v. 25. 

I could repeat many such particular grievances, which must disturb a body politic. 
To shut up all in brief, where good government is, prudent and wise princes, there 
all tilings thrive and prosper, peace and happiness is in that land : wliere it is other- 
wise, all things are ugly to behold, incult, barbarous, uncivil, a paradise is turned to 
a wilderness. This island amongst the rest, our next neighbours the French and 
Germans, may be a sufficient witness, that in a short time by that prudent policy of 
the Romans, was brought from barbarism; see but what Caesar reports of us, and 
Tacitus of those old Germans, they were once as uncivil as they in Virginia, yet by 
planting of colonies and good laws, they became from barbarous outlaws, ^' to be full 
of rich and populous cities, as now they are, and most flourishing kingdoms. Even 
so might Virginia, and those wild Irish have been civilized long since, if that order 
had been heretofore taken, which now begins, of planting colonies, Sec. I have read 
a ^Miscourse, printed anno 1612. "Discovering the true causes why Ireland was 
never entirely subdued, or brought under obedience to the crown of England, until 
the beginning of his Majesty's happy reign." Yet if his reasons were thoroughly 
scanned by a judicious politician, I am afraid he would not altogether be approved, 
but that it would turn to the dishonour of our nation, to suffer it to lie so long waste. 
Yea, and if some travellers should see (to come nearer home) those rich, united pro- 
vinces of Holland, Zealand, &.C., over against us; those neat cities and populous 
towns, full of most industrious artificers, ^^ so much land recovered from the sea, and 
so painfully preserved by those artificial inventions, so wonderfully approved, as that 
of Bemster in Holland, m^ nihil huic par ant simile invenias in tolo orbe, saith Bertius 
the geographer, all the world cannot match it, ^so many navigable channels from 
place to place, made by men's hands, Stc. and on the other side so many thousand 
acres of our fens lie drowned, our cities thin, and those vile, poor, and ugly to behold 
in respect of theirs, our trades decayed, our still running rivers stopped, and that bene- 
ficial ilse of transportation, wholly neglected, so many havens void of ships and 
towns, so many parks and forests for pleasure, barren heaths, so many villages 
depopulated, &.c. I think sure he would find some fault. 

I may not deny bui that this nation of ours, doth bcn£ andire apud riieros^ is a 
most noble, a most flourishing kingdom, by common consent of all '^geographers, 
historians, politicians, 'tis unica veliit arx^^^ and which Quintius in Livy said of the 
inhabitants of Peloponnesus, may be well applied to us, we are tesiudincs testa sua 
incliisi., like so many tortoises in our shells, safely defended by an angry sea, as a 
wall on all sides. Our island hath many such honourable eulogiums ; and as a 
learned countryman of ours right well hath it, ^^" Ever since the Normans first comhig 
into England, this country both for military matters, and all other of civility, hath 
been paralleled with the most flourishing kingdoms of Europe and our Cluistian 
world," a blessed, a rich country, and one of the fortunate isles : and for some 
things ^^ preferred before oth^r countries, for expert seamen, our laborious discover- 
ies, art of navigation, true m^rcliants, they carry the bell away from all other nations, 
even the Portugals and Hollanders themselves; ^^" without all fear," saith Boterus, 
" furrowing tlie ocean winter and summer, and two of their captains, with no less 
valour than fortune, have sailed round about the world." ^'^We have besides many 
particular blessings, wliich our neighbours want, the Gospel truly preached, church 
discipline established, long peace and quietness free from exactions, foreign fears, 
invasions, domestical seditions, well manured, ^' fortified by art, and nature, and now 
most happy in that fortunate union of England and Scotland, which our ibrefathei'S 
have laboured to effect, and desired to see. But in which we excel all others, a 

"So intituled, and preached by our Repius Profes- . del par excellence." '■''Jam tnde non belli gloria 

Bor, D. Pruleaiix ; printed at London by F(k1ix Kin?!;- | quilm hinnaniiatis rtiltn inter floronlissinias orbig 
Eton, 1621. -"Of wliicli Text read two learned <:bristiani -.'enies ini("''''>i'^ A'^'ii't- Camden Hrit.de 



heitnons. "' Sa;piiis bona materia cessat si 

tifice. Sabellicus de Germania. Si qnis videret (Jer- 
inaniam nrbibus bodie excultam. non dicerei ul oliin 
tristeni cultn, asperain coe!.-;, terram infornieni. ''■ Hy 
his Majesty's Attorney 'General there. '-^ As Zeip- 

land, llenis':er in Holland, &c. ^^Froni Gaunt to 

Since, from Bruges to the Sea, &c. '^-'Ortelius, 

liuierus, Mcrcator, Meteranus, &.c. ^ *' The cita- 



Nornianiiis. '•^'^ Georg. Keeker. -'Tani hieme 

qnJlni estate intrepid^ sulcanl Oceanum. et duo illo- 
runi duces non niinore audatiA quam fortuna totiub 
orbein terra; circuninavigdrunt. Anipbitheatro Bote- 
rus. Sua fertile soil, good air, &c. Tin, Lead 

Wool, Saffron, &c. aiTola Britannia unica velm 

arx Boter. 



Democritus to the Reader. 57 

wise, learned, religious king, another Numa, a second Augustus, a true Josiah ; mosl 
worthy senators, a learned clergy, an obedient commonalty, &c Yet amongst many 
roses, some thistles grow, some bad weeds and enormities, which much disturb the 
neace of this body politic, eclipse the honour and glory of it, fit to be rooted oii« 
and with all speed to be reformed. 

The first is idleness, by reason of which we have many swarms of rogues, anc", 
oeggars, thieves, drunkards, and discontented persons (whom Lycurgus in Phitarch 
calls morhos reipubliccE^ the boils of the commonwealth), many poor people in all 
our towns. Civitales ignohiles^ as ^^Polydore calls them, base-built cities, inglorious, 
DOor, small, rare in sight, ruinous, and thin of inhabitants. Our land is fertile we may 
not deny, full of all good things, and why doth it not then abound with cities, as well 
as Italy, France, Germany, the Low Countries ? because their policy hath been other- 
wise, and we are not so thrifty, circumspect, industrious. Idleness is the malus 
genius of our nation. For as ^^Boterus justly argues, fertility of a country is not 
enough, except art and industry be joined unto it, according to Aristotle, riches are 
either natural or artificial ; natural are good land, fair mines, &c. artificial, are manu- 
factures, coins, &c. Many kingdoms are fertile, but thin of inhabitants, as that 
Duchy of Piedmont in Italy, which Leander Albertus so much magnifies for corn, 
wine, fruits, &.C., yet nothing near so populous as those which are more barren. 
■"" England," saith he, '^ London only excepted, hath never a populous city, and yet 
a fruitful country. I find 46 cities and walled towns in Alsatia, a small province iji 
Germany, 50 castles, an infinite number of villages, no ground idle, no not rock) 
places, or tops of hills are untilled, as ^^]\Iunster informelh us. In ^'^Greichgea, a 
a small territory on the Necker, 24 Italian miles over, I read of 20 walled towns, 
innumerable villages, each one containing 150 houses most part, besides castles and 
noblemen's palaces. I observe in ^"Turinge in Dutchland (twelve miles over by 
their scale) 12 counties, and in them 144 cities, 2000 villages, 144 towns, 250 cas- 
tles. In ^^ Bavaria 34 cities, 46 towns, &c. ^Portugallla inter amnis^ a small plot 
of ground, hath 1460 parishes, 130 monasteries, 200 bridges. Malta, a barren island, 
yields 20,000 inhabitants. But of all the rest, I admire Lues Guicciardine's relations of 
the Low Countries. Holland hath 26 cities, 400 great villages. Zealand i cities, 102 
parishes. Brabant 26 cities, 102 parishes. Flanders 28 cities, 90 towns, 1154 villages, 
besides abbeys, castles, &.c. The Low Countries generally have three cities at least 
for one of ours, and those far more populous and rich : and what is the cause, but theii 
mdustry and excellency in all manner of trades } Their commerce, which is main- 
tained by a multitude of tradesmen, so many excellent channels made by art and oppor- 
tune havens, to which they build their cities ; all which we have in like measure, or 
at least may have. But their chiefest loadstone which draws all manner of commerce 
and merchandise, which maintains their present estate, is not fertility of soil, but 
industry that enricheth them, the gold mines of Peru, or Nova Hispania may not 
compare with them. They have neither gold nor silver of their own, wine nor oil, 
or scarce any corn growing in those united provinces, little or no wood, tin, lead, 
iron, silk, wool, any stuff almost, or metal ; and yet Hungary, Transylvania, that 
Drag of their mines, fertile Englaftd cannot compare with them. I dare boldly say, 
that neither France, Tarentum, Apulia, Lombardy, or any part of Italy, Valentia in 
Spain, or that pleasant Andalusia, with their excellent fruits, wine and oil, two har- 
vests, no not any part of Europe is so flourishing, so rich, so populous, so full of 
good ships, of well-built cities, so abounding with all things necessary for the use of 
-Tian. 'Tis our Indies, an epitome of China, and all by reason of their industry, g^t>d 
;)olicy, and commerce. Industry is a load-stone to draw all good things ; that alone 
aiakes countries flourish, cities populous, "^ and will enforce by reason of much ma- 
-lure, which necessarily follows, a barren soil to be fertile and good, as sheep, saith 
Dion, mend a bad pasture. 

Tell me politicians, why is that fruitful Palestina, noble Greece, Egypt, Asu 

S2Lib. 1. hi/?t. ssincrement. urb. I, 1. c. 9. sf'Ortelius 6 Vaseo et Pet. de Medina. 3'JAnhun- 

Angliffi, excepto Londino, nulla est civitas memora- dred families in each. •»«Popu!i multitiido dili- 

blUs, !icel pi-v natio rerutii omnium copia ahundel. gente cultura foecundat solum. Boter. I. 8- c. 2, 

''iCosniog. Lib. 3. cop. 119. Villariim non est niinie- -i' Oral. 35. Terra ubi oves stahulanlur optima agri. 

rws, niilliis locMs otiosiis aiis. mcultus. 36 Chytreus i colis ob stercus. 

oiat. edit. Fiancof. 1583. =" Maginus Geog. | 



P3 Democritus to the Reader. 

tVIinor, so much decayeu, and (mere carcases now) fallen from that tht)^ were The 
ground is the same, but the government is altered, the people are grown slothful, 
idle, their good husbandry, policy, and industry is decayed. JVon fatigata ant effcef.a 
humus^ as '^'^ Columella well informs Sylvinus, scd nostra jit inertia., &c. May a man 
believe that which Aric'.otle in his politics, Pausanias, Stephanus, Sophianus, Gerbe- 
lius relate of old Greece ? I find heretofore 70 cities in Epirus overthrown by Paulus 
Emilias, a goodly pro\nice in times past, ''''now left desolate of good towns and al- 
most inhabitants. Six*v-iwo cities in Macedonia in Strabo's time. I tind 30 in Laconia, 
but now scarce so man^' villages, saith Gerbelius. If any man from jMount Taygetus 
should view the couniry round about, and see tot delicias^ tot urbes per Pelopone' 
sum dispcrsas., so maiiy delicate and brave built cities with such cost and exquisite 
cunning, so neatly set out in Peloponnesus, ** he should perceive them now ruinous 
and overthrown, burni, waste, desolate, and laid level with the ground. Incredibih 
dictu., &LC. And as he laments, Qiiis taUafando Temperet a lachri/mis? Quls tam 
durtis aid fcrreus^ (so he prosecutes it).'*^ Who is he that can suuiciently condole 
and commiserate these ruins.? Where are those 4000 cities of Egypt, those 100 
cities in Crete ? Are ihey now come to two ? What saith Pliny and ^lian of old 
Italy ? There were in former ages 1 106 cities: Blondus and Machiavel, both grant 
them now nothing near so populous, and full of good towns as in the time of Au- 
gustus (for now Lsander Albertus can find but 300 at most), and if we may give 
credit to "^Livy, not then so strong and puissant as of old: "They mustered 70 
Le*ions in former times, which now the known world will scarce yield. Alexander 
built >J cities in a short space for his part, our Sultans and Turks demolish twice 
as many, and leave aL desolate. Many will not believe but that our island of Great 
Britai;! is now more populous than ever it was ; yet let them read Bede, Leland and 
others, tliey shall find it most flourished in tlie Saxon Heptarchy, and in the Con- 
queror's time was far better inhabited, tiian at this present. See that Doomsday 
Book, and show me those thousands of parishes, which are now decayed, cities 
ruined, villages depopulated, &lc. The lesser the territory is, commonly, the richer 
it is. Parens scd bene cuUus ager. As those Athenian, Lacedaemonian, Arcadian, 
Aelian, Sycionian, Messenian, Stc. commonwealths of Greece make ample proof, as 
those imperial cities and free states of Germany may witness, those Cantons of Swit- 
zers, Rheti, Grisons, Walloons, Territories of Tuscany, Luke and Senes of old. Pied- 
mont, Mantua, Venice in Italy, Ragusa, &lc. 

That prince therefore as, ^^Boterus adviseth, that will have a rich country, and 
fair cities, let him get good trades, privileges, painful inhabitants, artificers, and suffer 
no rude matter unwrought, as tin, iron, wool, lead, &c., to be transported out of his 
country, — ^''a thing in part seriously attempted amongst us, but not effected. And 
because industry of men, and multitude of trade so much avails to the ornament and 
enriching of a kingdom ; those ancient '^^ Massilians would admit no man into their 
city that had not some trade. Selym the first Turkish emperer procured a thousand 
good artificers to br brought from Tauris to Constantinople. The Polanders indented 
with Henry Duke of Anjou, their new chosen king, to bring with him an hundred 
families of artificers into Poland. James the first in Scotland (as ^"Buchanan writes) 
sent for the best artificers he could get in Europe, and gave them great rewards to 
teach his subjects their several trades. Edward the Third, our most renowned 
king, to his eternal memory, brought clothing first into this island, transporting 
some families of artificers from Gaunt hither. How many goodly cities could I 
reckon up, that thrive wholly by trade, where thousands of inhabitants live singular 
well by their fingers* ends : As Florence in Italy by making cloth of gold ; great 
Milan by silk, and all curious works ; Arras in Artois by those fair hangings ; many 
cities in Spain, mar" in France, Germany, have none other maintenance, especially 
those within the land. ^' Mecca, in Arabia Petraea, stands in a most unfruitful coun- 



••'Dfi re nist. I. 2. cap. 1. The soil is not tired or i*^ Lib. 7., Septuaginta olim legiones scriptse dicutitui ; 
exhausted, but h;is b»*co>"" barren tluousrli our sloth. , qua.s vires hodie, <fec. '' Poiit. 1. 3. c. S. ^Tor 

•* llddie urhihus dcftoiatiir, et magna ex part« incolis dyeing of clolhs, and dressing, &c. •>'.) Valer 1. I. 

desliiuit .!.••. Ger!)elius desc. Graicia;, lib. 6. ■" Vi- c. 1. m Hist. Scot. Lib. 10. Magnis pr»)i>ositii 

debit eas fere ornnes ant eversM*. aut solo lequatas, prcemii.?, ut Scoti ab lis edocerentur. =■ Munst. 

'dut in rurtera fiPdissiinS dejectas Gerbelius. cosm I. 5. c. 74. Agro omnium rerum infojcundissiir c 

« Not even the hardest of our foes could hear, j aqua indigente inter saxeta, urbs tamen elegantisKi 

Hot stern Ulysses tell without a tear. 1 "»». ob Orienti* iiegotialione» et Occideniis 



^^mmm'^^ 



Democrilus to the Reader. 59 

try, that wants water, amongst the rocks (as Vertomanus describes it), and yet (t is 
a most elegant and pleasant city, by reason of the traffic of the east and west, 
Ormus in Persia is a most famous mart-town, hath nought else but the opportunity 
of the haven to make it flourish. Corinth, a noble city (^ Lumen Grecije, Tully calls 
it) the Eye of Greece, by reason of Cenchreas and Leclieus, those excellent ports, 
drew all that traffic of the Ionian and iEgean seas to it ; and yet the couiitry about 
it was curva et superciliosa^ as ^^Strabo terms it, rugged and harsli. We may say 
the same of Athens, Actium, Thebes, Sparta, and most of tliose tovilis in Greece. 
Nuremberg in Germany is sited in a most barren soil, yet a noble imperial city by 
the sole industry of artificers, and cunning trades, they draw the riches of most coun- 
tries to them, so expert in manufactures, that as Sallust long since gave out of the like. 
Si'dem anijnce in extremis digitls hahent^ their soul, or infellcctus agcns^ was placed in 
their lingers' end ; and so we may say of Basil, Spire, Cambray, Frankfort, &tc. It is 
almost incredible to speak what some write of Mexico and the cities adjoining to it, 
no place in the world at their first discovery more populous, '^ Mat. Riccius, the 
Jesuit, and some others, relate of the industry of the Chinese most populous coun- 
tries, not a beggar or an idle person to be seen, and how by that means they prosper 
and flourish. We have the same means, able boches, pliant wits, matter of aii sorts, 
wool, flax, iron, tin, lead, wood, &.C., many excellent subjects to work upon, only 
industry is wanting. We send our best commodities beyond the seas, which they 
make good use of to their necessities, set themselves a work about, and severally 
improve, sending the same to us back at dear rates, or else make toys and baubles 
of the tails of them, whicii they sell to us again, at as great a reckonhig as the 
whole. In most of our cities, some few excepted, like ^^ Spanish loiterers, we live 
w^iolly by tippling-inns and ale-houses. Malting are their best ploughs, their great- 
est traffic to sell ale. "Meteran and some others object to us, that we are no whit 
so industrious as the Hollanders: ^' iManual trades (saith he) which are more cu- 
rious or troublesome, are wholly exercised by strangers : they dwell in a sea full of 
fish, but they are so idle, they will not catch so much as shall serve their own turns, 
but buy it of their neighbours." Tush'^ Mare liberum., they fish under ^our noses, 
and sell it to us when tliey have done, at their own prices. 

-" Pudet hs-c npprobria nobis 



Et dici potuisse, el noii potuisse refelli. 

I am ashamed to hear this objected by strangers, and know not how lo answer it 
Amongst our towns, there is only ^'London that bears the face of a city, ^^ Epitome 
Britannice^ a famous emporium^ second to none beyond seas, a noble mart : but sola 
crescit^ decrescentibus aids ; and yet, in my slender judgment, defective in many 
things. The rest(^^some few excepted) are in mean estate, ruinous most part, poor, 
and full of beggars, by reason of their decayed trades, neglected or bad policy, idle- 
ness of their inhabitants, riot, which had rather beg or loiter, and be ready to starve, 
than work. 

I cannot deny but that something maybe said in defence of our cities, ^°that they 
are not so fair built, (for the sole magnificence of this kingdom (concerning build- 
ings) hath been of old in those Norman castles and religious houses,) so rich, thick 
sited, populous, as in some other countries ; besides the reasons Cardan gives. Subtil. 
Lib. 11. we want wine and oil, their two harvests, we dwell in a colder air, and for 
that cause must a little more liberally ®'feed of flesh, as all northern countries do : 
our provisions will not therefore extend to the maintenance of so many ; yet notwith- 
standing we have matter of all sorts, an open sea for traffic, as well as the rest, 
goodly havens. And how can we excuse our negligence, our riot, drunkenness, &.C., 

. MLib 8. Georgr . oh aspernm situm. 53 Lib. s^ Camden. 59York, Bristow, Nnr\vich,Worcester.&c. 

Edit, ii Nic. Trftifant. Bel?. A. lt)16. expedit. in Sinas. i com. Gain.sford's Argumetit : Because eentUmen dwell 

•■^'Ubi nobiles probi loco h;U)ent artem ali(iiiam profi- with us in the coinitrv villages, our cities are less, is 

leri. Cleonard. eji 1. 1. ^'>\.ib. 13 Belg, Hist, nothin? to the purpo'se : put three hundred or four 

noil rain labnriosi ut Belsja;, sed ut Hispani otiatores hundred villages in a shire, and (ivery villafre yield a 

vitani nt pluriinum otiosam auentes : arfes manuaria? {jt^'i'lu'miN vvhat is four hundred families to increase 

M!i;p nluriinum habent in se laboris et diffuultatis, ma- one of our cities, or tf) contend with theirs, which 

jort-mq ; requirunt industriam. a peresfrinis et exteris stand thicker 1 And whereas ours usually consist of 

exerrentnr; habitant in piscosissimo niari, interea seven ih.ousand, theirs consist of fnriy Ihonsand inha- 

»nntum non piscaniur quantum insuh-e suffecerii sed -k bitants. 6' Maxima pars victus in came coi sistv, 

vicinis einere coeunti'r. t'Grotii Liber. s' Urbs Polyd. Lib. 1. Hist, 
animis numeroque potens, ci roDctre genlis. Sralige- 



00 Democrttus to the Reader. 

!ind sucli enormities that follow it ? We have excellent laws enacted, you will say, 
severe statutes, houses of correction, &c., to imall purpose it seems ; it is not houses 
will serve, but cities of correction ; ^^our tiades generally ought to be reformed, wants 
supplied. In other countries they have the same grievances, I confess, but that doth 
not excuse us, ^^ wants, defects, enormities, idle drones, tumults, discords, contention, 
law-suits, many laws made against them to repress those innumerable brawls and 
law-suits, excess in apparel, diet, decay of tillage, depopulations, ^^ especially against 
rogues, beggars, Egyptian vagabonds (so termed at least) which have "swarmed all 
over Germany, France, Italy, Poland, as you may read in *^^Munster, Cranzius, and 
Aventinus ; as those Tartars and Arabians at this day do in the eastern countries : 
yet such has been the iniquity of all ages, as it seems to small purpose. A^emo in 
nostra civitate mendlcus esto^^'' saith Plato : he will have them purged from a ^'^com- 
monwealth, ^^"as a bad humour from the body," that are like so many ulcers and 
boils, and must be cured before the melancholy body can be eased. 

What Carolus JVlagnus, the Chinese, the Spaniards, the duke of Saxony and many 
other states have decreed in this case, read Arniseus^ cajJ. 19 ; Botcrus^ llhro 8, cap. 2 ; 
Osorius de Riihiis gest. Enian. lib. 1 1. When a country is overstocked with people, 
as a pasture is oft overlaid with cattle, they had wont in former times to disburden 
themselves, by sending out colonies, or by wars, as those old Romans ; or by em- 
ploying them at home about some public buildings, as bridges, road-ways, for which 
those Romans were famous in this island ; as Augustus Caesar did in Rome, the 
Spaniards in their Indian mines, as at Potosi in Peru, where some 30,000 men are 
still at work, 6000 furnaces ever boiling, &c. '° aqueducts, bridges, havens, those 
stupend works of Trajan, Claudius, at ^'Ostium, Dioclesiani Therma, Fucinus Lacus, 
that Pirreum in Athens, made by Themistocles, ampitheatrums of curious marble, 
as at Verona, Civitas Philippi, and Heraclea in Thrace, those Appian and Fla- 
minian ways, prodigious works all may witness ; and rather than they should be 
'^idle, as those "Egyptian Pharaohs, Maris, and Sesostris did, to task their subjects 
to build unnecessary pyramids, obelisks, labyrinths, channels, lakes, gigantic works 
all, to divert them from rebellion, riot, drunkenness, ''^Qao scilicet alanlar et ne 
vagando labor are desuescant. 

Another eye-sore is that want of conduct and navigable rivers, a great blemish as 
'^Boterus, "^Hippolitus a CoUibus, and other politicians hold, if it be neglected in a 
commonwealth. Admirable cost and charge is bestowed in the Low Countries on 
this behalf, in the dutchy of Milan, territory of Padua, in ''France, Italy, China, 
and so likewise about corrivations of water to moisten and refresh barren grounds, 
to drain fens, bogs, and moors. Massinissa made many inward parts of Barbary 
and Numidia in Africa, before his time incult and horrid, fruitful and bartable by this 
means. Great industry is generally used all over the eastern countries in this kind, 
especially in Egypt, about Babylon and Damascus, as Vertomannus and "^Gotardus 
Arthus relate ; about Barcelona, Segovia, Murcia, and many other places of Spain, 
Milan in Italy ; by reason of which, their soil is much impoverished, and infinite 
commodities arise to the inhabitants. 

The Turks of late attempted to cut that Isthmus betwixt Africa and Asia, which 
'^Sesostris and Darius, and some Pharaohs of Egypt had formerly undertaken, but 
with ill success, as ^Diodorus Siculus records, and Pliny, for that Red-sea being 
three ^' cubits higher than Egypt, would have drowned all the country, ccepto des- 



fi-Refraenate monopolii licentiam, pauciores alantur 
otio, redintegretur agricolatio, laiiificium instauretiir, 
ut sit honestuin iie<^oiiuin quo se exerceat otiosa ilia 
turba. Nisi his mails medentur, friistra exercent jus- 
titiam. Mor. Utop. Lib. 1. i^^Mancipiis locuples 

eget seris Cappadocmn rex. Hor. s^ Regis diirni- 

tatis non est exercere imperium in mendicos sed in 
opulentos. Non est re!,'ni deciis, sed carceris esse 
ciistos. Idem. e"' Colliivies hnminum mirabiles 

excocti solo, immundi vestes fiedi visu, fiirti imprimis 
acres, <fcc. 6*^ Cosmo^. lib. 3. cap. 5. «' "Let 

"30 one in our city be a besjgar." en Seneca. Hand 

minus turpia principi multa snpplicia, quim medico 
niulta funera. '*« Ac pituitam el bilein a corpore 

^11. de leg ) omnes vult exterminari. '"'SeeLip- 

Bius Aduiiranda. "i De quo Suet, in Claudio, et holds the superficies of all waters even 

riinius, c. 36. "Ul egestati simul el igiiavis oc 



curratur, opificia cnndiscantur, tenues subleventur. 
Bodin. 1. 6. c. 2. num. 6, 7. '^ Amasis ^iiypti rei 

legem proinulgavit, ut omnes subditi quotannis ratio- 
nem redderent unde viverent. '^ Buscoldus dis- 

cursu polit. cap. 2. "whereby they are supported, and 
do not become vagrants by being less accustomed to 
labour." 7.5 Lib. 1. de increm. Urb. cap. 6. ^;>Cap. 
5. de increm. urb. Quas flumen, lacus, aut mare alluit 
"Incredibilem commoditntem, vectura mercir.m tres 
fluvii navigabiles, &c. Boterus de Gallid. '^^He- 

rodotus. 79i,i(j. Orient, cap. 2. Rotam in medio 

flumine constituunt, cui ex pellibus animaiium .onsu 
tos uteres appendunt, hi dum rota movetur, aqnair. 
per canales, &c. to Centum pedes lata fossa SO 

alta. **' Contrary to that of Archimedes, wh« 



Democntus to the Reader. 



m 



t'lterant.) they left off; yet as the same ^^Diodonis writes, Ptolemy renewed tlie 
work many years after, and absolved in it a more opportune place. 

That Isthmus of Corinth was likewise undertaken to be made navigable by Deme- 
trius, by Julius Caesar, Nero, Domitian, Herodes Atticus, to make a speedy ^^ passage, 
and less dangerous, from the Ionian and Aegean seas ; but because it could not be 
so well effected, the Peloponnesians built a wall like our Picts' wall about Schne- 
nute, where Neptune's temple stood, and in the shortest cut over the Isthmus, of 
which Diodorus, lib. 11. Herodotus, lib. 8. Vran. Our latter writers call it Hexa- 
milium, which Amurath the Turk demolished, the Venetians, anno 145o, repaired 
in 15 days with 30,000 men. Some, saith Acosta, would have a passage cut from 
Panama to Nombre de Dios in America ; but Tlnianus and Serres the French his- 
torians speak of a famous aqueduct in France, intended in Henry the Fourth's time, 
from the Loire to the Seine, and from Rhodanus to the Loire. The like to which 
was formerly assayed by Domitian the emperor, ^"from Arar to Moselle, which 
Cornelius Tacitus speaks of in the 13 of his annais, after by Charles the Great and 
others. Much cost hath in former times been bestowed in either new making or 
mending channels of rivers, and their passages, (as Aurelianus did by Tiber to make 
it navigable to Rome, to convey corn from Egypt to the city, vadtim aJvei tumcnfis 
effodit saith Vopiscus, et Tiberis ripas extrnxU he cut fords, made banks, &c.) 
decayed havens, which Claudius the emperor with infinite pains and charges attempted 
at Ostia, as I have said, the Venetians at this day to preserve their city ; many ex- 
cellent means to enrich their territories, have been fostered, invented in most provin- 
ces of Euprope, as planting some Indian plants amongst us, silk-worms, ^Uhe very 
mulberry leaves in the plains of Granada yield 30,000 crowns per annum to the 
king of Spain's coffers, besides those many trades and artificers that are busied about 
them in the kingdom of Granada, JMurcia, and all over Spain. In France a great 
benefit is raised by salt, &c., whether these things might not be as happily attempted 
with us, and with like success, it may be controverted, silk-worms (1 mean) vines, 
fir trees, &.c. Cardan exhorts Edward the Sixth to plant olives, and is fully per- 
suaded they would prosper in this island. With us, navigable rivers are most part 
neglected ; our streams are not great, I confess, by reason of the narrowness of the 
island, yet they run smoothly and even, not headlong, swift, or amongst rocks and 
shelves, as foaming Rhodanus and Loire in France, Tigris in Mesopotamia, violent 
Durius in Spain, with cataracts and whirlpools, as the Rhine, and Danubius, about 
Shaffausen, Lausenburgh, Linz, and Cremmes, to endanger navigators ; or broad 
shallow, as Neckar in the Palatinate, Tibris in Italy ; but calm and fair as Arar in 
France, Hebrus in Macedonia, Eurotas in Laconia, they gently glide along, and miffht 
as well be repaired many of them (I mean Wye, Trent, Ouse, Thamisis at Oxford, 
the defect of which we feel in the mean time) as the river of Lee from Ware to 
London. B. Atwater of old, or as some will Henry I. ^^made a channel from Trent 
to Lincoln, navigable ; which now, saith Mr. Camden, is decayed, and much men- 
tion is made of anchors, and such like monuments found about old '^' Verulamium, 
good ships have formerly come to Exeter, and many such places, M'hose channels, 
havens, ports are now barred and reelected. We contemn this benefit of carriage by 
waters, and are therefore compelled in the inner parts of this island, because por- 
tage is so dear, to eat up our commodities ourselves, and live like so many boars in 
a sty, for want of vent and utterance. 

We have many excellent havens, royal havens, Falmouth, Portsmouth, Milford, &c. 
equivalent if not to be preferred to that Indian Havanna, old Brundusium in Italy, Aulia 
in Greece, Ambracia in Acarnia, Suda in Crete, Avhich have lew ships iji them, little or 
no traflic or trade, which have scarce a village on them, able to bear great cities, scd vi~ 
derint politlci. I could here justly tax many other neglects, abuses, errors, defects 
among us, and in other countries, depopulations, riot, drunkenness, &c. and many such, 
qucB nunc in aurem susurrare non lihct. But I nmst take heed, nc quid gravius dicam^ 



^ Lib 1. cap. 3. 83 Dion. Pansanias, et Nic. Ger- 

belius. Minister. Cnsm. Lib. 4. cap. 36. Ut brevior 
foret n;ui<.'atio et minus periciilosa. "^i Charles the 

great went about to make a channe' from the Rhine 
to the I Huube. Bil. Pirkimerus c.e.«!(ript. Ger. the 
ruins aif vet seen about VVessenburg from Rednich to 



Altimul. Ut navi«rabilia inter se Occidcntis et Sep- 
tentrionis littora ficrent. ''S Macinus Geor<;r. Sim- 

lerus de rep. Ilchet. lib. 1. dfscrii)it. ** Camden 

in Linioinshire, Fossedike. ^'' Near St- Albans, 

'• which must not now be whispered in the ear " 



f^e^s^en 



62 



Democritus to the. Reader. 



that I do not overshoot myself. Sits Mlnervam^ I am forth of my element, as you peratl- 
♦^enture suppose; and sometimes ver'Uas odium parU,, as lie said, "verjuice and oat- 
meal IS good ft)r a parrot." For as Lucian said of an historian, I say of a politician. 
He that will freely speak and write, must be for ever no subject, under no prince or 
law, but lay out the matte'r truly as it is, not caring w^hat any can, will, like or dislike. 

We have good laws, I deny not, to rectify such enormities, and so in all other 
countries, but it seems not always to good purpose. We had need of some general 
visitor in our age, that should reform what is amiss; a just army of Rosie-crosse 
men, for they will amend all matters (they say) religion, policy, manners, with arts, 
sciences, &.c. Another Attila, Tamerlane, Hercules, to strive with Achelous, Jlugece. 
stabuluni purgare^ io subdue tyrants, as ^'Mie did Diomedes and Busiris : to expei 
thieves, as he (hd Cacus and Lacinius : to vindicate poor captives, as he did Hesione 
to pass tlie torrid zone, the deserts of Lybia, and purge the world of monsters and 
Centaurs : or another Theban Crates to reform our manners, to compose quarrels 
and controversies, as in his time he did, and was therefore adored for a god in Athens 
"As Hi3rcules *^^ purged tlie world of monsters, and subdued them, so did he light 
against envy, lust, anger, avarice, kc. and all those feral vices and monsters of the 
mind." It were to be wished we had some such visitor, or if wishing would serve, 
one liad such a ring or rings, as Timolaus desired in "° Lucian, by virtue of which he 
should be as strong as 10,000 men, or an army of giants, go invisible, open gates and 
castle doors, have what treasure he would, transport himself in an instant to what place 
he desired, alter affections, cure all manner of diseases, that he might range over the 
world, and reform all distressed states and persons, as he would himself He might 
reduce those wandering Tartars in order, that infest China on the one side, Muscovy, 
Poland, on the other; and tame the vagabond Arabians that rob and spoil those east- 
ern countries, that they should never use more caravans, or janizaries to conduct 
them. He might root out barbarism out of America, and fully discover Terra Jlus- 
trails Incognita^ hud out the north-east and north-west passages, drain those mighty 
Mieotian fens, cut down those vast Hircinian woods, irrigate those barren Arabian 
deserts, &c. cure us of our epidemical diseases, scorbutum^ plica., inorhus JVeapolita- 
wws, &.C. end all our idle controversies, cut off our tumultuous desires, inordinate 
lusts, root out atheism, impiety, heresy, schism and superstition, which now so cru- 
cify the world, catechise gross ignorance, purge Italy of luxury and riot, Spain of 
superstition and jealousy, Germany of drunkenness, all our northern country of glut- 
tony and intemperance, castigate our hard-hearted parents, masters, tutors; lash 
disobedient children, negligent servants, correct these spendthrifts and prodigal sons, 
enforce idle persons to work, drive drunkards off the aleliouse, repress thieves, visit 
corrupt and tyrannizing magistrates, &c. But as L. Licinius taxed Timolaus, you 
may us. These are vain, absurd and ridiculous wishes not to be hoped : all mvM 
be as it is, ^'Bocchalinus may cite commonwealths to come before Apollo, and seek 
to reform the world itself by commissioners, but there is no remedy, it may not be 
redressed, dcsinent homines turn demum stnllescere quando esse desinent, so long as 
they can wag their beards, they will play the knaves and fools. 

Because, therefore, it is a thing so difficult, impossible, and far beyond Hercules 
labours to be performed ; let them be rude, stupid, ignorant, incult, lapis super lajn- 
dem sedeaf., and as the ^-apologist will, resp. tiissi^ et graveolcntia laboret, mnndus 
vitio., let them be barbarous as they are, let them ^^ tyrannize, epicurize, oppress, 
luxuriate, consume themselves with factions, superstitions, lawsuits, wars and con- 
tentions, live in riot, poverty, want, misery ; rebel, wallow as so many swine in their 
own dung, with Ulysses' companions, s/?/i/os jz/Zx'o esse lihenter. I will yet, to satisfy 
and please myself, make an Utopia of mine own, a new Atlantis, a poetical common- 
wealth of mine own, in wliich I will freely domineer, build cities, make laws, sta- 
tutes, as I list myself And why may I not? ^^Picfori.bus atque pnetis^ ^c 

You know what liberty poets ever had, and besides, my predecessor Democritu- 



fSLisins Girald. Nat. comes. f^ Apuleius, lib. 4. 

Flor. I,ar. familiaris inter homines rctaiis sine cultus 
est, liliuiii oiniiiuin et jnri;ionini inter propinqnos ar- 
bitrer et discepiatnr. Adversus iracnndiani, invidiam, 
«var>tiam, libidint in, r°teraq ; aninii humani vitia el 



monstra philosophiis iste Hercnles fuit. Pestes e.i - 
meiitibus exegil omnes, tec. ^o Votis navii: 

^ RaiTL'nalins, part 2, cap. 2, et part 3, c. 17. ■"- Vh- 

ient. Andrea^ Apolog. manip. ti04. K*Qui sordidu* 

est, sordescat adhuc. *'Hor. 



Democritus to the Reader. 63 

was a politici&n, a recorder of Abclera, a law maker as some say ; and why may not 
f presume so much as he did ? Howsoever I will adventure. For the site, if you 
will needs urge me to it, I am not fully resolved, it may be in Terra Jluslrali in- 
cognita., there is room enough (for of my knowledge neither that hungry Spaniard,^' 
nor Mercurius Britannicus, have yet discovered half of it) or else one of these Una:- 
ing islands in Man^ del Zur, which like the Cyanian isles in the Euxine sea, alter 
their place, and are accessible only at set times, and to some few persons ; or oiiC 
of the fortunate isles, for who knows yet where, or which they are ? tJiere is room 
enough in the inner parts of America, and northern coasts of Asia. But I will choose 
a site, wliose latitude shall be 45 degrees (I respect not minutes) in the midst of the 
temperate zone, or perhaps under the equator, that ^^ paradise of the world, ///;/ sem- 
per vircns latirus^ Slc. where is a perpetual spring : the longitude for some reasons 
I will conceal. Yet ''be it known to all men by these presents," that if any honest 
gentleman will send in so much money, as Cardan allows an astrologer for casting a 
nativity, he shall be a sharer, I will acquaint him with my project, or if any wortliy 
man will stand for any temporal or spiritual office or dignity, (for as he said of his 
archbishopric of Utopia, 'tis sanctiis ambitus^ and not amiss to be sought after,) it 
shall be freely given without all intercessions, bribes, letters, Stc. his own worth sliall 
be the best spokesman ; and because we shall admit of no deputies or advowsons^ 
if he be sufficiently qualified, and as able as willing to execute the place himself, he 
shall have present possession. It shall be divided into 12 or 13 provinces, and those 
by hills, rivers, road-ways, or some more eminent limits exactly bounded. Each pro- 
vince shall have a metropolis, which shall be so placed as a centre almost in a cir- 
cumference, and the rest at equal distances, some 12 Italian miles asunder, or there- 
about, and in them shall be sold all things necessary for the use of man ; statis horis 
et dlebus^ no market towns, markets or fairs, for they do but beggar cities (no village 
shall stand above 6, 7, or 8 miles from a city) except those emporiums which are by 
the sea side, general staples, marts, as Antwerp, Venice, Bergen of old, London, &c. 
cities most part shall be situated upon navigable rivers or lakes, creeks, havens ; and 
for their form, regular, round, square, or long square, ^' with fair, broad, and straight 
^'^ streets, houses uniform, built of brick and stone, like Bruges, Brussels, Rhegium 
Lepidi, Berne in Switzerland, Milan, Mantua, Crema, Cambalu in Tartary, described 
by M. Polus, or that Venetian palma. I will admit very few or no suburbs, and 
those of baser building, walls only to keep out man and horse, except it be in some 
frontier towns, or by the sea side, and those to be fortified ^^ after the latest manner 
of fortification, and situated upon convenient havens, or opportune places. In 
every so built city, I will have convenient churches, and separate places to bury the 
dead in, not in churchyards ; a citadeJIa (in some, not all) to command it, prisons 
for offenders, opportune market places of all sorts, for corn, meat, cattle, fuel, fish, 
commodious courts of justice, public halls for all societies, bourses, meeting places, 
armouries, ^°^ in which shall be kept engines for quenching of fire, artillery gardens, 
public walks, theatres, and spacious fields allotted for all gymnastic sports, and 
honest recreations, hospitals of all kinds, for children, orphans, old folks, sick men, 
mad men, soldiers, pest-houses, &c. not built precarib., or by gouty benefactors, 
who, when by fraud and rapine they have extorted all their lives, oppressed whole 
provinces, societies, &lc. give something to pious uses, build a satisfactory alms-house, 
school or bridge, &c. at their last end, or before perhaps, which is no otherwise than 
to steal a goose, and stick down a feather, rob a thousand to relieve ten ; and those 
hospitals so built and maintained, not by collections, benevolences, donaries, for a 
set number, (as in ours,) just so many and no more at such a rate, but for all those 
who stand in need, be they more or less, and that ex puhVico cerario., and so still 
maintained, non nobis solum nati sumus^ he. I will have conduits of sweet and good 
water, aptly disposed in each town, conmion 'granaries, as at Dresden in Misnia, Ste- 
tein in Pomerland, Noremberg, &c. Colleges of mathematicians, musicians, and actors, 
as of old at Labedum in Ionia, ^alchymists, physicians, artists, and philosophers : that 

M^Ferdiriancio Uuir. 1612. 96 Vide Acostaet Laiet. I 'ooDe his Plin. epist. 42, lib.2. et Tacit. Anna). 13. lib. 
"'Vide pattitivini, lib 8. tit. 10. de Instit. Reipub. | ' Vide Hrisnnintn de regno Perse lib. 3. de his et Ve 
^■Sic nliiii Ilippodamus Milesins Aris. pnlit. cap. 11. getiiim, lib. 2. cap. 3. de Aiinoiia. '^ Not to niahf 

«i v.truviUi, 1. 1. «• uU 9^ With walls of earth, .Sec. | gold, but for matters of physic. 



^WW^^?TBB«BS^i^^^^" ;.. . • L 



64 Democrlfus to the Reader 

11 arts and sciences may sooner be perfected and better learned ; and public hi? ^ 
toriographers, as amongst those ancient ^Persians, qui in commcnlarios refereian^ 
qucB memoralu digna gerebantur, informed and appointed by the state to register all 
famous acts, and not by each insufficient scribbler, partial or parasitical pedant, as in 
our times. I wdl provide public schools of all kinds, singing, dancing, fencing, Stc. 
especially of grammar and languages, not to be tauglit by tliose tetUous precepts ordi- 
narily used, but liy use, example, conversation,"* as travellers learn abroad, and nurses 
teach their children : as I will have all such places, so will 1 ordain ^public govern- 
ors, fit officers to each place, treasurers, cediles, questors, overseers of pupils, widows' 
goods, and all public houses, &c. and those once a year to make strict accounts of all 
receipts, expenses, to avoid confusion, et sicjiet ut non ahsumanl (as Pliny to Trajan,) 
quad pndeaf dicere. They shall be subordinate to those higher officers and govern- 
ors of each city, which shall not be poor tradesmen, and mean artificers, but noble- 
men and gentlemen, which shall be tied to residence in those towns they dwell 
next, at such set times and seasons: for I see no reason (wliicJi "^ Hippolitus com- 
plains of) *■' that it should be more dishonourable for noblemen to govern the city 
than the country, or unseemly to dwell there now, tlian of old. ' I will have no 
bogs, fens, marshes, vast woods, deserts, heaths, commons, but all inclosed ; (yet 
uot depopulated, and therefore take heed you mistake me not) for tliat which is 
common, and every man's, is no man's; tlie ricliest countries are still inclosed, as 
Essex, Kent, with us, &.c. Spain, haly ; and where inclosures are least in quantity, 
they are best ^ husbanded, as about Florence in Italy, Damascus in Syria, kc wliich 
are liker gardens than fields. I will not have a barren acre in all my territories, not 
so much as the tops of mountains : where nature fails, it shall be supplied by art : 
^ lakes and rivers shall not be left desolate. All common higliways, bridges, banks, 
corrivations of waters, aqueducts, channels, public works, buihhngs, &.c. out of a 
"^common stock, curiously maintained and kept in repair; no depopulations, engross- 
ings, alterations of wood, arable, but by the consent of some supervisors tliat shall 
be appointed for that purpose, to see what reformation ought to be had in all places 
what is amiss, how to help it, et quid quceque ferat regio^ et quid quceque recuset 
what ground is aptest for wood, what for corn, wiiat for cattle, gardens, orchards, 
fishponds, &.C. with a charitable division in every village, (not one domineering 
house greedily to swallow up all, which is too common with us) what for lords, 
" what for tenants ; and because they shall be better encouraged to improve such 
lands they hold, manure, plant trees, drain, fence, &c. they shall have long leases, a 
known rent, and known fine to free them from those intolerable exactions of tyran- 
nizing landlords. These supervisors shall likeAvise appoint wliat quantity of land in 
each manor is fit for the lord's demesnes, '^ what for hokhng of tenants, how it ought 
to be husbanded, ut ^' magnetis equis^Minycp gens cognita remisA\o\y \o be manured, 
tilled, rectified, 'Vi/c segetes veniunt^ illic foelicius vvce^ arhorei fceivs aJihi^ alque 
injussa virescimt Gramina^ and what proportion is fit for all callings, because private 
professors are many times idiots, ill husbands, oppressors, covetous, and know not 
how to improve, their own, or else wholly respect their own, and not public good. 

Utopian parity is a kind of government, to be wished for, '^rather than efiected, 
Respuh. Christianopolitana^ Campanellas city of the Sun, and that new Atlantis, 
witty fictions, but mere chimeras ; and Plato's community in many things is impiouS; 

Bresnniiis Josephus, lib. 21. antiqnlt. Jud. cap. 6. | l)ut since inclosure, they live decently, and have ninnej 



Herod, lib. 3. ' So Lod. Vives thinks best, Coin- 

inineus, and others. « piato 3. ile l.^g. .Ediles 

cr'eari vnll, qui fora, fontss, vias, pnrtus, plateas, et id 
penus alia prociirent. Vide Isaacuni Fontanuin de 
civ. Anistel. hffic omnia, &c. Gotarduni et alios. 
« De Increm. nrb. cap. 13. Ingeiinfi fateor nie non in- 
fellijrere cur ignobilius sit urbes bene nninitas cnjere 
nunc quiin olini. aut casa; rustics prasse qutim urbi. 
Idem Ubertus Foliot, de Nea[)()li. " Ne tanlillun! 

quidem soli incultum relinqnitiir, ut veruni sit ne po\- 
licem quidem ajjri in his regionibns sterilem aut infoe- 
nindnm reperiri. Marcus Ilemin^jias Augiistanus de 
regno Chinm, 1. 1. c. 3. « M. Carew. in his survey 



to spend (fol. 23); when their fields were common, 
their wool was coarse, Cornisii hair; but since inclo- 
sure. it is almost as good as Cotsvvol, and their soiV 
much me'ided. Tusser. cap. 52. of his liusbandry, ig 
of his opinion, one acre inclosed, is worth three com- 
mon. The country inclosed I praise ; the other (le- 
liirhteth not me, for nolliing of wealth it doth raise, <fec. 
' Incredibilis navisiorum copia, niliilo paiiciores in 
aquis, (luiim in continenti conimorantur M. l?icceu» 
e.xpedit. in Sinas, I. 1. c. 3. '"To this purpose, 

Arist. pnlit. 2. c. 6. allows a third part of tlieir reve- 
nues, Ilippodamus half. 'I Ita lex Aeraria olim 
Romte. '■-' Ilic segetes, illic veniunt ftt^icins uvie, 



of CornAvall. saith that before that country was in- I Arborei factiis alibi, aiq ; injussa virescunt Gramina 
:Iosed, the hu.-bandmen drank water, did eat little or I Vir;;. 1. Georg. '^I-ucanus, I. 6. -i »r._g 

bread, fol. 66, lib. 1. their apparel was coarse, they I is Joh. Valent Andreas, Lord Verulam 

ill bare legged, their dwelling was corres|)ondent ; ' 



TrrrTrrr^TTT- 



DcfJiGcrilus to the Reader. 65 

absurd and ridicLlous, it takes away all splendour and magnificence. I will have 
several orders, degrees of nobility, and those hereditary, not rejecting younger bro- 
thers in the mean time, for they shall be sufllciently provided ior by pensions, or so 
iiualiried, brought up in some honest calling, they shall be able to live of themselve.». 
I will have sucli a proportion of ground belonging to every barony, he that buys 
the land shall buy the barony, he that by riot consumes his patrimony, and ancient 
demesnes, shall forfeit his honours."^ As some dignities shall be hereditary, so some 
again by election, or by gift (besides free officers, pensions, annuities,) like oui 
bishoprics, prebends, the Bassa's palaces in Turkey, the ''procurator's houses and 
ollkes in Venice, which, like the golden apple, shall be given to the worthiest, and 
best deserving both in war and peace, as a reward of their worth and good service, as 
so many goals for all to aim at, [honos alit arles) and encouragements lo others 
Tor 1 hate these severe, unnatural, harsh, German, French, and Venetian decrees, 
which exclude plebeians from honours, be they never so wise, rich, virtuous, valiant, 
and well ([ualifjed, they must not be patricians, but keep their own rank, this is naiu- 
rce helluvL iiiferre^ odious to God and men, 1 abhor it. My form of government 
shall be monarchical. 

i** " iiuiKHiaiii liliprtas gratior extat, 

Quaiii sul) Reue pio." <kc. 

Few laws, but those severely kept, plainly put down, and in the mother tongue, 
that every man may understand. Every city shall have a peculiar trade or privilege, 
by which it shall be chietly maintained : '^and parents shall teach their cliildren one 
of three at least, bring up and instruct them in the mysteries of their own fia(le. In 
each town tiiese several tradesmen shall be so aptly disposed, as they shall \'ree the 
rest from danger or oflence : fire-trades, as smiths, forge-men, brewers, bakers, metal- 
men. Sic, shall dwell aj)art by themselves : dyers, tanners, felmongers, and such as 
use water in convenient places by themselves : noisome or fulsome for bad smells, as 
butchers'slaughter-houses,cliandlers, curriers, in remote places, and some back lanes. 
Fraternities and companies, I approve of, as merchants' bourses, colleges of drug- 
gists, physicians, musicians, &c., but all trades to be rated in the sale of wares, as 
our clerks of the market do bakers and brewers; corn itself, what scarcity soever 
shall come, not to extend such a price. Of such wares as are transported or brought 
in, ^^if they be necessary, commodious, and such as nearly concern man's life, as corn, 
wood, coal, &c., and such provision we cannot want, I will have little or no custom 
paid, no taxes ; but for such things as are for pleasure, delight, or ornament, as 
wme, spice, tobacco, silk, velvet, cloth of gold, lace, jewels, &c., a greater impost. 
I will have certain ships sent out for new discoveries every year, ^'and some dis- 
creet men appointed to travel into all neighbouring kingdoms by land, which shall 
observe what artificial inventions and good laws are in other countries, customs, 
alterations, or aught else, concerning war or peace, which may tend to the common 
good. Ecclesiastical discipline, penes Episcopos., subordinate as the other. No 
impropriations, no lay patrons of church livings, or one private man, but commoii 
societies, corporations, &c., and those rectors of benefices to be chosen out of the 
Universities, examined and approved, as the Jilerali in China. No parisii lo con- 
tain above a thousand auditors. If it were possible, I would have such priest as 
should imitate Christ, charitable lawyers should love their neighbours as themselves, 
temperate and modest physicians, politicians contemn the world, philost){<hers should 
know themselves, noblemen live honestly, tradesmen leave lying and cozening, 
magistrates corruption, &c., but this is impossible, I must get such as I may. 1 will 
therefore have ^^of lawyers, judges, advocates, physicians, chirurgeons. Sec, a set 
number, "and every man, if it be possible, to plead his own cause, to tell that tale 



1* So is it in tlie kinpdom of Naples and France. 
" See Conlareiius and Osorius de relnis gestis Knia- 
\uielis 'f Claiuiian I. T. '• I.ilierly never is more 

cralifj'in?; than under a pimis kinp." ''•• llorodntn.s 

Erato lii). 6. Cum iE<iypiii.s Lacedemonii in lioc ron- 



possiimus, nullum dependi vecti^al, &c -'■ Plata 

12. de lejfiiius, 40. aniios natos vult, ut ^t quid memo- 
rahile viderent apud e.xteros, hoc i|»>uui in reiupuU 
reripiatur. ■ - Simlcrii.'s in Helvetia. Uto- 

pienses rausidicos excludnnt, qui causas cailide el 



gruunt, quod eorum pra-cones, tibicines, coqni, et re- I vafre tractenl et di8|>utent. Iniquissimum (enscns 
ujui artifices, in jiaterno artificio succedunt,et coqiius \ hominem ullis oblijiari leijibus, qua* aut nuIner^)^i^lc^ 
k coquo gijrnilur. et palcrno opere perseverat. Idem sunt, quilm ut periegi queaiit, .nil ol)s( urjirt's qu&iii 
Marcus polus de Quinzay. Ident Osorius de Kmanuele i nt 4 (piovis possin? inlelligi. Voluft ui suain (lu^sq ; 
"epe F.usitano. Iliccius de Sinis. ''"IFippnl. &. ! cau.<am ai'at, eaiii.j ; referat .ludici (jiiain narraiurus 

'■tillil)M« de increm. urb. c. 20. Plato idem 7. de leui- | fueral patrono, sic miinis erit ambagum, el Veritas 
us, quae ad vitam necessaria, et quibus carere non i facilius elicielur. Mor. Ulop. 1.2. 

9 f3 



66 Democritus to the Reader. 

io the judge v';hich he doth to his advocate, as at Fez in Africa, Bantam, Alepp»», 
Ragusa, suam quisq ; causam dicere teneiur. Those advocates, chirurgeons, and 
^physicians, which are allowed to be maintained out of the ^common treasury, no 
lees to be given or taken upon pain of losing their places ; or if they do, very small 
fees, and when the ^ cause is fully ended. ^^He that sues any man shall put in a 
pledge, which if it be proved he hath wrongfully sued his adversary, rashly or 
maliciously, he shall forfeit, and lose. Or else before any suit begin, the plaintiff 
shall have his complaint approved by a set delegacy to that purpose ; if it be of 
moment he shall be suffered as before, to proceed, if otherwise they shall determine 
It. All causes shall be pleaded suppresso nomine., the parties' names concealed, if 
•some circumstances do not otherwise require. Judges and other officers shall be 
aptly disposed in each province, villages, cities, as common arbitrators to hear causes, 
and end all controversies, and those not single, but three at least on the bench at once, 
.to determine or give sentence, and those again to sit by turns or lots, and not to 
continue still in the same office. No controversy to depend above a year, but without 
all delays and further appeals to be speedily despatched, and finally concluded in 
that time allotted. These and all other inferior magistrates to be chosen ^**as the 
literati in China, or by those exact suffrages of the ^'^ Venetians, and such again not to 
be eligible, or capable of magistracies, honours, offices, except they be sufficiently 
'° qualified for learning, manners, and that by the strict approbation of deputed ex- 
aminers : '"first scholars to take place, then soldiers ; for I am of Vigetius his opin- 
ion, a scholar deserves better than a soldier, because Unius cetafis sunt qucB fortiter 
flunf, qucB vera pro utilitate Reipub. scribuntur^ cpterna : a soldier's work lasts for an 
age, a scholar's for ever. If they '^^ misbehave themselves, they shall be deposed, and 
accordingly punished, and whether their offices be annual ^or otherwise, once a year 
they shall be called in question, and give an account ; for men are partial and pas- 
sionate, merciless, covetous, corrupt, subject to love, hate, fear, favour, Stc, omTie 
sub regno graviore regnum : like Solon's Areopagites, or those Roman Censors, 
some shall visit others, and ^ be visited inviccm themselves, ''Uhey shall oversee that 
no prowling officer, under colour of authority, shall insult over his inferiors, as so 
many wild beasts, oppress, domineer, flea, grind, or trample on, be partial or corrupt, 
but that there be cequabile jus, justice equally done, live as friends and brethren 
together; and which ^"^Sesellius would have and so much desires in his kingdom of 
France, " a diapason and sweet harmony of kings, princes, nobles, and plebeians so 
mutually tied and involved in love, as well as laws and authority, as that they never 
disagree, insult, or encroach one upon another." If any man deserve well in his 
office he shall be rewarded. 

"quis eniin virtutem amplectitur ipsam, 

Proemia si lollas ?" 37 

He that invents anything for public good in any art or science, writes a treatise, ^^or 
performs any noble exploit, at home or abroad, ^^ shall be accordingly enriched^ 
^"honoured, and preferred. I say with Hannibal in Ennius, Hostem quifcriet erit mihi 
Carthaginensis, let him be of what condition he will, in all offices, actions, he that 
deserves best shall have host. 

Tilianus in Philonius, out of a charitable mind no doubt, wished all his books 
were gold and silver, jewels and precious stones, '*'to redeem captives, set free 



24 Medici ex publico victiim sumunt. Boter. 1. 1. c. 5. 
de ^irypiiis. ■^'' De his lege Patrit. 1. 3. tit. 8. de 

leip. Instit. '^^ Nihil k clientibiis patroni accipiant, 

'pria-ii'i'^m !is fitiita est. Barcl. Ar!i:en. lib 3. -' It 



years, Arist. poiit. 5. c. 8. 3^ Nam quis custodiet 

ipsos ciistodes "? ^scytreus in Greisueia. Qui non 

ex sublimi despiciant inferiores, nee 'it bestias concul- 
cent sihi subditos auctoritatis nomiiii, confisi, &;g. 



is so in in(),-;t free i ities in Germany. "^Mat. Ric- aegesgiijas ^q rep. Galloruin, lib. 1 & 2. a; "For 

icius exped. in Siiias, 1 1. c. 5. de examinatione elec- [ who would cultivate virtue itself, if you were to take 
tionurn copiDsd auit, &;c. -'•* Contar. de repub. Ve- away the reward 1" ss gj quisegregium rut be'lo 

net. !. 1. tuOisor. 1. 11. de reb. gest. Eman. Qui aut pace perfecerit. Sesel. 1. 1. ^a Ad regendaui 

in Uteris nriximos proirressus fecerint maximis hono- rempub. soli literati admittuntur, nee ad earn rem 
ribus affii-iuntur, secundus honoris gradus militil.us gratia magistratuum aut regis indigent, omnia explo- 
assiffn;itur, posiremi ordinis niechanicis, doctoruui rata cnjusq ; scientia et virtute pendent. Riccius lib, 
hominuiii judiciis in altiorem locum quisq ; prsesertur, [ 1. cap 5. 4" In defuncti locum eum jussit subro- 

el qui a piurimis app'obatur, ampliores in rep. digni- I pari, qui inter majores Tirtute reliquis prsRiret ; non 
tales consequiMir Qui in hoc examine primas habet, | fuit apud mortaleg ullum e.\cel!eiitius certanien, aut 
insigni i)er totnrn vitam dignitate insignitiir, marchioni cujus victoria niagis esset expetenda, non enim inter 
Bimilis, aut duci apud nos. s' Cedant armatogje. celeres,celerrimo, non inter robustos robtistissimo, &c. 

*"^ As in Heme, Lucerne, Friburge in Switzerland, a • 4' Nullum videres vel in hac vel in vicinis regionibuii 
viciniis liver is ancapable of any oflfice ; if a Senator, pauperem, nullum obaeratum, &c. 
•AnBtantly depcsed. Sim'erus. 33 Not above three 



DemocrittLs to the Reader. 67 

prisoners, and relieve all poor distressed souls that wanted mfans ; religiously done.. 
I deny not, but to what purpose ? Suppose this were so well done, within a littlo 
after, though a man had Croesus' wealth to bestow, there would be as many more 
Wherefore I will suffer no ''^beggars, rogues, vagabonds, or idle persons at all, thai 
cannot give an account of their lives how they ^maintain themselves. If they be im- 
potent, lame, blind, and single, they shall be sufficiently maintained in several hos- 
pitals, built for that purpose; if married and infirm, past work, or by inevitable los*. 
or some such like misfortune cast behind, by distribution of ''Vorn, house-rent free, 
annual pensions or money, they shall be relieved, and highly rewarded for their good 
service they have formerly done; if able, they shall be enforced to work. '^^"For I 
see no reason (as ""^he said) why an epicure or idle drone, a rich glutton, a usurer, 
should live at ease, and do nothing, live in honour, in all manner of pleasures, and 
oppress others, when as in the meantime a poor labourer, a smith, a carpenter, an 
husbandman that hath spent his time in continual labour, as an ass to carry burdens, 
to do the commonwealth good, and without whom we cannot live, shall be left in 
his old age to beg or starve, and lead a miserable life worse than a jument." As 
*'all conditions shall be tied to their task, so none shall be overtired, but have theii 
set times of recreations and holidays, indulgere gcnio^ feasts and mei-ry meetings, even 
to the meanest artificer, or basest servant, once a week to sing or dance, (though not 
all at once) or do whatsoever he shall please; like "^that Saccarum feshnn amongst 
the Persians, those Saturnals in Rome, as well as his master. ''^ If any be drunk, hie 
shall drink no more wine or strong drink in a twelvemonth after. A bankrupt shall 
be '^Calademiatus in Am/phltheatro., publicly shamed, and he that cannot pay his 
debts, if by riot or negligence he have been impoverished, shall be for a twelve- 
month imprisoned, if in that space his creditors be not satisfied, ^' he shall be hanged. 
He ^^that commits sacrilege shall lose his Iia.ids ; he th&t bears false witness, or is 
of perjury convicted, shall have his tongue cut out, except he redeem it with his 
head. Murder, ^^ adultery, shall be punished by death, ^^but not theft, except it be 
some more grievous offence, or notorious offenders : otherwise they shall be con- 
demned to the galleys, mines, be his slaves whom they have offended, during their 
lives. I hate all hereditary slaves, and that duram Persamm legem.) as ^^Brisonius 
calls it; or as "'^ Ammianvs., imvendio formidatas et ahominandas leges., per quas oh 
noxam unius., omnis propinquitas peril hard law that wife and children, friends and 
allies, should suffer for tlie father's offence. 

JSTo man shall marry until he ^'^be 25, no woman till she be 20, ^^nisi alitur dis- 
pensafum fuerit. If one ^'^die, the other party shall not marry till six months after ; 
and because many families are compelled to live niggardly, exhaust and undone 
by great dowers, ^none shall be given at all, or very little, and that by supervisors 
rated, they that are foul shall have a greater portion ; if fair, none at all, or very 
little: ^'howsoever not to exceed such a rate as those supervisors shall think fit. 
And when once they come to those years, poverty shall hinder no man frona 
marriage, or any other respect, ^^but all shall be rather enforced than hindered. 



« NiiIIus mendicus apiid Sinas, netnini sano qiiam- ' septennis puer. Paulus Ifeiizner Itiner. ^s Athe- 

vis oculis turhatus sit metidicare perinittitur, oiiines naeiis, I. 12. ^''Simlerus de repub. Helvef. 

pro viribus laboraie, coguiitiir, cfEci inolis ttusatilibus sogpartian. olim Romie sic. '"He that provideH 

versandis addiciintur, soli hospitiis gaiident, qui ad not for his family, is worse than a thief. Paul, 
labores sunt iriepti. Osor. 1. II. de reb. gest. Einan. ( ^^ Alfredi lex. uiraq ; nianus et lingua pra-cidatur, nisi 
Heining. de reg. Chin. 1. 1 c. 3. Gotard. Arth. Orient. ' eani capite redemerit. ^s Si quis nupiain stupr^- 

Iiid. descr. « Alex, ab Alex. 3. c. 12. ■" Sic rit, virga virilis ei |)ra;ciditur ; si niulier, nasus et aur 

o"it>i Roniae Isaac. Pi Mian, de his optinie. Anistol. ricula prfficidatur, Alfredi lex. En leges ipsi Veneri 
1.2. c. 9. 4ildeni Aristot- pol. 5. c. 8. Vitiosuni Martiq; timeiidas. f'l Tauperes non |»eccant, quum 

»jinim soli pau[)eriiin liheri educantnr ad labores, no- extrenia necessitate coacti rem alienani capiunt. Mal- 
biliutn et divitum in voluplatiliiis et deliciis. ^<^ Qu;e donat. suinmula quffist. 8. art. 3. Ego cum illis senlio 
hffc injuslitia ni nobilis quispiam, aut fffiiierator qui qui licere putant ^ divite clam accipere, qui tenelu)! 
nihil agat, lautam et splendidaui vitam agat, olio et pauperi subvenire. Emmaimel Sa Aphor. tonfcs:?. 
delitiis, quum interim auriga faber, agricola, quo res- s6 Lib. 2. de Reg. Persaruni. f* Lib. 24. *^ Alitci 
pub. carere tion potest, vitaui adeo miseram ducat, ut Aristoteles. a nian at 25, a woman at 20. polil", 
pejor quam jumentorum sit ejus condiliol Iniqua "i i,ex «Slim Licurgi, hodie Chineiisium ; vide Plutarch- 
resp. qua- dat parasitis, adulaloribus. inanium volup- um, Riccium, Hemminginm, Arniseum, Nevisanunj, 
IJitnm artificibus jrenerosis et otiosis tanta mnnera et alios de hac quwstione. ^''Alfredus. «o Ajuid 
p/odigit, at conir^ aiiricolis, carbonariis, aurigis, fa- ; Lacones olim virgines fine dote niibebant. Boier. 1. 3. 
bris, &c. nihil prospicit. sed eoriim abusa labno flo- \ c. 3. 6' Lege cautiim nf)n ita priflem apud Veiierns, 
rentis jetatis fame penset eta;rnmnis, Mor. IJU-p. I. 2. ne quis Patrilius doieui excederet ISOOcoron. «• Bus. 
<7 In Segovia nemo otiosus, nemo mendicus nisi per i Sjnag. Jud. Sic .Judtpi. Leo Afer Africie descripi n« 
Ktatem aut morbnm opus facere nou potest : nulli i pint aliler incominentes ob reipub. bonum. Ut Au. 
deest iinde victum qua?rat, aut quo se exerceat. Cypr. gasl. C»sar. orat. ad cffilibes Romanes olim edocuit. 
Lthovius Delit. Hispan. Nullus Genevie otiosus, ne 1 



.JJ.Af..A^ Mi 



68 Democritus to the Reader. 

•^except they be ^Vlismembered, or grievously deformed, infirm, or visited with some 
enormous hereditary disease, in body or mind ; in such cases upon a great pain, 
■yv mulct, ^^ man or woman shall not marry, other order shall be taken tor them to 
their content. If people overabound, they shall be eased by ^^ colonies. 

•^'No man shall wear weapons in any city. The same attire shall be kept, and 
that proper to several callings, by which they shall be distinguished. ^^Luxusfune- 
rum shall be taken away, that intempestive expense moderated, and many others. 
Brokers, takers of pawns, biting usurers, I will not admit ; yet because hie cum 
hominibus non cum diis agitur^ we converse here with men, not with gods, and for 
the hardness of men's hearts I will tolerate some kind of usury .^^ If we were honest, 
I confess, si yrobi esse?nus^ we should have no use of it, but being as it is, we must 
necessarily admit it. Howsoever most divines contradict it, dicimus injicias, sed vox 
ea sola rcperfa cst^ it must be winked at by politicians. And yet some great d tctors 
approve of it, Calvin, Bucer, Zanchius, P. Martyr, because by so many grand law- 
yers, decrees of emperors, princes' statutes, customs of commonwealths, churches' 
approbations it is permitted, &c. J will therefore allow it. But to no private persons, 
nor to every man that will, to orphans only, maids, widows, or such as by reason 
of their age, sex, education, ignorance of trading, know not otherwise how to em- 
ploy if, and those so approved, not to let it out apart, but to bring their money to a 
•"common bank which shall be allowed in every city, as in Genoa, Geneva, Nurem- 
berg, Venice, at " 5, 6, 7, not above 8 per centum, as the supervisors, or cerarii jira- 
fecti shall think fit. ^^ And as it shall not be lawful for each man to be an usurer 
that will, so shall it not be lawful for all to take up money at use, not to prodigals 
and spendthrifts, but to merchants, young tradesmen, such as stand in need, or know 
honestly how to employ it, whose necessity, cause and condition the said super- 
visors shall approve of. 

I will have no private monopolies, to enrich one man, and beggar a multitude, 
■"multiplicity of offices, of supplying by deputies, weights and measures, the same 
throughout, and those rectified by the Primum mobile^ and sun's motion, three- 
score miles to a degree according to observation, 1000 geometrical paces to a mile, 
five foot to a pace, twelve inches to a foot, &.c. and from measures known it is an 
easy matter to rectify weights, &c. to cast up all, and resolve bodies by algebra, 
stereometry. I hate wars if they be not ad populi salutem, upon urgent occasion, 
""*''" odimus accipifrim., quia semper vivit in armis^'''' '^^ offensive wars, except the cause 
be very just, I will not allow of. For I do highly magnify that saying of Hannibal 
to Scipio, in ^^Livy, " It had been a blessed thing for you and us, if God had given 
that mind to our predecessors, that you had been content with Italy, we with Africa. 
For neither Sicily nor Sardinia are worth such cost and pains, so many fleets and 
armies, or so many famous Captains' lives." Omnia prius tenfanda^ fair means shall 
first be tried. '^'' Peragit tranquilla poteslas, Quod violent.a nequit. I will have them 
proceed with all moderation : but hear you, Fabius my general, not Minutius, nam 
''^qui ConsiUo nititur plus hostibus nocef^ quam qui sini animi ratione^ viribus : 
And in such wars to obstain as much as is possible from ''^depopulations, burning of 
towns, massacreing of infants, &tc. For defensive wars, I will have forces still ready 
at a small warning, by land and sea, a prepared navy, soldiers in procincfu^ et quam 
^^Bonjinius apud Hungaros suos vult, virgam ferream, and money, which is nerves 

63 Mo r bo lahorans, qui in prolem facile diffiinditur, dearer, and better improved, as he hath judiciaMy 

ne genus huiiianum fceda contagione ladalur, juven- proved in his tract of usury, exhibited to the Puriia- 

tute castralur, mulieres tales procul 4 consortio viro- ment anno 1621. "Hoc fere Zanchius com. in 4 

Tum ablegantiir, &c. Hector Boeihius hist. lib. 1. de cap. ad Ephes. sequissimam vocat usiiram, et charitati 

vet. Scotorum moribus. «* Speciosissimi juvenes Christians consentaneam. modo non exigant, &c. nee 

libtri.=» dabunt operam. Plato 5. de iegibus. eaxhe omnes dent ad fcenus, sed ii qui in pecuniis bona ha- 

f'lxons exclude dumb, blind, leprous, and such like bent, et ob fftatem, sexuni, arlis alicujus ignorantiam, 

persons from all inheritance, as we do fools. ^euj uo^ possunt uti. Nee omnibus, sed mercatoribus et 

olim Homani, Hispani hodie, &c. «' Riccius lib. 11. iis qui honeste impendent, Sec. "•' idem apud Per- 

cap. 5. de Sinarum. expedit. sic Hispani coL'unt Mau- sas olim, lege Brisonium. ">*" We hate the hawk, 

ros arma de|)onere. So it is in most Italian cities, because he always lives in battle." ''• Idem Plato 

«" Idem Plato 12. de legibus, it hath ever been immode- de legibus. "•* Lib. 30. Optimum quidem fuerat 

rate, vide Guil. Stuckium antiq. convival. lib. 1. cap. 26. eam patribus nostris mentem a diis datam esse, ut vo.«i 

•' I'lalo 9. de legibus. ■"> As those Lombards beyond Italia;, nos Africte imperio contenti essemtjs. Neqne 

«<(!as, though with some reformation, mons pietalis, or enim Sicilia aul Sardinia satis digna precio simi pro 

niiik of chariry, as Malines terms it, cap. 33. Lax tot classibus, &c. '' Claudian. ''f 'I nucid'des. 

riHTcai. part 2. that lend money upon easy pawn.', or ''-'A depopulatione, aerorum iiicendiis, ei vj-.s'no*!! 

take money upon adveii'ure for men's lives. "That factis inimanibus. Piilo. ''"nuinjar. dec 1. 

nruportion will make merchandise increase, land lib 9 



Dcmocritus to the Reader. 



69 



helli^ sti.i in a readiness, and a sufficient revenue, a third part as in old ^'Ronie and 
Egypt, reserved for the commonwealth ; to avoid those heavy taxes and iinposi lions 
as well to defray this charge of wars, as also all other public defalcations, expenses 
ff.'es, pensions, reparations, chaste sports, feasts, donaries, rewards, and entertainment 
AW things in this nature especially 1 will have maturely done, and with great ^^deli- 
/)eiation : ne quid ^'^temere., ne quid rcmisse ac timide fiat ; Scd quo fcror hospes. f 
To prosecute the rest would require a volume. Mamini de tabcUa., J have been 
over tedious in this subject ; I could have here willingly ranged, but these straits 
wherein I am included will not permit. 

From commonwealths and cities, I will descend to families, which have as many 
corsives and molestations, as frequent discontents as the rest. Great affinity therw 
is betwixt a political and economical body ; they differ only in magnitude and pro- 
portion of business (so Scaliger^" writes) as they have both likely the same period, a^ 
^^Bodin and °^Peucer hold, out of Plato, six or seven hundred years, so many times 
they have the same means of their vexation and overthrows; as namely, riot, a com- 
mon ruin of both, riot in building, riot in profuse spending, riot in apparel, &c. be 
it in what kind soever, it produceth the same effects. A ^'^ corographer of ours 
speaking obiter of ancient families, why they are so frequent in the north, continue 
so long, are so soon extinguished in the south, and so few, gives no other reason 
but this, hnms omnia dissipavit^ riot hath consumed all, fine clothes and curious 
buildings came into this island, as he notes in his annals, not so many years since ; 
non sine dispendio hospitalitatis^ to the decay of hospitality. Howbeit many times 
that word is mistaken, and under the name of bounty and hospitality, is shrowded 
riot and prodigality, and that which is commendable in itself well used, hath been 
mistaken heretofore, is become by his abus^^, the bane and utter ruin of nmny a noble 
family. For some men live like the rich glutton, consuir.ing themselves and their 
substance by continual feasting and invitations, with ^^\xilon in Homer, keep open 
house for all comers, giving entertainment to such as visit them, ^^ keeping a table 
beyond their means, and a company of idle servants (though not so frequent as of 
old) are blown up on a sudden ; and as Act£eon was by his hounds, devoured by 
their kinsmen, friends, and multitude of followers, ^it is a wonder that Faulus 
Jovius relates of our northern countries, what an infinite deal of meat we consume 
on our tables ; that I rri'.>' truly say, 'tis not bounty, not hospitality, as it is often 
abused, but riot and excess, gluttony and prodigality ; a mere vice ; it brings in debt, 
want, and beggary, herediiary diseases, consumes their fortunes, and overthrows the 
good temperature of their bodies. To this I might here well add their inordinate 
expense in building, those fantastical houses, turrets, walks, parks, &c. gaming, excess 
of pleasure, and that prodigious riot in apparel, by which means they are compelled 
to break up house, and creep into holes. Seselli.'is in his commonwealth of ''' France, 
gives three reasons why the French nobility were so frequently bankrupts : " First, 
because they had so many law-suits and contentions one upon another, which were 
tedious and costly ; by which means it came to pass, that commonly lawyers bought 
them out of their possessions A second cause was their riot, they lived beyond 
their means, and were therefore swallowed up by m(;rchants." (La Nove, a French 
writer, yields five reasons of his countrymen's poverty, to the same effect almost, and 
thinks verily if the gentry of France were divide^ into ten parts, eigiit of them would 
be found much impaired, by sailes, mortgages, and debts, or wholly sunk in their 
estates.) '•'' The last was immodt rate excess in apparel, which consumed their reve- 
nues." How this concerns and agrees with our present state, look you. But of this 
elsewhere. As it is in a man's body, if either head, heart, stomach, liver, spleen, or any 
one part be misaflected, all the rest suffer with it : so is it with this economical body 



8' Sesellius, lib. 2. de repub. Gal. valde enim est in- 
decoiuiri, nbi quod prseter opimonein accidit dicere, 
Non piitaram, presertini si res prscaveri potueril. 
Liviiis, lib. 1. Dion. lib. 2. Dindorus Siculus, lib. 2.— 
"^ Peragit tranqiiilla potestas, Qnod violenta nequit.— 
Claudian. e^MJelluin nee linienduiii iiec jirovocan- 

<lum. Plir.. Panepyr. Trajano. "'Lib. 3. poet. 

rap. 19. tioLib. 4. de repub. cap. 2. 8«Peuc.er. 

lib. 1. de divinat. *"'• Camden in Cheshire. «" Iliad. 
6. lib. «9 Vide Puteani Comum, Goclenium de por- 



tentosis coenis nostrorum teniporum. wjyijrabile 

dict'.i est, quantum opsoniorum una doinus singulis 
diebus al)suiiiat, siernuntur niensje in oiinies pene 
horas calentibus semper eduliis. Descrip. Hritaii. 
y Lib. 1. de rep. Gallonim ; quod tot litea et causw 
forenscs, aliiK ferantur ex aliis, in immensiiin prodii- 
cantur, et niasnos sumptus requirant unde fit ut jnrii 
administri plerunique iiobiliuni possession's adqiii- 
rant, tuni quod sumptuos6 vivant, et i mercaioribuH 
absorbentur et splendissinid vestiantur, &c. 



^^^ 



70 Democritus to the Reader. 

If the liead be naught, a spendthrift, a drunkard, a whoremaster, a gamester, liovv 
shall the family live at ease ? ^^Ipsa si cupiat salus servare^ prorsus, non potest hanc 
familiam^ as Demea said in the comedy. Safety herself cannot save it. A good, hon- 
est, painful man many times hath a shrew to his wife, a sickly, dishonest, slothful, 
foolish, careless woman to his mate, a proud, peevish flirt, a liquorish, prodigal quean, 
lind by that means all goes to ruin : or if they differ in nature, he is thrifty, she 
spends all, he wise, she sottish and soft; what agreement can there be? what friend- 
ship ? Like that of the thrush and swallow in Jilsop, instead of mutual love, kind 
compellations, whore and thief is heard, they fling stools at one another's heads. 
^^Quce inteinperies vexat hanc famiUam? AW enforced marriages commonly pro- 
duce such effects, or if on their behalfs it be well, as to live and agree lovingly 
together, they may have disobedient and unruly children, that take ill courses to 
disquiet them,^^ " their son is a thief, a spendthrift, their daughter a whore ;" a step 
^^ mother, or a daughter-in-law distempers all f^ or else for want of means, many 
torturers arise, debts, dues, fees, dowries, jointures, legacies to be paid, annuities 
issuing out, by means of which, they have not wherewithal to maintain themselves 
in that pomp as their predecessors have done, bring up or bestow their children to 
their callings, to their birth and quality ,^^ and will not descend to their present for- 
tunes. Oftentimes, too, to aggravate the rest, concur many other inconveniences, 
unthankful friends, decayed friends, bad neighbours, negligent servants ^^servi fu- 
races^ Vcrsipelles^ callidi^ occlusa sibi millc clavlhus rcserant^ fartimque ; raptant, 
consimiunl^ I'lguriunt ; casualties, taxes, mulcts, chargeable offices, vain expenses, 
entertainments, loss of stock, enmities, emulations, frequent invitations, losses, surety- 
ship, sickness, death of friends, and that which is the gulf of all, improvidence, ill, 
husbandry, disorder and confusion, by which means they are drenched on a sudden 
in their estates, and at unawares precipitated insensibly into an inextricable labyrinth, 
of debts, cares, woes, want, grief, discontent and melancholy itself. 

I have done with families, and will now briefly run over some few sorts and con- 
ditions of men. The most secure, happy, jovial, and merry in the world's esteem 
are princes and great men, free from melancholy : but for their cares, miseries, sus- 
picions, jealousies, discontents, folly and madness, I refer you to Xenophon's Tyran- 
nus, where king Hieron discourseth at large with Simonides the poet, of this subject. 
Of all others they are most troubled with perpetual fears, anxieties, insomuch, that 
as he said in '^Valerius, if thou knewest with what cares and miseries this robe were 
stuffed, thou wouldst not stoop to take it up. Or put case they be secure and free 
from fears and discontents, yet they are void '°°of reason too oft, and precipitate in, 
their actions, read all our histories, quos de stuUis prod'idere stuUi, Iliades, ^Eneides. 
Annales, and what is the subject ? 

" .Stultorum regiuii, et populorum conlinet Eestus." I '^^^ -'^^^^ tumults aud the foolish rage 

I Of kings and people. 

How mad they are, how furious, and upon small occasions, rash and inconsiderate 
in their proceedings, how they doat, every page almost will witness, 



"delirant reges, piectuntur Achivi." 



When doting monarchs urse 



Unsound resolves, their subjects feel the scourge. 

Next in place, next in miseries and discontents, in all manner of hair-brain actions, 
are great men, procul a Jove^procul a fuhnine^ the nearer the worse. If they live 
in court, they are up and down, ebb and flow with their princes' favours. Ingenium 
vid/u stdtque cadUque suo, now aloft, to-morrow down, as 'Polybius describes them, 
'^ like so many casting counters, now of gold, to-morrow of silver, that vary in 
worth as the computant will ; now they stand for units, to-morrow for thousands 
now before all, and anon behind.'' Beside, they torment one another with mutua. 
factions, emulations : one is ambitious, another enamoured, a third in debt, a prodigal, 
overruns his fortunes, a fourth solicitous with cares, gets nothing, &c. But for these 
men's discontents, anxieties, I refer you to Lucian's Tract, de mercede con4ucfis, 

02Ter. MAmphit. Plant. 9' Paling. Filius 9«Plautus Aulular. 99 Lib. 7. cap. 6. oo peJ 

aut fur. s^Catus cum mure, duo galii simul in litur in hellis sapientia, vigeritur res. Vetua >rover- 

icde, Et glotes bins nunquam vivunt sine lite, bium, aut regem aut fatuum nasci oportere. 'Lib 

«' lies angusta domi. '■>' When pride and beggary ! 1. hist. Rom. similes a. bacculorum calculis, serundum 

meet in a family, they roar and h( wl, and cause as i computantis arbilrium, mode) aerei sunt, mod5 aurei; 
many flashes of di.-icontenta, as fire and water, when ' ad nutum regis nunc beati sunt nunc miseri. 
♦hey concu', make thunder-clai •. in the skies, i 



Vemocntus to the Reader. 7T" 

JEncas Sylvius (liUd'inis et stultitice servos^ he calls them), Agrippa, and many 
others. 

Of philosophers and scholars priscce sapientice. dlcfatores, I have already spoken in 
general terms, those superintendents of wit and learning, men above men, those refined 
men, minions of the muses, 

3 "mentemque habere qudis bonam 

Et esse* corculis daiuni est." 

^These acute and subtile sophisters, so much honoured, have as much need of 

hellebore as others. ^O mcdici viediam pertundite venam. Read Lucian's 

Piscator, and tell how he esteemed them ; Agrippa's Tract of the vanity of Sciences ; 
nay read their own works, their absurd tenets, prodigious paradoxes, et risum tcnfa- 
tis amicif You shall find that of Aristotle true, nullum magnum ingcnivm sine 
mixtara dementicB., they have a worm as well as others ; you shall find a fantastical 
strain, a fustian, a bombast, a vain-glorious humour, an afiected style, Stc, like a 
prominent thread in an uneven woven cloth, run parallel throughout their works. And 
they that teach wisdom, patience, meekness, are the veriest dizards, hairbrains, and 
m.os* discontent. "^'^ In the multitude of wisdom is grief, and he that increaseth wis- 
dom, Uicreaseth sorrow." I need not quote mine author; they that laugli and contemn 
others, condemn tlie world of folly, deserve to be mocked, are as giddy-headed, and 
lie as open as any other. "^Democritus, that common fiouter of folly, was ridiculous 
himself, barking Menippus, scoffing Lucian, satirical Lucilius, Petronius, Varro, Per- 
sius, &.C., may be censured with the rest, Loripedcm rectus derideat., /Elhiopein al- 
bus. Bale, Erasmus, Hospinian, Vives, Kemnisius, explode as a vast ocean of obs 
and sols, school divinity. ^A labyrinth of intricable questions, unprofitable conten- 
tions, incredibilcju delirationem^ one calls it. If school divinity be so censured,. sm^ 
tilis ^^'Scolus lima verifatis., Occam irrefragahiliSj cujus ingcnium Vetera omnia 
ingeuia. siibvertif^ &c. Baconthrope, Dr. Resolutus, and Corculum Theolgicp^ Thomas 
himself, Doctor " Seraphicus, cui dictavit Jingelus^ &.c. What shall become of hu- 
manity ? Jlrs stulta^ what can she plead ? what can her followers say for themselves ^ 
Much learning, ^^ cere-dbninuit-brum., hath cracked their sconce, and taken such root, 
that tribus Anticyris caput insanabile., hellebore itself can do no good, nor that re- 
nowned '^lanthorn of Epictetus, by which if any man studied, he should be as wise 
as he was. But all will not serve ; rhetoricians, in ostentationem loquacitatis multa 
agitant^i out of their volubility of tongue, will talk much to no purpose, orators 
can persuade other men what they will, quo volant., unde volunt^ move, pacify, &.C., 
but cannot settle their own brains, what saith Tully ? Malo indisertam prjulcntiam^ 
quam loquacem stultitiam ; and as '^Seneca seconds him, a wise man's oration should 
not be polite or solicitous. '^Fabius esteems no better of most of them, either in 
speech, action, gesture, than as men beside themselves, insanos declamatores ; so 
doth Gregory, JVoji mild sapit qui sermone., sed qui factis sapit. Make the best of 
him, a good orator is a turncoat, an evil man, bonus orator pessimus vir., his tongue 
is set to sale, he is a mere voice, as '*" he said of a nightingale, dat sine mente sonum^ 
an hyperbolical liar, a flatterer, a parasite, and as '^Ammianus Marcellinus will, a 
corrupting cozener, one that doth more mischief by his fair speeches, than he that 
bribes by money ; for a man may with more facility avoid him that circumvents by 
money, than him that deceives with glozing terms; which made '^Socrates so much 
abhor and explode them. '^Fracastorius, a famous poet, freely grants all poets to be 
mad; so doth ^Scaliger ; and who doth not ? Jlut insanit homo^ aut versus facit (He's 
mad or making verses), Hor. Sat. vii. 1. 2. Insanire lubet^ i. versus componere. Virg 
3 Eel.; so Servius interprets it, all poets are mad, a company of bitter satirists, 
detractors, or else parasitical applauders : and what is poetry itself, but as Austin 
holds, Vinum erroris ab ebriis doctoribus propinatum ? You may give that censure 

2 .^rumnosique Solones in Sa. 3. De miser, curia- sapientiam adipiscetur. J* Epist. 21. 1. lib. Non 

fiuni. 3 F. Uou?£B Epid. lib. 1. c. 13. •> Hoc oportet oralioiiem sapientis es?epnlitain aut soli>iiaiii. 



tognoniento cohonestati Roiiiip, qui ca;ieros mortales 
sapientid prffistareiit, testis Plin. lib. 7. cap. 34. = In- 
sanire parant certa ratione niodoque mad by the hook 
they, &c e.luvenal. "O Physicians f open the 

middle vein." ^ Solomon. " Communis irri- 

Kor stultitia;. 9 Wit whither wall 'oScaliger 

exerntat. 3*^}. n Vii. ejus. 12 Enni' s. »3l»- 
'lan Tei mille drachmis dim empla; studens inde 



Lib. 3. cap. 13. multo anheiitu jactatione furentes 
pectus, frontem casdentes, &c. "■ Lipsius, voces 

sunt, practerea nihil. '^ Lib. 30. plus mali facere 

vidftur qui oratione quim qui pr.Ttio quemvis cor- 
rumpit: nam,&c. '"InGorg. Platonis. -Jlu 

naugerio. -0 gj furor sit Lyaeus, &c. quotics furiv 

furit, furit, amans, bibens, et Poeta, &c. 



!W«1P^"^-^^ 



72 



iJemocritus to the Reader. 



of them in general, which Sir Thomas More once did of Gennanub Brixius' pofjiw 
in ])articular. 

** vehiintur 

In rate stultitise sylvam habitant FuriEe."2i 

BudcEUS, in an epistle of his to Lupsetus, will have civil law to be the tower of 
wisdom ; another honours physic, the quintessence of nature ; a third tumbles them 
both down, and sets up the flag of his own peculiar science. Your supercilious 
critics, grammatical triflers, note-makers, curious antiquaries, find out all the ruins 
of wit, ineptlarum deUcias^ amongst the rubbish of old writers ; ^Pro siultis haheni 
nisi aJiquid siifficiani invenire. quod in aliorum scriptis vertant vitio^ all fools with 
them that cannot find fault; they correct others, and are hot in a cold cause, puzzle 
themselves to find out how many streets in Rome, houses, gates, towers. Homer's 
country, ^neas's mother, Niobe's daughters, an Sappho puhlica fuerit f ovum ^^prius 
ixtitcrit an gallina ! &c. et alia qucE dediscenda essent scire, si scires, as ^''Seneca 
holds. What clothes the senators did wear in Rome, what shoes, how they sat, 
where they went to the closestool, how many dishes in a mess, what sauce, which 
5br the present for an historian to relate, ^^ according to Lodovic. Vives, is very 
ridiculous, is to them most precious elaborate stufl^, they admired for it, and as proud, 
as triumphant in the meantime for this discovery, as if they had won a city, or con- 
quered a province ; as rich as if they had found a mine of gold ore. Quosvis aucto- 
res ahsiirdis commentis suis percacant et slercoranf, one saith, they bewray and daub 
a company of books and good authors, with their absurd comments, correc/orwm ster- 
quilinia ^^Scaliger calls them, and show their wit in censuring others, a company of 
foolish note-makers, humble-bees, dors, or beedles, inter sterdora utplurimvm versan- 
tur, they rake over all those rubbish and dunghills, and prefer a manuscript many 
times before the Gospel itself, ^'^ thesaurum criticum, before any treasure, and with their 
delcaturs, alii legunt sic, mevs codex sic habet, with their postremce editiones, anno- 
tations, castigations, &c. make books dear, themselves ridiculous, and do nobody 
good, yet if any man dare oppose or contradict, they are mad, up in arms on a sud- 
den, how many sheets are written in defence, how bitter invectives, what apologies } 
^^Epiphillcdes hce sunt ut merce migm. But I dare say no more of, for, with, or 
against them, because I am liable to their lash as well as others. Of these and the 
rest of our artists and philosophers, I will generally conclude they are a kind of 
madmen, as ^^ Seneca esteems of them, to make doubts and scruples, how to read 
them truly, to mend old authors, but will not mend their own lives, or teach us ingevia 
sanare, memoriam ojiciorum ingerere, ac /idem in rebus humanis retinere, to keep 
our wits in order, or rectify our manners. JYumquid tibi demens videtur, si istis 
operam impenderit f Js not he mad that draws lines with Archimedes, whilst his 
house is ransacked, and his city besieged, when the whole world i^ in combustion, 
or we whilst our souls are in danger, {niors sequitur, vitafugit) to spend our time 
in toys, idle questions, and things of no worth ? 

That ^"lovers are mad, I think no man will deny, ^mare si?nul et sapere, ipsi Jovi 
non datur, Jupiter himself cannot intend both at once. 

31" Non ben6 conveniiiiit, nee in'un^ sede morantur 
Majestas et amor." 

Tully, when he was invited to a second marriage, replied, he could not si 7nnl amare 
et snpcre be wise and love both together. ^^Est orcus ille, vis est immedicabilis, est 
'■^abics insana, love is madness, a hell, an incurable disease ; inpotentem et insanam 
''ibidinem ^'Seneca calls it, an impotent and raging lust. I shall dilate this sub- 
ject apart; in the meantime let lovers sigh out the rest. 

^^ Nevisanus the lawyer holds it for an axiom, " most women are fools," ^^ consilium 
fctminis invalidum ; Seneca, men, be they young or old ; who doubts it, youth is 
mad as Elius in Tully, Sfulfi adoUscentuU, old age little better, deliri scnes, &c. 
Theophrastes, in the 107th year of his age, '^said he then began to be to wise, turn 



21 "They are borne in the bark of folly, and dwell 
in the grove of madness." 2-! Morns tltop. lib. 11. 

iaMicrob. Satur. 7. 16. 24Epist. 16. 20 Lib. 

iAe. caiisis corrup. artium. "^lAb.^. in Ausonium, 

cap. 19 et 32. ^^ Edit. 7. volnm. Jano Qntero. 

'" VriPtophanis Ranis. -'■'lAb de beneficiis. 

*«»Pcliriis et ameii« dicatur nier* Hor. Seneca. 



31 Ovid. Met. " Majesty and Love do not agree well, 
nor dwell together." ^'^ Plutarch. Aniatorio est 

amor insanus. 33 Epist. 39. s^gyivas nupti- 

alis, 1. 1. num. 11. Onines mulieres ut plnrin)um 
stultae. Si-, Aristotle. s«Dolere se dixit quod 

turn vita egrederetur. 



Democritus to the Reader. 73 

sapere coppit., and therefore lamented his departure. If wisdom come so late, where, 
shall we find a wise man ? Our old ones doat at threescore-and-ten. I would cite 
more proofs, and a better author, but for the present, let one fool point at another 
'^Nevisanus hath as hard an opinion of ^^rich men, "wealth and M^isdoni canno* 
dwell together," stultltiam patiuntar opes^ ''^and they do commonly '^^ infatuarc coi 
hominis^ besot men ; and as we see it, " fools have fortune :" '^^ Sopicntia non inve 
nilur in terra suaviter vivenfium. For beside a natural contempt of learning, which 
accompanies such kind of men, innate idleness (for they will take no pains), and 
which ^^ Aristotle observes, ubi mens plurima., ihi minima fortuna., uhi plurima for- 
tuna^ibi mens joerex/^wa, great wealth and little wit go commonly together : they have 
as much brains some of them in their heads as in their heels ; besides this inbred 
neglect of liberal sciences, and all arts, which should excolere mcntera., polish the 
mind, they have most part some guUish humour or other, by which they are led ; 
one is an Epicure, an Atheist, a second a gamester, a third a whore-master (fit sub- 
jects all for a satirist to work upon) ; 

«" Hie nuptarum insanit anioribus, hie pueroruin." I ^"^ burns to madness for the wedd.-d dame ; 

I Unnatural lusts another's heart intlame. 

^'one is mad of hawking, hunting, cocking; another of carousing, horse-riding, 
spending; a fourth of building, fighting, &c., Insanit veteres slafuas Damasippus 
emendo^ Damasippus hath an humour of his own, to be talked of: ""^Heliodorus the 
Carthaginian another. In a word, as Scaliger concludes of them all, they are Sta- 
*uce erectcB stuItitiiF^ the very statutes or pillars of folly. Choose out of all stories 
iim that hath been most admired, you shall still find, multa ad laudem., midta ad 
ntuperationcm magni/ica., as ^^Berosus of Semiramis ; omnes mortales mUitid trium- 
phis^ divitiis^ &c., turn et liixu^ ccede^ cccterlsque vitiis antecessii., as she had some 
good, so had she many bad parts. 

Alexander, a worthy man, but furious in his anger, overtaken in drink : Caesar and 
Scipio valiant and wise, but vain-glorious, ambitious : Vespasian a worthy prince, 
but covetous: "'^Hannibal, as he had mighty virtues, so had he many vices; unam 
virtutem mille vitia comitantur^ as Machiavel of Cosmo de Medici, he had two dis- 
tinct persons in him. I will determine of them all, they are like these double or 
turning pictures ; stand before which you see a fair maid, on the one side an ape, 
on the other an owl ; look upon them at the first sight, all is well, but farther ex- 
amine, you shall find them wise on the one side, and fools on the other ; in some 
few things praiseworthy, in the rest incomparably faulty. I will say nothing of 
their diseases, emulations, discontents, wants, and such miseries : let poverty plead 
the rest in Aristophanes' Plutus. 

Covetous men, amongst others, are most mad, '^^ they have all the symptoms of 
melancholy, fear, sadness, suspicion, &c., as shall be proved in its proper place, 

., ^ . ,, . ... I Misers make Anticvra their own ; 

Danda est Hellebori multo pars maxima avaris." | 1,^ hellebore reserved for them alone. 

And yet methinks prodigals are much madder than they, be of Avhat condition 
they will, that bear a public or private purse ; as a ''^ Dutch writer censured Richard 
the rich duke of Cornwall, suing to be emperor, for his profuse spending, qui effudii 
pecuniam ante pedes principium Elecforum sicnt aquam., that scattered money like 
water; I do censure them, Stulta Anglia (saith he) qucE tot dcnariis sponfq est pri- 
vata^f siulti principes Me?nanicB^ qui nobile jus suum pro pecunid vendiderunt ; spend- 
thrifts, bribers, and bribe-takers are fools, and so are ^°all they that cannot keep, dis- 
burse, or spend their moneys well. 

1 might say the like of angry, peevish, envious, ambitious ; ^^^nticyras melior 
sorbere meracas ; Epicures, Atheists, Schismatics, Heretics; Jii omnes liabent imagina- 

37 Lib. 1. num. 11. sapientia et divitiae vix siinul pos- hie jussi condier, et ut viderem an quis insanior ad me 
Pideri possunt. -"They get tlieir wisdom by eat- visendum usque ad hrec loca penetraret. Ortelins in 

ing pie-crusi some. '•'•> -^jiifAfTA ^oic ^•^^M■^ol; y'viTue ^ Gad. tsif it he his work, which Gasper Vpretu? 

et9fio7'jv». Opes quidem mo^rtalibus sunt amentia. The- suspects. 47 Ljyy, Inpentes virtutes inaentia vitia. 

osnis. ^"Fortuna nirnium quern fovet, stultum ' ' "'""• Q"'pq"is ambitione mala ant ar^enti pallet 

faeit. '"Joh.28. ^^Mag. moral, lib 2et lib 1 i amore, Quisqnis luxuria, tristique suporstitione. Per. 

eat. 4. « Hor. lib. 1. sat. 4. '■ Insana gula, in- I "" f-ronica Slavonica ad annum 1257. de cujiis pecnnia 

eanjE obstrucliones, insanun) venandi studium diseor- i J'^'" incredihilia dixerunt- 'fA fool and his money 

dia demens. Virg. iEn. " Heliodorus Carthaui- j ^'"'^ ^""" Pl^rted. ^" Orat. de imag. ambiiiosu.'J el 

oensis ad extremum orbis sarcophago testamento me auf^^x naviget Anticyras. 

10 G 



74 Democritus to the Reader. 

Itonem IcEsam (saith Nymannus) " and their madness shall be evident," 2 Tim. iii. 9. 
*'^Fabatiis, an Italian, holds seafaring men all mad; '"-the ship is mad, for it never 
stands still ; the mariners are mad, to expose themselves to such imminent dangers : 
the waters are raging mad, in perpetual motion : the winds are as mad as the rest, 
they know not whence they come, whither they would go : and those men are 
maddest of all that go to sea ; for one fool at home, they find forty abroad." He 
was a madman that said it, and thou peradventure as mad to read it. ^^Faelix Platerus 
is of opinion all alchemists are mad, out of their wits ; ^"Atheneus saith as much of 
fiddlers, et musarum hiscinias^ ^^ Musicians, omnes tibicines insaniunt., uhi semel efflant. 
avolut iJlico mens., in comes music at one ear, out goes wit at another. Proud and 
vain-glorious persons are certainly mad ; and so are ^® lascivious ; 1 can feel their 
pulses beat hither ; horn-mad some of them, to let others lie with their wives, and 
wink at it. 

To insist" in all particulars, were an Herculean task, to ^^ reckon up ^^insanas 
substrucfiones^ insanos labores.^ insannm luxum^ mad labours, mad books, endeavours 
carriages, gross ignorance, ridiculous actions, absurd gestures ; insanam gulain^ insa- 
niam vUlarum, insana jurgia^ as Tully terms them, madness of villages, stupend 
structures ; as those ^Egyptian Pyramids, Labyrinths and Sphinxes, which a com- 
pany of crowned asses, ad ostentationcm ojpum., vainly built, when neither the archi- 
tect nor king that made them, or to what use and purpose, are yet known : to insist 
in their hypocrisy, inconstancy, blindness, rashness, dementem temeritatem., fraud, 
cozenage, malice, anger, impudence, ingratitude, ambition, gross superstition, ^tem" 
pora infecta et adulatione sordida^ as in Tiberius' times, such base flattery, stupend, 
parisitical fawning and colloguing, &c. brawls, conflicts, desires, contentions, it would 
ask an expert Vesalius to anatomise every member. Shall I say .'' Jupiter himself, 
Apollo, Mars, &c. doated ; and monster-conquering Hercules that subdued the world, 
and helped others, could not relieve himself in this, but mad he was at last. And where 
shall a man walk, converse with whom, in what province, city, and not meet with 
Signior Deliro, or Hercules Furens, Ma^nades, and Corybantes ? Their speeches say 
no less. ^^Efungls nati homines., or else they fetched their pedigree from those that 
were struck by Samson with the jaw-bone of an ass. Or from Deucalion and Pyrrha's 
stones, for durum genus sumus., ""^ marmorci sumus^ we are stony-hearted, and savour 
too much of the stock, as if they had all heard that enchanted horn of Astolpho, that 
English duke in Ariosto, which never sounded but all his auditors were mad, and for 
fear ready to make away with themselves ; ^^ or landed in the mad haven in the 
Euxine sea of Daphnis insana^ which had a secret quality to dementate ; they are a 
company of giddy-heads, afternoon men, it is Midsummer moon still, and the dog- 
days last all the year long, they are all mad. Whom shall I then except .? Ulricus 
Huttenus ^^nemo., nam., nemo omnibus horis sapit^ JVemo nascitur sine vitiis^ Crimine 
JVemo carets JVemo sorte sua vivit contentus., JVemo in amore sapif,, JVew.o bonus.^ 
JVemo sapiens., JVemo., est ex omni parti beatus^ &c. ^^ and therefore Nicholas Nemo, 
or Monsieur No-body shall go free. Quid valeat nemo., JVemo referre potest? But 
whom shall I except in the second place } such as are silent, vir sapit qui pauca 
loquitur ; ^^ no better way to avoid folly and madness, than by taciturnity. Whom 
in a third } all senators, magistrates ; for all fortunate men are wise, and conquerors 
valiant, and so are all great men, non est bomim ludere cum diis^ they are wise by 
authority, good by their office and place, his licet impune pessimos esse., (some say) 
we must not speak of them, neither is it fit ; per me sint omnia protinus alba., I will 
not think amiss of them. Whom next ? Stoics .? Sapiens Stoicus^ and he alone is 

62 Navis stnlta, quae continue movetur nautsB stiilti j lidi et fatui fungis nati dicebantur, idem et alibi 
qui se periciilis exponiint, aqua insana quae sic fre- ! dicas. capainian. Strade de bajulis, de imrmore 



mil, &:c. aer jaclatur, &cc. qui inari se coniniiitit stoli- 
dum unum terfa fufriens, 40. tnari iiivenit. Caspar 
Ens. Mnros. ^^ Cap. de alien, mentis. s^' Dip- 

nosopbist. lib. 8. &" Tibicines mente Capti. Erasm. 

Cbi. 14. cer. 7. eeprov. 30. Insana libido, Hie rogo 

ron furor est, non est ha^c mentula deniens. Mart. 
ep. 74. 1. 3. 67iviiiie puellarum et puerorum mille 

jurorrs. esuter eet insanior horum. Hor. Ovid. 

Virg. Plin. sa pn,,. nb. 36. «« Tacitus 3. An- 

nal. 61 Ovid. 7. met. E. fungis nati iiomines ut 

lUni Corintbi priniievi illius loci accolx, quia sto 



semisculpti. e-* Arianus periplo maris Euxini por. 

tus ejus meminit, el Gillius, 1. 3. de Bosphct. Thra- 
cio et laurus insana quse allaia in convivium ronvivaa 
omnes insania affecit. Guliel. Stucchius comment, &c. 
e^Lepidum poema sic inscriptum. •'■ " No one ia 

wise at all hours, — no one born without faults,— no 
one free from crime,— no one content witl nis lot,-- 
no one in love wise, — no gnnd, or wise man perfectly 
happy." ceSlultitiam siniulare non potes niK. 

taciturnitate. 



Democritus to the Reader, 



75 



subject to no perturbations, as ^"^ Plutarch scoffs at him, " he is not vexed witli tor« 
ments, or burnt with fire, foiled by his adversary, sold of his enemy : though he be 
wrinkled, sand-blind, toothless, and deformed ; yet he is most beautiful, and like a 
god, a king in conceit, though not worth a groat. He never doats, never mad, never 
sad, drunk, because virtue cannot be taken away," as ^'^Zeno holds, "by reason of 
strong apprehension," but he was mad to say so. ^^AnlicyrcE ccelo huic est opus aut 
dolahra^ he had need to be bored, and so had all his fellows, as wise as they would 
seem to be. Chrysippus himself liberally grants them to be fools as well as others, 
at certain times, upon some occasions, aniitti virtuiem ait per ebrletatem^ aut atrihi- 
larium morhurri', it may be lost by drunkenness or melancholy, he may be sometimes 
crazed as well as the rest : '^ad summum sapiens nisi quum pituita molesta. I should 
here except some Cynics, Menippus, Diogenes, that Theban Crates ; or to descend 
to these times, that omniscious, only wise fraternity " of the Rosicrucians, those 
great theologues, politicians, philosophers, physicians, philologers, artists, &c. of 
whom S. Bridget, Albas Joacchimus, Leicenbergius, and such divine spirits have pro- 
phesied, and made promise to the world, if at least there be any such (Hen. '^ Neu- 
husius makes a doubt of it, "Valentinus Andreas and others) or an Elias artifex their 
Theophrastian master; whom though Libavius and many deride and carp at, yet 
some will have to be " the '^ renewer of all arts and sciences," reformer of the world, 
and now living, for so Johannes Montanus Strigoniensis, that great patron of Para- 
celsus, contends, and certainly avers ^^" a most divine man," and the quintessence of 
wisdom wheresoever he is; for he, his fraternity, friends, he. are all '^"betrothed to 
wisdom," if we may believe their disciples and followers. I must needs except 
Lipsius and the Pope, and expunge their name out of the catalogue of fools. For 
besides that parasitical testimony of Dousa, 

"A Sole exorienfe Mteotidas usque paliides, 
Nemo est qui justo se jequiparare queat." '"' 

Lipsius saith of himself, that he was "^^humani generis quidem pcedagogus voce et stylo^ 
a grand signior, a master, a tutor of us all, and for thirteen years he brags how he 
sowed wisdom in the Low Countries, as Ammonius the philosopher sometimes did 
in Alexandria, '^c?/m Immanitate literas et sapient iam cam prndentia : antlstes sapien- 
/ite, he shall be Sapientum Octavns. The Pope is more than a man, as ^°his parats 
often make him, a demi-god, and besides his holiness cannot err, in Cathedra belike: 
and yet some of them have been magicians. Heretics, Atheists, children, and as Pla- 
tina saith of John 22, Et si vir literatus^ multa sfoliditatem et Icecitatem prce. se 
ferentia egit^ stolidi et socordis vir mgenii^ a scholar sufficient, yet many things he 
did foolishly, lightly. I can say no more than in particular, but in general terms to 
the rest, they are all mad, their wits are evaporated, and, as Ariosto feigns, 1. 34, kept 
in jars above the moon. 

"Some lose their wits with love, some with ambition, 
Some foilowin? 81 Lordii and men of Jiigh condition. 
Some in fair jewels rich and costly set, 
Others in Poetry their v\ its forget. 
Another thinks to be ati Alchemist, 
Till all be spent, and that his number's mist." 

Convicted fools they are, madmen upon record ; and I am afraid past cure many of 
them, ^'crepunt inguina, the symptoms are manifest, they are ^11 of Gotam parish: 

^3 "Quum furor hand dubius, quum sit manifesta phrenesis," 
Since madness is indisputable, since frenzy is obvious. 

what remains then ^^but to send for Lorarios, those officers to carry them all together 
for company to Bedlam, and set Rabelais to be their physician. 

If any man shall ask in the meantime, who I am that so boldly censure others, 



^TiXtortus non cruciatur, ambustus non laeditnr, 
prostratus in lucta, non vincitur ; non fit captivus ab 
hoste venundatus. Et si ruirosus, senex ednntulus, 
luscus, deformis, formosns tamen, et deo similis, felix, 
dives, rex nullius e?eiis, et si denario non sit dignus. 
senium contendunt non injuria afihci.non insania, non 
tnebriari, quia virtus non eripitu- -*: constantes com- 
prehensiones. Lips. phys. Stoic. lib. 3. diffi. 18. 
«»Tarreus Hebus epig. 102. I. 8. ^o Hor. 7i pra- 
tres sanrt. Rosene cruets. 72 An sint, quales sint, 

unde nomen illud asciverint. ''STurri Babel. 

*« Omnium artiuna et scientiarum instaurator. t^ Di- 



vinus ille vir auctor notarum. in epist. R^g Bacon, 
ed. Hanibur. 1608. '^ Sapieriti.-e desponsati. 

""" From the Rising Sun to the Ma;otid Lake, there 
was not one that could fairly be put in comparison 
with Ihem." '« Solus hie est sapiens alii volitant 

velut umlirsB. '^lu ep. ad Ballhas. More turn. 

"0 Rpjectiunculfe ad Patavum. Felintis cum rel-quis, 
*' Magnum virum sequi est sapere, sonic think ; c ihers 
desipere. Catul. f^ Plant. Menec. »'lnSat. 14. 
«^ Or to send for a cook to the Anticyrse to make Ilel 
lebore pottage, settle-brain pottage. 



'Q Democritus to tfie Reader. 

la nuucme Jiahes viliaf have I no faults ? ^^ Yes, more than thou hast, whatsoevei 
inon art. JVos numerus sumus^ I confess it again, I am as foolish, as mad as any one. 

*6 " Insaniis vol)is videor, r.on deprecor ipse, 
Quo minus insanus,"- 

I do not deny it, demens de popuJo dcmainr. My comfort is, I have more fellows, 
and tnu:>e of excellent note. And though I be not so right or so discreet as I should 
be, yet not so mad, so bad neither, as thou perhaps takest me to be. 

To conclude, this being granted, that all the world is melancholy, or mad, doats, 
and every member of it, I have ended my task, and sufficiently illustrated that which 
1 took upon me to demonstrate at first. At this present T have no more to say, His 
sanom mcntem Democritus^ J can but wish myself and them a good physician, and 
all of us a better mind. 

And although for the abovenamed reasons, I had a just cause to undertake this 
subject, to point at these particular species of dotage, that so men might acknow- 
ledge their imperfections, and seek to reform what is amiss ; yet I have a more 
serious intent at this time; and to omit all impertinent digressions, to say no more of 
such as are improperly melancholy, or metaphorically mad, lightly mad, or in dispo- 
sition, as stupid, angry, drunken, silly, sottish, sullen, proud, vain-glorious, ridicu- 
lous, beastly, peevish, obstinate, impudent, extravagant, dry, doating, dull, desperate, 
harebrain, &c. mad, frantic, foolish, heteroclites, which no new ^"hospital can hold, 
no physic help ; my purpose and endeavour is, in the following discourse to anato- 
mize this humour of melancholy, through all its parts and species, as^ it is an habit, 
or an ordinary disease, and that philosophically, medicinally, to show the causes, 
symptoms, and several cures of it, that it may be the better avoided Moved there- 
unto for the generality of it, and to do good, it being a disease so frequent, as 
^^Mercurialis observes, ''in these our days; so often happening," saith ^'^Laurentius, 
" in our miserable times," as few there are that feel not the smart of it. Of the same 
mind is ^Elian Montalius, ^°Melancthon, and others; ^'Julius Caesar Claudinus calls it 
the "fountain of all other diseases, and so common in this crazed age of oiirs, that 
scarce one of a thousand is free from it;" and that splenetic hypochondriacal wind 
nspecially, which proceeds from the spleen and short ribs. Being then a disease so 
grievous, so common, I know not wherein to do a more general service, and spend my 
time better, than to prescribe means how to prevent and cure so universal a malady,) 
an epidemical disease, that so often, so much crucifies the body and mind. 

If Ihave overshot myself in this which hath been hitherto said, or that it is, which 
I am sure some will object, too fantastical, " too light and comical for a Divine, 
too satirical for one of my profession, I will presume to answer with ^^ Erasmus, in 
like case, 'tis not I, but Democritus, Democritus dixit : you must consider what it 
is to speak in one's own or another's person, an assumed habit and name; a differ- 
ence betwixt him that affects or acts a prhice's, a philosopher's, a magistrate's, a 
fool's part, and him that is so indeed ; and what liberty tho^e old satirists have had ; 
it is a cento collected from others ; not I, but they that say it. 

^ " Dixero si quid fortfe jocnsiuj, hoc rnihi juris I Yft some indulgence T may justly claim, 

Cuui venia dahis" — | If too familiar with another's fame. 

Take heed you mistake me not. If I do a little forget myself, I hope you will par- 
don it. And to say truth, why should any man be offended, or take exceptions at it ? 

"I.icuit, seinperque licebit, I It lawful was of old, and still will be, 

Parcere persoiiis, dicere de vitiis." | 'lo speak of vice, but let the name go free. 

I hate their vices, not their persons. If any be displeased, or take aught unto liim- 
self, let him not expostulate or cavil with him that said it (so did ^^ Erasmus excuse 
himself to Dorpius, si parva licet componere magnis) and so do 1 ; ^ but let him 
be angry with himself, tliat so betrayed and opened his own faults in applying it 
to himself: ^^if he be gnilty and deserve it, let him amend, whoever he is, and not 

^'sAllqnantuliim tamen inde me solajior, quod una bornm occasio existat. 92 Mor. Encom si quis ca- 

mm multis et sapientibus et teleherrimis viris ipse lumiiietur levins esse qiiam decet Tlieologum, aul 

insipiens sim, quod se Menippus Luciani in Necyo- niordacius quam deceat Christianum '•' Hor. Sat. 

mantia. »-" reironius iti Catalect. '""That I 4. I. 1. ■" Epi. ad Dorpium de xMoria. si quispiam 

mean of Andr. Vale. ApoioL'. Manip 1. 1 et 26. Apol. offendiitur et sibi viiidicet, iioii liabet quod e.xpostule; 

t^ IIcpc afTectio nostris temporibus frequentissima. cum eo qui scripsit, ipse si volpt,secum acat iiijiiriain, 

^'•*Cnp. 15. de Mel. »«Deanima. Nosiro hoc sautilo utpote sui proditor. qui dedaravit hoc ad se proprie 
morbus frequrniissimus. "i Consult. 98. adeo i periincre. '-* 8i quis se la;sum clamabit. aul con- 

nostris teuu)orii)us frequenter in.L'ruit ut lullus fere scientiam prodit suam, aut "erle nielum, I'htedr lib 

ab ej-is labe imniuiiis reperialur ot omnium fere mor- 3. iEsop. Fab. 



Democritus to the Reader. 77 

be angry. " He that hateth correction is a fool," Prov. xii. 1 ff he be not guilty 
it concerns him not; it is not my freeness of speech, but a guilty conscience, a 
o-alled back of his own that makes him wince. 

'•Suspicione si qiiis errrabii su^, 
Et rapiet ad sc, quod erit commune omnium, 
Stult6 nudabit animi coiiscientiam."'"* 

I deny not this which I have said savours a little of Democritus ; ^''Quajnvis ridet" 
tern d'lcere verum quid vetat ; one may speak in jest, and yet speak truth. It is 
somewhat tart, 1 grant it; acriora orexim excitant emhammata^ ?iS he said, sharp 
sauces increase appetite, ^^nec cibus ipse juvat morsu fraudatus aceti. Object then 
and cavil what thou wilt, I ward all v/ith ^^Democritus's buckler, his medicine shall 
salve it ; strike where thou wilt, and when : Democritus dixit^ Democritus will 
answer it. It was written by an idle fellow, at idle times, about our Saturnalian or 
Dyonisian feasts, when as he said, nullum liberlati periculum est., servants in old 
Kome had liberty to say and do wliat them list Wlien our countrymen sacrificed 
to tlieir goddess '°°Vacuna, and sat tippling by their Vacunal fires. I writ this, and 
published this ovrt^ iT^ysv, it is ncminis nihil. The time, place, persons, and all 
Circumstances apologise for me, and why may not I then be idle with others } speak 
my mind freely ? If you deny me this liberty, upon these presumptions I will take 
it : I say again, I will take it. 

i"Si quis est qui dictum in se inclementius 
Exislimavit esse, sic existimet." 

If any man take exceptions, let him turn the buckle of his girdle, I care not. I owe 
thee nothing (Reader), 1 look for no favour at thy hands, I am independent, I fear not. 
No, I recant, I will not, I care, I fear, I confess my fault, acknowledge a great 
offence, 

" motos prrestat componeie fluctus." | let's first assuage the troubled wavc 

I have overshot myself, I have spoken foolish) v, rashly, unadvisedly, absurdly, I nave 
anatomized mine own folly. And now methinks upon a sudden I am awaked as it 
were out of a dream ; 1 have had a raving lit, a fantastical fit, ranged up aixl down, 
in and out, I have insulted over the most kind of men, abused some, offended others, 
wronged myself; and now being recovered, and perceiving mine error, cry with 
'Orlando, Solvite 7?if, pardon (o honi) that which is past, and 1 will make you amends 
in that which is to come ; I promise you a more sober discourse in my following 
treatise. 

If through weakness, folly, passion, 'discontent, ignorance, I have said amiss, let 
it be forgotten and forgiven. I acknowledge that of ^Tacitus to be true, JispercB 
faceticB uhi nimis ex vero traxere, acrem sui mernoriam relinquunl., a bitter jest leaves 
a sting behind it: and as an honourable man observes, ^"They fear a satirist's wit, 
he their memories." I may justly suspect the worst; and though I hope I have 
wronged no man, yet in IMedea's words I will crave pardon, 

— — " Ulud jam voce extrema peto, I ^^^ in my last words this I do desire, 

r^e s. qua noster dubius effudit dolor That what in passion I have said, or ire, 

Maneant in animo verba sedmel.ortibi May be forgotlen, and a better mind 

Meu.ona nostri subeat, h.-ec ira; data B^ -^^^ ^ ^^ hereafter as you find. 

Obliterentur " ! ' ^ 

\ earnestly request every private man, as Scaliger did Cardan, not to take offenct, 
f will conclude in his lines, Si me cognitum haberes, non solum donares nobis has 
faietias nostras., sed etiam indignum duceres, tarn humanum aninum, lene ingenium., 
V3l minimam suspicionem deprecari oportere. If thou knewest my ^modesty and 
simplicity, thou wouldst easily pardon and forgive what is here amiss, or by thee 
misconceived. If liereafter anatomizing this surly humour, my hand slip, as an 
unskilful 'prentice I lance too deep, and cut through skin and all at unawares, make 
Jt smart, or cut awry, 'pardon a rude hand, an unskilful knife, 'tis a most dif- 

«"'lfanyone shall err through his own suspicion, i Rosinus. i Ter. prol. Eunuch. » Ariost. 1. 39 



and shall apply to himself what is common to all, 
he will foolishly betray a consciousness of guilt. 
«■ Hor. 9- Mart. 1. 7. 22. 'wUt lubet feriat, 

abstergant hos ictus Democriti pharmacos. ^°^ Rus- 

icoruiii dea preesse vacaiitil)n3 et oiiosis putabalur, 



Staf. 58. 3 Ut enim ex siudiis gaudium sic studia 

ex hilaritate proveniunt. Plinius Maximo suo, ep. 
lib. 8. 4 Annal. 15. '' Sir Francia Bacon in 

his Essays, now Viscount St. Albans. 6 Quod 

Probus Persii/S/c^fijof virginali verecundii Persiuin 



cui post lahores agricola sacrificabat. Plin. 1. 3. c 12. i fuisse dicit, ego, &c. ' Quas aut incuria fudit, 

Ovid. 1. 6. Fast. Jam quoque cum fiunt antiquae sacra | aut humana parum cavit natura. Ilor 
Vaciinte, ante Vacunales stantque sedentque focos. 1 

g2 



78 Democritus to the Reader. 

ficiilt thing to keep an even tone, a perpetual tenor, and not sometimes to lash out ; 
dijic'.^.e est Salyram non scrihere^ there be so many objects to divert, inward pertur- 
bations to molest, and the very best may sometimes err ; aliquando bonus dormitat 
Homerus (some times that excellent Homer takes a nap), it is impossible not in so 

much to overshoot ; opere in longo fas est ohrepere sumnum. But what needs 

all this ? I hope there will no such cause of offence be given ; if there be, ^A*emo 
allquid recognoscat^ nos mentimur omnia. I'll deny all (my last refuge), recant all, 
renounce all I have said, if any man except, and with as much facility excuse, as he 
can a/!cusc ;, but I presume of thy good favour, and gracious acceptance (gentle rea- 
der}. Out of an assured hope and confidence thereof, I will begin. 

f Prn« anpr piaut. "Let not any one take these things to himself, they are all but fictions." 



( 19 \ 



LECTORI MALE FERIATO. 



Tu vero cavesis edico quisquis es, ne temere sugilles Auctorem hiijiiscc operis, aut 
cavillator irrideas. Imo ne vel ex aliorum censura lacite obloquaris (vis dicam ver- 
bo) nequid nasutulus inepte improbes, aut falso fingas. Nam si *Alis revera sit, qua- 
lem praj se fert Junior Democriius^ seniori Denwcrito saltern affinis, aut ejus Geiiium 
vel tantillum sapiat ; actum de te, censorem aeque ac delatorem ' affpt, eoontra [pefu- 
land splene cum sd) sufflabit te in jocos, comminuet in sales, addo euiun ci deo risui 
te sacrificabit. 

Iterum moneo, ne quid cavillere, ne dum Democritum Juniorem coiiviciis infames, 
ut ignominiose vituperes, de te non male sentientem, tu idem audias ab amico cor- 
date, quod olim vulgus AlderUanum ab ^Hippocrate^ concivem bene meritum et po- 
pularem suum Democritum^ pro insano habens. JYe tu Dejnocrite sapis^ stulti autem 
et insani Ahderitce. 

3 " AbderitanaB pectora plebis babes." 

Haec te paucis admonitum volo (male feriate Lector) abi. 



TO THE READER AT LEISURE. 

Whoever you may be, I caution you against rashly defaming the author of this 
work, or cavilling in jest against him. Nay, do not silently reproach him in con- 
sequence of others' censure, nor employ your wit in foolisli disapproval, or false 
accusation. For, should Democritus Junior prove to be what he professes, even a 
kinsman of his elder namesake, or be ever so little of the same kidney, it is all over 
with yoi; : he will become both accuser and judge of you in your spleen, will dissi- 
pate you in jests, pulverise you into salt, and sacrifice you, I can promise you, to 
the God of Mirth. 

I further advise you, not to asperse, or calumniate, or slander, Democritus Junior, 
who possibly does not think ill of you, lest you may hear from some discreet friend, 
the same remark the people of Abdera did from Hippocrates, of their meritorious and 
popular fellow-citizen, whom tney had looked on as a madman ; " It is not that you, 
Democritus, that art wise, but that the people of Abdera are fools and madmen." 
"You have yourself an Abderitian soul;" and having just given you, gentle reader, 
these few words of admonition, farewell. 



1 Si me commdrit, melius non tangere clamo. Ilor. I omnium receptaculum deprehendi, ejtisque ingeniurn 
« Ilippoc. epist. Damageto, accercitus sum ut Demo- I demiralus sum. Abderitaiios vero tanquam nonsanoa 
critum tanquam insanum curarem,sed postquamcon- I accusavi, veralri potione ipsos polius eguisse dicens. 
f eni, non per Jovem desipienliae negotium, sed rerum "*^'"'' 



I 80 



I 
Hi«i.cLiTE fleas, misero sic conveuit aevo, 

Nil nisi turpe vides, nil nisi triste vides. 
Ptide etiam, qiiantumque lubet, Democrite ride 

Non nisi vana vides, non nisi stulta vides. 
Is fletu, his risu modo gaudeat, unus utrique 

Sit licet usque labor, sit licet usque dolor. 
Nunc opes est (nam totus elieu jam desipit orbis) 

Mille Heraclitis, milleque Democritis. 
Nunc opus est (tanta est insania) transeat omnis 

Mundus in Anticyras, gramen in Helleborum. 



Weep, O Heraclitus, a suits tlie age, 

Unless you see nothing base, notliing sad. 
Laugh, O Democritus, as much as you please. 

Unless you see nothing either vain or foolish. 
Let one rejoice in smiles, the other in tears ; 

Let the same labour or pain be the office of both. 
Now (for alas ! how foolish tlie world has become), 

A thousand Heraclitus', a thousand Democritus' are required. 
Now (so much does madness prevail), all the world rausl o*j 

Sent to Anticyra, to graze on Hellebore. 



(81 



THB 



SYNOPSIS OF THE FIRST PARTITION. 





Their 

Causes. < 


'Impulsive ; 


Sin, concupiscence, &c. 




Subs. 1. 


.Instrumental; - 


Intemperance, 


all second causes, Ace. 


In diseases, 
consider 


Or 


Of the body 
300, which are ' 


. 
Epidemical, as Plague, Plica, &c. 

or 
. Particular, as Gout, Dropsy, &c. 


Sect. 1. 






In disposition 


as all perturbations, evil sTTee 


Memb 1. 


Definition, 


Or 


tion, &c. 






Member, 
Division, 
Subs. 2. 

L 


Of the head 
or mind. 
Subs. 3. 


Or 

Habits, as 
Subs. 4. 


^ 


Dotage 

Frenzy. 

Madness. 

Ecstasy. 

Lycanthropia.* 

Chorus sancti Viti. 

Hydrophobia. 

Possession or obsession C^ 

Devils. 
Melancholy. See T. 



T 
Melancholy 
in vfhich 
consider 



Its Equivocations, in Disposition, Improper, &c. Subsed. 5. 



Memb. 2. 
To its ex- 
plication, a 
digression 
of anatomy, 
in which 
observe 
parts of 
Subs. 1. 



Body 
hath 
parts 
Subs. 2. 



, . , r Humours, 4. Blood, Phlegm, &c 
contained as <( „ • ., •» i » , • i 
I fepints ; Vital, natural, animal. 

Similar; spermatical, or flesh, 
bones, nerves, &c. Stcbs. 3. 

Dissimilar ; brain, heart, liver. 
Subs. 4. 



containing 



Ac 



r Vegetal. Subs. 5. 
LSoul and its faculties, as < Sensible. Subs. 6, 7, 8. 

[Rational. Subsed. 9, 10, 11. 
Memb. 3. 
I Its definition, name, difference, Subs. 1. 

The part and parties affected, affection, &c. Subs. 2. 
i The matter of melancholy, natural, &c. Subs. 4. 



or 
kinds, 
which are 



r 

Proper to 
I parts, as 



r Of the head alone, Hypo- C with their several 
J chondriacal, or windy me- J causes, symptoms, 
I lancholy. Of the whole j prognostics, cures 
I body. [ 



Indefinite ; as Love-melancholy the subject of the third Par* 
tition. 



11 



Its Causes in general. Sed. 2. A. 
Its Symptoms or signs. Sed. 3. B. 
Its Prognostics or indications. Sed. 4. 4. 
(^Its Cures; the subject of the second Partition 



82 



A 
Std. 2 
Causes of 
Melancholy 
fcre either 



Super- 
natural, 



Or 



Synopsis of the First Partition. 

fAs from God immediately, or by second causes. Subs: I. 

! Or from the devil immediately, with a digression of the nature 

I of spirits and devils. Subs. 2. 

i Or mediately, by magicians, witches. Subs. 3. 



'Primary, a^ stars, proved by aphorisms, signs from physio* 
gnomy, metoposcopy, chiromancy. Subs. 4. 

r Congenita, f Old age, temperament, Subs. 5. 

I inward < Parents, it being an hereditary disease, 

I from I Sub. 6 

TNecessary, see y. 



^ I, Natural 



Or 



Or 



Outward 
or adven- 
titious, 
^ which are 



Evident, 
outward, 
remote, ad- 
ventitious, 



Or 



Contingent, 
inward, an- 
tecedent, 
nearest. 
Mernb. 5. 
Sect. 2. 



a ) 



r Nurses, Subs. 1. 
Education, Subs. 2. 
Terrors, affrights, 

Subs. 3. ■ 
Scoflls, calumnies, bitter 

jests, Subs. 4. 
Loss of liberty, servi- 
tude, imprisonment, 
Subs. .*>. 
Poverty and want, 

Subs. 6. 
A heap of other acci- 
dents, death of friends, 
loss, &c. Subs. 7. 
In which the body works 
on the mind, and this 
malady is caused by 
precedent diseases ; as 
agues, pox, &c.. cs» 
temperature innate, 
Subs. 1. 
Or by particular parts dis- 
tempered, as brain, heart, 
spleen, liver, mesentery, 
pylorus, stomach, &c. 
Subs. 2. 



[ Particular to the three species. See 11. 



Inward 



[Of head 
j Melancholy 
are Subs. 3. 



Outward 



n 






Particular 


Of hypo- 


Inward 


causes. 


chondriacal. 




Sect. 2. 


or windy 


or 


iiemb. 5 


melancholy 






are, 


Outward 
Inward 




Over all the 


or 




body are, 






Subs. 5. 


.Outward. 



[Innate humour, or from distemperature adust. 

A hot brain, corrupted blood in the brain. 

Excess of venery, or defect. 
I Agues, or some precedent disease. 
[Fumes arising from the stomach, &c. 

[Heat of the sun immoderate. 

A blow on the head. 

Overmuch use of hot wines, spices, garlick, onions, 
■i hot baths, overmuch waking, &c. 

Idleness, solitariness, or overmuch study, vehement 
labour, &c. 

Passions, perturbations, drc 

r Default of spleen, belly, bowels, stomacn, mesentery 
J . Tiiseraic veins, liver, &c. 

j Months or hemorrhoids stopped, or any other ordi- 
! nary evacuation. 
Those six non-natural things abused. 

f Liver distempered, stopped, over-hot, apt to engender 
[ melancholy, temperature innate. 

iBad diet, suppression of hemorrhoids, &c. and such 
evacuations, })assions, cares &c those s:x non- 
, li«*urai things abused. 



Synopsis of the First Partition, 



83 



b 

Veces- 

sary 

causea, 

as 

lliose 

tiix 

non- 

natura.' 

things, 

which 

are, 

Sect. 2 

Memb. 

2. 



Diet 

offend- 
ing in 
Subs.^. 



Sub- 
stance 



Quali- 
ty, as in 

Quan- 
vtity 



Flesh 

Herhs, 
Fish, 
l&c. 
JPrepar 
i broi 



I ra 

Ik, 



Bread ; coarse and black, &c. 
Drink ; thick, thin, sour, &c. 
Water unclean, milk, oil, vinegar, wine, spices, &c. 

f Parts ; heads, feet, entrails, fat, bacon, blood, «&c. 
^. , J Beef, pork, venison, hares, goats, pigeons, pea* 
i cocks, fen-fowl, &c. 

Of fish ; all shell-fish, hard and slimy fish, &c. 

Of herbs ; pulse, cabbage, melons, garlick, onions, &c. 

All roots, raw fruits, hard and windy meats. 

ring, dressing, sharp sauces, salt meats, indurate, soused, fried, 
broiled, or made-dishes, «fec. 

fDisorder in eating, immoderate eating, or at unseasonabU times, &c. 
\ Subs. 2. 

(^Custom; delight, appetite, altered, &c. Subs. 3. 
Retention and eva- fCostiveness, hot baths, sweating, issues stopped, Venus u. excess, or 
cuation. Subs. 4. [ in defect, phlebotomy, purging, &c. 
Air; hot, cold, tempestuous, dark, thick, foggy, moorish, &c. Subs. 5. 
Exercise, [Unseasonable, excessive, or defective, of body or mind, solitariness, idleness. 

Sub. 6. I a life out of action, &c. 
Sleep and waking, unseasonable, inordinate, overmuch, overlittle, 6lc. Subs. 7. 

f Sorrow, cause and symptom. Subs. 4. Fear, cause 

and symptom. Subs. 5. Shame, repulse, disgrace, 

I &c. Subs. 6. Envy and malice. Subs. 7. Emula- 

i tion, hatred, faction, desire of revenge. Subs. 8. Anger 

a cause, Subs. 9. Discontents, cares, miseries, &c. 

Subs. 10. 



Memb. 3. Sect. 2. 
Passions and 
perturbations of 
the mind, 
Subs. 2. With 
a digression of 
the force of 
imagination. 
Subs. 2. and divi- 
sion of passions 
into Subs. 3. 



Irascible 



concupis- 
cibie. 



(-. 



:^ 



B. 

Symp- 
toms 
of me- 
lancho- 
ly are 
either 
Sect. 3. 



O 



Vehement desires, ambition. Subs. 11. Covetousness, 
^iJkixpyvpiav, Subs. 12. Love of pleasures, gaming in 
excess, &c. Subs. 13. Desire of praise, pride, vain- 
glory, &c. Subs. 14. Love of learning, study in 
excess, with a digression, of the misery of scholars, 
and why the Muses are melancholy. Subs. 15. 

Body, as ill digestion, crudity, wind, dry brains, hard belly, thick blood, much 

waking, heaviness, and palpitation of heart, leaping in many places, «fec.. Subs. 1, 

rCommon ["Fear and sorrow without a just cause, suspicion, jealousy, discon- 

Ito all or < tent, solitariness, irksomeness, continuisl cogitations, restless 
most. [ thoughts, vain imaginations, &c. Subs. 2. 

r Celestial influences, ash%(J', &c. parts of the body, heart, brain, 
liver, spleen, stomach, &c. 

f Sanguine are merry still, laughing, pleasant, meditating 
on plays, women, music, &c. 
Phlegmatic, slothful, dull, heavy, &c. 
< Choleric, furious, impatient, subject to hear and see 
strange apparitions, &c. 
Black, solitary, sad; they think they are bewitched, 
dead, &c. 

Or mixed of these four humours adust, or not adust, infinitely 
varied. 
i Their several f Ambitious, thinks himself a king, a lord ; co- 
customs, con- vetous, runs on his money; lascivious on his 
dilions, inch- <{ mistress; religious, hath revelations, visions, is 
nations, dis- I a prophet, or troubled in mind ; a scholar on his 
, "' " cipline, &c. i book, &c. 

Pleasant at first, hardly discerned; afterwards harsh 
and intolerable, if inveterate. 

„ , {\. Falsa co2:it alio. 

Hence some make i 

three degrees, 



Or, 



'"^ 



Particu- 
lar to 
private 
persons, 
according 
to Subs. 
3.4. 



Hu- 
mours 



Continu- 
ance of time 
as the hu- 
mour is in- 
tended or re- 
mitted, <fec. 



s 2. Cogltata loqui. 
1,3, Exequi loquutum, 
I By fits, or continuate, as the object varies, pleasnig, 
L or displeasing. 

Simple, or as it is mixed with other diseases, apoplexies, gout, cnninus uppa iius, &c. so 
the symptoms are various. 



84 



Synopsis of the First Partition. 



Particular 
symptoms to 
tLe three dis- 
tinct species. 
Sect. 3. 
Memb. 2. 



Head me- 
lancholy. 
Subs. 1. 



Hypo- 
chondria- 
cal, or 
windy 
melan- 
choly. 
Subs. 2. 



Over all 
the body. 
Subs. 3. 



In body 

Or 
In mind. 



In body 

Or 
In mind. 

In body 

Or 
In mind. 



fHeadach, binding and heaviness, vertigo, lightness, 
J singing of the ears, much waking, fixed eyes 
1 high colour, red eyes, hard belly, dry body ; nv 
great sign of melancholy in the other parts. 

I Continual fear, sorrow, suspicion, discontent, super* 
fluous cares, solicitude, anxiety, perpetual cogita- 
tion of such toys they are possessiid with, thought* 
like dreams, &c. 

Wind, rumbling in the guts, belly-ach, heat in 
the bowels, convulsions, crudities, short wind, 
sour and sharp belchings, cold sweat, pain in 
the left side, suffocation, palpitation, heaviness of 
the heart, singing in the ears, much spittle, and 
moist, &c. 

fFearful, sad, suspicious, discontent, anxiety, <kc. 
< Lascivious by reason of much wind, troublesonw 
[ dreams, affiected by fits, &c. 

J Black, most part lean, broad veins, gross, thick blood, 
[ their hemorrhoids commonly stopped, <Src. 

{Fearful, sad, solitary, hate light, averse from com- 
pany, fearful dreams, &c. 



Symptoms of nuns, maids, and widows melancholy, in body and mind, &c 



A reason 
of these 
symp- 

. toms. 

^Memb. 3. 



'Why they are so fearful, sad, suspicious without a cause, why 
solitary, why melancholy men are witty, why they suppose they 
hear and see strange voices, visions, apparitions. 

Why they prophesy, and speak strange languages ; whence comea 
their crudity, rumbling, convulsions, cold sweat, heaviness of 
heart, palpitation, cardiaca, fearful dreams, much waking, pro- 
digious fantasies. 



C. 

Prognostics 
M melancholy 



Tending to good, as 



! Tending to evil, as 



Corollaries and questions. 



Morphew, scabs, itch, breaking out, &c. 
Black jaundice. 

If the hemorrhoids voluntarily open. 
If varices appear. 

f Leanness, dryness, hollow-eyed, &c. 

j Inveterate melancholy is incurable. 

' If cold, it degenerates often into epilepsy, apoplexy, 

dotage, or into blindness. 
.If hot, into madness, despair, and violent death. 

The grievousness of this above all other diseases. 
The diseases of the mind are more grievous than 

those of the body. 
Whether it be lawful, in this case of melancholy, far 

a man to offer violence to himself. Neg. 
How a melancholy or mad man offering violence to 

himself, is to be censured. 



(86) 



THE FIRST PARTITION. 



THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, SUBSECTION. 



Man^s Excellency^ Fall^ Miseries^ Lifirmities ; The causes of them. 

■%r 1 -p 11 1 l\/r^-'^' ^^^ most excellent and noble creature of the workl, 
Alan s J^xceuency.\ IVI u the principal and mighty work of God, wonder ol 
N"atur(;," as Zoroaster calls him; audacis nafurce miraculum^ "the 'marvel of mar- 
vels," as Plato; 'Hlie ^abridgment and epitome of the world," as Pliny; Microcos- 
mus, a little world, a model of the world, ^ sovereign lord of the earth, viceroy ot the 
world, sole commander and governor of all the creatures in it ; to whose empire they 
are subject in particular, and yield obedience; far surpassing all the rest, not in body 
only, but in soul; ^Imaginls Imago.^ ^created to God's own ^ image, to that immortal 
and incorporeal substance, with all the faculties and powers belonging unto it ; was 
at first pure, divine, perfect, happy, ^ " created after God in true holiness and right- 
eousness ;" Deo cong?'uens.) free from all manner of infirmities, and put in Paradise, 
to know God, to praise and glorify him, to do his will, Ut dils consimiles partiiriai 
deos (as an old poet saith) to propagate the church. 

Man'^s Fall and Misery.] But this most noble creature, Heu tristis., et lachry- 
mosa commutatio (^ one exclaims) O pitiful change! is fallen from that he was, and 
forfeited his estate, become miserabilis homimclo^ a cast-away, a caitiff, one of the 
most miserable creatures of the world, if he be considered in his own nature, afi 
unregenerate man, and so much obscured by his fall that (some few reliques excepted) 
he is inferior to a beast, ^ " Man in honour that understandeth not, is like unto beasts 
that perish," so David esteems him : a monster by stupend metamorphoses, '°a fox. 
a dog, a hog, what not ? Quantum mutaius ah illof How much altered from that he 
was; before blessed and happy, now miserable and accursed ; " " He must eat his meat 
in sorrow," subject to death and all manner of infirmities, all kind of calamities. 

A Description of Melancholy.] '^" Great travail is created for all men, and an 
heavy yoke on the sons of Adam, from the day that they go out of their mother's 
womb, unto that day they return to the mother of all things. Namely, their thoughts, 
and fear of their hearts, and their imagination of things they wait for, and the day 
of death. From him that sitteth in the glorious throne, to him that sitteth beneath 
in the earth and ashes ; from him that is clothed in blue silk and weareth a crown, 
to him that is clothed in simple linen. Wrath, envy, trouble, and unquietness, anrl 
fear of death, and rigour, and strife, and such things come to both man and beast, 
but sevenfold to the ungodly." All this befalls him in this life, and peradventure 
eternal misery in the life to come. 

Impulsive Cause of Mail's Misery and Infirmities.] The impulsive cause of these 
miseries in man, this privation or destruction of God's image, the cause of death and 

iMa?nurn miraculum. 2]\jnn^i epitome, na- 1 est in imagine parva. ' Eph. iv. 24. spaiaii 

liita; deliciae. ^Finis rerum omnium, cui sublu- terius. « Psal. xlix. SO. '0Lascivi4 superal 

iiaria servmnt. Scali;;. exercit 365. sec. 3 Vales, de equum, impudentia canem, a itu vulpem, I'urore leo- 
sacr. Phil. c. 5. '•Ut in niitr..smate C.Tsaris imajjo, I nam. Chiys. 23. Gen. v Gen. iii. 13. 12 Ec- 

*ic in homine Dei. =^Gen. 1. ^ Imago miindi clus. iv, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 

'.n corpore, J)ei in anima. Exemplumque dei quisque I 

H 



ga Diseases in General [Part. 1. Sect. 1. 

diseases. c{ all temporal and eternal punishments, was tlie sin of our first parent 
Adam, 'Mii eating of the forbidden fruit, by the devil's instigation and allurement. 
His disobedience, pride, ambition, intemperance, incredulity, curiosity , from whence 
proceeded orignal sin, and that general corruption of mankind, as from a fountain 
(lowed all bad nclinations and actual transgressions which cause our several calami- 
ties inflicted upon us for our sins. And this belike is that M'hich our fabulous poets 
have shadowed unto us in the tale of '■* Pandora's box, which being opened through 
her curiosity, filled the world full of all manner of diseases. It is not curiosity 
alone, but those other crying sins of ours, which pull tliese several plagues and 
miseries upon our heads. For Ubi peccatum, ihi procella, as '''Chrysostom well 
ob.^erves. ''^ " Fools by reason of their transgression, and because of their iniquities, 
are alHicted." '^^'Fear cometh like sudden desolation, and destruction like a whirl- 
wind, aflliction and anguish," because they did not fear God. '^" Are you shaken 
with wars ?" as Cyprian well urgeth to Demetrius, ''• are you molested with deartli and 
famine ? is your health crushed with raging diseases ? is mankind generally tormented 
with epidemical maladies? 'tis all for your sins," Hag. i. 9, 10; Amos i. ; Jer. vii 
God is angry, punisheth and threateneth, because of their obstinacy and stubborn- 
ness, they will not turn unto him. '^'^ If the earth be barren then for want of rain, 
if dry and squalid, it yield no fruit, if your fountains be dried up, your wine, corn, 
and oil blasted, if the air be corrupted, and men troubled with diseases, 'tis by rea- 
son of their sins :" which like the blood of Abel cry loud to lieaven for vengeance. 
Lam. V. 15. '' That we have sinned, therefore our hearts are lieavy," Isa. lix. 11, 12. 
" We roar like bears, and mourn like doves, and want health, &c. for our sins and 
trespasses." But this we cannot endure to hear or to take notice of, Jer. ii. .30. 
''' We are smitten in vain and receive no correction ; " and cap. v. 3. " Thou hast 
stricken them, but they have not sorrowed; they have refused to receive correction ; 
they have not returned. Pestilence he hath sent, but they have not turned to him," 
Amos iv. ^'^ Herod could not abide John Baptist, nor ^' Domitian endure Apollonins 
to tell the causes of the plague at Ephesus, his injustice, incest, adultery, and the like 
To punish therefore this blindness and obstinacy of ours as a concomitant cause 
and principal agent, is God's just judgment in bringing these calamities upon us, to 
chastise us, I say, for our sins, and to satisfy God's wrath. For the law require? 
ohedience or punishment, as you may read at large, Deut. xxviii. 1 .5. '' If they wili 
not obey the Lord, and keep his commandments and ordinances, then all these curses 
shall come upon them." "" Cursed in the town and in the field, &.c." ^^" Cursed in 
the fruit of the body, &c." ^^ " The Lord shall send thee trouble anu shame, because 
of thy wickedness." And a little after, ^^" The Lord shall smite thee with the botch 
of Egypt, and with emrods, and scab, and itch, and thou canst not be healed ; ^Svith 
madness, blindness, and astonishing of heart." This Paul seconds, Horn. ii. 9. " Tri- 
hulation and anguish on the soul of every man that doeth evil." Oi else these chas- 
tisements are inflicted upon us for our humiliation, to exercise and try our patience 
here in this life to bring us home, to make us to know God ourselves, to inform and 
leach us wisdom. ^^" Therefore is my people gone into captivity, because they had 
no knowledge ; therefore is the wrath of the Lord kindled against his people, and 
lie hath stretched out his hand upon them." He is desirous of our salvation. 
^JVoslrcB saliUis avidiis^ saith Lemnius, and for that cause pulls us by the ear mmy 
times, to put us in mind of our duties : " That they which erred might have under- 
standing, (as Isaiah speaks xxix. 24) and so to be reformed." ^^ " 1 am afflicted, and 
at the point of death," so David confesseth of himself, Psal. Ixxxviii. v. 15, v. 9. 
'^ Mine eyes are sorrowful through mine affliction :" and that made him turn unto 
God. Great Alexander in the midst of all his prosperity, by a company of parasites 

'"'Gen. iii. J7. "■'Ilia cadens tejrnien manibui gleba producat, si turbo viiieam debilitet, &c. Cypr. 

fleciissit, et nnft pernicieni inimisit miseris mortalibua -« Mat- xiv. 3. 21 Philostratus, lib. 8. vit. Apollonii. 
atram. Hesiod. 1. oper. '"Horn. 5. ad pop. An- Injnstitiam ejus, et sceleratas nuptias. et ctPtera qiiw 

tioch. "• Psal. cvii. 17. '' Pro. i. 27. 'f-Qiibd pra-ter rationem fecerat, niorboruin caiisas dixit. ■^-16, 

autem crebrius bella r.oncutiant, qii5d sterilitas et '-^^ 18. "420. '^^ Verse 17. -''28 Ueos quofi 

lames soiiciiiidineni ciimulent, qu6d s.Tvienlibns nior- dilijjit, castijrat. ^ Tsa. v. 13. Verse J5. '-* Nos- 

bis valitiido frangitiir, quod humanuin genus luis popu- tree salutis avidus continenter aures vellicat, ac cala- 
tatione vastainr ; ob peccalnm omnia. Cypr. ''■» Si mitate subinde nos exercet. Levinus I.tmn. 1. 2. c. 29. 

raro desuper pluvia descendat, si terra situ pulveris [ de occult, nat. inir. saVexatio dj.1 intellectum, 

iqualleat, si vix jejunas et pallidae herbas sterilis 1 Iga xxviii. 19. 



^lem. 1. ^uzo. i.J Diseases m General. 87 

deified, and now made a god, when he saw one of his wounds oleed, remembered 
that he was but a man, and remitted of his pride. In morho recoUigit se animusj^ 
as ^' Pliny well perceived ; " In sickness the mind reflects upon itself, with judgment 
surveys itself, and abhors its former courses ;" insomuch that he concludes to his 
friend Marius, ^^^' that it were the period of all philosophy, if we could so continue 
sound, or perform but a part of that which we promised to do, being sick. Whoso 
is wise then, will consider these things," as David did (Psal. cxliv., verse last); and 
whatsoever fortune befall him, make use of it. if he be in sorrow, need, sickness, 
or any other adversity, seriously to recount with himself, why this or that malady, 
misery, this or that incurable disease is inflicted upon him ; it may be for his good^ 
^ sic ex^pedit., as Peter said of his daughter's ague. Bodily sickness is for his soul's 
hcaiui, j^sriisset nin periisset^ had he not been visited, he had utterly perished ; for 
^ '* the Lord correcteth him whom lie loveth, even as a father doth his child in whom 
he deliofhteth." If he*be safe and sound on the other side, and free from all manner 
of infirmity; ^' et cui 

•'Gratia, forma, valetudo conlingat aburid6 I "And that he have erace, beauty, favour, health, 

Et niuiidus victus, rion deficienie cru»ien4." | A cleanly diet, and abound in wealth." 

Yet in the midst of his prosperity, let him remember that caveat of Moses, ^^" Bewar** 
that he do not forget the Lord his God ;" that he be not puffed up, but acknowledge 
them to be his good gifts and benefits, and ^' '''' the more he hath, to be more thank- 
ful," (as Agapetianus adviseth) and use them aright. 

Instrumental Causes of our Injirmiiies.] Now the instrumental causes of these 
our infirmities, are as diverse as the infirmities themselves ; stars, heavens, ele- 
ments, &c. And all those creatures which God hath made, are armed agaisst sin- 
ners. They were indeed once good in themselves, and that they are now many of 
them pernicious unto us, is not in their nature, but our corruption, which hath caused 
it. For from the fall of our first parent Adam, they have been changed, the earth 
accursed, the influence of stars altered, the four elements, beasts, birds, plants, are 
now ready to oflend us. " The principal things for the use of man, are water, fire, 
iron, salt, meal, wheat, honey, milk, oil, wine, clothing, good to the godly, to the 
sinners turned to evil,'' Ecclus. xxxix. 26. '^ Fire, and hail, and famine, and dearth, 
all these are created for vengeance," Ecclus. xxxix. 29. The heavens threaten us 
with their comets, stars, planets, with their great conjunctions, eclipses, oppositions, 
quartiles, and such unfriendly aspects. The air with his meteors, thunder and 
lightning, intemperate heat and cold, mighty winds, tempests, unseasonable weather; 
from which proceed dearth, famine, plague, and all sorts of epidemical diseases, con- 
suming infinite myriads of men. At Cairo in Egypt, every third year, (as it is re- 
lated by ^^Boterus, and others) 300,000 die of the plague; and 200,000, in Con- 
stantinople, every fifth or seventh at the utmost. How doth the earth terrify and 
oppress us with terrible earthquakes, which are most frequent in ^'^ China, Japan, and 
those eastern climes, swallowing up sometimes six cities at once .'' How doth the 
water rage with his inundations, irruptions, flinging down towns, cities, villages, 
bridges. Sec. besides shipwrecks ; v> hole islands are sometimes suddenly overwhelmed 
with all their inhabitants in ""Zealand, Holland, and many parts of the continent 
drowned, as the "' lake Erne in Ireland ? '^■^JVUulque prceter arclum cadavcrn patcnti 
cernimus freto. In the fens of Friesland 1230, by reason of tempests, ''^ the sea 
drowned 7)iuUa hominum miliia^ et jumenfa sine numero^ all the country almost, men 
and cattle in it. How doth the fire rage, that merciless element, consuming in an 
instant whole cities ? What town of any antiquity or note hath not been once, again 
and again, by the fury of this merciless element, defaced, ruinated, and left desolate ? 
In a word, 

«*' Ignis pepercit, iinda mergit, agris I *' Whom fire spares, sea doth drown ; whom sea. 

Vis pestilentis aequori treptum necat, Pestilent air doth send to clay ; 

Bello superstes, tabidus niorbo peril." | Whom war 'scapes, sickness takes away." 



30 111 sickness the m;Tid recollects it?elf. 3' Lib. 7. s'Quanto majoribns beneticii.* a Deo cumulatnr, tanto 



Cum judicio, mores et facta recognoscit et se intuetur. 
Dum fero languorem, fero religionis aniorem. Expers 
languoris non sum memor hujus amoris. s- Sum- 

mum esse totius philosophic, ut tales esse persevere- 
mus, quales nos futuros esse infirmi protitenuir. 
3- Petrarch '*Prov. iii. 12. »- Hor. Epis. lib. 

1.4 *Deu» vi*' 11. Qui slat videat ne cadat. 



obligaliorem se debitoreni fateri. ^"Boterus de 

inst. urbium. ^a j^^ge hist, relationem Lod. Frois 

de rebus Japonicis ad annum 1596. ^"Guicciard. 

descript. Belg. anno 1421. •»' Giraldus Cambrens. 

4- .lanus Dousa, ep. lib 1. car. 10. And we perceive no- 
thing, except the dead bodies of cities in the open sea 
^^Munster. I. 3. Cos. cap. 462. <-> Builianan. BaptidI 



88 Diseases in General. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 

To descend to more particulars, how many creatures are at deadly feud with men ? 
Lions, M^olves, bears, &c. Some with hoofs, horns, tusks, leeth, nails : How many 
noxious serpents and venemous creatures, ready to offend us with stings, breath, 
sight, or quite kill us.? How many pernicious fishes, plants, gums, fruits, seeds, 
flowers, &c. could I reckon up on a sudden, which by tlieir very smell many of 
them, touch, taste, cause some grievous malady, if not death itself? Some make 
mention of a thousand several poisons : but these are but trifles in respect. The 
greatest enemy to man, is man, who by the devil's instigation is still ready to do 
mischief, his own executioner, a wolf, a devil to himself, and others. ''^ We are all 
brethren in Christ, or at least should be, members of one body, servants of one Lord, 
and yet no fiend can so torment, insult over, tyrannize, vex, as one man doth another. 
Let me not fall therefore (saith David, when wars, plague, famine were offered) into 
the hands of nn ', merciless and wicked men : 

«— " Vix sunt homines hoc nomine digni, 

Qu^mque liipi, seevae plus feritalis habent." 

We can most part foresee these epidemical diseases, and likely avoid them ; 
Dearths, tempests, plagues, our astrologers fortel us; Earthquakes, inundations, 
ruins of houses, consuming fires, come by little and little, or make some noise be- 
forehand ; but the knaveries, impostures, injuries and villanies of men no art can 
avoid. We can keep our professed enemies from our cities, by gates, walls and 
towers, defend ourselves from thieves and robbers by watchfulness and weapons ; 
but this malice of men, and their pernicious endeavours, no caution can divert, 
no vigilancy foresee, we have so many secret plots and devices to mischief one 
another. 

Sometimes by the devil's help as magicians, ^''witches : sometimes by impostures, 
mixtures, poisons, stratagems, single combats, wars, we hack and hew, as if we were 
ad internecionem nati^ like Cadmus' soldiers born to consume one another. 'Tis an 
ordinary tiling to read of a hundred and two hundred thousand men slain in a battle. 
Besides all manner of tortures, brazen bulls, racks, wheels, strappadoes, guns, en- 
ghies, &.C. '^^Jld unum corpus humanum supplicia plura^ quam membra : We have 
invented more torturing instruments, than there be several members in a man's body, 
as Cyprian well observes. To come nearer yet, our own parents by their offences, 
indiscretion and intemperance, are our mortal enemies. "^^ The fathers have eaten 
sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on- edge." They cause our grief many 
times, and put upon us hereditary diseases, inevitable infirmities : they torment us, 
and we are ready to injure our posterity ; 

60 »,nox daturi progeniem vitiosiorem." 1 " ^"d yet with crimes to us unknown, 

I Our sons shall mark the coming: age their own;' 

and the latter end of the world, as ^'Paul foretold, is still like to be the worst. We 
are thus bad by nature, bad by kind, but far worse by art, every man the greatest 
enemy unto himself We study many times to undo ourselves, abusing those good 
gifts which God hath bestowed upon us, health, wealth, strength, wit, learning, art, 
memory to our own destruction, ^^Perdit'io tua ex te. As ^'^ Judas Maccabeus killed 
Apollonius wdth his own weapons, we arm ourselves to our own overthrows ; and 
use reason, art, judgment, all that should help us, as so many instruments to undo 
us. Hector gave Ajax a sword, which so long as he fought against enemies, served 
for his help and defence ; but after he began to hurt harmless creatures with it, turn- 
ed to his own hurtless bowels. Those excellent means God hath bestowed on 
us, well employed, cannot but much avail us ; but if otherwise perverted, they ruin 
and confound us : and so by reason of our indiscretion and weakness they com- 
monly do, we have too many instances. This St. Austin acknowledgeth of him- 
self in his humble confessions, " promptness of wit, memory, eloquence, they were 
God's good gifts, but he did not use them to his glory." If you will particular]*- 
kno^v how, and by what means, consult physicians, and they will tell you, that it is 
in offending in some of those six non-natural things, of which I sliall ^"dilate more 
at Jarge ; they are the causes of our infirmities, om* surfeiting, and drunkenness, oiii 

♦5 Homo homini lupus, homo homini daemon. I xviii. 2, 6f>Hor. 1. 3. Od. 6. s' 2 Tim. iii. 2 

••■♦•vid de Trist. 1. 5. Eleg. 8. « IVIiscent aconita <>" Eze. xviii. 31. Thv destruction is from thvsell. 

»K)v«»rcie. ■'^Lib. 2. Epi8t.2. ad Donaium. *" "liae. | M21 Mace. iii. 12. ' m Part. I. Sec. 2. Memb. 2. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Def. JVum. Div. of Diseases. 89 

immoderate insatiable lust, and prodigious riot. Plures crapuJa, quam gladius^ is a 
true saying, the board consumes more than the sword. Our intemperance it is, that 
pulls so many several incurable diseases upon our heads, that hastens '^old age, per- 
verts our temperature, and brings upon us sudden death. And last of all, that which 
crucifies us most, is our own folly, madness [quos Jupiter perdit^ demcntat ; by su])trac- 
tion of his assisting grace God permits it) weakness, want of government, our facility 
and proneness in yielding to several lusts, in giving way to every passion and pertur- 
bation of the mind : by which means we metamorphose ourselves and degenerate into 
beasts. All which that prince of ^^poets observed of Agamemnon, that when he was 
well pleased, and could moderate his passion, he was — os oculosque Join par : like 
Jupiter in feature. Mars in valour, Pallas in wisdom, another god ; but when he be- 
came angry, he was a lion, a tiger, a dog, &c., there appeared no sign or likeness oi 
Jupiter in him ; so we, as long as we are ruled by reason, correct our inonhnate ap 
petite, and conform ourselves to God's word, are as so many saints : but if we givp 
reins to lust, anger, ambition, pride, and follow our own ways, we degenerate into 
beasts, transform ourselves, overthrow our constitutions, ^''provoke God to anger 
and heap upon us this of melancholy, and all kinds of incurable diseases, as a jus^, 
and deserved punishment of our sins. 

Sub SEC. II. — The Dejinltlon, JVumher^ Division of Diseases. 

What a disease is, almost every physician defines. '^'^ Fernelius calleth it an 
" Affection of the body contrary to nature." ^^ Fuschius and Crato, '•'• an hinderance, 
hurt, or alteration of any action of the body, or part of it." ^° Tholosanns, '^ a dis- 
solution of that league which is between body and soul, and a perturbaticai of it ; as 
health the perfection, and makes to the preservation of it." ^' Labeo in Agellius, " an 
ill habit of the body, opposite to nature, hindering the use of it." Others otherwise, 
all to this effect. 

JVumher of Diseases.] How many diseases there are, is a question not yet deter- 
mined ; ^^ Pliny reckons up 300 from the crown of the head to the sole of the foo : 
elsewhere he saith, morborum infinUa multilud'o., their number is infinite. IIows 3- 
ever it was in those times, it boots not ; in our days I am sure the number is much 
augmented : 

•'s " macies, et nova febrium 

Terris incubit cohors." 

For besides many epidemical diseases unheard of, and altogether unknown to Galen 
and Hippocrates, as scorbutum, small-pox, plica, sweating sickness, morbus Gallicus, 
&c., we have many proper and peculiar almost to every part. 

JVo man free from some Disease or other.] No man amongst us so sound, of so 
good a constitution, that hath not some impediment of body or mind. Qttisque suos 
pafimur manes., we have all our infirmities, first or last, more or less. There will 
be peradvei^ure in an age, or one of a thousand, like Zenophilus the musician in 
^^ Pliny, that may happily live 105 years without any manner of impediment ; a Pol- 
lio Romulus, that can preserve himself ^^"with wine and oil;" a man as fortunate 
as Q,. Metellus, of whom Valerius so much brags ; a man as healthy as Otto Ilerwar- 
Jus, a senator of Augsburg in Germany, whom ^^ Leovitius the astrologer brings in 
for an example and instance of certainty in his art; who because he had the signi 
ficators in his geniture fortunate, and free from the hostile aspects of Saturn and ]Mar:^, 
being a very cold man, ^^ " could not remember that ever he was sick." ^^ Paracel- 
sus may brag that he could make a man live 400 years or more, if he might bring 
him up from his infancy, and diet him as he list ; and some physicians hold, that 
iheir is no certain period of man's life ; but it may still by temperance and physic 



^'Nequitia est qnse te non sinet esse senem. 
^ Homer. Iliad. ^7 inteinperantia, luxus, iiiglu- 

vit s, et infinita hiijusmodi flafjitia, qure divinas pneiias 
merentur. (Jrato. ^^Tern. Path. I. 1. c 1. Mor- 

bus est affectus contra, naturam corpori insides. 
'^Fusch. Instit. 1. .3. sect. 1. c. 3. k quo pritnum vitia- 
tur actio. ''"Dissolutio foederis in corpore, lit sa- 

Hitas est consummatio. ei Lib. 4. cap. 2. Morbus 

est habitus contra naturam, qui usuin ejus, &c. 

12 h2 



62 Cap. 11. lib. 7. esjiorat. '^b. l.ode .3. "Ern>- 

elation, and a new cohort of fevers broods o\er th»; 
earth." ^icap .50. lib. 7. Centum et qnirque 

vixit annos sine ullo incommodo ""Intus ninlso 

foras oleo. e^Exemplis eeiiitur. praefixis Ephemer 

cap. de infirmitat. "' Qui, quoad pueritise uhiman 

memoriam recordari potest non meminit se regrotun 
decubuisse. ''"' Lib. de vita longa 



90 Div. of the Diseases of the Head. [Part. 1. Sect. 1 

be pr 3longecl. We find in the meantime, by common experience, that no man can 
escape, but tliat of ^^Hesiod is true ; 



Nc-{7-0/J" OLvbe^Ul-rrA ilViZ' H/Uie^H, tld'' i^r) VVK.lt 
' AvrC,UATC,t PiiT-iTi." 



'Th' earth's full of maladies, ami full the sea, 
Which set upon us both by night and day." 



Dwlslon of Diseases.] If you require a more exact division of these ordinary 
diseases which are incident to men, I refer you to physicians ;'° they will tell you 
of acute and chronic, first and secondary, lethales, salutares, errant, fixed, simple, 
compound, connexed, or consequent, belonging to parts or the whole, in habit, or 
in disposition, &c. My division at this time (as most befitting my purpose) shall 
be into those of the body and mind. For them of the body, a brief catalogue of 
which Fuschius hath made, Institut. lib. 3, sect. 1, cap. 11. I refer you to the vo- 
luminous tomes of Galen, Areteus, Rhasis, Avicenna, Alexander, Faulus iEtius, Gor- 
donerius : and those exact Neoterics, Savanarola, Capivaccius, Donatus Altomarus, 
Hercules de Saxonia, Mercurialis, Victorius F? .entinus. Wecker, Piso, &.C., that have 
methodically and elaborately written of them all. Those of the mind and head I 
will briefly handle, and apart. 

SuBSECT. III. — Division of the Diseases of the Head. 

These diseases of the mind, forasmuch as they have their chief seat and organs 
in the head, which are commonly repeated amongst the diseases of the head which 
are divers, and vary much according to their site. For in the head, as there be 
several parts, so there be divers grievances, which according to that division of 
•Heurnius, (which he takes out of Arculanus,) are inward or outward (to omit all 
others which pertain to eyes and ears, nostrils, gums, teeth, mouth, palate, 
tongue, wesel, chops, face, &c.) belonging properly to the brain, as baldness, falling 
of hair, furfaire, lice, &c. "^Inward belonging to the skins next to the brain, called 
dura and pia mater., as all head-aches, &c,, or to the ventricles, caules, kels, tunicles, 
creeks, and parts of it, and their passions, as caro, vertigo, incubus, apoplexy, falling 
sickness. The diseases of the nerves, cramps, stupor, convulsion, tremor, palsy : 
or belonging to the excrements of the brain, catarrhs, sneezing, rheums, distillations : 
or else those that pertain to the substance of the brain itself, in which are conceived 
phrensy, lethargy, melancholy, madness, weak memory, sopor, or Coma Vigilia et 
vigil Coma. Out of these again I will single such as properly belong to the phan- 
tasy, or imagination, or reason itself, which "Laurentius calls the disease of the 
mind ; and Hildesheim, morbos imaginationisn aut rationis Io^scb^ (diseases of the 
imagination, or of injured reason,) which are three or four in number, phrensy, 
madness, melancholy, dotage, and their kinds : as hydrophobia, lycanthropia. Chorus 
sancti viti., morhi damoniaci., (St. Vitus's dance, possession of devils,) which I will 
briefly touch and point at, insisting especially in this of melancholy, as more eminent 
than the rest, and that through all his kinds, causes, symptoms, prognostics, cures ■ 
as Lonicerus hath done de apoplexia., and many other of such particular diseases 
Not that I find fault with those which have written of this subject before, as Jason 
Fratensis, Laurentius, Montaltus, T. Bright, &c., they have done very well in their 
several kinds and methods ; yet that which one omits, another may haply see ; thai 
which one contracts, another may enlarge. To conclude with ^^ Scribanius, " that 
which they had neglected, or profunctorily handled, we may more thoroughly ex- 
amine ; that which is obscurely delivered in them, may be perspicuously dilated and 
amplified by us :" and so made more familiar and easy for every man's capacity, and 
tlie common good, which is the chief end of my discourse. 

St'BSECT. IV. — Dotage.) Phrensy., Madness., Hydrophobia^ Lycanthropia^ Chorus 

sancti Viti., Extasis. 

Delirium., Dotage.] Dotage, fatuity, or folly, is a common name to all the fol 
lowing species, as some will have it. '^Laurentius and '^Altomarus comprehended 



esQper. et dies. '« See Fernelius Path. lib. 1. 

cap. 9, 10, 11, 12.. Fuschius Instil. 1. 3. sect. 1. c. 7. 
Wecker. Synt. "> Prtefat. do niorbis capitis. In 

rapite ut Tariae habitant partes, ita varia; querela; ibi 
pweniuni. '^ Of which read Ileurnius, Montal- 



tus, Hildesheim, Quercetan, Jason Pratensis, &c 
'•* Cap. 2. de inelanchol. '^Cap. 2. de Phisiologia 

sagarum : Quod alii, minus recte fortasse dixerinl, 
nos examinare, melius dijudicare, corrigere studea 
mus. '^ Cap. 4. de mol. "6 Art. Med. 7. 



iMein. 1. Subs 4.] Diseases of the Mind. 91 

madness, melanclioly, and the rest under this name, and call it the suvvnum genus 
of them all. If it be distinguished from them, it is natural or ingenite, which comes 
by some defect of the organs, and over-much brain, as we see in our common fools; 
and is for the most part intended or remitted in particular men, and thereupon some 
are wiser than others : or else it is acquisite, an appendix or symptom of some other 
disease, which comes or goes ; or if it continue, a sign of melancholy itself. 

Prensy?!^ PArc^r'/is, which the Greeks derive from the word tp'?*'? is a disease of 
the mind, with a continual madness or dotage, which hath an acute fever an lexed, 
or else an inflammation of the brain, or the membranes or kels of it, with an acute 
fever, which causeth madness and dotage. It differs from melancholy and madness, 
because their dotage is without an ague: this continual, with waking, or memory 
decayed, &c. Melancholy is most part silent, this clamorous ; and many such like 
differences are assigned by physicians. 

Madness.] Madness, phrensy, and melancholy are confounded by Celsus, and 
many writers; others leave out phrensy, and make madness and melancholy but one 
disease, which '^ Jason Pratensis especially labours, and that they differ only sccun- 
dam rnajiis or minus., in quantity alone, the one being a degree to the other, and both 
proceeding from one cause. They differ intenso et remisso gradu., saith '^^Gordonius, 
as the humour is intended or remitted. Of the same mind is '^Areteus, Alexander 
Tertullianus, Guianerius, Savanarola, lieurnius ; and Galen himself writes promis- 
cuously of tliem both by reason of their affinity : but most of our neoterics do 
'handle them apart, whom I will follow in this treatise. Madness is therefore defined 
to be a vehement dotage; or raving without a fever, far more violent than melan- 
choly, full of anger and clamour, horrible looks, actions, gestures, troubling the 
patients with far greater vehemency both of body and mind, witliout all fear and 
sorrow, with such impetuous force and boldness, that sometimes three or four men 
cannot hold them. Differing only in this from phrensy, that it is without a fever, 
and their memory is most part better. It hath the same causes as the other, as choler 
adust, and blood incensed, brains inflamed, &c. ^° Fracastorius adds, "a due time, 
and full age to this definition, to distinguish it from children, and will have it con- 
firmed im potency, to separate it from such as accidentally come and go again, as by 
taking henbane, nightshade, wine, &c. Of this fury there be divers kinds; "'ecstasy, 
which is familiar with some persons, as Cardan saith of himself, he could be in one 
when he list; in wliich the Indian priests deliver their oracles, and the witches in 
Lapland, as Olaus Magnus writeth, 1. H, cap. 18. Exfasi omnia pradiccr''., answer 
ail questions in an extasis you will ask; what your friends do, where they are, how 
they fare, &c. The other species of this fury are entliusiasms, revelations, and 
visions, so often mentioned by Gregory and Beda in their works; obsession or pos- 
session of devils, sibylline prophets, and poetical furies ; such as come by eating 
noxious herbs, tarantulas stinging, &.c., which some reduce to this. The mostknoAvn 
are these, lycanthropia, hydrophobia, chorus sancti viti. 

Lycanthropia.] Lycanthropia, which Avicenna calls Cucubuth, others Lupinam 
rnsaniam, or Wolf-madness, when men run howling about graves and fields in the 
night, and will not be persuaded but that they are wolves, or some such beasts. 
^^-Etius and ^'^Paulus call it a kind of melancholy; but I should rather refer it to 
madness, as most do. Some make a doubt of it whether there be any such disease 
^"Donat ab Altomari saith, that he saw two of them in his time: ^'^Wierus tells a 
story of such a one at Padua 1541, that would not believe to the contrary, but that 
he was a wolf. He hath another instance of a Spaniard, who thought iiimself a 
bear; ''^Forrestus confirms as much by many examples; one amongst the rest of 
which he was an eye-witness, at Alcmaer in Holland, a poor husbandman that still 
hunted about graves, and kept in churchyards, of a pale, black, ugly, and fearful 
lonk Such belike, or little better, were king Pra^tus' ^'daughters, that thought 

"•rierique medici uno complexu perstringunt hos firmatam habet impotentiain bene operandi circa in- 
duos morbos, quod ex eadein causa oriaiitur, qiiodque leil^-ctuin. lib. 2. de intellectioiie. *>' Of vvhicb leat' 
mawnitudine et niodo solCirii distent, et alter gradus ad Foslix IMater. cap. .?. de nienti.s alienatione. f-- Lib 

altcruni existat. Jason I'ratens. "i^lAb. Med- 6. cap. 11. i-s Lib. 3. cap 16. *" Cap. 9. Art 

"Purs mania; mibi videlnr. ^Insanus est, qui 1 med. ''^ De praestig. DietMonum, !. 3. cap 'i\ 

Btate Uel)it4, ei tempore debito per se, non momenta- ^-cobservat. "ib. 10. Je morbis cerebri, cap. 15. »'■ Ui\i 
nei. II et fugacem, ut vini, solani, llyoscyami, sedcon- ! pocrales lib dc insania. 



92 Diseases of the Mind. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 

themselves kine. And Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel, as some interpreters hold, was 
only troubled with this kind of madness. This disease perhaps gave occasion to 
that bold assertion of ^^ Pliny, " some men were turned into wolves in his time, anc 
from wolves to men again :" and to that fable of Pausanias, of a man that was ten 
years a wolf, and afterwards turned to his former shape : to ^'^ Ovid's tale of Lycaon, 
&c. He that is desirous to hear of this chsease, or more examples, let him read 
Austin in his 18th book de Civitate Dei^ cap. 5. Mizaldus^ cent. 5. 77. Sckenkius^ 
lib. 1. Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de Mania. Forrestus lib. 10. de morbis cerebri. Olaus 
Magnus^ Vincentius'' Bellavicensis, spec. met. lib. 31. c. 122. Pierius, Bodine, 
Zuino-er, Zeilger, Peucer, Wierus, Spranger, &c. This malady, saith Avicenna, trou- 
bleth men most in February, and is now-a-days frequent in Bohemia and Hungary, 
according to ^'^Heurnius. Schernitzius will have it common in Livonia. They lie 
hid most part all day, and go abroad in the night, barking, howling, at graves and 
deserts ; ^' '" they have usually hollow eyes, scabbed legs and thighs, very dry and 
pale," ^^ saith Altomarus ; he gives a reason there of all the symptoms, and sets 
down a brief cure of them. 

Hydrophobia is a kind of madness, well known in every village, which comes by 
the biting of a mad dog, or scratching, saith ^^Aurelianus ; touching, or smelling 
alone sometimes as ^^Sckenkius proves, and is incident to many other creatures as 
well as men : so called because the parties affected cannot endure the sight of water, 
or any liquor, supposing still they see a mad dog in it. And which is more wonder- 
ful ; though they be very dry, (as in this malady they are) they will rather die than 
drink: ^'Caelius Aurelianus, an ancient writer, makes a doubt whether this Hydro- 
phobia be a passion of the body or the mind. The part affected is the brain : the 
cause, poison that comes from the mad dog, which is so hot and dry, that it con- 
sumes all the moisture in the body. ^^Hildesheim relates of some that died so mad ; 
and being cut up, had no water, scarce blood, or any moisture left in them. To 
such as are so affected, the fear of water begins at fourteen days after they are bitten, 
to some again not till forty or sixty days after : commonly saith Heurnius, they 
begin to rave, fly water and glasses, to look red, and swell in the face, about twenty 
days after (if some remedy be not taken in the meantime) to lie awake, to be pen- 
sive, sad, to see strange visions, to bark and howl, to fall into a swoon, and often- 
times fits of the falling sickness. ^'Some say, little things like whelps will be seen 
in their urine. If any of these signs appear, they are past recovery. Many times 
these symptoms will not appear till six or seven months after, saith ^^Codronchus ; 
and sometimes not till seven or eight years, as Guianerius ; twelve as Albertus ; six 
or eight months after, as Galen holds. Baldus the great lawyer died of it: an Au- 
gustine friar, and a woman in Delft, that were ^^ Forrestus patients, were miserably 
consumed with it. The common cure in the country (for such at least as dwell 
near the sea-side) is to duck them over head and ears in sea water ; some use charms : 
every good wife can prescribe medicines. But the best cure to be had in such cases, 
is from the most approved physicians; they that will read of them, may consult 
with Dioscorides, lib. 6. c. 37, Heurnius, Hildesheim, Capivaccius, Forrestus, Scken- 
kius, and before all others Codronchus an Italian, who hath lately written two ex- 
quisite books on the subject. 

Chorus sancti Vili^ or St. Fi/z^s's dance ; the lascivious dance, '''"Paracelsus calls it, 
because they that are taken from it, can do nothing but dance till they be dead, or 
cured. It is so called, for that the parties so troubled were wont to go to St. Vitus 
for help, and after they had danced there awhile, they were 'certainly freed. 'Tis 
strange to hear how long they will dance, and in what manner, over stools, forms, 
tables ; even great bellied women sometimes (and yet never hurt their children) will 
dance so long that they can stir neither hand nor foot, but seem to be quite dead. 
One in red clothes they cannot abide. Music above all things they love, and there 
lore magistrates in Germany will hire musicians to play to them, and some lusty 
Bturdy companions to dance with them. This disease hath been very commc.i iii 

* Lib. 8. cap. 22. Homines interdum liipos feri; et 13. de morbis aciitis. ^egpicel. 2. s: gckenkiis, 



contra. t'«Met. lib. 1. »« Cap. de Man. »' III- 
cerata nun, sitis ipsis adest iinniodica, pallidi, lingua 
sicca. '^ Cap. 9. art. Hydrophobia. '-'SLib. 3. 

rap 9 WLib. 7. de Venenis. «Lib. 3. cap. 



7 lib. de Venenis. 98 Lib. de Hydrophobia. s^Ob- 
servat. lib. 10. 25. looLascivam ( hoream. To 4. 

de morbis amentium. Tract. 1. ' Evenlu ut o.u- 

rimum rem ipsam comprobaiUe. 



alem. 1. Subs. 5.1 



MclanchoJy in Disposition. 



9.^ 



Gerraai y, as appears by those relations of ^ Sckenkius, and Paracelsus in his book 
of Madness, who brags how many several persons he hath cured of it. Felix 
Plateras de mentis alienat. cap. 3, reports of a woman in Basil whom he saw, that 
danced a whole month together. The Arabians call it a kind of palsy. Bodine in 
his 5th book de Repub. cap. 1, speaks of this infirmity ; Monavius in his last epistb 
to Scoltizius, and in another to Dudithus, where you may read more of it. 

The last kind of madness or melancholy, is that demonaical (if I may so call it) 
obsession or possession of devils, which Platerus and others would have to be pre- 
ternatural : stupend things are said of them, their actions, gestures, contortions, 
/asting, prophesying, speaking languages they were never taught, &c. Many strange 
stories are related of them, which because some will not allow, (for Deacon and 
Darrel have written large volumes on this subject pro and con.) I voluntarily omit. 

^Fuschius, Institut. lib. 3. sec. 1. cap. 1 1, Felix Plater, '' Laurentius, add to tho-se 
mother fury that proceeds from love, and another from study, another divine or n* 
rigious fury ; but these more properly belong to melancholy ; of all which I will 
speak ''apart, intending to write a whole book of them. 

SuBSECT. V. — Melancholy in Disposition., improperly so called., Equivocations. 

Melancholy, the subject of our present discourse, is eithfr in disposition or 
habit. In disposition, is that transitory melancholy which goes and comes upon 
every small occasion of sorrow, need, sickness, trouble, fear, grief, passion, or per- 
turbation of the mind, any manner of care, discontent, or thought, which causeth 
anguish, dulness, heaviness and vexation of spirit, any ways opposite to pleasure, 
mirth, joy, delight, causing frowardness in us, or a dislike. In which equivocal and 
improper sense, we call him melancholy that is dull, sad, sour, lumpish, ill disposed, 
solitary, any way moved, or displeased. And from these melancholy dispositions, 
'no man living is free, no stoic, none so wise, none so happy, none so patient, so 
generous, so godly, so divine, that can vindicate himself; so well composed, but 
more or less, some time or other he feels the smart of it. Melancholy in this sense 
is the character of mortality. '"Man that is born of a woman, is of short con- 
tinuance, and full of trouble." Zeno, Cato, Socrates himself, whom ^jElian so highly 
commends for a moderate temper, that " nothing could disturb him, but going out, 
and coming in, still Socrates kept the same serenity of countenance, what misery 
soever befel him," (if we may believe Plato his disciple) was much tormented with 
it. Q. Metellus, in whom ^ Valerius gives instance of all happiness, " the most for- 
tunate man then living, born in tliat most flourishing city of Rome, of noble parentage, 
a proper man of person, well qualified, healthful, rich, honourable, a senator, a con- 
sul, happy in his wife, happy in his children," &.c. yet this man was not void of 
melancholy, he had his share of sorrow. '°Polycrates Samius, that flung his ring 
into the sea, because he would participate of discontent with others, and had it 
miraculously restored to him again shortly after, by a fish taken as he angled, was 
not free from melancholy dispositions. No man can cure himself; the very gods 
had bitter pangs, and frequent passions, as their own "poets put upon them. In 
general, '^"as the heaven, so is our life, sometimes fair, sometimes overcast, tem- 
pestuous, and serene ; as in a rose, flowers and prickles ; in the year itself, a tempe- 
rate summer sometimes, a hard winter, a drought, and then again pleasant showers ; 
so is our life intermixed with joys, hopes, fears, sorrows, calumnies : Invicem cedur^ 
dolor et voluptas, there is a succession of pleasure and pain. 

'^ "medio de fonte lepdruiri 

Siir^il amari aliqnid, in ipsis fldribiis angat." 

^' Even in the midst of laughing there is sorrow," (as '^ Solomon holds) : even in the 



2 Lib, 1. v,ap. de Mania. ^Cap. 3. de mentis 

Rlienat. i Cap. 4. de mel. SPART. 3. 

"■ De quo homine seciiritas, de quo certnni paiuiinml 
qiincunqiie se convertit, in terrenis rebus amaritudi- 
iietn aninii inveniet. Au;:. in Psal. viii. 5. ' Job. i. 

H. f'Omiii tempore Socratem eodem vultu videri, 
sive domum rediret, sive domo egrederelur. "Lib. 

"• cap. I. Nalus in florentissima tntius orbis civitate, 
nnbilissiinis parentibus, corpores vires habuil et raris- 
■iiudB animi dotes, uxorem conspicuam, pudicam, 



fmlices liberns, consulare decus, sequentes triumphed, 
&c. '"^lian. " Homer. Iliad. '^Lipgjug^ 

cent. 3. ep. 45, ut ccelum, sic nos hom'ned sumus : iilHd 
ex intervallo nubib.is obducifur et obscuratur. In 
rosario flores spinis intprmixti. Vita similis aeri, 
uduni modo, sudiim, tempestas, serenitas : ita vires 
reruni sunt, prjemia gaudiis, et sequaces cur.T. "s i.u 
cretins, 1. 4. 1124. '^Prov. xiv. 13. Extremuii 

gaudii iuctas occupat. 



^F 



94 Melancholy in Disposition. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 

midst of all our feasting and jollity, as '^Austin infers in his Com on the 41st Psalm, 
tliere is grief and discontent. Inter delicias semper aliquid scevi nos strangulaf, for 
a pint of honey thou shalt here likely find a gallon of gall, for a dram of pleasure a 
pound of pain, for an inch of mirth an ell of moan ; as ivy doth an oak, these mise- 
ries encompass our life. And it is most absurd and ridiculous for any mortal man 
to look for a perpetual tenure of happiness in his life. Nothing so prosperous and 
pleasant, but it hath '^some bitterness in it, some complaining, some grudging; it is 
all y%vxv7iLxpov, a mixed passion, and like a chequer table black and white : men, fami- 
lies, cities, have their falls and wanes ; now trines, sextiles, then quartiles and oppo- 
sitions. We are not here as those angels, celestial powers and bodies, sun and moon, 
to finish our course without all offence, with such constancy, to continue for so many 
ages : but subject to infirmities, miseries, interrupted, tossed and tumbled up and 
down, carried about with every small blast, often molested and disquieted upon each 
slender occasion, '^ uncertain, brittle, and so is all that we trust unto. '^"' And he 
that knows not this is not armed to endure it, is not fit to live in this world (as one 
condoles our time), he knows not the condition of it, where with a reciprocally, 
pleasure and pain are still united, and succeed one another in a ring." Exi e mundo^ 
get thee gone hence if thou canst not brook it; there is no way to avoid it, but to 
arm thyself with patience, witli magnanimity, to '^oppose thyself unto it, to suffer 
affliction as a good soldier of Christ ; as '^^ Paul adviseth constantly to bear it. But 
forashmch as so few can embrace this good council of his, or use it aright, but 
rathei as so many brute beasts give away to their passion, voluntary subject and 
preciiuitate themselves iato a labyrinth of cares, woes, miseries, and suffer their souls 
to be overcome by them, cannot arm themselves with that patience as they ought to 
do, ii falleth out oftentimes that these dispositions become habits, and " many affects 
contemned (as "^'Seneca notes) make a disease. Even as one distillation, not yet 
grown to custom, makes a cough; but continual and inveterate causeth a consump- 
tion of the lungs ;" so do these our melancholy provocations : and according as thd 
humv)ur itself is intended, or remitted in men, as their temperature of body, or ra- 
tional soul is better able to make resistance ; so are they more or less affected. For 
that which is but a flea-biting to one, causeth insufferable torment to another; and 
whi- ,t\ one by his singular moderation, and well-composed carriage can happily over- 
come, a second is no whit able to sustain, but upon every small occasion of miscon- 
ceived abuse, injury, grief, disgrace, loss, cross, humour, &c. (if solitary, or idle i 
yiei is so far to passion, that his complexion is altered, his digestion hindered, his 
sleeo gone, his spirits obscured, and his heart heavy, his hypociiondries misaftecled ; 
will d, crudity, on a sudden overtake him, and he himself overcome with melancholy. 
As It is witli a man imprisoned for debt, if once in the gaol, every creditor will 
bri)\g his action against him, and there likely hold him. If any discontent seize 
up(»n a patient, in an instant all other perturbations (for— ^wa data porta ruiint) will 
set upon him, and then like a lame dog or broken-winged goose he droops and pines 
aw4y, and is brought at last to that ill habit or malady of melancholy itself. So that 
as the philosophers make ^^ eight degrees of heat and cold, we may make eighty- 
eight of melancholy, as the parts affected are diversely seized with it, or have been 
plunged more or less into this infernal gulf, or waded deeper into it. But all tliese 
mtlancholy fits, howsoever pleasing at first, or displeasing, violent and tyrannizing 
over those whom they seize on for the time ; yet these fits I say, or men affected, 
are but improperly so called, because they continue not, but come and go, as by 
some objects they are moved. This melancholy of which we are to treat, is a habile 
mosbus sonticus, or chronicus^ a chronic or continuate disease, a settled humour, a? 

isNatalitia inquil celebrantur, niipliae hie sunt ; at destitutog in prnfiindo iniseriarnm valle miserahjliter 
il)i quid celebratiir quod lion dolet. quod non transit? immergunt. Valerius, lib. 6. cap. 11. 'sunir 

'" Apuleiiis 4. florid. Nihil quicquid hoinini tarn pros- 
perutn divinitus datum, quin ei adinixtum sit aliquid 
difficultatis ut eliam amplissima quaqua laetitiS., subsit 
qu5r!|>iani vel parva querimonia conjutralione quadarn 
mellis, et Mlis. '' Caduca nimirum et fragilia, et 

pnerilibiis consentaneacrepundiis sunt ista qii.-E vires 
Rt opos huinaiife vocantur, affluunt subii6, repente de- 
inbuiilur, nullo in loco, nulla in persona, stabilihus 
nixa radicilius consislunt, sed incerlissimo flatu for- 
unie quos in sublime exiulerunt iniproviso recursu 



seculo parum aptus es, aut potius omnium nostrorum 
ronditionem iirnoras, quibus reciproco quodain nexu, 
&.C. Lorchanus Oollohelcicus, lib. 3. ad annum 1.598. 
'^Horsum omnia studia dirisi dsbenl, ut humana for- 
titer feramus. '-o2 Tim. ii. 3. '" Kpist. 96. lib. 10. 
AfTectus frequentes contemptique niorbum faiiuiit. 
Disiillatio una nee ndliuc in morem adaucta, tu.«!sini 
facit, assidiia et violenta pthisim. *^ Calidum ad 

octo : frigidum ad octo. Una hirundo non facii 
Kstatem. 



^^•^ 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] 



Digression of Anatomy. 



95 



*^Aurelianus and ^^ others call it, not errant, but fixed ; and as it was long increasing, 
so now being (pleasant, or painful) grown to an habit, it will hardly be removed. 



SECT. I. MEMB. II. 



Sub SECT. I. — Digression of Anatomy. 

Before I proceed to define the disease of melancholy, what it is, or to discourse 
fartbr of ii, I hold i4, not impertinent to make a brief digression of the anatomy of 
the body and faculties of the soul, for the better understanding of tiiat which is to 
follow ; because many hard words will often occur, as myrache, hypocondries, 
emrods, &c., imagination, reason, humours, spirits, vital, natural, animal, nerves, 
veins, arteries, chylus, pituita; which by the vulgar will not so easily be perceived, 
what they are, how cited, and to what end they serve. And besides, it may perad- 
venture give occasion to some men to examine more accurately, search further into 
this most excellent subject, and thereupon with that royal ^prophet to praise God, 
("for a man is fearfully and wonderfully made, and curiously wrought") that have 
time and leisure enough, and are sufficiently informed in all other worldly businesses, 
Hs to make a good bargain, buy and sell, to keep and make choice of a fair hawk, 
hound, horse, &c. But for such matters as concern the knowledge of themselves, 
they are wholly ignorant and careless ; they know not what this body and soul are, 
how combined, of what parts and faculties they consist, or how a man differs from a 
dog. And what can be more ignominious and filthy (as ^^Melancthon well inveighs) 
" than for a man not to know the structure and composition of his own body, espe- 
cially since the knowledge of it tends so much to the preservation of his health, and 
information of his manners ?" To stir them up therefore to this study, to peruse 
those elaborate works of "Galen, Bauhines, Plater, Vesalius, Falopius, Laurenlius, 
liemelinus, &c., which have written copiously in Latin ; or that which some of our 
industrious countrymen have done in our mother tongue, not long since, as that 
translation of ^^ Columbus and ^^Microcosmographia, in thirteen books, I have made 
this brief digression. Also because ^°Wecker, ^'Melancthon, ^Fernelius, '^Fuschius, 
and those tedious Tracts de Animd (which have more compendiously handled and 
written of this matter,) are not at all times ready to be had, to give them some small 
ta/Ste, or noti<;»; of the rest, let this epitome suffice. 

SuBSECT. II. — Division of the Body., Humours^ Spirits. 

Of the parts of the body there may be many divisions : the most approved is that 
of ^^ Laurentius, out of Hippocrates : which is, into parts contained, or containing. 
Contained, are either humours or spirits. 

Humours.] A humour is a liquid or fluent part of the body, comprehended m 
it, for the preservation of it ; and is either innate or born with us, or adventitious 
and acquisite. The radical or innate, is daily supplied by nourishment, which 
some call cambium, and make those secondary humours of ros and gluten to main- 
tain it : or acquisite, to maintain these four first primary humours, coming and pro- 
ceeding from the first concoction in the liver, by which means chylus is excluded. 
Some divide them into profitable and excrementitious. But ^^Crato out of Hippo- 
crates will have all four to be juice, and not excrements, without which no living 
creature can be sustained : which four, though they be comprehended in the mass 
(>f blood, yet they have their several affections, by which they are distinguished 
fiom one another, and from those adventitious, peccant, or ^^ diseased humours, an 
Melancihon calls them. 

Blood.] Blood is a hot, sweet, temperate, red humour, prepared in the mi.«eraic 
veins, and made of the most temperate parts of the chylus in the liver, whose ofli»',e 



23Lil). I c. 6. "Fuscliius, 1. 3. sec. 1. cap. 7. 

Ilildeslieitn. fol. 130. '^ Psal. xxxix. 13. -^i De 

Aiiiniii. Turpe eniin est honiini i;rnnrare sui corporis 
(ut ra (Jicam) Eedificium, pra;serlim cum ad valetudi- 
Mm et mores ha;c cognitio plurimum coiiducat. '^ De 



usu part. 38 History of man. 20 p. Crooke. 

""In Sviitaxi. 3' De Anima. s^Instit. lib. 1. 

3' Physiol. 1. 1, 2. s-i Anat. 1. 1. c. 18. a- In 

Micro, succos, sine quibus animal sustenlari non pr 
test. * Morbosos bumorea. 



96 Similar Parts. [Part. i. Sec. , 

IS to nourish the whole body, to give it strength and colour, being dispersed by the 
veins through every part of it. And from it spirits are first begotten in the heart, 
which aiterwards by the arteries are communicated to the other parts. 

Pituita, or phlegm, is a cold and moist humour, begotten of the colder part oi 
the chylus (or white juice coming out of the meat digested in the stomach,) in the 
liver; his office is to nourish and moisten the members of the body, which as the 
tongue are moved, that they be not over dry. 

Choler, is hot and dry, bitter, begotten of the hotter parts of the chylus, and 
gathered to the gall : it helps the natural heat and senses, and serves to the expelling 
of excrements. 

Melancholy.] Melancholy, cold and dry, thick, black, and sour, begotten of the 
jnore feculent part of nourishment, and purged from the spleen, is a bridle to the 
other two hot humours, blood and choler, preserving them in the blood, and nourish- 
ing the bones. These four humours have some analogy with the four elements, and 
to the four ages in man. 

Serum^ Sweaty Tears?\ To these humours you may add serum, which is the 
matter of urine, and those excrementitious humours of the third concoction, sweat 
ind tears. 

Spirits.] Spirit is a most subtile vapour, which is expressed from the blood, and 
the instrument of the soul, to perf'^-m all his actions ; a common tie or medium 
between the body and the soul, as some will have it ; or as ^' Paracelsus, a fourth 
soul of itself Melancthon holds the fountain of those spirits to be the heart, be- 
gotten there ; and afterward conveyed to the brain, they take another nature to 
them. Of these spirits there be three kinds, according to the three principal parts, 
brain, heart, liver ; natural, vital, animal. The natural are begotten in the liver, and 
thence dispersed through the veins, to perform those natural actions. The vital 
spirits are made in the heart of the natural, which by the arteries are transported to 
all the other parts : if the spirits cease, then life ceaseth, as in a syncope or swoon- 
ing. The animal spirits formed of the vital, brought up to the brain, and diffused by 
the nerves, to the subordinate members, give sense and motion to them all. 

Sub SECT. III. — Similar Parts. 

Similar Parts.] Containing parts, by reason of their more solid substance, are 
either homogeneal or heterogeneal, similar oi dissimilar; so Aristotle divides them, 
lib. i, cap. 1, de Hist. Animal.; Laurentius., cap. 20, lib. 1. Similar, or homogeneal, 
are such as, if they be divided, are still severed into parts of the same nature, as 
water into water. Of these some be spermatical, some fleshy or carnal. ^^ Spemiati- 
cal are such as are immediately begotten of the seed, which are bones, gristles, liga- 
ments, membranes, nerves, arteries, veins, skins, fibres or strings, fat. 

Bones.] The bones are dry and hard, begotten of the thickest of the seed, to 
strengthen and sustain other parts: some say there be 304, some 307, or 313 in 
man's body. They have no nerves in them, and are therefore without sense. 

A gristle is a substance softer than bone, and harder than the rest, flexible, and 
serves to maintain the parts of motion. 

Ligaments are they that tie the bones together, and other parts to the bones, with 
their subserving tendons : membranes' office is to cover the rest. 

Nerves, or sinews, are membranes without, and full of marrow within ; they pro- 
ceed from the brain, and carry the animal spirits for sense and motion. Of these 
some be harder, some softer ; the softer serve the senses, and there be seven pair of 
them. The first be the optic nerves, by which we see ; the second move the eyes ; 
the third pair serve for the tongue to taste; the fourth pair for the taste in the 
^late ; the fifth belong to the ears ; the sixth pair is most ample, and runs almost 
over c\\ the bowels ; the seventh pair moves the tongue. The harder sinews serve 
for the motion of the inner parts, proceeding from the marrow in the back, of whom 
ihere be thirty combinations, seven of the neck, twelve of the breast, &.c. 

Arteries] Arteries are long and hollow, with a double skin to convey the vital 
spirit ; to discern which the better, they say that Vesalius the anatomist was wonl 

37 Spiritalia anima. ss Laurentius, cap. 30, lib. 1. Anat. 



^^^BHP 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Dissimilar Parts. 97 

to cut up men alive. ^^ They arise in the left side of the heart, and are priaci Ally- 
two, from which the rest are derived, aorta and venosa : aorta is the root of &w* the 
other, which serve the whole body ; the other goes to the lungs, to fetch --r to 
refrigerate the heart. 

Veins.] Veins are hollow and round, like pipes, arising from the liver, cai/i ing 
blood and natural spirits ; they feed all the parts. Of these there be two chief, ^ ena 
porta and Vena cava^h'om which the rest are corrivated. Tliat Vena porta is a vcm 
coming from the concave of the liver, and receiving those meseraical veins, by woom 
he takes the chylus from the stomach and guts, and conveys it to the liver, i'he 
other derives blood from the liver to nourish all the other dispersed members, '('he 
branches of that Vena porta are the meseraical and haemorrhoides. The bram-hes 
of the cava are inward or outward. Inward, seminal or emulgent. Outward, iu the 
head, arms, feet, &c., and have several names, 

Fibro'., Fat., Flesh.] Fibrae are strings, white and solid, dispersed through "h^ 
whole member, and right, oblique, transverse, all which have their several v e;^. 
Fat is a similar part, moist, Avithout blood, composed of the most thick and i' 'C- 
tious matter of the blood. The "^"skin covers the rest, and hath cuticulum., orab de 
skin under it. Flesh is soft and ruddy, composed of the congealing of blood, &c 

SuBSECT. IV. — Dissimilar Parts. 

Dissimilar parts are those which we call organical, or instrumental, and tliey be 
inward or outward. The cliiefest outv/ard parts are situate forward or backward — 
forward, the crown and foretop of the head, skull, face, foreliead, temples, chin, eyes, 
ears, nose, &c., neck, breast, chest, upper and lower part of the belly, hypocondries, 
navel, groin, flank, &c. ; backward, tlie hinder part of the head, back, shoulders, sides, 
loins, hipbones, os sacrum., buttocks, &c. Or joints, arms, hands, feet, legs, thighs, 
knees, &c. Or common to both, Avhich, because they are obvious and well known, 
I have carelessly repeated, eaqiie prcecipua et grandiora tantiim ; quod rcliquum ex 
lihris de animd qui volet., accipiat. 

Inward organical parts, wliich cannot be seen, are divers in number, and have 
several names, functions, and divisions ; but that of ^'Laurentius is most notable, into 
noble or ignoble parts. Of tlie noble there be three principal parts, to which all the 
rest belong, and whom they serve — brain, heart, liver ; according to whose site, three 
regions, or a threefold division, is made of tlie whole body. As first of the head, in 
which the animal organs are contained, and brain itself, whicli by his nerves give 
sense and motion to the rest, and is, as it were, a privy counsellor and chancellor 
to the heart. The second region is the cliest, or middle belly, in which the heart 
as king keeps his court, and by his arteries communicates life to the whole body. 
The third region is the lower belly, in wiiich the liver resides as a Legat a latere^ 
with the rest of those natural organs, serving for concoction, nourishment, expelling 
of excrements. This lower region is distinguished from tlie upper by tlie midriff, or 
diaphragma, and is subdivided again by ""^ some into three concavities or regions, 
upper, middle, and lower. The upper of the hypocondries, in' whose right side is 
the liver, the left tlie spleen ; from which is denominated hypochondriacal melan- 
choly. The second of the navel and flanks, divided from the first by the rim. The 
last of the water course, which is again subdivided into three other parts. The Ara- 
bians inake two parts of this region. Epigastrium and Hypogastriuvi., upper or lower 
Epigastrium they call Miracle from Avhence comes Mirachialis Melancholia.) some- 
times mentioned of them. Of these several regions I will treat in brief apart ; and 
first of the third region, in which the natural organs are contained. 

De v^nimd. — The Lower Region., JVatural Organs.] But you that are readers in 
the meantime, "Suppose you were now brought into some sacred temple, or niajes- 
tical palace (as "' Melancthon saith), to behold not tlie matter only, but the singular 
art, workmanship, and counsel of this our great Creator. And it is a pleasant and 
profitable speculation, if it be considered aright.'^ The parts of this region, which 



^y In these they observe the beatin? of the pu'se. 
*Cujiis est pars simularis a vi cutifica ut inieriora 
niuniat. Capivac. Anat. pag. 252. •" Anal. lib. 1. 

c. 19. Celebris est et pervulgata partium divisio in 

13 i 



principes et ifjnohiles partes. ••- D. Crookc out .u' 

Galen and others. 43 Vos vero veliiti in teniplinn 

iic sacrariiiin quoddam vos diici pulelis, Ike Sutvik 
et uiilis cogniiio. 



r^ 



98 Anatomy of the Body [P^^^- ^ Sec. 1 

present tluniselv^s to your consideration and view, are such as serve to nutrition or 
generation. Those of nutrition serve to the first or second concoction ; as the 
oesophagus or gullet, which brings meat and drink into the stomach. The ventri- 
cle or stomach, which is seated in the midst of that par^ of the belly beneath the 
midrifl', tjie kitchen, as it were, of the first concoction, and which turns our meat 
into chvlus. It hath two mouths, one above, another beneath. The upper is some- 
times taken for the stomacli itself; the lower and nether door (as Wecker calls it) is 
named Pvlorus. This stomach is sustained by a large kell or kauU, called omentum ; 
whicli some will have the same with peritoneum, or rim of the belly. From the 
stomach to the very fundament are produced the guts, or intestina, which serve a little 
to alter and distribute the chylus, and convey away the excrements. They are di- 
vided into small and great, by reason of their site and substance, slender or thicker : 
the slender is duodenum, or whole gut, which is next to the stomach, some twelve 
inches long, saith '^'Fuschius. Jejunum, or empty gut, continuate to the other, which 
hath many meseraic veins annexed to it, whicli take part of the chylus to tlie liver 
from it. ilion the third, wliich consists of many crinkles, which serves with the rest 
to receive, keep, and distribute the chylus from the stomach. Tlie thick guts are 
three, the blind gut, colon, and right gut. The blind is a thick and short gut, having 
one mouth, in which the ilion and colon meet : it receives the excrements, and con- 
veys them to the colon. This colon hath many windings, that the excrements pass 
not away too fast : the right gut is straight, and conveys the excrements to the funda- 
ment, whose lower part is bound up witli certain muscles called sphiocte»-s, that the 
excrements maybe the better contained, until such time as a man be willing to go to 
the stool, hi the midst of these guts is situated the mesenterium or midrifl^, composed 
of many veins, arteries, and mucli fat, serving chiefly to sustain the guts. All these 
parts serve tlie first concoction. To the second, which is busied either in refining the 
good nourishment or expelling the bad, is chiefly belonging the liver, like in colour 
to congealed blood, the shop of blood, situate in the right hypercondry, in figure 
like to a half-moon — Generosum memhrum Melancf.hon styles it, a generous part; it 
serves to turn the chylus to blood, for the nourishment of the body. The excre- 
ments of it are either choleric or watery, which the other subordinate parts convey. 
The gall placed in the concave of the liver, extracts clioler to it : the spleen, melan- 
choly ; which is situate on the left side, over against the liver, a spungy matter, that 
draws this black choler to it by a secret virtue, and feeds upon it, conveying the 
I est to the bottom of the stomach, to stir up appetite, or else to the guts as an ex- 
crement. That watery matter the two kidneys expurgate by those emulgent veins 
and ureters. The emulgent draw this superfluous moisture from the blood; the two 
ureters convey it to the bladder, which, by reason of his site in the lower belly, is 
apt to receive it, having two parts, neck and bottom : the bottom holds the water, 
the neck is constringed with a muscle, which, as a porter, keeps the water from run- 
ning out against our will. 

Members of generation are common to both sexes, or peculiar to one ; which, 
because they are impertinent to my purpose, 1 do voluntarily omit. 

Middle Region.] Next in order is the middle region, or chest, which compre- 
hends the vital faculties and parts; which (as I have said) is separated from the 
lower belly by the diaphragma or inidrifl*, which is a skin consisting of many nerves, 
membranes ; and amongst other uses it hath, is the instrument of laughing. There is 
also a certain thin membrane, full of sinews, which covereth the whole chest within, 
and is called pleura, the seat of the disease called pleurisy, when it is inflamed ; some 
add a third skin, which is termed Mediastinus, which divides the chest into two 
parts, right and left; of this region the principal part is the heart, which is the seat 
and fountain of life, of heat, of spirits, of pulse and respiration — the sun of our 
body, the king and sole commander of it — the seat and organ of all passions and 
aflfections. Primum vivcns^ ullimum moriens^ it lives first, dies last in all creatures. 
Of a pyramidical form, and not much unlike to a pine-apple; a part worthy of ■'^ad- 
miration, thai can yield such variety of affections, by whose motion it is dilated or 
contracted, to stir and command the humours in the body. As in sorrow, melan- 

•5^' Ml). 1. cap. \1. sect. 5. ^ojjfpc res est prtpci- 1 cietur cor, quod oinnes retristes el laetae statim corda 

»u^.4igna admin '.ioiie, quod tanta affectuuK- varietale 1 ferir.nt et movent. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] 



Anatomy of the Soul. 



99 



3holy; in anger, choler ; in joy, to send the blood ontwardly; in sorir-w, to call it 
in; moving tlie humours, as horses do a chariot. This heart, thoug-li it be one sole 
aiember, yet it may be divided into two creeks right and left. The right is like the 
moon increasing, bigger than the other part, and receives blood from Fena cava^ 
distributing some of it to the lungs to nourish them ; the rest to the left side, to 
engender spirits. The left creek hath the form of a cone, and is the seat of life, 
which, as a torch doth oil, draws blood unto it, begetting of it spirits and fire ; and 
as fire in a torch, so are spirits in the blood ; and by that great artery called aorta, it 
sends vital spirits over the body, and takes air from the lungs by that artery which 
is called venosa ; so that both creeks have their vessels, the right two veins, the left 
two arteries, besides those two common and fractuous ears, which serve them both ; 
the one to hold blood, the other air, for several uses. The lungs is a thin spungy 
part, like an ox hoof, (saith "^^Fernelius) the town-clerk or crier, ('*"one terms it) the 
instrument of voice, as an orator to a king ; annexed to the heart, to express their 
thoughts by voice. That it is the instrument of voice, is manifest, in that no crea- 
ture can speak, or utter any voice, which wanteth these lights. It is, besides, the 
instrument of respiration, or breathing ; and its office is to cool the heart, by sending 
air unto it, by the venosal artery, which veni comes to the lungs by that aspera 
arteria^ which consists of many gristles, mem.branes, nerves, taking in air at the 
nose and mouth, and by it likewise exhales the fumes of the heart. 

hi the upper region serving the animal faculties, the cliief organ is the brain, which 
is a soft, marrowish, and white substance, engendered of the purest part of seed and 
spirits, included by many skins, and seated within the skull or brain pan ; and it is 
the most noble organ under heaven, the dwelling-house and seat of the soul, the 
habitation of wisdom, memory, judgment, reason, and in which man is most like 
unto God; and therefore nature hath covered it with a skull of hard bone, and two 
skins or membranes, whereof the one is called dura mater^ or meninx, the other pia 
mater. The dura mater is next to the skull, above the other, which includes and 
protects the brain. When this is taken away, the pia mater is to be seen, a thin 
membrane, the next and immediate cover of the brain, and not covering oidy, but 
entering into it. The brain itself is divided into two parts, the fore and hinder part ; 
the fore part is much bigger than the other, which is called the little brain in respect 
of it. This fore part hath many concavities distinguished by certain ventricles, 
which are the receptacles of the spirits, brought hither by the arteries from the 
heart, and are there refined to a more heavenly nature, to perform the actions of the 
soul. Of these ventricles there are three — right, left, and middle. Tlie right and 
left answer to their site, and beget animal spirits ; if they be any way hurt, sense 
and motion ceaseth. These ventricles, moreover, are held to be the seat of the 
common sense. The middle ventricle is a common concourse and cavity of them 
both, and hath two pas -iges — 'the one to receive pituita, and the other extends itself 
to the fourth creek ; in this they place imagination and cogitation, and so the three 
ventricles of the fore part of the brain are used. The fourth creek behind the head 
is common to the cerebel or little brain, and marrow of the back-bone, the last and 
most solid of all the rest, which receives the animal spirits from the other ventricles, 
and conveys them to the marrow in the back, and is the place where they say the 
memory is seated. 

SuBSECT. V. — Of the Soul and her Faculties. 

According to "^Aristotle, the soul is defined to be ivtf7Jx^^(^i perfectio et acfus 
primus corporis organici., vitam hahentis in potentia : the perfection or first act of an 
organical body, having power of life, which most '*^ philosophers approve. But many 
doubts arise about the essence, subject, seat, distinction, and subordinate faculties of 
' it. For the essence and particular knowledge, of all other things it is most hard (be- 
lt of man or beast) to discern, as ^Aristotle himself, ^'TuUy, ^^Picus IVIirandula, 
•Tolet, and other Neoteric philosophers confess : — ^^" We can understand all things 



*> Physio. I. I.e. 8. 47 ut orator re?! : sic piilino 

vocis instnimenlum annectitur cordi, &c.. Mel;inclh. 
*^ De anim. c. 1. « Scalig. exerc. 307. Tolel. in 

-ib. de aniina. cap. 1. &:c. ^\. De annua, cap. 1. 



SI Tusciil. quaest. s-Lib. 6. Doct. Va. Gentil. c. 13 

pag. 1216. saAristot. ''i Anim4 qnaeqtie iii 

telligitnus, et tamen qus sit ipsa iiiteliigere noi> 
vaiemus. 



1 00 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part I . Sec. \ 

by her, but what she is we cannot apprehend." Some therefore make one soul, 
divided into three principal faculties ; others, three distinct souls. Which question 
of late hath been much controverted by Picolomineus and Zabarel. ^^ Paracelsus will 
have four souls, adding to the three grand faculties a spiritual soul : which opinion of 
his, Campanella, in his book de sensu rerum^^^ much labours to demonstrate and 
prove, because carcasses bleed at the siglit of the murderer; with many sucli argu- 
ments : And "some again, one soul of all creatures whatsoever, differing only in 
organs ; and that beasts have reason as well as men, though, for some defect of 
organs, not in such measure. Others make a doubt whether it be all in all, and all 
in every part; which is amply discussed in Zabarel amongst the rest. The ^^ com- 
mon division of the soul is into three principal facidties — vegetal, sensitive, and 
rational, which make three distinct khids of living creatures — vegetal plants, sensi- 
ble beasts, rational men. How these three principal faculties are distinguished and 
connected, Hmnano bigcnio inaccessum videtur^ is beyond human capacity, as ^^Tau- 
rellus, Phdip, Flavins, and others suppose. The inferior may be alone, but the 
superior cannot subsist without the other ; so sensible includes vegetal, rational 
both ; which are contained in it (saith Aristotle) ut trigonus in tefragono^ as a tri- 
angle in a quadrangle. 

Vegetal Soul.] Vegetal, the first of the three distinct faculties, is defined to be "• a 
substantial act of an organical body, by which it is nourished, augmented, and begets 
another like unto itself." Jn which definition, three several operations are specified — 
altrix, auctrix, procreatrix ; the first is ^° nutrition, whose object is nourishment, meat, 
drink, and the like ; his organ the liver in sensible creatures ; in plants, the root or 
sap. His office is to turn the nutriment into the substance of the body nourished, 
which he performs by natural heat. This nutritive operation hath four other subor- 
dinate functions or powers belonging to it — attraction, retention, digestion, expulsion. 

Atlraction.] ^'Attraction is a ministering faculty, which, as a loadstone doth iron, 
draws meat into the stomach, or as a lamp doth oil ; and this attractive power is 
very necessary in plants, which suck up moisture by the root, as another mouth, 
into the sap, as a like stomach. 

Retention.] Retention keeps it, being attracted unto the stomach, until such time 
it be concocted ; for if it should pass away straight, the body could not be nourished. 

Digestion.] Digestion is performed by natural heat ; for as the flame of a torch 
consumes oil, wax, tallow, so doth it alter and digest the nutritive matter. Indiges- 
tion is opposite unto it.^ for want of natural heat. Of this digestion there be three 
differences — maturation, elixation, assation. 

Maturation.] Maturation is especially observed in the fruits of trees ; which are 
then said to be ripe, when the seeds are fit to be sown again. Crudity is opposed 
to it, which gluttons, epicures, and idle persons are most subject unto, that use no 
exercise to stir natural heat, or else choke it, as too much wood puts out a fire. 

Elixation.] Elixation is the seetliing of meat in the stomach, by the said natural 
heat, as meat is boiled in a pot; to which corruption or putrefaction is opposite. 

Assation.] Assation is a concoction of the inward moisture by heat ; his opposite 
is semiustulation. 

Order of Concoction four-fold.] Besides these three several operations of diges- 
tion, there is a four-fold order of concoction: — mastication, or chewing in the mouth; 
chilification of this so chewed meat in the stomach ; the third is in the liver, to turn 
this chylus into blood, called sanguification ; the last is assimulation, which is in 
every part. 

Expulsion.] Expulsion is a power of nutrition, by which it expels all superfluous 
excrements, and reliques of meat and driiik, by the guts, bladder, pores ; as by purg- 
ing, vomiting, spitting, sweating, urine, hairs, nails, &c. 

Augmentation.] As this nutritive faculty serves to nourish the body, so doth th" 
augmenting faculty (the second operation or power of the vegetal faculy) to the in- 



55SpiriUialem animam a reliquis distinctam tuetur, 
ntiain in cadavere iiihrerentem post mortem per aliquot 
inenses. •' Lih. 3. cap. 31. '■>' Cociius, lib. 2. 

i-. 31. Plutarch, in Grillo Lips. Cen. 1. ep. 50. Jossius 
«Je Rieu et Fletii, Averroes, Campanella, &c. ^ Phi- 



lip, de Atiima. en. 1. Ccelius, 20. aniiq. cap. 3. Plutarch 
de placit. philos. &9 De vit. et mort. part. 2. c. 3 

prop. 1. de vit. et mort. 2. c. 22. eoNuiriiio e?l 

alimenti transmutatio, viro naturalis. Seal, exerc. 101 
sec. 17. 61 See more of Attraction in Seal. exer. 341 



i 



Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Anatomy of the Soul. 101 

I'reasing of it in quantity, according to all dimensions, long, broad, thick, and to 
•nake it grow till it come to his due proportion and perfect shape ; which hath his 
period of augmentation, as of consumption ; and that most certain, as the poe^ 
observes : — 

•* «tat sua cuiqiie dies, breve et irreparablle tempus ] " A term of life is set to every man, 
omnibus est vi'ae." • | Which is hut short, and pass it no one tan." 

Generation.] The last of these vegetal faculties is generation, which begets another 
ly means of seed, like unto itself, to the perpetual preservation of the species. To this 
faculty they ascribe three subordinate operations : — the first to turn nourishment into 
seed, &c. 

Life and Death concomitants of the Vegetal Faculties.] Necessary concomitants 
or affections of this vegetal faculty are life and his privation, death. To the preser- 
vation of life the natural heat is most requisite, though siccity and humidity, and 
those first qualities, be not excluded. This heat is likewise in plants, as appears by 
their increasing, fructifying. &.C., though not so easily perceived. In all bodies it nui^t 
have radical "moisture to preserve it, that it be not consumed; to which preservation 
our clime, country, temperature, and the good or bad use of those six non-natural 
things avail much. For as this natural heat and moisture decays, so doth our lii'e 
itself; and if not prevented before by some violent accident, or interrupted through 
our own default, is in the end dried up by old age, and extinguished by death for 
want of matter, as a lamp for defect of oil to maintain it. 

Sub SECT. VI. — Of the sensible Soul. 

Next in order is the sensible faculty, which is as far beyond the other in dignity, 
as a beast is preferred to a plant, having those vegetal powers included in it. 'Tis 
defined an "Act of an organical body by which it lives, hath sense, appetite, judg- 
ment, breath, and motion." His object in general is a sensible or passible quality, 
because the sense is affected with it. The general organ is the brain, from which 
principally the sensible operations are derived. This sensible soul is divided into 
two parts, apprehending or moving. By the apprehensive power we perceive the 
species of sensible things present, or absent, and retain them as wax doth the print 
of a seal. By the moving, the body is outwardly carried from one place to another ; 
or inwardly moved by spirits and pulse. The apprehensive faculty is subdivided 
mto two parts, inward or outward. Outward, as the five senses, of touching, hear- 
ing, seeing, smelling, tasting, to which you may add Scaliger's sixth sense of titilla- 
tion, if you please; or that of speech, which is the sixth external sense, according 
to LuUius. Inward are three — common sense, phantasy, memory. Those five out- 
ward senses have their object in outward things only, and such as are present, as the 
eye sees no colour except it be at hand, the ear sound. Three of these senses are 
of commodity, hearing, sight, and smell ; two of necessity, touch, and taste, without 
which we cannot live. Besides, the sensitive power is active or passive. Active in 
sight, the eye sees the colour ; passive when it is hurt by his object, as the eye by 
the sun-beams. According to that axiom, Visihile forte destruit sensum^^ Or if the 
object be not pleasing, as a bad sound to the ear, a stinking smell to the nose, &c. 

Sight.] Of these five senses, sight is held to be most precious, and the best, and 
that by reason of his object, it sees the whole body at once. By it v/e learn, and 
discern all thiiigs, a sense most excellent for use : to the sight three things are re- 
quired ; the object, the organ, and the medium. The object in general is visible, or 
that which is to be seen, as colours, and all shining bodies. The medium is tlui 
illumination of the air, which comes from ^Might, commonly called diaphanum ; for 
in dark we cannot see. The organ is the eye, and chiefly the apple of it, which by 
those optic nerves, concurring both in one, conveys the sight to the common sense. 
Between the organ and object a true distance is required, that it be not too near, or 
too far off. Many excellent questions appertain to this sense, discussed by philoso- 
phers : as whether this sight be caused intra mittendo., vel extra miftendo., &cc., by 
receiving in the visible species, or sending of them out, which ^^ Plato, ^^ Plutarch, 

62 Vita consistit in calido et hiimido. e3"Too|actns perspicni. Lnmen A luce provenit, lux est in 

Bright an object destroys the organ. ^4 Lumen est | corpora lucido. «-Satur. 7. c. 14. "Bin phaedon 

i2 



102 Anatomy of the Soul, [Part. 1. Sec. I 

^']\Iacr(>bius, ^^Lactaiiiius and others dispute. And, besides, it is the subject of thu 
perspectives, of which Alhazen the Arabian, Vitellio, Roger Bacon, Baptista Port-*, 
Guifkis Ubaldus, Aquilonius, &c., have written whole volumes. 

Hearing.] Hearing-, a most excellent outward sense, ''^ by which we learn and gtt 
knowledge." His object is sound, or that which is heard ; the medium, air ; organ, 
the ear. To the sound, which is a collision of the air, three things are required; a 
body to strike, as the hand of a musician ; the body struck, which must be solid 
and able to resist; as a bell, lute-string, not wool, or sponge; the medium, the air; 
which is inward, or outward ; the outward being struck or collided by a solid body, 
still strikes the next air, until it come to that inward natural air, which as an exqui- 
site organ is contained in a little skin formed like a drum-head, and struck upon by 
certain small instruments like drum-sticks, conveys tlie sound by a pair of nerves, 
appropriated to that use, to the common sense, as to a judge of sounds. There is 
great variety and much delight in them; for the knowledge of which, consult with 
Boethius and other musicians. 

Smelling.] Smelling is an " outward sense, which apprehends by the nostrils 
drawing in air ;" and of all the rest it is the weakest sense in men. The organ in 
the nose, or two §mall hollow pieces of flesh a little above it : the medium the air 
to men, as water to fish : the object, smell, arising from a mixed body resolved, 
which, whether it be a quality, fume, vapour, or exhalation, I will not now dispute, 
or of their differences, and how they are caused. This sense is an organ of health, 
as sight and hearing, saith '^^Agellius, are of discipline ; and that by avoiding bad 
smells, as by choosing good, which do as much alter and affect the body many 
times, as diet itself. 

Taste.] Taste, a necessary sense, " which perceives all savours by the tongue and 
palate, and that by means of a thin spittle, or watery juice." His organ is the tongue 
with his tasting nerves; the medium, a watery juice ; the object, taste, or savour, 
which is a quality in the juice, arising from the mixture of things tasted. Some 
make eight species or kinds of savour, bitter, sweet, sharp, salt, &c., all which sick 
men (as in an ague) cannot discern, by reason of their organs misaffected. 

Touching.] Touch, the last of the senses, and most ignoble, yet of as great neces- 
sity as the other, and of as much pleasure. This sense is exquisite in men, and by 
liis nerves dispersed all over the body, perceives any tactile quality. His organ the 
nerves ; his object those first qualities, hot, dry, moist, cold ; and those that follow 
them, hard, soft, thick, thin, &.c. Many delightsome questions are moved by philo- 
sophers about these five senses ; their organs, objects, mediums, which for brevity I 
omit 

Sub SECT. VH. — Of the Immrd Senses. 

Common Sense.] Inner senses are three in number, so called, because they be 
within the brain-pan, as common sense, phantasy, memcry. Their objects are not 
(mly tilings present, but they perceive the sensible species of things to come, past, 
absent, such as were before in the sense. This common sense is the judge or mode- 
rator of the rest, by whom we discern all difl^erences of objects; for by mine eye 1 
do not know that I see, or by mine ear that I hear, but by my common sense, who 
judgeth of sounds and colours : they are but the organs to bring the species to be 
censured ; so that all their objects are his, and all their oflices are his. The fore 
part of the brain is his organ or seat. 

Phanfasy.] Phantasy, or imagination, which some call estimative, or cogitative, 
"confirmed, saith '°Fernelius, by frequent meditation,) is an inner sense which doth 
more fully examine the species perceived by common sense, of things present Ox 
absent, and keeps them longer, recalling them to mind again, or making new of his 
own. In time of sleep this faculty is free, and many times conceive strange, stu- 
j)cnd, absurd shapes, as in sick men we commonly observe. His organ is the mid- 
dle cell of the brain; his objects all the species communicated to him by the com- 
mon sense, by comparison of which he feigns infinite other unto himself. In melan- 
choly men this faculty is most powerful and strong, and often huris, producing many 

" De pract, Pk:.os 4. c^Lac. cap. 8. de opif. D«i, 1. eo Lib. 19. cap. 2. ' Phis. 1. 5. c. 8 



T^ 



Mem. 2. Subs. 8.J Anatomy of the Soul. 103 

monstrous and prodigious things, especially if it be stirred up by some terrible 
object, presented to it irom Common sense or memory. In poets and painters ima- 
gination forcibly works, as appears by their several fictions, antics, images : as 
Ovid's house of sleep, Psyche's palace in Apuleius, &c. In men it is subject and 
governed by reason, or at least should be ; but in brutes it hath no superior, and is 
alio hrutoruni^ all the reason they have. 

Memory.] Memory lays up all the species which the senses have brought in, and 
records them as a good register, that they may be forthcoming when they are called 
for by pliaulasy and reason. His object is the same with phantasy, his seat and 
organ the back part of the brain. , 

Affections of the Senses^ sleej) and umking] The affections of these senses are 
sleep and waking, common to all sensible creatures. ''• Sleep is a rest or binding of 
the outward senses, and of the common sense, for the preservation of body and 
soul" (as "'Scaliger defines it); for when the common sense resteth, the outward 
senses rest also. The phantasy alone is free, and his commander reason : as appears 
by those imaginary dreams, which are of divers kinds, natural, divine, demoniacal, &c., 
which \ajy according to humours, diet, actions, objects, &c., of which Arteniidorus, 
Cardanus, and Sambucus, with their several interpretators, have written great volumes. 
This litigation of senses proceeds from an inhibition of spirits, the way being stopped 
by which they should come ; this stopping is caused of vapours arising out of the 
stomach, filling the nerves, by which the spirits should be conveyed. Wtien these 
vapours are spent, the passage is open, and the spirits perform their accustomed 
duties: so that '•'•waking is the action and motion of the senses, which the spiiiis 
aispersed over all parts cause." 

SuBSECT. VIII. — Of the Moving Faculty. 

Appetite.] This moving faculty is the other power of the sensitive soul, which 
causeth all those inward and outward animal motions in the body. It is divided 
nto two faculties, the power of appetite, and of moving from place to place. This 
of appetite is threefold, so some will have it ; natural, as it signifies any such incli- 
nation, as of a stone to fall downward, and such actions as relenlion, expulsion, 
which depend not on sense, but are vegetal, as the appetite of meat and drink ; hun- 
ger and thirst. Sensitive is common to men and brutes. Voluntary, the third, or 
intellective, which commands the other two in men, and is a curb unto them, or at 
least should be, but for the most part is captivated and overruled by them; and men 
are led like beasts by sense, giving reins to their concupiscence and several lusts. 
For by this appetite the soul is led or inclined to follow that good which the senses 
shall approve, or avoid that which they hold evil : his object being good or evil, the 
one he embraceth, the other he rejecteth ; according to that aphorism, Omnia uppe- 
tunt honum., all things seek their own good, or at least seeming good. This power 
is inseparable from sense, for where sense is, there are likewise pleasure and pain. 
His organ is the same with the common sense, and is divided into two powers, or 
inclinations, concupiscible or irascible: or (as "^one translates it) coveting, anger 
invading, or impugning. Concupiscible covets always pleasant and delightsome 
things, and abhors that wiiich is distasteful, harsh, and unpleasant. Irascible., '^quasi 
aversans per iram et odium., as avoiding it with anger and indignation. All affections 
and perturbations arise out of these two fountains, which, although the stoics make 
light of, we hold natural, and not to be resisted. The good affections are caused by 
some object of the same nature ; and if present, they procure joy, which dilates the 
heart, and preserves the body : if absent, they cause hope, love, desire, ayd concu- 
piscence. The bad are simple or mixed : simple for some bad object present, as 
sorrow, which contracts the heart, macerates the soul, subverts the good estate of 
the body, hindering all the operations of it, causing melancholy, and many times 
death itself; or future, as fear. Out of these two arise those mixed affections and 
passions of anger, which is a desire of revenge ; hatred, which is inveterate anger ; 
zeal, which is oflended with him who hurts that he loves ; and iTtixanjuxaxia, a coir 



■" Exercit. 280. "T. W\ Jesuite, in his Passions of the Minde. ^ V eVcurio. 



104 Anatomy of the Soul [Part. 1. Sec. 1 

pound aflection of joy and hate, when we rejoice at other men's mischief, and are 
grieved at their prosperity; pride, self-love, emulation, envy, shame, &c., of wliich 
elsewhere. 

Moving from place to place, is a faculty necessarily following the other. For hi 
vain were it otherwise to desire and to abhor, if we had not likewise power to pro- 
secute or eschew, by moving the body from place to place : by this faculty therefore 
we locally move the body, or any part of it, and go from one place to another. To 
the better performance of which, three things are requisite : that which moves ; by 
what it moves ; that which is moved. That which moves, is either the efficient 
cause, or end. The end is the object, which is desired or eschewed; as in a dog to 
catch a hare, &c. The efficient cause in man is reason, or his subordinate phantasy, 
which apprehends good or bad objects : in brutes imagination alone, which moves 
the appetite, the appetite this faculty, which by an admirable league of nature, and 
by meditation of the spirit, commands the organ by which it moves : and that con- 
sists of nerves, muscles, cords, dispersed through liie v/hole body, contracted and 
relaxed as the spirits will, which move the muscles, or '"* nerves in the midst of them, 
and draw the cord, and so per consequens the joint, to the place intended. That 
which is moved, is the body or some member apt to move. The motion of the 
body is divers, as going, running, leaping, dancing, sitting, and such like, referred to 
the predicam.ent of situs. Worms creep, birds fly, fishes swim ; and so of parts, the 
chief of which is respiration or breathing, and is thus performed. The outward air 
is drawn in by the vocal artery, and sent by mediation of the midriff to the lungs, 
which, dilating themselves as a pair of bellows, reciprocally fetch it in, and send it 
out to the heart to cool it ; and from thence now being hot, convey it again, still 
taking in fresh. Such a like motion is that of the pulse, of which, because manv 
have written whole books, I will say nothing. 

SuBSECT. IX. — Of the Rational Soul. 

]n the precedent subsections I have anatomized those inferior faculties of the soul ; 
the rational remaineth, "a pleasant, but a doubtful subject" (as '^^one terms it), and 
with the like brevity to be discussed. Many erroneous opinions are about the 
essence and original of it ; whether it be fire, as Zeno held ; harmony, as Aristoxe- 
nus ; number, as Xenocrates ; whether it be organical, or inorganical ; seated in the 
brain, heart or blood; mortal or immortal; how it comes into the body. Some 
hold that it is ex traduce., as Fhil. 1. de Anirnd., TertuUian.) Lactantius de opific. Dei. 
cap. 19. Hugo., Vib. de Spiritu et Ammct., Vincentius Bellavic. spec, natural, lib. 23, 
cap. 2. et 11. Hippocrates, Avicenna, and many '^late writers; that one man begets 
another, body and soul; or as a candle from a candle, to be produced from the 
seed : otherwise, say they, a man begets but half a man, and is worse than a beast 
that begets both matter and form ; and, besides, the three faculties of the soul must 
be together infused, which is most absurd as they hold, because in beasts they are 
begot, the two inferior I mean, and may not be well separated in men. ''Galen sup- 
poseth the soul crasin esse, to be the temperature itself; Trismegistus, Musaeus, 
Orpheus, Homer, Pindarus, Phaerecides Syrus, Epictetus, with the Chaldees and 
Egyptians, affirmed the soul to be immortal, as did those British ^^ Druids of old. 
The '^ Pythagoreans defend Metempsychosis ; and Palingenesia, that souls go from 
<ine body to another, epotd prius Lethes undci, as men into wolves, bears, dogs, hogs, 
ttS they were inclined in their lives, or participated in conditions : 

^0 "inque ferinas 

Possiimus ire domus, pecudiimque in corpora condi." 

*' Lucian's cock was first Euphorbus, a captain : 

"lile ei^o (nam memini) Trojan! tempore belli, 
Panlhoides Euphorbus eram. 

A horse, a man, a sponge. ^^ Julian the Apostate thought Alexander's soul was 
descended into his body : Plato in Timaeo, and in his Phaedon, (for aught I can per- 

''^Nervi a. spiritu moventur, spiritus ab anima. Me- [ sequantur. &c. 'PCsesar. 6. com. ''^ Read 

*anct. 'sVelrurio. .lucundum et anceps suhjec- | jErieas Gazeus dial, of the immortality of the Soul, 

juin. 7GGocleiiius in ^Fu;^oA. pag. 302. Brisrht in I w'Ovid. Mel. 15. "We, who may take up our abode in 

Phys. Scrib. 1. 1. David Cru.siu3, Melancthon, Hippius wild bea?ts, or be lodged In the breastis of catUe." 
Hernius, Levinus Lemnius, &l<.. " Lib. an mores 1 ^' In Gall Idem. «» Nicephorus, hist iib. 10. c. 35. 



\ 



:Mem. 2. Subs. 9.] Anatomy of the Soul. 105 

ceive,) differs not much from this opinion, that it was from God at first, and knew 
all, but being inclosed in the body, it forgets, and learns anew, which he calls rcjjii 
niscenlla, or recalling, and that it was put into the body for a punishment; anu 
thence it goes into a beast's, or man's, as appears by his pleasant fiction de sortUione 
ani?narum^ lib. 10. de rep. and after ^ten thousand years is to return into the fomier 
body again, 

w "post varies annos, per mille fi<;uras, 

Rursus ad humante fertur primordia vitae." 

Others deny the immortality of it, which Pomponatus of Padua decided out of Aris 
totle not long since, Plinias Jlimnculus^ cap. 1 . lib. 2, et lib. 7. cap. 55 ; Seneca., lib. 7 
episf. ad Luciliinn, episf. 55; Dicearchus in Tall. Tusc. Epicurus., Aratus, Hippocra- 
tes^ Galen, Lucretius, lib. 1. 

•' (PrEBtercA pigni pariter cum corpore, et una. 
Cresere senliiuus, pariterque senescere mentem.)"^^ 

Averroes, and I know not how many Neoterics. ^^"This question of tlic mmor- 
tality of the soul, is diversly and wonderfully impugned and disputed, especially 
among the Italians of late," saith Jab. Colerus, lib. de immort. animcB, cap. 1. The 
popes themselves have doubted of it : Leo Decimus, that Epicurean pope, as ^^some 
record of him, caused this question to be discussed pro and con before him, and con- 
cluded at last, as a profane and atheistical moderator, with that verse of Cornelius 
Gallus, Et red it in nihilum, quodfuit ante nihil. It began of nothing, and in nothing 
it ends. Zeno and his Stoics, as '^^Austin quotes him, supposed the soul so long to 
continue, till the body was fully putrified, and resolved into materia prima : but after 
that, in fumos evanescere, to be extinguished and vanished; and in the meantime, 
whilst tiie body was consuming, it wandered all abroad, et e longinquo mult a annun- 
ciare, and (as that Clazomenian Hermotimus averred) saw pretty visions, and sufiered 
I know not what. ^^Errant exangues sine corpore et ossibus umbrae. Others grant the 
immortality thereof, but they make many fabulous fictions in the meantime of it, 
after the departure from the body: like Plato's Elysian fields, and that Turkey para- 
dise. The souls of good men they deified; the bad (saith ^° Austin) became devils, as 
they supposed; with many such absurd tenets, which he hath confuted. Hierome, 
Austin, and other Fathers of the church, hold that the soul is immortal, created of 
nothing, and so infused into the child or embryo in his mother's womb, six months 
after the ^' conception ; not as those of brutes, which are ex traduce, and dying M'ith 
them vanish into nothing. To whose divine treatises, and to the Scriptures them- 
selves, 1 rejourn all such atheistical spirits, as TuUy did Atticus, doubting of this 
point, to Plato's Pha^don. Or if they desire philosophical proofs and demonstra- 
tions, I refer them to Niphus, Nic. Faventinus' tracts of this subject. To Fran, and 
^ohn Picus in digress : sup. 3. de Anima, Tholosanus, Eugubinus, To. Soto, Canas, 
Thomas, Peresius, Dandinus, Colerus, to that elaborate tract in Zanchius, to Tolet's 
Sixty Reasons, and Lessius' Twenty-two Arguments, to prove the immortality of the 
soul. Campanella, lib. de sensu rerum, is large in the same discourse, Albertinus the 
Schoolman, Jacob. Naclantus, tom. 2. op. handleth it in four questions, Antony Bru- 
nus, Aonius Palearius, Marinus Marcennus, with many others. This reasonable soul, 
which Austin calls a spiritual substance moving itself, is defined by philosophers to 
be " the first substantial act of a natural, humane, organical body, by which a man 
lives, perceives, and underbtands, freely doing all things, and with election." Out of 
which definition we may gather, that this rational soul includes the powers, and per- 
forms the duties of the two other, which are contained in it, and all three faciliies 
make one soul, which is inorganical of itself, although it be in all parts, and incor- 
poreal, using their organs, and working by them. It is divided into two chief parts, 
differing in office only, not in essence. The understanding, which is the rational 
pDwer apprehending ; the will, which is the rational power moving : to which two, 
all the other rational powers are subject and reduced. 



^ Phtedo. M Clai'dian, lib. 1. de rap. Proserp. 

^ 'Be.sidos, we observe that the mind is born with 
the bodj, ^rows with it, and decays with it." '^''Hsec 
qufpstio multos per annos varid, ac miraliliter impug- 
oata fcc. »' Colerus, ibid. ** De eccles. dog. 

14 



cap. 16. 88 Ovid. 4. Met. "The bloodless shades 

without either body or bones wander." "o Bono- 

rutn lares, nialoruui vero larvas el lemures. s' Som« 
say at three days, some six weeks, others other- 
wise. 



1 06 Anatomy of the Soul [Pan 1 . Sec. 1 

Sub SECT. X. — Of the Understanding. 

'^ Understanding is a power of the soul, ®^by which we perceive, know, remeiii* 
ber, and judge as well singulars, as universals, having certain innate notices or begin- 
ings of arts, a reflecting action, by which it judgeth of his own doings, and examines 
them." Out of this definition (besides his chief office, which is to apprehend, judge 
all that he performs, without the help of any instruments or organs) three differences 
appear betwixt a man and a beast. As first, the sense only comprehends singulari- 
ties, the understanding universalities. Secondly, the sense hath no innate notions. 
Thirdly, brutes cannot reflect upon themselves. Bees indeed make neat and curious 
works, and many other creatures besides ; but when they have done, they cannot 
judge of them. His object is God, Ens^ all nature, and whatsoever is to be under- 
stood : which successively it apprehends. The object first moving the understanding, 
is some sensil)le thing ; after by discoursing, the mind finds out the corporeal sub- 
stance, and from thence the spiritual. His actions (some say) are apprehension, 
composition, division, discoursing, reasoning, memory, which some include in inven- 
tion, and judgment. The common divisions are of the understanding, agent, and 
patient ; speculative, and practical ; in habit, or in act ; simple, or compound. The 
agent is that which is called the wit of man, acumen or subtility, sharpness of in- 
vention, when he doth invent of himself without a teacher, or learns anew, which 
abstracts those intelligible species from the phantasy, and transfers them to the pas- 
sive understanding, ^*'* because there is nothing in the understanding, which was not 
first in the sense." That which the imagination hath taken from the sense, this 
agent judgeth of, whether it be true or false; and being so judged he commits it to 
the passible to be kept. The agent is a doctor or teacher, the passive a scholar ; 
and his office is to keep and further judge of such things as are committed to his 
charge ; as a bare and rased table at first, capable of all forms and notions. Now 
these notions are two-fold, actions or habits : actions, by which we take notions of, 
and perceive things ; habits, which are durable lights and notions, which we may 
use when we will. Some reckon up eight kinds of them, sense, experience, intelli- 
gence, faith, suspicion, error, opinion, science ; to which are added art, prudency, 
wisdom : as also ^^ synteresis, dictamen rationis^ conscience ; so that in all there be 
fourteen species of the understanding, of which some are innate, as the three last 
mentioned ; the other are gotten by doctrine, learning, and use. Plato will have all 
to be innate : Aristotle reckons up but five intellectual habits ; two practical, as pru- 
dency, whose end is to practise ; to fabricate ; wisdom to comprehend the use and 
experiments of all notions and habits whatsoever. Which division of Aristotle (if it 
be considered aright) is all one with the precedent ; for three being innate, and five 
acquisite, the rest are improper, imperfect, and in a more strict examination excluded. 
Of all these I should more amply dilate, but my subject will not permit. Three of 
them I will only point at, as more necessary to my following discourse. 

Synteresis, or the purer part of the conscience, is an innate habit, and doth signify 
' a conversation of the knowledge of the law of God and Nature, to know good or 
evil." And (as our divines hold) it is rather in the understanding than in the will. 
This makes the major proposition in a practical syllogism. The dictamen rationis 
is that which doth admonish us to do good or evil, and is the mmor in the syllogism. 
The conscience is that which approves good or evil, justifying or condemning our 
actions, and is the conclusion of the syllogism : as in that familiar example of Regu- 
lus the Roman, taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, and sufliered to go to Rome, on 
that condition he should return again, or pay so much for his ransom. The synte- 
resis proposeth the question; his word, oath, promise, is to be religiously kept, 
although to his enemy, and that by the law of nature. ^^ Do not that to another 
which thou wouldest not have done to thyself." Dictamen applies it to him, and 
dictates this or the like : Regulus, thou wouldst not another man should falsify his 
oath, or break promise with thee : conscience concludes, therefore, Regulus, thou 

wMelancthon. 9» Nihil in intellectu, quod non I of the conscience. as Quod tibi Oeri n^n vis. al- 

or us fuerat in sensu. Velcurio. ^ The pure par* | teri ne feceris. 



i' 1 .JU'.. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 11.1 



Anatomy of the Soui 



lo: 



(lost well to perform thy promise, and oughtest to keep thine oath. More of this in 
Heligious Melancholy. 

SuBSECT. XL— O/^^ie Will 

Will is the other power of the rational soul, "^" which covets or avoids such 
things as have been before judged and apprehended by the understanding." If good, 
it approves; if evil, it abhors it: so that his object is either good or evil. Aris- 
totle calls this our rational appetite ; for as, in the sensitive, we are moved to good 
or bad by our appetite, ruled and directed by sense ; so in this we are carried by 
reason. Besides, the sensitive appetite hath a particular object, good or bad ; this 
an universal, immaterial : that respects only things delectable and pleasant ; this 
honest. Again, they differ in liberty. The sensual appetite seeing an object, if it 
be a convenient good, cannot but desire it ; if evil, avoid it : but this is free in his 
essence, ^"'Mnuch now depraved, obscured, and fallen from his first perfection; yet in 
some of his operations still free," as to go, walk, move at his pleasure, and to choose 
whether it will do or not do, steal or not steal. Otherwise, in vain were laws, de- 
liberations, exhortations, counsels, precepts, rewards, promises, threats and punish- 
ments : and God should be the author of sin. But in ^^ spiritual things we will nc 
good, prone to evil (except we be regenerate, and led by the Spirit), we are egged on 
by our natural concupiscence, and there is ataxia, a confusion in our powers, ^'^^ our 
whole will is averse from God and his law," not in natural things only, as to eat 
and drink, lust, to which we are led headlong by our temperature and inordinate 
appetite, 

100 "Nee Tins ohniti contra, nee tendere tantxim 
Sufficiwiiis, " 

we cannot resist, our concupiscence is originally bad, our heart evil, the seat of out 
affections captivates and enforceth our will. So that in voluntary things we are 
averse from God and goodness, bad by nature, by 'ignorance worse, by art, discipline, 
custom, we get many bad habits : suffering them to domineer and tyrannise over us ; 
and the devil is still ready at hand witli his evil suggestions, to tempt our depraved 
will to some ill-disposed action, to precipitate us to destruction, except our will be 
swayed and counterpoised again with some divine precepts, and good motions of the 
spirit, which many times restram, hinder and check us, when we are in the full career 
of our dissolute courses. So David corrected himself, when he had Saul at a vantage. 
Revenge and malice were as two violent oppugners on the one side ; but honesty, 
religion, fear of God, withheld him on the other. 

The actions of the will are velle and nolle^ to will and nill : which two words 
comprehend all, and they are good or bad, accordingly as they are directed, and some 
of them freely performed by hnnself ; although the stoics absolutely deny it, and 
will have all things inevitably done by destiny, imposing a fatal necessity upon us, 
v.'hich we may not resist; yet we say that our will is free in respect of us, and things 
contingent, howsoever in respect of God's determinate counsel, they are inevitable 
and necessary. Some other actions of the will are performed by the inferior powers, 
which obey him, as the sensitive and moving appetite ; as to open our eyes, to go 
hither and thither, not to touch a book, to speak fair or foul : but this appetite is 
many times rebellious in us, and will not be contained within the lists of sobriety 
and temperance. It was (as I said) once well agreeing with reason, and there was 
an excellent consent and harmony between them, but that is now dissolved, they 
often jar, reason is overborne by passion : Fertur equis auriga^ nee audit curi-us 
hahenas, as so many wild horses run away with a chariot, and will not be curbed. 
We know many times what is good, but wdll not do it, as she said, 

'■^"Trahit invitiim nova vis, aliudque cupido, 
Mens aliud suadet, " 

Lust counsels one thing, reason another, there is a new reluctancy in men. '^Odi^ 
nee possum, eupicns non esse, quod odi. We cannot resist, but as Phaedra confessed 



3s Res ab intellectu monstratas recipit, vel rejicit; 
approbat, vel imiircibat, Philip. Ignoti nulla ciipido. 
'■' Melaiicthon. Operationes plerunique lers, elf:i libera 
sit jlla in essentia sua. y*^ In civililnis libera, sed 

>ion in spiritualibus Osiander. sa Tola voluntas 

Bversa & Peo. Omnis homo mendax. i* virg. 



"We are neither able to contend against them, noi 
only to make way." ' Vel propter iguorantium 

quod bonis studiis non sit instructa mens ut debuit 
aut divinis prseceptis exculta. ^ Med. Ovid 

3 Ovid. 



108 Definitim of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. I. 

to her nurse, ^qucE. loqueris., vera sunt^ scd furor suggerit sequl pejora : she said well 
and true, she did ackn ,vvledge it, but headstrong passion and fury made her to do 
that which was opposite. So David knew the filthiness of his fact, what a loathsome, 
foul, crying sin adultery was, yet notwithstanding he would commit murder, and take 
away another man's wife, enforced against reason, religion, to follow his appetite. 

Those natural and vegetal powers are not commanded by will at all ; for " who 
can add one cubit to his stature ?" These other may, but are not : and thence come 
all those headstrong passions, violent perturbations of the mind ; and many times 
vicious habits, customs, feral diseases ; because we give so much way to our appetite, 
and follow our inclinatian, like so many beasts. The principal habits are two in 
number, virtue and vice, whose peculiar definitions, descriptions, differences, and 
kinds, are hand^od at large in the ethics, and are, indeed, the subject of moral phi- 
losophy. 



MEMB. III. 

SuBSECT. I. — Definition of Melancholy, Name, Difference. 

Having thus briefly anatomized the body and soul of man, as a preparative to 
the rest ; I may now freely proceed to treat of my intended object, to most men's 
capacity ; and after many ambages, perspicuously define what this melancholy is, 
show his name and differences. The name is imposed from the m'atter, and disease 
denominated from the material cause: as Bruel observes, Mf^vp^oTiJa quasi "iAit^wo.xo'Kr^ 
from black choler. And whether it be a cause or an eflfect, a disease or symptom, 
let Donatus Altomarus and Salvianus decide ; I will not contend about it. It hath 
several descriptions, notations, and definitions. ^Fracastorius, in his second book 
of intellect, calls those melancholy, " whom abundance of that same depraved humour 
of black choler hath so misafiected, that they become mad thence, and dote in most 
things, or in all, belonging to election, will, or other manifest operations of the un- 
derstanding." ^Melanelius out of Galen, Ruflris, .Etius, describe it to be ''a bad 
and peevish disease, which makes men degenerate into beasts :" Galen, " a privation 
qr infection of the middle cell of the head, 8tc." defining it from the part affected, 
which ''Hercules de Saxonia approves, lib. 1. cap. 16. calling it "a depravation of the 
principal function:" Fuschius, Vib. 1. cap. 23. Arnoldus Breviar. lih. Leap. 18. 
Guianerius, and others : '•■ By reason of black choler," Paulus adds. Halyabbas 
simply calls it a "commotion of the mind." Aretaeus, ^"a perpetual anguish of thu 
soul, fastened on one thing, without an ague ; which definition of his, Mercurialis 
de affect, cap. lib. 1. cap. 10. taxeth : but jElianus Montaltus defends, lib. de morb. 
cap. 1. de Melan. for sufficient and good. The common sort define it to be '^a kind 
of dotage without a fever, having for his ordinary companions, fear and sadness, 
without any apparent occasion. So doth Laurentius, cap. 4. Piso. lib. 1. cap. 43. 
Donatus Altomarus, cap. 7. art. medic. Jacchinus, in com. in lib. 9. Rhasis ad Al- 
mansor, cap. 15. Valesius, exerc. 17. Fuschius, instltut. 3. sec. I. c. J 1. &c. which 
common definition, howsoever approved by most, ^Hercules de Saxonia will not 
allow of, nor David Crucius, Theat. morb. Herm. lib. 2. cap. 6. he holds it insuffi- 
cient : as '° rather showing what it is not, than what it is :" as omitting the specific 
difference, the phantasy and brain : but I descend to particulars. The summum genus 
is " dotage, or anguish of the mind," saith Aretaeus ; " of the principal parts," Her- 
cules de Saxonia adds, to distinguish it from cramp and palsy, and such diseases as 
belong to the outward sense and motions [depraved] "to distinguish it from folly 
and madness (which Montaltus makes angor animi, to separate) in which those 
functions are not depraved, but rather abolished ; [without an ague] is added by all, 
to sever it from phrensy, and that melancholy which is in a pestilent fever. (Fear 

* Seneca, Hipp. s Melancholicos vocamns, quos i animi in una contentione defixns, absque febre. 
exuperantia vel pravitas Melancholiae ita male habet, 9 Cap. 16. 1. 1. 'o Eorum definitio morbus quid nou 

ut iiide insaniant vei in omnibus, vel in piuribus iisque 1 sit potius quam quid sit, e.x|»licat. '' Aniinre fiinc- 

riianifiistia sive ad rectam rationem, voluntat6 perli- | tiones imminuuntur in fatuitate, tolluntur in mania, 
nt'tii, vel elc'ctionem, vel intellectus operaliones. depravantur solum in melancholia. Here, de Sai 
^ Pessiiimui et pertinacipsimum morbuin (lui homines cap. 1. tract, de Melau*"**. 
In bruia degenerare cogit. ' Panth. Med. « Angor 



I ^.-JkJ^-.A^—— . .hm^k^^ t ' il 



Mem. 3. Subs. 2.] Of the Paris affected, S^c. 109 

and sorrow) make it differ from madness : [withouf. a cause] is lastly inserted, to 
specify it from all other ordinary passions of [fear and sorrow.] We properly call 
that dotage, as '^Laurentius interprets it, "when some one principal faculty of the 
mind, as imagination, or reason, is corrupted, as all melancholy persons have." It 
is without a fever, because the humour is most part cold and dry, contrary to putre- 
faction. Fear and sorrow are the true characters and inseparable companions of most 
melancholy, not all, as Her. de Saxonia, Tract, de poslhinno de Melancholia, cap. 2. 
well excepts ; for to some it is most pleasant, as to such as laugh most part ; some 
are bold again, and free from all manner of fear and grief, as hereafter shall be 
declared. 

SuBSECT. II. — Of tlm part affected. Affection. Parlies affected. 

Some difference I find amongst writers, about the principal part affected in this 
disease, whether it be the brain, or heart, or some other member. Most are of 
opinion that it is the brain : for being a kind of dotage, it cannot otherwise be bul 
that the brain must be affected, as a similar part, be it by '^ consent or essence, not 
in his ventricles, or any obstructions in them, for then it would be an apoplexy, or 
epilepsy, as '''Laurentius well observes, but in a cold, dry distemperature of it in liis 
substance, which is corrupt and become too cold, or too dry, or else too hot, as in 
madmen, and such as are inclined to it: and this '^Hippocrates confirms, Galen, the 
Arabians, and most of our new writers. Marcus de Oddis (in a consultation of Ms, 
quoted by '^Hildesheim) and five others there cited are of the contrary part; be- 
cause fear and sorrow, which are passions, be seated in the heart. But this objec- 
tion is sufficiently answered by '^Montaltus, who doth not deny that the heart is 
afiected (as '^Melanelius proves out of Galen) by reason of his vicinity, and so is 
the midriff and many other parts. They do compati, and have a fellow feeling by 
the law of nature : but forasmuch as this malady is caused by precedent imagination, 
with the appetite, to whom spirits obey, and are subject to those principal parts, thi 
brain must needs primarily be misaffected, as the seat of reason ; and then tlie heart, 
as the seat of affection. '^ Cappivaccius and Mercurialis have copiously discussed 
this question, and both conclude the subject is the inner brain, and from thence it u 
communicated to the heart and other inferior parts, which sympathize and are much 
troubled, especially when it comes by consent, and is caused by reason of the 
stomach, or myrach, as the Arabians term it, whole body, liver, or ^° spleen, which 
are sehlom free, pylorus, meseraic veins. Sic. For our body is like a clock, if one 
wheel be amiss, all the rest are disordered ; the whole fabric suffers : with such ad- 
mirable art and harmony is a man composed, such excellent proportion, as Ludo- 
vicus Vives in his Fable of J\Ian hath elegantly declared. 

As many doubts almost arise about the ^'affection, whether it be imagination or 
reason alone, or both, Hercules de Saxonia proves it out of Galen, ^tius, and 
Altomarus, that the sole fault is in ^^imagination. Bruel is of the same mind : Mon- 
taltus in his 2 cap. of Melancholy confutes this tenet of theirs, and illustrates the 
contrary by many examples : as of him that thought himself a shell-fish, of a nun, 
and of a desperate monk that would not be persuaded but that he was damned ; 
reason was in fault as well as imagination, which did not correct this error : they 
make away themselves oftentimes, and suppose many absurd and ridiculous things. 
Why doth not reason detect the fallacy, settle and persuade, if she be free .'* ^^Avi- 
cenna therefore holds both corrupt, to whom most Arabians subscribe. The same 
is maintained by ^^Areteus,^^Gorgonius, Guianerius, &c. To end the controversy, no 
man doubts of imagination, but that it is hurt and misaffected here; for the otlier I 
determine with ^^ Albertinus Bottonus, a doctor of Padua, that it is first in " imagi- 



Cap. 4. de mel. i^Per consensuni sive per j 2" Rar6 quisquam tumorem effiigit lienis, qui hoc 

morbo afficitur, Piso. Qiiis affectiis. 21 Seo Donat 

ab Altoinar. '■'"' Facultas itnagiriandi, non cogitaiidi, 
nee meiiiorandi laesa hie. ^^ Lib. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 

4. cap. 8. •^•'Lib. 3. cap. 5. "» Lib. Med. cap. 

19. part. 2. Tract. 15. cap. 1. -« Hildesheim, spicel 
2 de Melanc. fol. 207, et fol. 127. Quai loque etiani 
rationalis si affectus inveteratus sit 



essentiam. '^ orfji. •*. de mel. ^sgec. 7. de 

mor. vulfiar. lib. 6. 'BSpjcel. de melancholia. 

•' Cv^p. 3. de mel. Pars affoc a cerebrum sive per con- 
sensiini, sive per cereoruin eontingat, et procerum 
at:cloritale et ralione stabilitur. '^j^ib. de mel. 

Cit vero vicinitatis ratione unii afficitur, acceplum 
traii.'vvers im ac stomachus cum dorsali spina, &c. 
'9 Lib. 1 rap. 10. Subjeetum est cerebrum interius 



K 



110 Matter of Melanchoty. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. 

'latioii, and afterwards in reason ; if the disease be inveterate, or as it is more or 
less of continuance ;" but by accident, as ^^Herc. de Saxonia adds ; *-' faith, opinion, 
discourse, ratiocination, are all accidentally depraved by the default of imagination." 
Parties affected] To the part affected, I may here add the parties, which shall be 
more opportunely spoken of elsewhere, now only signified. Such as have the 
moon, Saturn, Mercury misaffected in their genitures, such as live in over cold or 
over hot climes : such as are born of melancholy parents ; as offend in those six 
non-natural things, are black, or of a high sanguine complexion, ^^ that have little 
heads, that have a hot heart, moist brain, hot liver and cold stomach, have been long 
sick : such as are solitary by nature, great students, given to much contemplation, 
lead a life out of action, are most subject to melancholy. Of sexes both, but men 
more often ; yet ^^ women misaffected are far more violent, and grievously troubled. 
Of seasons of the year, the autumn is most melancholy. Of peculiar times : old 
age, from which natural melancholy is almost an inseparable accident ; but this arti- 
ficial malady is more frequent in such as are of a ^° middle age. Some assign 40 
years, Gariopontus 30. Jubertus excepts neither young nor old from this adventi- 
tious. Daniel Sennertus involves all of all sorts, out of common experience, ^' in 
omnihus omnino corporibus cujuscunque const iti it ioiiis dominatar. iEtius and Aretius ^^ 
ascribe into the number " not only ^^ discontented, passionate, and miserable persons, 
swarthy, black ; but such as are most merry and pleasant, scoffers, and high colour- 
ed." ^^ Generally," saith Rhasis, ^'" the finest wits and most generous spirits, are 
before other obnoxious to it ;" 1 cannot except any complexion, any condition, sex, 
or age, but ^^ fools and stoics, which, according to ^^ Synesius, are never troubled 
with any manner of passion, but as Anacreon's cicada^ sine sanguine et dolore ; 
similes fere diis sunt. Erasmus vindicates fools from this melancholy catalogue, 
because they have most part moist brains and light hearts; ^'^ they are free from am- 
bition, envy, shame and fear ; they are neither troubled in conscience, nor macerated 
with cares, to which our whole life is most subject. 

SuBSECT. Til. — Of the Matter of Melancholy. 

Of the matter of melancholy, there is much question betwixt Avicen and Galen 
as you may read in '^^ Cardan's Contradictions, ^'^Valesius' Controversies, Montanus, 
Prosper Calenus, Capivaccius, ''° Bright, *" Ficinus, that have written either whole 
tracts, or copiously of it, in their several treatises of this subject. ''^'•^ What this 
humour is, or whence it proceeds, how it is engendered in the body, neither Galen, 
nor any old writer hath sufficiently discussed," as Jacchinus thinks : the Neolerics 
cannot agree. Montanus, in his Consultations, holds melancholy to be material or 
immaterial : and so doth Arculanus : the material is one of tjie four humours before 
mentioned, and natural. The immaterial or adventitous, acquisite, redundant, unna- 
tural, artificial; which ''^Hercules de Saxonia will have reside in the spirits alone, 
and to proceed from a " hot, cold, dry, moist distemperature, which, without matter, 
alter the brain and functions of it." Paracelsus wholly rejects and derides this divi- 
sion of four humours and complexions, but our Galenists generally approve of it, 
subscribing to this opinion of Montanus. 

This material melancholy is either simple or mixed; oflfending in quantity or 
quality, varying according to his place, where it settleth, as brain, spleen, mcseraic 
veins, heart, womb, and stomach ; or differing according to the mixture of those 
natural humours amongst themselves, or four unnatural adust humours, s.s >.^iey are 
diversely tempered and mingled. If natural melancholy abound in the body, which 

"Z^Lih. pnsthiirno de Mel inc. edit. 1620. Deprivatur l.itid. calvit. ^"Vacant coiiscientiffi cartiificina. 

fides, discursus, opinio, &c. per viiiiirn Imafiiniitioiies, nee ptidt-fimit. nee verentiir, nee dilacerantur uiillihiia 
ex Accidenti. ■^^ Qui parviim caput hahent, in- cmaiuui, quihns tola vita olmoxia est. ^" Lib. 1 

Bengali pleriqne sunt. Arist. in pliysiognomia. trart. 3. conlradic. 18. -'^Lib. 1. cont. 21. 40 p,ri(r|it, 
2« Areteus, lib. 3. cap. 5. ^u Qui propfe slatuui sunt, ca- 16. ^' I,ib. 1. cap. 6. de sanif. tuenda. «Q„isve 

Aret. Mediis convenit ffitatibus, I'iso. »' De aut quails sit hinnor ant qua; istius diflferentiiB, et quo- 

quartano. ^-\Ah. I. part. 2. cap. 11. 3-Triinus niodo iriL'nantur in corpore, s.crulanduin, hkc enim re 

ad Melancholiam non tani mojstus sed et hilares, niulfi veteruni laboraverunt, nee facile accipere eK 
jocosi, cachinnantes, irrisores, et, qui jtleruinque I Galeno seiitentiatn oh loquendi varietateni. Leon. 
prffirubri sunt. ^s^Qui sunt subtilis injrenii, et ; Jacch. com. in 9. Rhasis, cap. 15. cap. 16. in i). Rhasis. 

multae perspicacitatis de facili inciduiit in Melancbo- | <:* Lib. posfnm. de Melan. edit. Venetii.'^, 16-29. cap. 7 
liain, lib. 1. cont. tract. 9. -'"Nunquam sanitate et 8. Ab intemperie calida, huinida, Sec. 

mentis excidit aut dolore capitur. Erasm. «>Ib i 



Mem. 3. Subs. 4.J 



Species of Melancholy. 



Ill 



is cold and dry, " so that it be more ^^ than the body is well able to bear, it must 
needs be distempered," saith Faventius, " and diseased ;" and so the other, if it be 
depraved, whether it arise from that other melancholy of choler adust, or from 
blood, produceth the like eflects, and is, as Montaltus contends, if it come by adus- 
tion of humours, most part hot and dry. Some difference I find, whether this me- 
lancholy matter may be engendered of all four humours, about the colour and 
temper of it. Galen holds it may be engendered of three alone, excluding phlegm, 
or pituita, whose true assertion ""^Valesius and Menardus stiffly maintain, and so doth 
*^Fuschius, Montaltus, '^'^Montanus. How (say they) can white become black? 
But Hercules de Saxonia, lib. post, de mela. c. 8, and ^^ Cardan are of the opposite 
part (it may be engendered of phlegm, e/.si raro conlingal., though it seldom come to 
pass), so is ^^Guianerius and Laurentius, c. 1. with Melanct. in his book de Anima, and 
Chap, of Humours ; he calls it Asininam, dull, swinish melancholy, and saith that 
he v\'as an eye-witness of it: so is ^°Wecker. From melancholy adust ariseth one 
kind ; from choler another, which is most brutish ; another from phlegm, which is 
dull ; and the last from blood, which is best. Of these some are cold and dry, 
others hot and dry, ^' varying according to their mixtures, as they are intended, and 
remitted. And indeed as Kodericus a Fons. cons. 12. 1. determines, ichors, and 
those serous matters being thickened become phlegm, and phlegm degenerates into 
choler, choler adust becomes (Eruglnosa melancholia., as vinegar out of purest wine 
putrified or by exhalation of purer spirits is so made, and becomes sour and sharp ; 
and from the sharpness of this humour proceeds much waking, troublesome thoughts 
and dreams, &c. so that I conclude as before. If the humour be cold, it is, saith 
'"Faventinus, "a cause of dotage, and produceth milder symptoms : if hot, they are 
rash, raving mad, or inclining to it." If the brain be hot, the animal spirits are hot; 
much madness follows, with violent actions : if cold, fatuity and sottishness, '^Capi- 
vaccius. ^^'^The colour of this mixture varies likewise according to the mixture, 
be it hot or cold ; 'tis sometimes black, sometimes not, Altomarus. The same 
"Melanelius proves out of Galen; and Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy (if 
at least it be his), giving instance in a burning coal, " which when it is hot, shines ; 
M hen it is cold, looks black ; and so doth the humour." This diversity of melan- 
choly matter produceth diversity of effects. If it be within the ^'^body, and not 
putrified, it causeth black jaundice; if putrified, a quartan ague; if it break out to 
the skin, leprosy ; if to parts, several maladies, as scurvy, &c. If it trouble the 
mind ; as it is diversly mixed, it produceth several kinds of madness and dotage • 
of which in their place. 

SuBSEv^T. IV. — Of the species or kinds of Melancholy. 

When the matter is divers and confused, how should it otherwise be, but that the 
species should be divers and confused ? Many new and old writers have spoken con- 
fusedly of it, confounding melancholy and madness, as ^'Heurnius, Guianerius, Gor- 
donius, Salustius, Salvianus, Jason Pratensis, Savanarola, that will have madness no 
other than melancholy in extent, differing (as I have said) in degrees. Some make two 
distinct species, as RufTus Ephesius, an old writer, Constantinus Africanus, Aretffius, 
'^^ureliauus, '^Faulus Jilgineta : others acknowledge a multitude of kinds, and leave 
them indefinite, as iElius in his Tetrabiblos, ^"Avicenna, /i^. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap. 
18. Arculanus, cap. 10. in i). Rasis. Montanus, mcd. part. I. ^'"If natural me- 
lancholy be adust, it maketh one kind ; if blood, another ; if choler, a third, difTer- 
ing from the first ; and so many several opinions there are about the kinds, as tliert 



■•< Seciuuiiirn niagis aut minus si in corpore fnerit, 
ad inleniporiem plusquain corpus saluhriter ferre 
poterii : inde corpus nioibosuui effitur. ^Lih. 1. 

controvfMS. cap. 21. <« Lib. 1. sect- 4. cap. 4. 

4"CoTicil. '2f). 48Lih. 2. contradic.cap. 11. ^^ De 

feb. tract, ditf. 2. cap. 1. Nnn est iiegatidnin exhac fieri 
Melancholicos. oin Syntax. si Varic adnritiir, 

et niisf etiir, unde variff ainentium species, Melanct. 
« Humor frigidus delirii causa, furoris calidiis. &c. 
6"I,il;, 1. crip 10. de affect, cap. s^ Niprescit hie 

humnr, aliquando supercalefactiis, aliqando super 
fWgefactus, ca. 7. f^ Humor hie niKer aliquando 



pra?ter modum calefactus, et alias refriL'eratus evadit : 
nam recentihus carhnnibus ei quid simile accidit, qui 
durante flimma pellucidissiiiie candent, ed extincta 
prorsus nijrrescunt. Hippocrates "'fiGuianeriii.s, 

diff 2. cap. 7. ^'' Non est mania, nisi extensa me- 

lancholia, f't Cap. ti. lib. 1. "'2 Ser. 2. cap 

9. Morbus hie est omiiifarius. ™ Species indefinita 
sunt. "'Si aduratnr natnralis melancholia, ali£ 

fit .'species, si sanguis, alia, si flavibilis alia, diversa i 
primis : maxima est inter has differentia, et tot Doc 
torum sentenlie, quot ipsi iiumero sunt. 



112 



Species of Melancholy- 



[Part. 1. Sec. 1. 



be men themselves." ^^Hercules de Saxonia sets down two kinds, "material and 
immaterial ; one from spirits alone, the other from humours and spirits." Savana- 
rola, Rub. 11. Tract. 6. cap. 1. le cegrifud. capitis, will have the kinds to be infi- 
nite, one from the myracn, called myrachialis of tlie Arabians ; another stomachalis, 
irom the stomach ; another from the liver, heart, womb, hemrods, *^^" one beginning, 
another consummate." Melancthon seconds him, ^^"as the humour is diversly 
Jidust and mixed, so are the species divers ;" but what these men speak of species 1 
think ought to be understood of symptoms, and so doth ^'Arculanus interpret him- 
tielf : infinite species, id est., symptoms ; and in that sense, as Jo, Gorrheus acknow- 
ledgeth in his medicinal definitions, the species are infinite, but they may be reduced 
to three kinds by reason of their seat; head, body, and hypochrondries. This 
threefold division is approved by Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy, (if it be 
his, which some suspect) by Galen, lib. .3. de loc. afectis, cap. 6. by Alexander, lib. 
1. cap. 16. Rasis, lib. 1. Continent. Tract. 9. lib. 1. cap. 16. Avicenna and most of 
our new writers. Th. Erastus makes two kinds ; one perpetual, which is head me- 
lancholy; the other interrupt, which comes and goes by fits, which he subdivides 
into the other two kinds, so that all comes to the same pass. Some again make 
four or five kinds, with Rodericus a Castro, de morbis mulier. lib. 2. cap. 3. and 
Lod. Mercatus, who in his second book de mulier. affect, cap. 4. will have that me- 
lancholy of nuns, widows, and more ancient maids, to be a peculiar species of 
melancholy differing from the rest : some will reduce enthusiasts, extatical and de- 
moniacal persons to this rank, adding ^^love melancholy to the first, and lycanthro- 
pia. The most received division is into three kinds. The first proceeds from the 
sole fault of the brain, and is called head melancholy ; the second sympathetically 
proceeds from the whole body, when the whole temperature is melanciioly : the 
third ariseth from the bowels, liver, spleen, or membrane, called mesenlerium, named 
hypochondriacal or windy melancholy, which ^' Laurentius subdivides into tliree 
parts, from those three members, hepatic, splenetic, meseraic. Love melancholy, 
which Avicenna calls liisha : and Lycanthropia, which he calls cucubuthe, are com- 
monly included in head melancholy ; but of this last, which Gerardus de Solo calls 
amoreus, and most knight melancholy, with that of religious melancholy, virginum 
et viduarum., maintained by Rod. a Castro and Mercatus, and the other kind's of love, 
melancholy, I will speak of apart by themselves in my third partition. The three 
precedent species are the subject of my present discourse, which 1 will anatomize 
and treat of through all their causes, symptoms, cures, together and apart ; that 
every man that is in any measure afl^ected with this malady, may know how to ex- 
amine it in himself, and apply remedies unto it. 

It is a hard matter, I confess, to distinguish these three species one from the other, 
to express their several causes, symptoms, cures, being that they are so often con- 
founded amongst themselves, having such affinity, that they can scarce be discerned 
by the most accurate physicians ; and so often intermixed with other diseases, that 
the best experienced have been plunged. Montanus consil. 26, names a patient that 
had this disease of melancholy and caninus appetitus both together; and coiisil. 23, 
with vertigo, '^^ Julius Caesar Claudinus with stone, gout, jaundice. Trincavellius 
with an ague, jaundice, caninus appetitus, &c. ^^Paulus Regoline, a great doctor in 
his time, consulted in this case, was so confounded with a confusion of symptoms, 
that he knew not to what kind of melancholy to refer it. '° Trincavellius, Fallopius, 
and Francanzanus, famous doctors in Italy, all three conferred with about one party, 
at the same time, gave three diflerent opinions. And in another place, Trincavellius 
being demanded what he thought of a melancholy young man to whom he was 
sent for, ingenuously confessed that he was indeed melancholy, but he knew not 
to what kind to reduce it. In his seventeenth consultation there is the like dis- 
agreement about a melancholy monk. Tiiose symptoms, which others ascribe to 
misafl^ected parts and humours, '' Here, de Saxonia attributes wholly to distempered 
spirits, and th^se immaterial, as I have said. Sometimes they cannot well discern 



c2Tract. de mel. cap. 7. esQujejiam incipiens 

quffidam consummala. ^Cap. de luimor. lib. de 

aninia. Vari6 aduritur et miscetur ipsa melancholia, 
ande vari« ameiitium species. es Cap. 16. in 9. 



Rasis. 66 Laurentiu.s, cap. 4. de mel. "t Cap. 13 
^^iSO. et 116. consult, consil. 12. 69iiiiJesheim 

spicil 2. fol. 166. '0 Trincavellius, torn. 2. coneli 

15 et 16. ■" Cap. 13. tract, posth. de melan. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 4.] Causes of Melancholy. 113 

[his disease from others. In Reinerus Solinander's counsels, (Sec-, consil. 5,) he 
and Dr. Brande both agreed, tliat the patient's disease was hypocondriacal melancholy. 
Dr. Matholdus said it was asthma, and nothing else. "Solinander and Guarionius, 
lately sent for to the melancholy Duke of Cleve, with others, could not define what 
species it was, or agree amongst themselves. The species are so confounded, us in 
Caesar Claudinus his forty-fourth consultation for a Polonian Count, in his judgment 
""he laboured of head melancholy, and that which proceeds from the whole tem- 
perature both at once." I could give instance of some that have had all three kinds 
se7}iel el simul^ and some successively. So that I conclude of our melancholy spe- 
cies, as '^many politicians do of their pure forms of commonwealths, monarchies, 
aristocracies, democracies, are most famous in contem])lation, but in practice they 
are temperate and usually mixed, (so "^Polybius informeth us) as the Lacedaemonian, 
the Roman of old, German now, and many others. What physicians say of distinct 
species in their books it much matters not, since that in their patients' bodies they 
are commonly mixed, hi such obscurity, therefore, variety and confused mixture 
of symptoms, causes, how diflicult a thing is it to treat of several kinds apart ; to 
make any certainty or distinction among so many casualties, distractions, when 
seldom two men shall be like effected per omnia ? 'Tis hard, J confess, yet never- 
theless I will adventure through the midst of these perplexities, and, led by the clue 
or thread of the best writers, extricate myself out of a labyrinth of doubts and 
errors, and so proceed to the causes. 



SECT. II. MEMB. I. 

Sub SECT. 1. — Causes of Melancholy. God a cause. 

" It is in vain to speak of cures, or think of remedies, until such time as we have 
consid^sred of the causes," so ''^ Galen prescribes Glauco : and the common expe- 
rience of others confirms that those cures must be imperfect, lame, and to no pur- 
pose, wherein the causes have not first been searched, as "^^ Prosper Calenius well 
observes in his tract de alrd bile to Cardinal Caesius. Insomuch that "'^Fernelius 
puts a kind of necessity in the knowledge of the causes, and without which it is 
impossible to cure or prevent any manner of disease." Empirics may ease, and 
sometimes help, but not thoroughly root out ; sublafd causa tollitur effectus^ as the 
saying is, if the cause be removed, the effect is likewise vanquished. It is a most 
difficult thing (I confess) to be able to discern these causes whence they are, and in 
such "^variety to say what the beginning was. ^°He is happy that can perform it 
aright. I will adventure to guess as near as I can, and rip them all up, from the 
first to the last, general and particular, to every species, that so they may the better 
be described. 

General causes, are either supernatural, or natural. " Supernatural are from God 
and hi? angels, or by God's permission from the devil" and his ministers. That God 
himself is a cause for the punishment of sin, and satisfaction of his justice, many 
examples and testimonies of holy Scriptures make evident unto us, Ps. cvii. 17. 
" Foolish men are plagued for their offence, and by reason of their wickedness." 
Gehazi was strucken with leprosy, 2 Reg. v. 27. Jehoram with dysentery and flux, 
and great diseases of the bowels, 2 Chron. xxi. 1.5. David plagued for numbering 
his people, 1 Par. 21. Sodom and Gomorrah swallowed up. And this disease ir 
peculiarly specified. Psalm cxxvii. 12. "He brought down their heart through 
heaviness." Dent, xxviii. 28. " He struck them with madness, blindness, and as- 
tonishment of heart." ^'" An evil spirit was sent by the Lord upon Saul, to vex 



"2 ttuarion. cons. med. 2. '3 Laboravil per essen- 

tiam et i toto corpore. '^Machiavel, &c. Smithiis 
de rep. Angl. cap. 8. lib. 1. Bviscoldiis, disrnr. pnlit. 
•^iscurs. 5. cap. 7. Arist. 1. 3. polit. cap. iilt. Keckertn. 
fi'ii, &c. '3 Lib. 6. -e Prjmo artis rviritiva;. 

■■ Nostri primum sit propositi affectioniim c^usas in- 
dagare ; rrs ipsa hortari videtur, nam alioqui earum 
curatio, manca et inutilis esset. 'a Path. lib. 1. 



cap. 11. Rerum cognoscere caiisas, mcdicis imprimii 
necessariiiin, sine qua nee niorbiiin curare, nee prae« 
cavere licet. "^Tanla enini morbi varietas ac 

differentia ut non iacile dignoscatur, undo initiuin 
morbus sumpserit. Melanelius 6 Galeno foPcfilii 
qui potuit reruni cognoscere causas *' 1 8a>u 

xvi. 14. 



15 k2 



■^^WP 



114 Covses of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 2. 

him." ^Nebuchadnezzar did eat grass like an ox, aiK? his "heart was made like 
the beasts of the field.'' Heathen stories are full of such punishments. Lycurgus, 
because lie cut down the vines in the country, was by Bacchus driven into madness : 
so was Pentheus and his mother Agave for neglecting their sacrifice. ^^ Censor Ful- 
vius ran mad for untiling Juno's temple, to cover a new one of his own, which he 
had dedicated to Fortune, '"''"and was confounded to death with grief and sorrow of 
heart." When Xerxes would have spoiled ^^^Apollo's temple at Delphos of those 
infinite riches it possessed, a terrible thunder came from heaven and struck four 
thousand men dead, the rest ran mad. ^^A little after, the like happened to Brennus^ 
lightning, thunder, earthquakes, upon such a sacrilegious occasion. If we may be- 
lieve our pontifical writers, they will relate unto us many strange and prodigious 
punishments in this kind, inflicted by their saints. How ^'Clodoveus, sometime 
king of France, the son of Dagobert, lost his wits for uncovering the body of St. 
Denis : and how a ^^sacrilegious Frenchman, that would have stolen a silver image 
of St. John, at Birgburge, became frantic on a sudden, raging, and tyrannising over his 
own flesh : of a "^Lord of Rhadnor, that coming from hunting late at night, put his 
dogs into St. Avan's church, (Llan Avan they called it) and rising betimes next 
morning, as hunters use to do, found all his dogs mad, himself being suddenly 
stricken blind. Of Tyridates an ^°Armenia4i king, for violating some holy nuns, 
that was punished in like sort, with loss of his wits. But poets and papists may go 
together for fabulous tales; let them free their own credits: howsoever they feign 
of tlieir Nemesis, and of their saints, or by the devil's means may be deluded ; we 
find it true, that ullor a (ergo Deus^ ^'^'He is God the avenger," as David styles 
him ; and that it is our crying sins that pull this and many other maladies on our 
own heads. That he can by his angels, which are his ministers, strike and heal 
(saith ^"^Dionysius) wiiom he will ; that he can plague us by his creatures, sun, 
moon, and stars, which he usetli as his instruments, as a husbandman (saith Zan- 
chius) doth a hatchet : hail, snow, winds, &c. ^^" El. conjuratl vcniuni in classlca 
vend ;" as in Joshua's time, as in Pharaoh's reign in Egypt ; they are but as so 
many executioners of his justice. He can make the proudest spirits stoop, and cry 
out with Julian the Apostate, Viclsti Galilcp.e : or with Apollo's priest in '-''Chrysos- 
tom, O coslum! 6 terra! unde host is hicf What an enemy is this ? And pray with 
David, acknowledging his power, " 1 am weakened and sore broken, I roar for the 
grief of mine heart, mine heart panteth, Stc." Psalm xxxviii. 8. " O Lortl, rebuke 
me not in thine anger, neither chastise me in thy wrath," Psalm xxxviii. 1. "Make 
me to hear joy and gladness, that the bones which thou hast broken, may rejoice," 
Psalm li. 8. and verse 12. "Restore to me the joy of thy salvation, and stablish 
me with thy free spirit." For these causes belike ^^Hippocrates would have a phy- 
sician take special notice whether the disease come not from a divine supernatural 
cause, or whether it follow the course of nature. But this is farther discussed by 
Fran. Valesius, de sacr. phflos. cap. 8. ^^Fernelius, and ^' J. Caesar Claudinus, to 
whom I refer you, how this place of Hippocrates is to be understood. Paracelsus 
is of opinion, that such spiritual diseases (for so he calls them) are spiritually to be 
cured, and not otherwise. Ordinary means in such cases will not avail : JVon est 
reluclandum cum Deo (we must not struggle with God.) When that monster-taming 
Hercules overcame all in the Olympics, Jupiter at last in an unknown shape wrestled 
with him; the victory was uncertain, till at length Jupiter descried himself, and Her- 
cules yielded. No striving with supreme powers. JV/Z juval immensos Crate.ro 
jrondttere monies^ physicians and physic can do no good, ^^" we must submit our- 
selves unto the mighty hand of God, acknowledge our ofl^ences, call to him for 
: mercy. If he strike us 2ina eademque manus vulnus opemque feret^ ?i3 it is with 
them that are wounded with the spear of Achilles, he alone must help ; otherwise 
our diseases are incurable, and we not to be relieved. 



s'^Pan. V. 21. ^3 Lactam, iristit. lib. 2 rap. 8. versat, nee mora sacrilegus mentis itiops, atque ir 

6' Meiiie captus, et sumiiio animi moeinre cDi\suiniitiis. j semet insaniens in proprios artiis desKvit. «"•* Gi- 

*'^Mu...sler cosinog. HI). 4. cap. 43. De coelo siibsieriie- ! raldiis Camhrensis, lib 1. c. 1. Itinerar. Camhriw 
'>anni:-, tanqiiani insani de saxis priecipitati, &c. j «" Delrio, torn. 3. lil>. 6. sect. 3. qiifest. 3. " Psal 

••e Livins lib. 38. «t Gaguin. 1. 3. c. 4. Quod Dioiiysii xlvi. 1. aj Lib. 8. cap. de Hierar. »3 Claudian 

corpus discooperuerat, in insanam incidit. i-^Idem j «' De Bahiia. Martyre. 'J^Lib. cap. 5. ,.rog. ""Lib . 
lib. y. sub. Carol. 6. Sacrorum coniemptor, tempii fori- 1. de Abditis renim ciusis. «' Rrspons. med 12 

bus ell:actis, dum D. Johannis arfrenleuni simulacrnin I resp. ^1 Pet. v 5 

tfapere coutendit, simulacrum aversa facie dorsum ei 



^ffi^^ 



Mem- 



Subs. 2.1 



JVaiurc of Devils. 



115 



SiBSECT. II. — ./3 Digression of the nature of Spirits., had JlngeJs, or Devils., and 

hoic they cause Melancholy. 

How far the power of spirits and devils doth extend, and whether they can cause 
this, or any otjier disease, is a serious question, and worthy to be considered : for the 
better understanding of which, I will make a brief digression of the nature of spirits. 
And although the question be very obscure, according to ^^Postellus, "full of contro- 
versy and ambiguity," beyond the reach of human capacity, /h/eor excedere vires 
intentionis mea;., saith '""Austin, 1 confess I am not able to understand ii., fnitum de 
infinito non potest statuere., we can sooner determine with Tully, de nat. deorum^ quid 
non sint., quam quid sinf., our subtle schoolmen, Cardans, Scaligers, profound Thom- 
ists, Fracastoriana and Ferneliana acies., are weak, dry, obscure, defective in tliese 
mysteries, and all our quickest wits, as an owPs eyes at the sun's light, wax dull, 
and are not sutlicient to apprehend them ; yet, as in the rest, I will adventure to say 
something to this point. In former times, as we read. Acts xxiii., the Sadducees de- 
nied that there were any such spirits, devils, or angels. So did Galen the physician, 
the Peripatetics, even Aristotle himself, as Pomponatius stoutly maintains, and Scali- 
ger in some sort grants. Tiiough Dandinus the Jesuit, corn, in lib. 2. de aniimi., 
stiffly denies it; suhsianticb separatee and intelligences, are the same which Chris- 
tians call angels, and Platonists devils, for they name all the spirits, dannones., be 
they good or bad angels, as Julius Pollux Onomasticon, lib. I. cap. 1. observes. Epi- 
cures and atheists are of the same mind in general, because they never saw them. 
Plato, Plotinus, Porphyrins, Jamblichus, Proclus, insisting in the steps of Trisme- 
gistus, Pythagoras and Socrates, make no doubt of it : nor Stoics, but that tiiere are 
such spirits, though much erring iVom the truth. Concerning the first beginning of 
them, the 'Talmudists say that Adam had a wife called Lilis, before he married Eve, 
and of her he begat nothing but devils. The Turks' ^Alcoran is altogether as absurd 
and ridiculous in this point : but tiie Scripture informs us Ciiristians, how Lucifer, 
the chief of them, with his associates, ^fell from heaven for his pride and ambition ; 
created of God, placed in heaven, and sometimes an angel of light, now cast down 
into the lower aerial sublunary parts, or into hell, "• and delivered into chains of 
darkness (2 Pet. ii. 4.) to be kept unto damnation." 

JVature of Devils.] There is a foolish opinion which some hold, that they are 
the souls of men departed, good and more noble were deified, the baser grovelled on 
the ground, or in the lower parts, and were devils, the which with Tertullian, Por- 
phyrins the philosopher, M. Tyrius, ser. 27 maintains. " These spirits," he •* saith, 
"which we call angels and devils, are nought but souls of men departed, which 
either through love and pity of their friends yet living, help and assist them, or else 
persecute their enemies, whom they hated," as Dido threatened to persecute iEneas : 

"Omnibus umbra locis adero : dabis improbe poeiias." 
" My aiifrry gliost arising from the deep, 
Sliall iiiuint liiee \vakin>r, and disturb tliy sleep; 
At least my shade thy punishment shall know. 
And Fame shall spread the pleasing news below." 

They are (as others suppose) appointed by those higher powers to keep men from 
their nativity, and to protect or punish them as they see cause : and are called bonl 
et mail Genii by the Romans. Heroes, lares, if good, lemures or larvie if bad, by 
the stoics, governors of countries, men, cities, saith ^Apuleius, Deos appellant qui 
ex hominum numero mste ac prudent er vitcE curriculo gubernato., pro mimine., post e a 
ab hominibus prcediti fanis ei ceremoniis vulgb admit tuntur., ut in A^gypto Osyris., &c. 
Pro'stites., Capella calls them, "wMiich protected particular men as well as princes,' 
Socrates had his Dcsmonium Saturninum et ignium., which of all spirits is best, a I 
sublimes cogitationes animum erige7ite?n^ as the Platonists* supposed ; Plotinus Iucn, 



3^ Lib. 1. c 7. de orbis cotitordia. In nulla re major 
fuit allercatio, major obscuritas, minor opinionum coii- 
cordia, quim de dreinonibus et substantii.-» separatis. 
•"'Lib. 3. de Trtnit. cap. L ' Pererius in Genesin. 

Ub. 4. in cap. 3. v. 23. "^Bee Stro/.zius Cicogna 

omnifarife. Mag. lib. 2. c. L5. .To. Aiibanus, Hredenba- 
thius 3Angelus per superbiati separatns k Deo, 

Vui in veritate nor. stetit. Austin. ^ Nihil aliud 



sunt Doimones quam niidne animsR qua? corpora dopo- 
sito prioreni niiserati vitam, cognatis siiccurrunt toin- 
moti misericordia, &c. ^^ De Deo Soiratis. All 

those mortals are called Gods, who, the course of life 
being prudently guided and governed, are honoured 
by men with temples and sacrifices, as Osiri* in 
Jkgyin, &c. 



^^V¥ 



116 



jyature of Devils. 



[Part. l.Sec.2 



and we christians our assisting angel, as Andreas Victorellus, a copious writer of 
this subject, Lodovicus de La-Cerda, the Jesuit, in his voluminous tract de Angeh 
Custode, Zanchius, and some divines think. But this absurd tenet of Tyreus, Pro- 
chis confutes at large in his book de Jinima ct dcemone. 

^Psellus, a christian, and sometimes tutor (saith Cuspinian) to Michael Parapina- 
tius. Emperor of Greece, a great observer of the nature of devils, holds they are 
^corpereal, and have "aerial bodies, that tliey are mortal, live and die," (which 
Martianus Capella likewise maintains, but our christian philosophers explode) " that 
^they are nourished and have excrements, they feel pain if they be hurt (which Car- 
dan confirms, and Scaliger justly laughs him to scorn for; Si pascantur aere^ cur 
non pugnanl oh puriorem aera ? &c.) or stroken :" and if their bodies be cut, witli 
admirable celerity they come together again. Austin, in Gen. lib. iii. lib, arbit., 
approves as much, mutata casu corpora in deteriorcm qualilatem aeris sjpissioris., so 
doth Hierome. Comment, in epist. ad Ephes. cap. 3, Origen, Tertullian, Lactantius, 
and many ancient Fathers of the Church : that in tlicir fall tlieir bodies were changed 
into a more aerial and gross substance. Bodine, lib. 4, Theatri Naturae and David 
Crusius, Hermeticae Philosophise, lib. i. cap. 4, by several arguments proves angels 
and spirits to be corporeal ; quicquid continetur in loco Corporeum est ; Af spiritus 
conlinetur in loco^ ergo.^ Si spiritus sunt quant i., erunt Corporei : Jit sunt quanti^ 
ergo. Sunt fmili^ ergo quant i,, Sec. '° Bodine goes farther yet, and will have these, 
Animas separatee genii^ spirits, angels, devils, and so likewise souls of men departed, 
if corporeal (which he most eagerly contends) to be of some shape, and that abso- 
lutely round, like Sun and Moon, because that is the most perfect form, qucE nihil 
hahet asperitatis., nihil angulis incisum^ nihil anfractihus involufem^ nihil eminens^ 
scd inter corpora perfecta est perfcctissimum ; ''therefore all spirits are corporeal 
he concludes, and in their proper shapes round. That they can assume other aerial 
bodies, all manner of shapes at their pleasures, appear in v/hat likeness they will 
themselves, that they are most swift in motion, can puss many miles in an instant, 
and so likewise '''transform bodies of others into what shape they please, and with 
admirable celerity remove them from place to place ; (as the Angel did Habakkuk to 
Daniel, and as Philip the deacon was carried away by the Spirit, when he had bap- 
tised the eunuch ; so did Pythagoras and Apollonius remove themselves and others, 
with many such feats) that they can represent castles in the air, palaces, armies, 
spectrums, progidies, and such strange objects to mortal men's eyes, '^ cause smells, 
savours, &c., deceive all the senses ; most writers of this subject credibly believe ; 
and that they can foretel future events, and do many strange miracles. Juno's image 
spake to Camillus, and Fortune's statue to the Roman matrons, with many such. 
Zanchius, Bodine, Spondanus, and others, are of opinion that they cause a true me- 
tamorphosis, as Nebuchadnezzar was really translated into a beast. Lot's wife into 
a pillar of salt ; Ulysses' companions into hogs and dogs, by Circe's charms ; turn 
themselves and others, as they do witches into cats, dogs, hares, crows, &c. Stroz- 
z-ius Cicogna hath many examples, lib. iii. omnif. mag. cap. 4 and 5, which he there 
confutes, as Austin likewise doth, de civ. Dei lib, xviii. That they can be seen when 
and in what shape, and to whom they will, saith Psellus, Tametsi nil tale viderim^ 
nee optem videre., though he himself never saw them nor desired it ; and use some- 
times carnal copulation (as elsewhere I shall '•* prove more at large) with women and 
men. Many will not believe they can be seen, and if any man shall say, swear, and 
stiffly maintain, though he be discreet and wise, judicious and learned, that he hath 
seen them, they account him a timorous fool, a melancholy dizard, a weak fellow, 
a dreamer, a sick or a mad man, they contemn him, laugh him to scorn, and yet 
Marcus of his credit told Psellus that he had often seen them. And Leo Suavius, a 
Frenchman, c. 8, in Commentar. 1. 1. Paracelsi de vita longd» out of some Plato- 



6 He lived 500 years since. ' Apuleius : spiritus 

nnimalia sunt aniino passibilia, mente rationalia, cor- 
pore aeria, tempore seuipiterna. « Nuiriuntur, et 

excrementa habeiit, quod pulsata doleant solido per- 
cussa corpore. '•' Whatever occupies space is 

corporeal: — spirit occupies space, therefore, &.c. See. 
'04 lib. 4. Theol. nut. fol. 535. "Which has no 

roughness, angles, fractures, prominences, but is the 
ItEiost perfect amongst perfect bodies '^Cvnrianug 



in Epist. montes etiam et animalia transferri possunt: 
as the devil did Christ to the top of the pinnacle; and 
witches are often translated. See more in Strozzius 
Cicogna, lib. 3. cap. 4. oinnif. mag. Per aera subdu- 
cere et in sublime corpora ferre possunt, Biarmanug. 
Percussi dolent et uruntur in conspicuos . cinerex. 
Agrippa, lib. 3. cap. de occul. Philos. '3 Agrippa, 

de occult. Philos. lib. 3. cap. 18. ^ Part. 3. Sect. 2. 
Mem. 1. Subs 1. Love Melancholy. 



I WiJ i ^ ii .^J 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2 . JVature of Devils. 117 

nists, will have the air to be as full of them as snow falling in the skies, and that thcv 
may be seen, and withal sets down the means how men may see them ; Si irrcvcr 
beratus ocuUs sole splendente versus cmlum continuaverinl obtutus^ &c.,'^ and saith 
moreover he tried it, prcEmissnrum feci experimenlum., and it was true, that the Pla- 
tonists said. Paracelsus confesseth that he saw them divers times, and conferred 
with them, and so doth Alexander ab '^Alexandro, " that he so found it by expe- 
rience, when as before he doubted of it." Many deny it, saith Lavater, de spectrin, 
nart i. c. 2, and part ii. c. 11,"" because they never saw them themselves ;" but as he 
•eports at large all over his book, especially c. 19. part 1, they are often seen and 
heard, and iamiliarly converse with men, as Lod. Vives assureth us, innumerable 
records, histories, and testimonies evince in all ages, times, places, and '"all travel- 
lers besides ; in the West Indies and our northern climes, Nihil fumlliarius quam 
in agris et urbibus spirilus videre^ audire qui vetenf^ jubeant., &c. Hieronimus vita 
Pauli, Basil ser. 40, Nicephorus, Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomenus, '^Jacobus Boissar- 
dus in his tract de spirituum apparitionibus^ Petrus Loyerus 1. de spectris, Wierus 
1. I. have infinite variety of such examples of apparitions of spirits, for him to read 
that farther doubts, to his ample satisfaction. One alone 1 will briefly insert. A 
nobleman in Germany was sent ambassador to the King of Sweden (for his name, 
the time, and such circumstances, I refer you to Boissardus, mine '^Author). After 
he liad done his business, he sailed to Livonia, on set purpose to see those familiar 
spirits, which are there said to be conversant with men, and do their drudgery works. 
Amongst other matters, one of them told him where his wife was, in what room, in 
what clothes, what doing, and brought him a ring from her, which at his return, won 
sine omnium admirafione., he found to be true ; and so believed that ever after, which 
before he doubted of. Cardan, 1. 19. de subtil, relates of his father, Facius Cardan, 
that after the accustomed solemnities. An. 1491, 13 August, he conjured up seven 
devils, in Greek apparel, about forty years of age, some ruddy of complexion, and 
some pale, as he thought ; he asked them many questions, and they made ready 
answer, that they were aerial devils, that they lived and died as men did, save that 
they were far longer lived (700 or 800 ^°years); they did as much excel men in 
dignity as we do juments, and were as far excelled again of those that Avere above 
them; our ^'governors and keepers they are moreover, which ^^ Plato in Critias de- 
livered of old, and subordinate to one another, Ul enlm homo hominij sic dcpvicii 
dcEmoni dominatur., they rule themselves as well as us, and the spirits of the meaner 
sort had commonly such oflices, as we make horse-keepers, neat-herds, and the 
basest of us, overseers of our cattle ; and that we can no more apprehend their na- 
tures and functions, than a horse a man's. They knew all things, but might not 
reveal them to men ; and ruled and domineered over us, as we do over our horses ; 
the best kings amongst us, and the most generous spirits, were not comparable to 
the basest of them. Sometimes they did instruct men, and communicate their skill, 
reward and cherish, and sometimes, again, terrify and punish, to keep them in awe, 
as they thought fit, JWiil magis cvpientes (saith Lysius, Phis. Stoicorum) quam ado- 
rationem hominumP The same Author, Cardan, in his Hyperchen, out of the doc- 
trine of Stoics, will have some of these Genii (for so he calls them) to be ^^ desirous 
of men's company, very affable and familiar with them, as dogs are ; others, again, 
to abhor as serpents, and care not for them. The same belike Tritemius calls Ignios 
et sublunares, qui nu.nquam demergunt ad inferiora^ ant vix ullii.m habent in terris 
commercium : ^'Generally they far excel men in worth, as a man the meanest worm •, 
though some of them are inferior to those of their own rank in worth, as the black- 
guard in a prince's court, and to men again, as some degenerate, base, rational crea- 
tures, are excelled of brute beasts." 

That they are mortal, besides these testimonies of Cardan, Martianus, &c., many 

15 "By gazing steadfastly on the sun illuminated I hominibus, quanto hi brutis atiimantihiis. 22 praj- 

with his brightest rays." "Genial, dii^ium. Iia sides Pastores, Gubernatorps honiiiiiini, et illi aniina 

elbi visuii> et conipertiim quum pi ins an essent ainbi- lium. '-^3" Coveting nothing more than tlie adnii- 

perel Fidem suam liberet. '"IJb. 1. de verit. Fidei. ! ration of mankind " '-^Natura familiares ui cancfe 

Benzo, &c. '(-Lib. de Divinatione et magi^. t hominibus multi aversantiir et abhorrent. -''Ab 

'M'ap. 8. Transportavit in Livoniani cupidiiate vi- j hominc plus distant quam homo ab ignobilissinio ver- 
»Iendi, &c. '^0 Sic Hesiodus de Nymphis vivere ne, et tanien quidam e\ iiis ab liominibus superanttii 

iirit. 10. aetates phcenicum vel.9. 7. 20. 21 Cns- ut homines ft feris, &.c. 

•)Ots hoiiiinum et provii ciiirum, &c. taiito n:eiiores 1 



118 JVature of Spirlfs. [Part. 1. Soc 2 

-)lher divines and philosophers hold, pos/ proUxum tempus moriuntur omnes ; Tlie 
''^ Platonists, and some Rabbins, Porphyrins and Plutarch, as appears by that relation 
of Thainus : ^^ " The great God Pan is dead ; Apollo Pythius ceased; and so the 
rtist. St. Hierome, in the life of Paul the Hermit, tells a story how one of tliem ap- 
peared to St. Anthony in the wilderness, and told liim as much. ^^ Paracelsus of 
our late writers stiffly maintains that they are mortal, live and die as other creatures 
Jo. Zozimus, 1. 2, farther adds, that religion and policy (hcs and alters with tliem. 
The ^^Gentiles' gods, he saith, were expelled by Constantine,and together with them. 
Imperii Romani majeslas, et fortuna interiit^ et projiigata est ; The fortune and ma- 
jesty of the Roman Empire decayed and vanished, as that heathen in ^"Minutius for- 
merly bragged, when the Jews were overcome by the R( mans, the Jew's God was 
likewise captivated by that of Rome ; and Rabsakeh to the Israelites, no God should 
deliver them out of the hands of the Assyrians. But these paradoxes of their power, 
corporeity, mortality, taking of shapes, transposing bodies, and carnal copulations, 
are sufficiently confuted by Zanch. c. 10, 1. 4. Pererius in his comment, and Tos- 
tatus questions on the 6th of Gen. Th. Aquin., St. Austin, Wierus, Th. Erastus, 
Delrio, tom. 2, 1. 2, quiust. 29 ; Sebastian Michaelis, c. 2, de spiritibus, D. Reinolds 
Lect. 47. They may deceive the eyes of men, yet not take true bodies, or make a 
real metamorphosis; but as Cicogna proves at large, they are ^^Illusorice et prcesti- 
giatrices transformationes^ omnif. mag. lih. 4, cap. 4, mere illusions and cozenings, 
like that tale of Pasefis ohulus in Suidas, or that of Autolicus, Mercury's son, that 
dwelt in Parnassus, who got so much treasure by cozenage and stealth. His father 
Mercury, because he could leave him no wealth, taught him many fine tricks to get 
means, ^^for he could drive away men's cattle, and if any pursued him, turn them 
into what shapes he would, and so did mightily enrich himself, hoc astu maxima.m 
pj'oidam est adsecuius. This, no doubt, is as true as the rest ; yet thus much in 
general. Thomas, Durand, and others, grant that tliey have understanding far be- 
yond men, can probably conjecture and ^^foretel many things; they can cause and 
cure most diseases, deceive our senses ; they have excellent skill in all Arts and 
Sciences ; and that the most illiterate devil is Quovis hornine scienfior (more know- 
ing than any man), as ^^ Cicogna maintains out of others. They know the virtues 
of herbs, plants, stones, minerals, &c. ; of all creatures, birds, beasts, the four ele- 
ments, stars, planets, can aptly apply and make use of them as they see good ; per- 
ceiving the causes of all meteors, and the like : Dant se coloribus (as ^^Austin hath 
it) accommodant sejiguris, adhcerent sonis^ suhjiciunt se odoribus^ infundunt se sapo' 
"-ihus.) omnes sensus etiam ipsam intelligentiam dcp.nwncs fallunf^ they deceive all our 
senses, even our understanding itself at once. ^*^They can produce miraculous alter- 
ations in the air, and most wonderful effects, conquer armies, give victories, help, 
further, hurt, cross and alter human attempts and projects [Dei ptrmissu) as they see 
good themselves. ^^When Charles the Great intended to make a channel betwixt 
the Rhine and the Danube, look what his workmen did in the day, these spirits 
flung down in the night, Ut conatu Rex desisteret^ pcrvicere. Such feats can they 
do. But tliat which Bodine, 1. 4, Theat. nat. thinks (following Tyrius belike, and 
the Platonists,) they can tell the secrets of a man's heart, ant cogitationes Jiominum, 
is most false ; his reasons are weak, and sufflciently confuted by Zanch. lib. 4, cap. 9. 
Hierom. lib. 2, com. in Mat. ad cap. 15, Athanasius quaest. 27, ad Antiochum Prin- 
cipem, and others. 

Orders.] As for those orders of good and bad devils, which the Platonists hold, 
is altogether erroneous, and those Ethnics boni et mali Genii., are to be exploded : 
these heathen writers agree not in this point among themselves, as Dandinus notes, 

Cibo et potu uti et venere cum hominibus ac tan- ' cap. 17. Partim quia subtilioris sensus acumine, pnr- 



<leir niori, Cicogna. I. part. lib. 2. c. 3. ■■'' Plutarch, 
de aefect. oraculoruin. '*Lib. de Zilphis et Pig- 

rneis. '■^^ Dii srentium a Constantio prostigati sunt, 

&c. :oOctovian. dial. Juda^orum deum fuisse 

Kotnannruni nuininihus una cum gente captivui 



tim scientia calidiore vigent et experientia propter 
magnain longitudinein vitae, partial ab Angelis dis- 
cunt, &c. a' i.ib. 3. omnif. mag. c;ip. 3. -'^L 18. 
quest. ^« Quum tanli sit et tarn profunda spuitum 
scientia, mirum non est tot tantasque res visu admi- 



Omiiia sjiiritihus olena, et ex eorum concordia et i rabijes ab ipsis patrari, et quidem reruni .naturaliuni 
discordia omnes boni et mali effectus prouianant. otn- j ope quas multo melius intellisru-U, mulKque pcntiua 
Ilia humana rcguntnr: paradoxa veterum de qu5 Ci- j suis locis et temporibus applicaiv. noriint, quam bonio, 
(I gna. oinnif mag. 1. 2. c. 3. '•'•^Oves quas abac- , Cicogna. 3' Aventinus, quicquid interdiii exhau- 

f.'ir-.^ era. in quascurique formas vertebat PaUfiaiiias, I riebatur, ncctu explebatur. Inde pavefucti lura 
iueinu* ^3 Austin in 1. 2. de Gen. ad literam tores, &c. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] JS'ature of Spirits. 119 

An SL7it ^^mal'i non tonceniunf., some will have all spirits good or bad to us by a 
mistiike, as if an Ox or Horse could discourse, he would say the Butcher was his 
enemy because he killed him, the Grazier his friend because he fed him ; a Hunter 
preserves and yet kills his game, and is hated nevertheless of his game ; nee pisca- 
torem piscis amare potest^ &.c. But Jamblichus, Psellus, Plutarch, and most Plato- 
nists acknowledge bad, et ah eorum malcjiciis cavendum^ and we should beware of 
their wickedness, for they are enemies of mankind, and this Plato learned in Egypt, 
that they quarrelled with Jupiter, and were driven by him down to hell.^^ That 
which "Mpuleius, Xenophon, and Plato contend of Socrates Daemonium, is most 
absurd : That which Plotinus of his, that he had likewise Deum pro Dcomojiio ; and 
that which Porphyry concludes of them all in general, if they be neglected in their 
sacrifice they are angry ; nay more, as Cardan in his Hipperchen will, they feed on 
men's souls, Elementa sunt plantis elementum., animalihus plantce^ homini.hus anima- 
lia^ erunt et homines aliis^ non autem diis., nimis enim remota est eorum natura a 
nostra^ quaproptcr dcEmonibus : and so belike that we have so many battles fought 
in all ages, countries, is to make them a feast, and their sole delight : but to return 
to that I said before, if displeased they fret and chafe, (for they feed belike on the 
souls of beasts, as we do on their bodies) and send many plagues amongst us ; but 
if pleased, then they do much good ; is as vain as the rest and confuted by Austin, 
1. 9. c. 8. de Civ. Dei. Euseb. 1. 4. pra?par. Evang. c. 6. and others. Yet thus much 
I find, that our School-men and other ■*' Divines make nine kinds of bad Spirits, as 
Dionysius hath done of Angels. In the first rank are those false gods of the Gen- 
tiles, which were adored heretofore in several Idols, and gave Oracles at Delplios, 
and elsewhere ; whose Prince is Beelzebub. The second rank is of Liars and 
iEquivocators, as Apollo, Pythius, and the like. The third are those vessels of 
anger, inventors of all mischief; as that Theutus in Plato; Esay calls them ""^vessels 
of fury; their Prince is Belial. The fourth are malicious revenging Devils; and 
their Prince is Asmodaeus. The fifth kind are cozeners, such as belong to Magicians 
and Witches ; their Prince is Satan. The sixth are those aerial devils that ''^corrupt 
the air and cause plagues, thunders, fires, &c. ; spoken of in the Apocalypse, and 
Paul to the Ephesians names them the Princes of the air ; Meresin is their Prince. 
The seventh is a destroyer. Captain of the Furies, causing wars, tunudts, combus- 
tions, uproars, mentioned in the Apocalypse ; and called Abaddon. The eiglith is 
that accusing or calumniating Devil, whom the Greeks call Amx|3o?loj, that drives men 
to despair. The ninth are those tempters in several kinds, and their Prince is Mam- 
mon. Psellus makes six kinds, yet none above the Moon : Wierus in his Pseudo- 
monarchia Daemonis, out of an old book, makes many more divisions o.nd subordi- 
nations, with their several names, numbers, offices, &c., but Gaza^us cited by ^^ Lip- 
sius w^ill have all places full of Angels, Spirits, and Devils, above and beneath the 
Moon,^^ setherial and aerial, which Austin cites out of Varro 1. vii. de Civ. Dei, c. 6. 
'' The celestial Devils above, and aerial beneath," or, as some will, gods above, Se- 
midei or half gods beneath. Lares, Heroes, Genii, which climb higher, if tliey lived 
well, as the Stoics held ; but grovel on the ground as they were baser in their lives, 
nearer to the earth : and are Manes, Lemures, Lamiae, &c. "^^They will have no place 
but all full of Spirits, Devils, or some other inhabitants ; Plenum Ccelum^ nrr., aqua 
terra., et omnia sub terra., saith '''^Gazaeus; though Anthony Rusca in his book de 
•Inferno, lib. v. cap. 7. would confine them to the middle Region, yet they will have 
them everywhere. '•'• Not so much as a hair-breadth empty in heaven, earth, or 
waters, above or under the earth." The air is not so full of flies in summer, as it 
is at all times of invisible devils : this ■*** Paracelsus stiffly maintains, and that they 
have every one their several Chaos, others will have infinite worlds, and each world 
his peculiar Spirits, Gods, Angels, and Devils to govern and punish it. 

"Singula 49 nonntilU credunt quoqiie sidora posse I "Some persons believe each star to be a world, anff 
Dici orbes, terramque appellant sidus opacum, this earth an opaque star, over wliith the least of the 

Cut minimus divum prcesit." 1 gods presides." 



*• In lib. 2. de Aninia text 29. Hoinerus discrimina- *'^ Vasa irffi. c. 13. '^^ Quibus datum est nocere t.'trtc 

;)m on-.nes spiriius dbeniunes vocat. •''•* A .love ad et niari, &c. '''' Physiol. Stoicoruni ft Senec. I.o. I. 

Inferos pulsi, &c. ^" De Deo Socratis adest mihi cap. 28. ''■"' Usque ad lunatri animas esse letliereaa 

divina sorte Dajmoniuni qnoddim A prima pueritia me vocarique heroas, lares, peiiios. ^^ ISlari. Ciipella 

Bfccutum, ,s!Epp dissuadet, iiii[)pllit nonniinquam instar ''■Nihil vacuum ab his ubi vel capillmii in acre vel 

ovis, Plato. 4' A<;rippa lib. 3. de occnl. ph. c. 18. aqua jaceas. ^ Lib. de Zilp, ^« Palinjicnius. 

iSanch. Piftorus, Pererius Cicogua. I. 3. cap. 1. ' 



liJO Digression of Spirits, [Part. I. Sect. 2 

"Gregorius Tholsanus makes seven kinds of aetherial Spirits or Angels, according 
to the number of the seven Planets, Saturnine, Jovial, Martial, of which Cardan dis- 
courseth lib. xx. de subtil, he calls them substantias primas^ Olympicos dcemones 
Tritemius^ qui prcesunt Zodiaco, &c., and will have them to be good Angels above, 
Devils beneath the Moon, their several names and offices he there sets down, and 
which Dionysius of Angels, will have several spirits for several countries, men, 
offices, Slc, which live about them, and as so many assisting powers cause their 
operations, will have in a word, innumerable, as many of them as there be Stars in 
the Skies. ^' Marcilius Ficinus seems to second this opinion, out of Plato, or from 
himself, I know not, (still ruling their inferiors, as they do those under them again, 
all subordinate, and the nearest to the earth rule us, whom Ave subdivide into good 
and bad angels, call Gods or Devils, as they help or hurt us, and so adore, love or 
hate) but it is most likely from Plato, for he relying wholly on Socrates, quern mori 
potius quam mentiri vohusse scribU, whom he says would rather die than tell a false- 
hood, out of Socrates' authority alone, made nine kinds of them : which opinion be- 
like Socrates took from Pythagoras, and he from Trismegistus, he from Zoroastes, 
first God, second idea, 3. hitelligences, 4. Arch-Angels, 5. Angels, 6. Devils, 7. He- 
roes, 8, Principalities, 9. Princes : of which some were absolutely good, as Gods, 
some bad, some indifferent infer deos et homines,, as heroes and daemons, which ruled 
men, and were called genii, or as ^^ Proclus and Jamblichus will, tlie middle betwixt 
God and men. Principalities and Princes, which commanded and swayed Kings and 
countries ; and had several places in the Spheres perhaps, for as every spiiere is 
higher, so hath it more excellent inhabitants : which belike is that Galila^us a Gali- 
leo and Kepler aims at in his nuncio Syderio, when -he will have ^^ Saturnine and 
Jovial inhabitants : and which Tycho Brahe doth in some sort touch or insinuate 
in one of his Epistles : but these things ^' Zanchius justly explodes, cap. 3. lib. 4. 
P. Martyr, in 4. Sam. 28. 

So that according to these men the number of aetherial spirits must needs be infi- 
nite : for if that be true that some of our mathematicians say : if a stone could fall 
from the starry heaven, or eighth sphere, and should pass every hour an hundred 
miles, it would be 65 years, or more, before it would come to ground, by reason of 
the great distance of heaven from earth, which contains as some say 170 millions 
800 miles, besides those other heavens, whether they be crystalline or watery which 
Maginus adds, which peradventure holds as much more, how many such spirits may 
It contain ? And yet for all this '"^ Thomas Albertus, and most hold that there be far 
more angels than devils. 

Sublunary devils,, and their kinds.] But be they more or less, Quod supra nos 
nihil ad nos (^^what is beyond our comprehension does not concern us). Howsoever 
as Martianus foolishly supposeth, jEtherii Dcsmones non curant res humanas,, they 
r/dre not for us, do not attend our actions, or look for us, those aetherial spirits have 
other worlds to reign in belike or business:- to follow. We are only now to speak 
m brief of these sublunary spirits or devus : for the rest, our divines detennine that 
the Devil had no power over stars, or heavens ; ^^ Carminibus coelo possunt, dtducere 
lunaia,, &c., (by their charms (verses) they can seduce the moon from the heavens). 
Those are poetical fictions, and that they can ^~ sislere aquam Jiuviis,, et vertere sidera 
retro,, &c., (stop rivers and turn the stars backward in their courses) as Canadia in 
Horace, 'tis all false. ^^They are confined until the day of judgment to this sublu- 
nary world, and can work no farther than the four elements, and as God permits 
them. Wherefore of these sublunary devils, though others divide them otherwise 
according to their several places and offices, Psellus makes six kinds, fiery, aerial, 
terrestrial, watery, and subterranean devils, besides thof'e fairies, satyrs, nymphs, &ic. 

Fiery spirits or devils are such as commonly work by blazing stars, fire-drakes, 



«> Lib, 7. cap. 34 et 5. Syntax, art. mirab. s' Com- 
ment in dial. Plat, de aniore, cap. 5. Ut sphaera qiue- 
libet super nos, ita priestantiores habent habitatores 
suae sphierfE consortes, ut habet nostra. ^^Lib. de 

Arnica, et da?iiiniie ined. inter deos et boniines, dica ad 
nos et nostra sequaliter ad deos ferunt. sis^attirni- 
uas et Joviales accolas. ^In loca detrusi sunt 

infra cselestes orbes in aerem scilicet et infra ubi Ju- 



dicio geneidli reservantnr. ^'-"q. 36 art. 9. 

5'' Virg. 8. Eg. «^n. 4. 68 Austin : hoc dixi, 

ne quis existimet habitare ihi mala daemonia nbi Solem 
et Lunam et Stellas Deus ordinavit, et alibi nemo ar- 
bitraretiir D.'emonem coelis habitare cutn Aiigelis suis 
\inde lapsiim credinius. Idem. Zanch. 1. 4. c. 3. de 
Angel, aiaiis. Pererius in Gen. cap. 6. lib. 8. in ver 9 



I 



Mdu * rfuDs. 2.] Digression af Spirits. 12} 

or ignes fatui ; which lead men often injlumina aut prcBcipitia^ saith Bodine, lib. 2. 
Theat. Naturae, fol. 221. Quos inquit arcere si volant vicUores^ clara voce Deum 
appellare aut pronam facie ierram contingente adorare ojjortet^ et hoc amnletum ma- 
jorihus nostris acceptum ferre debemus^ &c., (whom if travellers wish to keep olT 
they must pronounce the name of God with a clear voice, or adore him with their 
faces in contact with the ground, &c.) ; likewise they counterfeit suns and moons, 
stars oftentimes, and sit on ship masts : Li namgiorum summitaiibus visuntur ; and 
are called dioscuri, as Eusebius 1. contra Philosophos, c. xlviii. informeth us, out of 
the authority of Zeno-phanes ; or little clouds, ad molum nescio quern volantes ; which 
never appear, saith Cardan, but they signify some mischief or other to come unto 
men, though some again will have them to pretend good, and victory to that side 
tliey come towards in sea fights, St. Elmo's fires they commonly call them, and they 
do likely appear after a sea storm ; Radzivilius, the Polonian duke, calls this appari- 
tion, Sancti Gcrmani sidus ; and saith moreover that he saw the same after in a 
storm, as he was sailing, 1582, from Alexandria to Rhodes.^^ Our stories are fidl 
of such apparitions in all kinds. Some think they keep their residence in that Hecla, 
a mountain in Iceland, iEtna in Sicily, Lipari, Vesuvius, &c. These devils were 
worshipped heretofore by that superstitious nvpo^avtUa ^° and the like. 

Aerial spirits or devils, are such as keep quarter most part in the ^'air, cause many 
tempests, thunder, and lightnings, tear oaks, fire steeples, houses, strike men and 
beasts, make it rain stones, as in Livy's time, wool, frogs. Sec. Counterfeit armies in 
the air, strange noises, swords, &c., as at Vienna before the coming of the Turks, 
and many times in Rome, as Scheretzius 1. de spect. c. 1. part 1. Lavater de spect. 
part. i. c. 17. Julius Obsequens, an old Roman, in his book of prodigies, ab urb. 
cond. 505. ^^Machiavel hath illustrated by many examples, and Josephus, in his 
book de bello Judaico, before the destruction of Jerusalem. All which Guil. Fostel- 
lus, in his first book, c. 7, de orbis concordia, useth as an efi^ectual argument (as in- 
deed it is) to persuade them that wdl not believe there be spirits or devils. They 
cause whirlwinds on a sudden, and tempestuous storms ; which thougli our meteoro- 
logists generally refer to natural causes, yet I am of Bodine's mind, Theat. Nat. 1. 2. 
they are more often caused by those aerial devils, in their several quarters ; for Tern- 
vesfatibus se ingerunt^ saith ^^Rich. Argentine; as when a desperate man makes away 
with himself, which by hanging or drowning they frequently do, as Kornmanus ob- 
serves, de mirac. mort. part. 7, c. 70. iripudiuin agenfes^ dancing and rejoicing at the 
death of a sinner. These can corrupt the air, and cause plagues, sickness, storms, 
shipwrecks, fires, inundations. At Mons Draconis in Italy, there is a most memor- 
able example in ^^Jovianus Pontanus : and nothing so familiar (if we may believe 
those relations of Saxo Grammaticus, Olaus Magnus, Damianus A. Goes) as for 
witches and sorcerers, in Lapland, Litliuania, and all over Scandia, to sell winds to 
niariners, and cause tempests, which Marcus Paulus the Venetian relates likewise of 
the Tartars. These kind of devils are much ^Melighted in sacrifices (saith Porphyry), 
lield all the world in awe, and had several names, idols, sacrifices, in Rome, Greece, 
Egypt, and at this day tyrannise over, and deceive those Ethnics and Indians, beiug 
adored and worshipped for ''"gods. For the Gentiles' gods were devils (as "Trisme- 
gistus confesseth in his Asclepius), and he himself could make them come to their 
images by magic spells: and are now as much "respected by our papists (saith 
^*Pictorius) under the name of saints." These are they which Cardan thinks desire 
so much carnal copulation with witches [Incuhi and .Smcc/^^/), transform bodies, and 
are so very cold, if they be touched; and that serve magicians. His father had one 
of them (as he is not ashamed to relate), ^^ an aerial devil, bound to him for twenty 
and eight years. As Agrippa's dog had a devil tied to his collar ; some think that 
Paracelsus (or else Erastus belies him) had one confined to his sword pummel ; 
others wear them in rings, &c. Jannes and Jambres did many things of old by 
their help ; Simon Magus, Cinops, ApoUonius Tianeus, Jamblichus, and Tritemius 



"^Peiifiram. Ilierogol. eopire worship, or divi- I bello Neapolitano, lib. 5. «& SufRtibus gaudent. 

nation by tire. '^^ Donuis Diriiunt, inuros dejiriimt, Idem .lust. Mart. Apol. pro Christiaiiis. •'' In Uei 

iininisceiit se tnrbinibus et procellis et pulverein instar | imitationeni, saith Eusebius. ^'' Dii gentium Da'mo- 
eoiumnas evehunt. Cicogna I. 5. c. 5. 6-!Q„est. j nia, &c. ego in eorum statuas pellexi. eeEt nunc 

'" l''v. ^'^De praestigiis dcmonum. c 16. (on- stib divoruni nomine coluntur & Pontiflciis. ^I'Lib 

velli ciilmina vi'lemus, prosterni sata, &c. "^De | II. de rerum ver. 

16 L 



122 Digression of Spirir^. [Part. 1 Sec. 2 

of late, that showed Maximilian the emperor his wife, after she was dead ; Et ver- 
rucam in collo ejus (saith ™Godolmaii) so much as the wart in her neck. Delrio. 
lib. ii. hath divers examples of their feats : Cicogna, lib. iii. cap. 3. and Wierus in 
his book de prcesfig. dcemonum. Boissardus de wagis et veneficis. 

Water-devals are those Naiads or water nymphs which have been heretofore con- 
veisant about waters and rivers. The water (as Paracelsus thinks) is their chaos, 
wherein they live ; some call them fairies, and say that Plabundia is their queen ; 
these cause inundations, many times shipwrecks, and deceive men diveis ways, a3 
Succuba, or otherwise, appearing most part (saith Tritemius) in womcMi's shapes. 
'' Paracelsus hath several stories of them that have lived and been married to mortal 
men, and so continued for certain years with them, and after, upon some dislike, 
have forsaken Lhem. Such a one as ^Egeria, with whom Numa was so familiar, 
Diana, Ceres, &.c. '^^Olaus Magnus hath a long narration of one Hotherus, a king 
of Sweden, that having lost his company, as he was hunting one day, met with 
these water nymphs or fairies, and was feasted by them ; and Hector Boethius, or 
Macbetli, and Banquo, two Scottish lords, that as they were wandering in the woods, 
had their fortunes told them by three strange women. To these, heretofore, they 
did use to sacrifice, by that vbpofiavteui,, or divination by waters. 

Terrestrial devils are those '''Lares, Genii, Fauns, Satyrs, ^* Wood-nymphs, Foliots, 
Fairies, Robin Goodfellows, Trulli, &c., which as they are most conversant with 
men, so they do them most harm. Some think it was they alone that kept the 
heathen people in awe of old, and had so many idols and temples erected to them. 
Of this range was Dagon amongst the Philistines, Bel amongst the Babylonians, 
Astartes amongst the Sidonians, Baal amongst tlie Samaritans, Isis and Osiris amongst 
the Egyptians, Sec; some put our '^faries into this rank, which have been in former 
times adored with much superstition, with sweeping their houses, and setting of a 
pail of clean water, good victuals, and the like, and then they should not be pinched, 
but find money in their shoes, and be fortunate in their enterprises. These are they 
that dance on heaths and greens, as '^^Lavater thinks with Tritemius, and as '"^Olaus 
Magnus adds, leave that green circle, which we commonly find in plain fields, which 
others hold to proceed from a meteor falling, or some accidental rankness of the 
ground, so nature sports herself; they are sometimes seen by old women and chil- 
dren. Hierom. Pauli, in his description of the city of Bercino in Spain relates how 
they have been familiarly seen near that town, about fountains and hilis ; JYonnun- 
quam (saith Tritemius) in sua latihula montium simpliciores homines ducant^ stu- 
penda ?nirantibns ostentes miracula^ nolarutn sonihis^ spectacula^ &.c.^^ Giraldus 
Cambrensis gives instance in a monk of Wales that was so deluded. '^Paracelsus 
reckons up many places in Germany, where they do usually walk in little coats, 
some two feet long. A bigger kind there is of them called with us hobgoblins, and 
Robin Goodfellows, that would in those superstitious times grind corn for a mess of 
milk, cut wood, or do any manner of drudgery work. They would mend old irons 
in those jEolian isles of Lipari, in former ages, and have been often seen and heard. 
^°Tholosanus calls them TruUos and Getulos, and saith, that in his days they were 
common in many places of France. Dithmarus Bleskenius, in his description of 
Iceland, reports for a certainty, that almost in every family they have yet some such 
familiar spirits ; and Foelix Malleolus, in his book de crudcl. dcemon. affirms as much, 
that these TroUi or Telchines are very common in Norway, '"'- and *' seen to do 
drudgery work ;" to draw water, saith Wierus, lib. 1 . cap. 22, dress meat, or any 
such tiling. Another sort of these there are, which frequent forlorn ^^ houses, which 
the Italians call foliots, most part innoxous, ''^Cardan holds; "• They will make 
strange noises in the night, howl sometimes pitifully, and then laugh again, cause 
great fiame and sudden lights, fling stones, rattle chams, shave men, open doors ami 



"'Lib. 3. cap. 3. De magiset veneficis, &c. Nereides. 
Ti Lib. de Zilphis. •'^Lib. 3. '^ Pro salute 

homiriiim excubare se simulant, sed in eorum periii- 
cicm omnia iiioliunlur. Aust. '■» Dryades, Oriades, 

Hamadrvades. '="£^38 Glaus voc. at lib. 3. 

:«fart f. cap. 19. ''Lib. 3. cap. 11. Elvarum 

choreas Glaus lib. 3. vocal saltum adeo prntinid6 in 
terras impriinunt, ut locus insigni deinceps virnre or- 
bicularis sit,et gramen nnn pereat. ^''Sometimes 
tbey seduce too sinijde men into their mountain re- 



treats, where they exhibit wonderful sights to their 
marvelling eyes, and astonish their ears by the sounl 
of bells, &;c. "«Lib. de Zilph. et Pigmaeus Glaus 

lib. 3. POLib. 7. cap. 11. Qui et in famulirio viris 

et fa-minis inserviunt, condavia scopis purgant, pati- 
nas mundant, ligna porlant, equos curant, <fec. »' Ad 
ministeria utuntur. »- Where treasure is :t ^ (an 

some think) or some murder, or such like v ..^any 
committed. "Lib. 16. de rerum varielat. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. 123 

•«hut ihem, fling down platters, stools, chests, sometimes a})pear in the likeness of 
hares, crows, black dogs, &c." of which read ^^Pet Thyraeus the Jesuit, in his 
'Tra.:t. de locis infeslis, part. 1. et cap. 4, who will have them to be devils or the 
souls of damned men that seek revenge, or else souls out of purgatory that seek 
ease; for such examples peruse ''^Sigismundus Scheretzius, lib. de spectris, part 1. 
c. I. which he saith he took out of Luther most part; there be many instances. **^Pli- 
nius Secundus remembers such a house at Athens, which Athenodoius tlie philoso 
pher hired, which no man durst inhabit for fear of devils. Austin, de Civ. Dei. lib. 
22, cap. 1. relates as much of Hesperius the Tribune's house, at Zubeda, near their 
city of Hippos, vexed with evil spirits, to his great hindrance. Cum affiictione anima- 
lium et servorum suorum. Many such instances are to be read in Niderius Formicar, 
lih. 5. cap. xii. 3. &c. Whether I may call these Zim and Ochim, which Isaiah, cap. 
xiii. 21. speaks of, I make a doubt. See more of these in the said Scheretz. lib. 1. 
de spect. cap. 4. he is full of examples. These kind of devils many times appear to 
men, and affright them out of their wits, sometimes walking at ^'noon-day, some- 
times at nights, counterfeiting dead men's ghosts, as that of Caligula, which (saith 
Suetonius) was seen to walk in Lavinia's garden, where his body was buried, spirits 
haimted, and the house where he died, ^^JVuUa nox sine terrore traiisacta., donee in- 
ccndio consumpta ; every night tliis happened, there was no quietness, till the house 
was burned. About Hecla, in Iceland, ghosts commonly walk, animas mortuorum 
simulan'es., saith Joh. Anan, lib. 3. de nat. dce?n. Olaus. lib. 2. cap. 2. JYatal Tal- 
lopid. lib. de apparit. spir. Kornmannus de mirac. mort. part. 1. cap. 44. such sights 
are frequently seen circa sepulchra et monasteria^ saith Lavat. lib. 1. cap. 19. in 
monasteries and about churchyards, loca paludinosa., ampla cedijicia^ solitaria^ e: 
ccede hominum not at a.^ &c. (marshes, great buildings, solitary places, or remarkable 
as the scene of some murder.) Thyreus adds, ubi gravius peccatiim est commissuiii.^ 
i?npii.f paupcrum oppressores et nequitcr insignes habitant (where some very henious 
crime was committed, there the impious and infamous generally dwell). These spirits 
often foretel men's deaths by several signs, as knocking, groanings, &c. ^^ though Rich. 
Argentine, c. 18. de prccstigiis d(2monum^ will ascribe these predictions to good angels, 
out of the authority of Ficinus and others ; prodigia in obilu principum scepius con- 
tingu7it^ &c. (prodigies frequently occur at the deaths of illustrious men), as in the 
Lateran church in ^"Ronie, the popes' deaths are foretold by Sylvester's tomb. Near 
Rupes Nova in Finland, in the kingdom of Sweden, there is a lake, in which, before 
the governor of the castle dies, a spectrum, in the habit of Arion with his harp, appears, 
and makes excellent music, like those blocks in Cheshire, which (they say) presage 
death to the master of the family; or that ^' oak in Lanthadran park in Cornwall, which 
foreshows as much. Many families in Europe are so put in mind of their last by such 
predictions, and many men are forewarned (if we may believe Paracelsus) by familiar 
spirits in divers shapes, as cocks, crows, owls, which often hover about sick men's 
chambers, vel quia morientium foeditatem sentiunt^ as ^•^Baracellus conjectures, et ideo 
super tectum infirmorum crocitant., because they smell a corse; or for that (as ^^Ber- 
nardinus de Bustis thinketh) God permits the devil to appear in the form of crows, and 
such like creatures, to scare such as live wickedly here on earth. A little before Tully's 
death (saith Plutarch) the crows made a mighty noise about him, tumultuose perstre- 
pentes., they pulled the pillow from under his head. Rob. Gaguinus, hist. Franc, lib 
8, telleth such another wonderful story at the death of Johannes de Monteforti, a 
French lord, anno 1345, tanta corvorum multitudo cedibus morientis insedit^ quantam 
esse in Gallia nemo judicasset (a multitude of crows alighted on the house of the 
dying man, such as no one isiagined existed in France). Such prodigies are very 
frequent m authors. See more of these in the said Lavater, Thyreus de locis infestis^ 
part 3, cap. 58. Pictorius^ Delrio^ Cicogna., lib. 3, cap. 9. Necromancers take 
upon them to raise and lay them at their pleasures : and so likewise, those which 
Mizaldus calls Ambulones, that walk about midnight on great heaths and desert 

f^ Vel spiritus sunt hujnsinndi damiialornin, vel 6 ^ f" Meridionales Dseniones Cicogna calls them, or Alas- 
Vurcatorio, vel ipsi dsEinoiiRs, c. 4. " Quidain le- tores, 1. 3. cap. U. ^^Sueton. c. 69. in Calimila. 

iniiros domesticis instnmientis noctu ludnnt : putinas, «» Strozzius Cicogna. lib. 3. mag. cap. 5 ""Idem. c. 18. 
jUhs, caiitharas, el alia vasa dejiciiint, et quidain I »' M. Carew. Survey of Cornwall, lib. 2 folio 140 
Toces etnitiunt, ejulant, risum eminunt, &c. ut canes 9"Horto Geniali, folio 137. »■* Part I.e. 19. AhducunI 
■igri, felea, variis formis, &;c. ^sEpist. lib. 7. eos & recla via, et viam itvr facientibus inter tludi nt. 



]Mi Digression of Spirits. [Part. 1. Sect. 2 

places, which (saith ^^Lavater) "draw men out of the way, and lead them all nigh.l 
a bye-way, or quite bar them of their way ;" these have several names in several 
places ; we commonly call them Pucks. In the deserts of Lop, in Asia, sucli 
illusions of walking spirits are often perceived, as you may read in M. Paulut 
the Venetian his travels ; if one lose his company by chance, these devils will 
call him by his name, and counterfeit voices of his companions to seduce him. 
Hieronym. Pauli, in his book of the hills of Spain, relates of a great ^^ mount in 
Cantabria, where such spectrums are to be seen ; Lavater and Cicogna have variety 
of examples of spirits and walking devils in this kind. Sometimes they sit by the 
highway side, to give men falls, and make their horses stumble and start as they ride 
(if you will believe the relation of that holy man Ketellus in ^Nubrigensis), that had 
an especial grace to see devils, Gratiam divinitus collatam^and talk with them, Et ini- 
pavidus cum splritihus sermonern miscere^ without offence, and if a man curse or spur 
his horse for stumbling, they do heartily rejoice at it; with many such pretty feats. 

Subterranean devils are as common as the rest, and do as much harm. Olaus 
Magnus, lib. 0, cap. 19, make six kinds of them; some bigger, some less. These 
(saith '^^Munster) are commonly seen about mines of metals, and are some of them 
noxious ; some again do no harm. The metal-men in many places account it good 
luck, a sign of treasure and rich ore when they see them. Georgius Agricola, in his 
book de sahterraneis animantibus. cap. 37, reckons two more notable kinds of them, 
which he calls ^'^Getuli and Cobali, both '" are clothed after the manner of metal-men, 
and will many times imitate their works." Their office, as Pictorius and Paracelsus 
think, is to keep treasure in the earth, that it be not all at once revealed ; and be- 
sides, '^^Cicogna avers that they are the frequent causes of those horrible earthquakes 
"which often swallow up, not only houses, but whole islands and cities;" in hi? 
third book, cap. 11, he gives many instances. 

The last are conversant about the centre of the earth to torture the souls of 
damned men to the day of judgment; their egress and regress some suppose to be 
about vEtna, Lipari, Mons Hecla in Iceland, Vesuvius, Terra del Fuego, &.C., because 
many shrieks and fearful cries are continually heard thereabouts, and familiar appa- 
ritions of dead men, ghosts and goblins. 

Their OJices^ Operations^ Shidy.] Thus the devil reigns, and in a thousand 
several shapes, " as a roaring lion still seeks whom he may devour," 1 Pet. v., by 
sea, land, air, as yet unconfined, though '""some will have his proper place the air; 
all that space between us and the moon for them that transgressed least, and hell for 
the wickedest of them. Hie velut in carcere ad Jincm mundi., tunc in locum funestio- 
rum trudendi^ as Austin holds de Civit Dei., c. 22, lib. 14, cap. 3 c^ 23 ; but be 
M^here he will, he rageth while he may to comfort himself, as ' Lactantius thinks, 
with other men's falls, he labours all he can to bring them into the same pit of per- 
dition with him. "Foremen's miseries, calamities, and ruins are the deviPs ban- 
queting dishes. By many temptations and several engines, he seeks to captivate our 
souls. The Lord of Lies, saith ^Austin, " as he was deceived himself, he seeks to 
deceive others, the ringleader to all naughtiness, as he did by Eve and Cain, Sodom 
and Gomorrah, so would he do by all the world. Sometimes he tempts by covet- 
ousness, drunkenness, pleasure, pride, Stc, errs, dejects, saves, kills, protects, and 
rides some men, as they do their horses. He studies our overthrow, and generally 

9' Lib. 1. cap. 44. Dcemonum cerniiiitiir et audiuntur I dis hominibus operantiir. ' Mnrtalium calanii- 

ibi frequenles illusioiies, uiide viatoribiis caveiidiim [ tales epiilas sunt malorum da^rnonuin, Synesius. 
ne ce dissocient, aut ii tergo inaneaiit, voces eiiim ! ^ Daminus mendacii S. seipso deceptus, alios decipere 
fingunt socioiiiiii, ut t recto itinere alidiicaut, &;c. | ciipit, adversarius htimani generis. Inventor mortis, 
1*^ Mens sterilis et nivosus, ubi intempesia nocte uni- superhis institutor, radix inaliiite, scelerum caput, 
brse apparent. y>'Lib. 2. cap. 21. Offendiciila fa- I princeps omnium vilioriiin, fnit inde in Dei contume- 

ciiint transeimtibus in via et petulanter ridet cum vel liam, liomiiium^perniciem : de horuui conatibus et 
hominem vel jumentum ejus pedes atterere faciant, operationibus lege Epiphanium. 2. Tom. lib. 2. Dio- 
et maxirn^ si liomo maledictus ei calcaribus ssevint. nysiiun. c. 4. Ambros. Epistol. lib. 10. ep. et 84. An- 
''' In Cosmogr. "''Vestiti more mefallicorum, gust, de civ. Dei lib. 5. c. 9. lib. 8. cap. 22. lib. 9. 18. 

gestiis et opera eorum imitantur. '•'■' luMnisso in ' lib. 10.21. Theophll.in 12. Mat. Pasil. ep. 141. Leonem 

terr£B carceres vento norribiles terras motus efficiunt, Ser. Theodoret. in 11. Cor. ep. 22. Chrys. horn. 53. in 
qiiibus stepe non domus modo et lurres, sed civitates 12. Gen. Greg, in I. c. John. Uarthol. de prop. I. 2. c. 
integffe et insula; lianstre sunt. "*IIierom. in 3. 20. Zanch. 1. 4. de maiis angelis. Perer. Iti Gen. I. 8. 

Eph^is. Idem Michaelis. c. 4. de spiritibus. Idem in c. 6. 2. Origen. ssepe pra^liis intersunt, itinera et 
Thyre!:s de locis infe.^tis. ' Lactantius 2. de i negotia nostra qufecumque dirigunt, clandestinis si»h- 

origizic error"^ cap. 15. hi maligni spiritus per ouinem | sidiis optatos saepe pra;l»eiit sucnssus, Pet. Mar. in 
.«rram vaganiur. et s )latium perditionis sua; perden- i Hum. &c. Ruscam de Infcno. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. 125 

seeks our destruction ; and although he pretend many times numan good, and vin- 
dicate himself for a god by curing of several diseases, <Tgris sanilate'n^ et ccech 
luminis usuvi restiluendo^ as Austin declares, lib. 10, de cicit Dei, cap. G, as Apollo 
iEsculapius, Isis, of old have done ; divert plagues, assist them in wars, pretenc' 
their happiness, yet nihil his impurius., scelestius., nihil humano gcncri infesliiis^ 
nothing so impure, nothing so pernicious, as may well appear by tlieir tyrannical 
and bloody sacrifices of men to Saturn and Moloch, which are still in use among 
those barbarous Indians, their several deceits and cozen ings to keep men in obe- 
dience, their false oracles, sacrifices, their superstitious impositions of fasts, penury, 
&c. Heresies, superstitious observations of meats, times, &c., by which tliey ''cru 
cify the souls of mortal men, as shall be showed in our Treatise of Religious Me- 
lancholy. Modico adhuc tempore sinitur malignari, as ^Bernard expresseth it, by 
God's permission he rageth a while, hereafter to be confined to hell and darkness, 
" which is prepared for him and his angels," Mat. xxv. 

How far their power doth extend it is hard to determine ; what the ancients held 
of their effects, force and operations, I will briefly show you : Plato in Critias, and 
after him his followers, gave out that these spirits or devils, " were men's governors 
and keepers, our lords and masters, as we are of our cattle." ^ " They govern pro- 
vinces and kingdoms by oracles, auguries," dreams, rewards and punishments, pro- 
phecies, inspirations, sacrifices, and religious superstitions, varied in as many forms 
as there be diversity of spirits ; they send wars, plagues, peace, sickness, health, 
dearth, plenty, "^Jldstantes hie jam nobis, specfanfes, et arbitrantes, &c. as appears by 
those histories of Thucydides, Livius, Dionysius Halicarnassus, with many others 
that are full of their wonderful stratagems, and were therefore by those Roman and 
Greek commonwealths adored and worshipped for gods with prayers and sacrifices, 
&c. ^ In a word, JYihil magis qucerunt qiiam metum et admirationem hominiim ; ^ and 
as another hath it, Dici non potest, quam impotenii ard.ore in homines dominium, et 
Divinos cultu.s maligni spiritus afectent.^^ Tritemius in his book de septem secun- 
dis, assigns names to such angels as are governors of particular provinces, by what 
authority I know not, and gives them several jurisdictions. Asclepiades a Grecian, 
Rabbi Achiba the Jew, Abraham Avenezra, and Rabbi Azariel, Arabians, (as i find 
them cited by "Cicogna) farther add, that they are not our governors only, S^d ex 
eorum concordia et discordid, boni et mali affectus promanont, but as they agree, s>o 
do we and our princes, or disagree ; stand or fall. Juno was a bitter enemy to Troy, 
Apollo a good friend, Jupiter indifferent, JKqua Venus Teucris, Pallas iniquafuii . 
some are for us still, some against us, Premente Deo, fert Deus alter opem. Reli- 
gion, policy, public and private quarrels, wars are procured by them, and they are 
'^delighted perhaps to see men fight, as men are with cocks, bulls and dogs, bears, 
&c., plagues, dearths depend on them, our bene and male esse, and almost all ovr 
other peculiar actions, (for as Anthony Rusea contends, lib. 5, cop. 18, eve-y ma:? 
hath a good and a bad angel attending on him in particular, all his life long, which 
Jamblichus calls dcemonem,) preferments, losses, weddings, deaths, rewards and 
punishments, and as '^ Proclus will, all offices whatsoever, alii genetricem., alii 
opificem potestatem habent, &c. and several names they give them according to tlieir 
offices, as Lares, Indegites, Praestites, &c. When the Arcades in that battle at Che- 
ronas, which was fought against King Philip for the liberty of Greece, had deceitfully 
carried themselves, long after, in the very same place, Diis GrcBcia, ultoribiis (saith 
mine author) they were miserably slain by Metellus the Roman : so likewise, in 
smaller matters, they will have things fall out, as these boni and ?nali genii favour 
or dislike us : Saturni non conveniunt Jovialibus, &c. He that is Saturninus shall 
never likely be preferred. "''That base fellows are often advanced, undeserving 
Gnathoes, and vicious parasites, whereas discreet, wise, virtuous and worthy men 



4 Et velut mancipia circumfert Psellus. 5Lib.de thehnnoiirof being divinely worshipped." " Oinnif. 
trans, mut. Malac. ep. « Cnstodes sunt honiinuni, mag. lib. 2. cap. 23. '- Liidus deorum sumus. 

et eorum, ut nos animaiium : turn et provinciis praepo- '^iLib. de aninia et dsemone. HQuoties fit, ul 

siti regiint auguriis, somniis, oraculis, pramiis, &c. Principes novitium aiilicnm divitiis et digiiitatibus 
' Lipsius, Piiysiol. Stoic, lib. 1. cap. 19. « Leo pene obrnant, et nuiltorum annoruin mini.stniin. qui 

Suavis. idem et Tritemius. 9 "They seek nothing non seme! pro hero peiicnliim sub'it, ne teruntio do- 

more earnestly than the fear and admiration of men." j nent, &c. Idem. Quod Philosophi non reniunerentur 
'""It is scarcely possible to describe the impotent cum scurra et ineptus ob insulsum jocum sape pne- 
ardour with which these malignant spirits aspire to j mkum reportet, inde fit, &c. 

l2 



126 Digression of ^'^pints. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 

are neglected and unrewarded ; they refer to those domineering spirits, or subordi- 
nate Genii ; as they are inclined, or favour men, so they thrive, are ruled and over- 
come ; for as '^Libanius supposeth in our ordinary conflicts and contentions, Genius 
Genio cedit el obtemperat., one genius yields and is overcome by another. All par- 
ticular events ahnost they refer to these private spirits ; and (as Paracelsus adds) 
they (hrect, teach, inspire, and instruct men. Never was any man extraordinary 
famous in any art, action, or great commander, that had not familiarem dcemoncir 
to inform him, as Numa, Socrates, and many such, as Cardan illustrates, cap. 128. 
Arcanis pnideniice civilis^ ^^Speciali siquidem gratia., se a Deo donari asserunt ?nagi. 
a Gends ccBlestibus instrui^ ah lis doccri. But these are most erroneous paradoxes. 
inepfcB et fabuloscE nugce^ rejected by our divines and Christian churches. 'Tis tiuo 
they have, by God's permission, power over us, and we find by experience, thai 
they can '' hurt not our fields only, cattle, goods, but our bodies and minds. At 
Hammel in Saxony, Jin. 1484. 20 Junii, the devil, in likeness of a pied piper, carried 
away 130 children that were never after seen. Many times men are '^affrighted oui 
of ilici;- wits, carried away quite, as Scheretzius illustrates, lib. 1, c. iv., and seve- 
rally molested by his means, Plotinus the Platonist, lib. 14, advers. Gnos. laughs 
them to scorn, that hold the devil or spirits can cause any such diseases. Many 
think he can work upon the body, but not upon the mind. But experience pro- 
nounceth otherwise, that he can work both upon body and mind. Tertullian is 
of this opinion, c. 22. '^'•^That he can cause both sickness and health," and tliat 
secretly. ^° Taurellus adds " by clancular poisons he can infect the bodies, and hinder 
the operations of the bowels, though we perceive it not, closely creeping into 
them.," saith ^'Lipsius, and so crucify our souls: Et nociva melancholia fur iosos 
ejficit. For being a spiritual body, he struggles with our spirits, saith Rogers, and 
suggests (according to ^- Cardan, verba sine vocc^ species sine visu^ envy, lust, anger 
&c.) as he sees men inclined. 

The manner how he performs it, Biarmannus in his Oration against Bodine, suffix 
ciently declares. "^'' He begins first vv^ith the phantasy, and moves that so strongly, 
that no reason is able to resist. Now the phantasy he moves by mediation of hu- 
mours ; althougii many physicians are of opinion, that the devil can alter the mind, 
and produce this disease of himself. Quibnsdam mcdicorum visum., saith ^^Avicenna, 
qudd Melancholia contingat a dcemonio. Of the same mind is Psellus and Rhasis 
the Arab. lib. 1. Tract. 9. Cont. ^^" That this disease proceeds especially from the 
devil, and from him alone." Arculanus, cap. 0. in 9. Rhasis, ^Elianus Montaltus, in 
his 9. cap. Daniel S?nnertus, lib. 1. part. 2. cap. 11. confirm as much, that the devil 
can cause this disease ; by reason many times that the parties affected prophesy, 
speak strange language, but non sine interventu humoris^ not without the humour, as 
he interprets himself; no m.ore doth Avicenna, si contingat d dcemonio^ sujjicit nobis 
ut converlat complexhonem ad choleram nigram^ et sit causa ejus propinqua cholera 
nigra; the immediate cause is choler adust, which ^^Pomponatius likewise labours 
to make good : Galgerandus of Mantua, a famous Physician, so cured a dcBm>oniacal 
woman in his time, that spake all languages, bv purging black choler, and thereupon 
belike this humour of Melancholy is called Balneum Diaboli, the DeviPs Bath; the 
devil spying his opportunity of such humours drives them many times to despair, 
fury, rage, &c., mingling himself among these humours.. This is that which Tertul- 
lian avers, Corporihus injiigunt acerbos casus., animceque repentinos^ membra distort 
quent^ occulte repentes^ &c. and which Lemnius goes about to prove, Immiscent se 
mali Genii pravis humorihus^ alque atrce, bili., See. And ^Uason Pratensis, " that the 

'°Lib. de criielt. Cadaver. "' Boissardus, c. 6 iiequit, priiniim movit phantasiam, et ita obfirmat va- 

majria. '• CDdelmanus, cap. 3. lib. 1. de Maiiis. nis coTiceptibus ant ut iie queni facultati ffisiiiiiativtt 

idem Zanchiiis, lib. 4. cap. 10etll.de tnalis aiijrelis. rationi locum reUnquat. Spiritns mains invadit ani- 

^^ Nociva Melancholia furiosos elTicit, et qnandoqiie main, turliat sensus, in fnrorem conjicit. Austin.de 

penitus interficit. G. Picolominens Idemque Zanch. vit. Heat. '^^ Lib. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. c. 18. 2.' a. 

cap. 10. ib. 4. si Dens permitlat, corpora nostra mo- Dsemone maxime proficisci, et sa?pe solo. -ieLib. 

vere pos.sunt, alterare, qnovis morborum el malorum de incant. -" Ca;p. de mania lib. de morbis cero- 

genere afficere, imo et in ipsa penetrare et sEvire. bri ; Dajtnones, quum sjnt lenues et incomprehensi- 

'** Inducere potest moibos et sanitates. -o Visce- biles spiritns, se insinnare corporibns hunianis pos- 

inm actiones potest inhibere latenter, et venenis no- sunt, et occulte in viscpribns operti, valeiudinem vi- 

bis isnotis corpus inficere. "' Irrepentes corporibns tiare, somniis animas terrere et mentes fiirorihns 

occultb morbos fingnnt, mentes terrent, membra dis- qnatere. Insinnant se melancholicornm peneiralibi'g, 

torquent. Lips. Phil. Stoic. 1. I. c. 19. '^-Dp. rernm intns ihique considniit et deliciantnr t.iiiqnam in rejri- 

far. I. 16. c 93 '^2 Quum mens immediate decipi one claritsimoruui sidetum, coguntque a' muin fure".<^. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] JVature of Spirits. 127 

devil, being a slender incomprehensible spirit, can easily insinuate and wind himself 
into human bodies, and cunningly couched in our bowels vitiate our liealths, terrify 
our souls with fearful dreams, and shake our minds with furies." And in anoiiier 
place, " These unclean spirits settled in our bodies, and now mixed with our melan- 
choly humours, do triumph as it were, and sport themselves as in another heaven." 
Thus he argues, and that they go in and out of our bodies, as bees do in a hive, 
and so provoke and tempt us as they perceive our temperature inclined of itself and 
most apf- to be deluded. ^^^Agrippa and ^^Lavater are persuaded, that this humour 
invites the devil to it, wheresoever it is in extremity, and of all other, melancholy 
persons are most subject to diabolical temptations and illusions, and most apt to en- 
tertain them, and the Devil best able to work upon them. But whether by obsession, 
or possession, or otherwise, I will not determine ; 'tis a difficult question. Delrio 
the Jesuit, Tom. 3. lib. 6. Springer and his colleague, mall, molcf. Pet. Thyreus the 
Jesuit, lib. de dccmomacis., de locis iiifesfis., de Tcrrificationibus noclurnis^ Kieroni- 
mus Mengus Flagel. deem, and others of that rank of pontifical writers, it seems, by 
their exorcisms and conjurations approve of it, havhig forged many stories to that 
purpose. A nun did eat a lettuce ^without grace, or signing it with the sign of the 
cross, and was instantly possessed. Durand. lib. 6. Rationall. c. 8G. numb. 8. relates 
that he saw a wench possessed in Bononia with two devils, by eating an unhallowed 
pomegranate, as she did afterwards confess, when she was cured by exorcisms. And 
therefore our Papists do sign themselves so often with the sign of the cross, JVe dce- 
mon ingredi ausit^ and exorcise all manner of meats, as being unclean or accursed 
otherwise, as Bellarmine defends. Many such stories I find amongst pontifical writ- 
ers, to prove their assertions, let them free their own credits ; some few 1 will recite 
in this kind out of Uiost approved physicians. Cornelius Gemma, lib. 2. de nat. mi- 
rac. c. 4. relates of a young maid, called Katherine Gualter, a cooper's daughter, .y^w. 
1571. that had such strange passions and convulsions, three men could not some- 
times hold her ; she purged a live eel, which he saw, a foot and a half long, and 
touched it himself; but the eel afterwards vanished; she vomited some twenty-four 
pounds of fulsome stufl^of all colours, twice a day for fourteen days ; and after that 
she voided great balls of hair, peices of wood, pigeon's dung, parchment, goose dung, 
coals ; and after them two pounds of pure blood, and then again coals and stones, of 
which some had inscriptions bigger than a walnut, some of them pieces of glass, 
brass, &.c. besides paroxysms of laughing, weeping and ecstasies, &c. Et hoc [inqvit) 
cum liororc vidi., this I saw with horror. They could do no good on her by physic, 
but left her to the clergy. Marcellus Donatus, lib. 2. c. 1. de med. mirab. hath such 
another story of a country fellow, that had four Vnives in his belly, Instar serrai den- 
tat os^ indented like a saw, every one a span long, and a wreath of hair like a globe, 
with m.uch baggage of like sort, wonderful to behold : how it should come into his 
guts, he concludes, Cerie non alio quam dccmonis astuiid et dolo., (could assuredly 
only have been througli the artifice of the devil). Langius, Epist. mcd. lib. 1. Epist. 
38. hath many relations to this eflect, and so hath Christopherus a Vega : Wierus, 
Skenkius, Scribonius, all agree that they are done by the subtilty and illusion of the 
devil. If you shall ask a reason of this, 'tis to exercise our patience ; for as ^^ Ter- 
tuUian holds. Virtus non est virtus^ nisi comparejji habet aliquem., in quo supcrando 
vim suam oslendat 'tis to try us and our faith, 'tis for our oflences, and for the pun- 
ishment of our sins, by God's permission they do it, Carnificcs vindiclcp. juslcr. Dei 
as ^^Tolasanus styles them. Executioners of his will ; or rather as David, Ps. 78. ver.49. 
"He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, indignation, wrath, and vexation^ 
by sending out of evil angels : so did he afflict Job, Saul, the Lunatics and da?moniaca\ 
persons whom Christ cured. Mat. iv. 8. Luke iv. 11. Luke xiii. Mark ix. Tobit. viii. 3 
&c. This, I say, happeneth for a punishment of sin, for their want of faith, incredu 
lity, weakness, distrust, &c. 

28 Lib 1. cap. 6. occult. Philos. part 1. cnp. 1. de I dsemnne obsessn. dial. soGrec. pag. c. 9. 3i p<». 

ipectris "'^ Sine cruce el sanctificatione sic & | iiult de opific. Dei. 3- Lib. 28. caj*. 26. torn. 'i. 



128 J^aiure of Devils. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. 

SuBSECT. III. — Of Witches and Magicians^ how they cause Melanckclv. 

You have heard what the devil can do of himself, now you shall hear what he can 
perform by his instruments, who are many times worse (if it be possible) than he 
himself, and to satisfy their revenge and lust cause more mischief, Multa enim mala 
non egisset daimon^nisi provocatus a sagis^ as^^Erastus thinks; much harm had 
never been done, had he not been provoked by witches to it. He had nut appeared 
m Samuel's shape, if the Witch of End or had let him alone ; or represented those 
serpents in Pharaoh's presence, had not the magicians urged him unto it; JVec morhos 
vel homJnihus., vel hrutis infligeret (Erastus maintains) si sages quiescerent ; men and 
cattle might go free, if the witches would let him alone. Many deny witches at all, 
or if there be any they can do no harm ; of this opinion is Wierus, lib. 3. cap. 53. de 
fjrcesi'ig. deem. Austin Lerchemer a Dutch writer, Biarmanus, Ewichius, E,uwaldus, 
our countryman Scot ; with him in Horace, 

* Somnm, terrores Masicos, miracila, sa?as, I p'7' <=«." ^^^ '^"?»'. 'ndienant at the schemes 

Noclurnosl.einnres/portentaqueThessalarisu of magic terrors visionary dreams, 

E*xcii)iuiit " Portentous wonders, witchins imps of Hell, 

' I The nightly goblin, and enchanting spelll 

They laugh at all such stories ; but on the contrary are most lawyers, divines, phy- 
sicians, philosophers, Austin, Hemingius, Danseus, Chytraeus, Zanchius, Aretius, 
&c. Delrio, Springer, ^Niderius, lib. 5. Fornicar. Guiatius, Bartolus, consil. 6. torn. 1. 
Bodine., dcBmoniant. lib 2. cap. 8. Godelman, Damhoderius, &c. Paracelsus, Erastus, 
Scribanius, Camerarius, &c. The parties by whom the devil deals, may be reduced 
to these two, such as command him in show at least, as conjurors, and magicians, 
whose detestable and horrid mysteries are contained in their book called ^^Arbatell; 
di^monis enim advocaii prcesfo sunt., seque exorcismis et conjurationibus quasi cogi 
patiuntur., ut miserum magorum genus., in imjnetate dctineant. Or such as are com- 
manded, as witches, that deal ex parte implicife^ or explicit e., as the ^°king hath well 
defined ; many subdivisions there are, and many several species of sorcerers, witches, 
enchanters, charmers, &c. They have been tolerated heretofore some of them ; and 
magic hath been publicly professed in former times, i-n ^'^ Salamanca, ^^ Cracow, and 
other places, though after censured by several ^^Universities, and now generally con- 
tradicted, though practised by some still, maintained and excused, Tanquam res ss- 
creta qncB non nisi viris magnis et peculiari benefcio de Cailo instructis communicatur 
(I use ^°BtEsartus his words) and so far approved by some princes, Ut nihil ami ag- 
gredi in politicis, in sacris^ in consiliis^ sine eorum arbitrio ; they consult still with 
them, and dare indeed do nothing without their advice. Nero and Heliogabalus, 
Maxentius, a-nd Julianus Apostata, were never so much addicted to magic of old, as 
some of our modern princes and popes themselves are now-a-days. Erricus, King 
of Sweden, had an "' enchanted cap, by virtue of which, and some magical mur- 
mur or whispering terms, he could command spirits, trouble the air, and make the 
wind stand which way he would, insomuch that when there was any great wind oi 
storm, the common people were wont to say, tlie king now had on his conjuring cap 
But such examples are infinite. That which they can do, is as much almost as the 
devil himself, who is still ready to satisfy their desires, to oblige them the more untc 
him. They can cause tempests, storms, which is familiarly practised by witches in 
Norway, Iceland, as I have proved. They can make friends enemies, and enemies 
friends by philters ; '^^ Turpes amores conciliare., enforce love, tell any man where his 
friends are, about what employed, though in the most remote places ; and if they 
\vill, "^^ bring their sweethearts to them by night, upon a goat's back flying in the 
air." Sigismund Scheretzius, part. 1. cap. 9. de spect. reports confidently, that he 
conferred with sundry such, that had been so carried many miles, and that he heard 
witches themselves confess as much; hurt and infect men and beasts, vines, con* 
cattle, plants, make women abortive, not to conceive, '*^ barren, men and women un- 



^ De Lamiis. '^'^ Et quomodo \enetici liant enar- 

nt. 35 De quo plura legas in Boissardo, lib. 1. de 

proestig. ^bRcx .Tacobus, Dsemnnol. 1. 1. c. 3. 

''An university in Spain in old Castile. -SThe 

chief town in Poland. s^ Oxford and Paris, see 

nnem P. Lombardi. lopraefat de magis et vene- 



ficis. ''iRotatum Pileum habebat, quo vento^ 

violentos cieret, aerem turbaret, et in quam partem 
&:c. -"^ Erastus. "Ministerio hirci nocturni 

••^ Steriles niiptos et iiihabiles, vide Petrum de Pallude 
lib. 4. distinct. 34. Paiiluin Guiclandum 



Wem 1. Subs. 3.* Causes of Melancholy. 129 

apt and unable, married and unmarried, fifty several ways, saith Bodine, lih. 2. c. 2. 
fl} in the air, meet when and where they will, as Cicogna proves, and Lavat. de spec, 
part. 2. c. 17. "steal young children out of their cradles, minlsterio dcp.moruwi., and 
put deformed in their rooms, which we call changelings," saith ^^Sclieretzius, part. I. 
c. 6. make men victorious, fortunate, eloquent; and therefore in those ancient mono- 
machies and combats they were searched of old, ^'^they had no magical charms ; they 
can make "''stick frees, such as shall endure a rapier's point, musket shot, and never 
be wounded : of which read more in Boissardus, cap. 6. de Magia^ the manner of 
the adjuration, and by whom 'tis made, where and how to be used in expcd'ilionibus 
belUcis., prcEliis^ duellis, Stc, with many peculiar instances and examples ; they can 
walk in fiery furnaces, make men feel no pain on the rack, aut alias iorturas senfire ; 
they can stanch blood, ''^represent dead men's shapes, alter and turn themselves and 
others into several forms, at their pleasures. ''^Agaberta, a famous witch in Lapland, 
would do as much publicly to all spectators, Modd Pusilla, modo anus, modo proccra 
ut queicus., modd vacca., avis., coluber., Sec. Now young, now old, high, low, like a 
cow, like a bird, a snake, and what not ? She could represent to others wliat forms 
they most desired to see, show them friends absent, reveal secrets, maxima omnium 
admiratione., &c. And yet for all this subtilty of theirs, as Lipsius well observes, 
Physiol og. Stoicor. lib. 1. cap. 17. neither these magicians nor devils themselves can 
take away gold or letters out of mine or Crassus' chest, et Clicntelis suis largirl., for 
they are base, poor, contemptible fellows most part; as ^° Bodine notes, they can 
do nothing inJudicum decrcta aut pocnas., in regiim concilia vel arcana., nihil in rem 
nummariam aut thesauros^ they cannot give money to their clients, alter judges' de- 
crees, or councils of kings, these minuti Genii cannot do it, alliores Genii hoc sibi 
adservdrunt^ tlie higher powers reserve these things to themselves. Now and then 
peradventure there may be some more famous magicians like Simon Magus, ^'Apol- 
lonius Tyaneus, Pasetes, Jamblicus, ^^Odo de Stellis, that for a time can build castles 
in the air, represent armies, &c., as they are ^'^said to have done, command wealth 
and treasure, feed thousands with all variety of meats upon a sudden, protect them- 
selves and their followers from all princes' persecutions, by removing from place to 
place in an instant, reveal secrets, future events, tell what is done in far countries, 
make them appear that died long since, and do many such miracles, to the world's 
terror, admiration and opinion of deity to themselves, yet the devil forsakes them at 
last, thev come to wicked ends, and rard aut nunqua?n such impostors are to be 
found. The vulgar sort of them can work no such feats. But to my purpose, they 
can, last of all, cure and cause most diseases to such as they love or hate, and this 
of ^*' melancholy amongst the rest. Paracelsus, Tom. 4. de morbis amentium., Tract. I. 
in express words affirms ; Multi fascinantur in melancholiam^ many are bewitched 
into melancholy, out of his experience. The same saith Danaeus, lib. 3. de sortiariis. 
Vidi^ inquit<, qui Melanchohcos morbos gravissimos induxerunt : I have seen those 
that have caused melancholy in the most grievous manner, ^^ dried up women's paps, 
cured gout, palsy ; this and apoplexy, falling sickness, which no physic could help, 
solu tactu., by touch alone. Ruland in his 3 Cent. Cura 91. gives an instance of one 
David Helde, a young man, who by eating cakes which a witch gave him, mox deli- 
rare coepit., began to dote on a sudden, and was instantly mad : F. H. D. in ^*^IIildes- 
heim, consulted about a melancholy man, thought his disease was partly magical, and 
partly natural, because he vomited pieces of iron and lead, and spake such languages 
as he had never been taught; but such examples are common in Scribanius, Hercules- 
de Saxonia, and others. The means by which they work are usually charms, images, 
as that in Hector Boethius of King Duife ; characters stamped of sundry metals, and 
at such and such constellations, knots, amulets, words, philters, &c., which generally 
make the parties affected, melancholy ; as ^'Monavius discourseth at large in an epistle 



*5 Infantes matribus suffurantur, aliis suppositivis 
In locum verorum conjectis. •'eMilles. •'^ D. 

I.uther, in priinuin prfeceptum, et Leon. Varius, lib. 1. 
de Fascino. ■»* L.ivat- Cico?. •'^ Boissardus de 

Magis. soDapinon. lib. 3. cap. 3. &' Vide Phi- 

•^stratum, vita ejus; Boissardum de Magis. ^'^Nu- 
brigenses lege lib. 1. c. 19. Vide Suidam de Piiset. 
Do Cruent. Cadaver. "^ Erastus. Adolphus Scri- 

lia'Miis. 51 virg. .^neid. 4. Incantatricem descrV 

17 



bens: Ilfec se carminibus pro;nittit solvere mentes. 
Quas velit, ast aliis duras immittere ciiras. »"'Go- 

delinannus, cap. 7. lib. 1. Nutricuin niaininas prcsic- 
cant, solo tactu podagram, Apoplexiam, Paralysin, et 
alios morbos, quos medicina curare non pnteral. 
5<^Factus inde Maniacus, spic. 2. fol. 147. S' Om- 

nia philtraetsi inter se differant, hoc habent commune, 
quod hominem efliciant melancholicuni. epist 231. 
Scholtzii. 



^^^ 



130 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2 



of his to Acol.sius, giving instance in a Bohemian baron that was so troubled by a 
phiher taken. Not that there is any power at all in those spells, charms, characters, 
and barbarous words ; but that the devil doth use such means to delude them. Ut 
fidehs inde magos (saith ^^Libanius) in ojicio retineat, turn in consortium malcfacto- 
rum vocei. 

Sub SECT. IV. — Stars a cause. Signs from Physiognomy, Metoposcopy.) Chiromancy. 

Natural causes are either primary and universal, or secondary and more particii- 
lar. Primary causes are the heavens, planets, stars, Stc, by their influence (as our 
astroloffers hold) producing this and such like effects. I will not here stand to dis- 
cuss obiter., whether stars be causes, or signs ; or to apologise for judical astrology. 
If either Sextus Empericus, Picus Mirandula, Sextus ab Heminga, Pererius, Erastus, 
Chambers, Slc, have so far prevailed witli any man, that he will attribute no virtue 
at all to the heavens, or to sun, or moon, more than he doth to their signs at an inn- 
keeper's post, or tradesman's shop, or generally condemn all such astrological apho- 
risms approved by experience : I refer him to Bellantius, Pirovanus, Marascallerus, 
Gocienius, Sir Christopher Heidon, &c. If thou shalt ask me what I think, I must 
answer, najn et doctis hisce erroribus versatus sum., (for I am conversant with these 
learned errors,) they do incline, but not compel ; no necessity at all : ^'^agunt non 
cogiint : and so gently incline, that a wise man may resist them ; sapiens dominabilur 
astris : they rule us, but God rules them. All this (methinks) ^°Joh. de Jndagine 
hath comprised in brief, Quceris a me quantum in nobis operantur astra ? &c. " Wilt 
thou know how far the stars work upoii us? I say they do but incline, and that S(' 
gently, that if we will be ruled by reason, they have no power over us ; but if we 
follow our own nature, and be led by sense, they do as much in us as in brute beasts, 
and we are no better." So that, I hope, I may justly conclude with ^' Cajetan, Cae- 
lum est vehicuhim divince virtutis., Sec, that the heaven is God's instrument, by me- 
diation of which he governs and disposeth these elementary bodies ; or a great book, 
whose letters are the stars, (as one calls it,) wherein are written many strange things 
for such as can read, ^"'•^ or an excellent harp, made by an eminent workman, on 
which, he that can but play, will make most admirable music." But to the purpose. 

^^ Paracelsus is of opinion, ^' that a physician without the knowledge of stars can 
neither understand the cause or cure of any disease, either of this or gout, not so 
much as toothache ; except he see the peculiar geniture and scheme of the party ef- 
fected." And for this proper malady, he will have the principal and primary cause 
of it proceed from the heaven, ascribing more to stars than humours, ^^'•'and that the 
constellation alone many times produceth melancholy, all other causes set apart." 
He gives instance in lunatic persons, that are deprived of their wits by the moon's 
motion ; and in another place refers all to the ascendant, and will have the true and 
chief cause of it to be sought from the stars. Neither is it his opinion only, but of 
many Galenists and philosophers, though they do not so peremptorily maintain as 
much. "This variety of melancholy symptoms proceeds from the stars," saith 
*' Melancthon : the most generous melancholy, as that of Augustus, comes from the 
conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in Libra : the bad, as that of Catiline's, from the 
meeting of Saturn and the moon in Scorpio. Jovianus Pontanus, in his tenth book, 
and thirteenth chapter de rebus coilcsfibiis., discourseth to this purpose at large. Ex |j 
afra bile varii gcnerantur morbi., Sic, ^^'^manv diseases proceed from black choler, 
as it shall be hot or cold ; and though it be cold in its own nature, yet it is apt to be i| 
•jieated, as water may be made to boil, and burn as bad as fire ; or made cold as ice 



68 De cruent. . Cadaver. sg^gfra res;nnt hnmi- 

■n3s, et reait astra Dens. ^"Chirom. lib. Qurcris k 

ffiie quaniiiin operantur a«tra 1 dico, in nos nihil a.sira 
urgere, sed animos praeclives traiiere : qui sic tanien 
lil)eri sunt, lU si diicem sequantiir rationem, niliil ef- 
ficirint. sin vero naturam, id agere quod in liriitis fere. 
fi'CoBium vehiciilnm divinte virtutis, cujiis mediante 
niotii, Imniiie et infliientia, Dens I eleinentaria corpora 
ordinal et disponit Th.de Vio. Cajetanns in Psa. lOi. 
<'-Minidii3 iste quasi lyra ab excellentissimn qiiodain 
artifice concinnata, qiiem qui norit niirabiies eliciet 
^armonias. J. Dee. Aptiorisino 11. e^ Medict's sine 

xcbli peritia nihil est, &.c. nisi genesim sciverit, ne 



tantillum poterit. lib. de poda?. ^i Constellatio it 

causa est; et influentia coeli morbnm hunc movet, in- 
terdum omnibus aliis aniotis. Et alibi. Oris^o ejus & 
Coulo petenda est. Tr. dc morhis amentiuni. c^Lib. 

do anitna, cap. de huniorib. Ei varietas in Melancho. 
lia, habet celestes causas (f I7 et Tj. in □ (^ r^ ei (I 
in Vl\. 6u Ex atra bile varii jrenerantur morbi pe« 

rii.de ut ipse innltuni calidi aut friL'idi in se habnerit 
qimni ntrique siiscipiendo quam aptissinia sit, tametsi i| 
suapte natura frigida sit. Annnn aqua sic afiicitur a i| 
calore ut ardeat ; et a frigore. ut in clacieni concres- 
ca 1 et htec varietas distinctionum, alii flent, rident 
&:c. 



mr 



Mem. 1. Subs 4.] Causes of Melancholy. 131 

and thence proceed such variety of symptoms, some mad, some solitary, some iau*rn, 
some rage," &c. The cause of all which intemperance he will have chiefly and pri- 
marily proceed from the heavens,^""- from the position of Mars, Saturn, and Mercury," 
His aphorisms be these, '^**^^ Mercury in any geniture, if he shall be found in Virgo, or 
Pisces his opposite sign, and that in the horoscope, irradiauu. by those quartile aspects 
of Saturn or Mars, the child shall be mad or melancholy." Again, *^^"-He that shall 
have Saturn and Mars, the one culminating, the other in the fourth house, when he 
shall be born, shall be melancholy, of which he shall be cured in time, if Mercury 
behold them. '° If the moon be in conjunction or opposition at the birth time v.'ith. 
the sun, Saturn or Mars, or in a quartile aspect with them, {e malo cceU loco., Leovitius 
adds,) many diseases are signified, especially the head and brain is like to be misaf- 
fected with pernicious humours, to be melancholy, lunatic, or mad," Cardan adds, 
qaarta lima natos., eclipses, earthquakes. Garca3us and Leovithis will have the chief 
judgment to be taken from the lord of the geniture, or where there is an aspect be- 
tween the moon and Mercury, and neither behold the horoscope, or Saturn and Mars 
shall be lord of the present conjunction or opposition in Sagittarius or Pisces, of the 
sun or moon, such persons are commonly epileptic, dote, dasmoniacal, melancholy ; 
but see more of these aphorisms in the above-named Pontanus. Garcaeus, cap. 23. 
de Jud. genitur. Schoner. lib. 1. cap. 8, which he hath gathered out of ''Ptolemy, 
Albubater, and some other Arabians, Junctine, Ranzoviiis, Lindhout, Origen, 8tc. But 
these men you will reject peradventure, as astrologers, and therefore partial judges ; 
then hear the testimony of physicians, Galenists themselves. '^^Carto confesseth the 
influence of stars to have a great hand to this peculiar disease, so doth Jason Praten- 
sis, Lonicerius prcpfaf. de Apoplexid., Ficinus, Fernelius, &c. '^P. Cnemander ac- 
knowledgeth the stars an universal cause, the particular from parents, and the use of 
the six non-natural things. Baptists Port. mag. I. 1. c. 10, 12, 15, will have them 
causes to every particular individium. Instances and examples, to evince the truth of 
those aphorisms, are common amongst those astrologian treatises. Cardan, in his thirty- 
seventh geniture, gives instance in Matth. Bolognius. Camerar. Iwr. natallt. centur. 7. 
gen'tf. 6. ef 7. of Daniel Gare, and others ; but see Garcaeus, cap. 33. Luc. Gauricus, 
Tract. 6. de Jlzcmenis^ &c. The time of this melancholy is, when the significators 
of any geniture are directed according to art, as the hor : moon, hylech, &.c. to 
the hostile beams or terms of ^ and o* especially, or any fixed star of their nature, 
or if ^ by his revolution or transitus, shall offend any of those radical promissors 
in the geniture. 

Other signs there are taken from physiognomy, metoposcopy, chiromancy, which 
because Joh. de Indagine, and Rotman, the landgrave of Hesse his mathematician, 
not long since in his Chiromancy ; Baptista Porta, in his celestial Physiognomy, 
have proved to hold great affinity with astrology, to satisfy the curious, I am the 
more willing to insert. 

The general notions '^■* physiognomers give, be these ; " black colour argues natural 
melancholy; so doth leanness, hirsuteness, broad veins, much hair on the brows," 
saith '^Gratanarolus, cap. 7, and a little head, out of Aristotle, high sanguine, red 
colour, shows head melancholy ; they that stutter and are bald, will be soonest me- 
lancholy, (as Avicenna supposeth,) by reason of the dryness of their brains ; but he 
that will know more of the several signs of humour and wits out of physiognomy, 
let him consult with old Adamantus and Polemus, that comment, or rather para- 
phrase upon Aristotle's Physiognomy, Baptista Porta's four pleasant books, Michael 
Scot de secretis natura;., John de Indagine, Montaltus, Antony Zara. anat. ingeniorum^ 
sect. 1. memh. 13. ei lib.i. 

Chiromancy hath these aphorisms to foretel melancholy. Tasneir. Uh. 5. cap. 2, 

*MIanc ad intemperantiam giornendam plurimum iiium inelancholicorum symptoma siderum inflnentis. 

confert (^ et I7 positns, &c. «t« ^ Qnoties aliciijug ''^Arte Medica. acceduiit ad has causas affeciiones 

penitiira in 11\ et ^^ adversosigno positns, horosco- siderum. Pluiimum incitant et provocant iiiflnenti;e 

piun i)artiliter teniieret atque etiiirn a ^T Vfil l^ Q ra- ca?lestes. Velcurio, lib. 4. cap. 15. 'S Hjideslieiin, 

dio percussus fnerit. natiis ab insariia vexabitur. spicel. 2. de mei. '^Joh. de Tndag. cap. 9 

"^0,111 1^ el rf habet, alterum in ciiltiiiiie, alternui rino Montaltus, cap. 22. "Caput paivuin qui habeni 

ccelo, cum in lucem veiieiit. melancholicus erit, 4 qua cerebrum et spiritns plerumque \iisnstos, facile inci- 

Banebitur, ei ^ iJlos irradiarit. 'O Ilac cf)nfigu- dent in Melaiuholiam rubicundi. ^lius. Idem Mob- 

ratione natus, Aut Liinaticu.s, a>it menie captus. taltus, c. 21. 6 Galeno. 
" Ptoloniaius centiioquio, et quadriparlito tribuit om- i 



132 CatLses of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. 

who liath comprehended the sum of John de hidagine : Tricassus, Corvinus, and 
others in liis book, thus hath it; "^^"The Saturnine line going from the rascetta 
through tlie hand, to Saturn's mount, and there intersected by certain httle lines, 
argues melancholy; so if the vital and natural make an acute angle. Aphorism 100. 
The saturnine, epatic, and natural lines, making a gross triangle in the hand, argue 
as much ;" which Goclenius, cap. 5. Chiros. repeats verbatim out of him. In general 
they conclude all, that if Saturn's mount be full of many small lines and intersec- 
tions, '^^^' such men are most part melancholy, miserable and full of disquietness, 
care and trouble, continually vexed with anxious and bitter thoughts, always sor- 
rowful, fearful, suspicious ; they delight in husbandry, buildings, pools, marshes, 
springs, woods, walks," Sec. Thaddaeus Haggesius, in his Metoposcopia, hath cer- 
tain aphorisms derived from Saturn's lines in the forehead, by which he collects a 
melancholy disposition ; and " Bapiista Porta makes observations from those other 
parts of the body, as if a spot be over the spleen ; '^" or in the nails ; if it appear 
black, it signifieth much care, grief, contention, and melancholy ;" the reason he 
refers to the humours, and gives instance in himself, that for seven years space he 
had such black spots in his nails, and all that while was in perpetual law-suits, con- 
troversies for his inheritance, fear, loss of honour, banishment, grief, care, &c, and 
when his miseries ended, the black spots vanished. Cardan, in his book de llhrls 
propriis., tells such a story of his own person, that a little before his son's death, he 
had a black spot, which appeared in one of his nails ; and dilated itself as he came 
nearer to his end. But I am over tedious in these toys, which howsoever, in some 
men's too severe censures, they may be held absurd and ridiculous, I am the bolder 
to insert, as not borrowed from circumforanean rogues and gipsies, but out of the 
writings of worthy philosophers and physicians, yet living some of them, and reli- 
gious professors in famous universities, who are able to patronize tliat which they 
have said, and vindicate themselves from all cavillers and ignorant persons. 

Sub SECT. V. — Old age a cause. 

Secondary peculiar causes efficient, so called in respect of the other precedent, 
are either congenitcE., interncB., innatcE., as they term them, inward, innate, inbred ; or 
else outward and adventitious, which happen to us after we are born : congenite or 
born with us, are either natural, as old age, or prcBter naiuram (as ^Fernelius calls 
it) that distemperature, which we have from our parent's seed, it being an hereditary 
disease. The first of these, which is natural to all, and which no man living can 
avoid, is ^' old age, which being cold and dry, and of the same quality as melancholy 
is, must needs cause it, by diminution of spirits and substance, and increasing of 
adust humours ; therefore ^^Melancthon avers out of Aristotle, as an undoubted truth, 
Scncs plerimque delirasse in senectri., that old men familiarly dote, oh atram hilein^ 
for black choler, which is then superabundant in them : and Rhasis, that Arabian 
physician, in his Cont. Ub. 1. cap. 9, calls it ^^" a necessary and inseparable accident," 
to all old and decrepit persons. After seventy years (as the Psalmist saith) ^^"all is 
trouble and sorrow ;" and common experience confirms the truth of it in weak and 
old persons, especially such as have lived in action all their lives, had great employ- 
ment, much business, much command, and many servants to oversee, and leave oiF 
ex abrupto ; as ^'Charles the Fifth did to King Philip, resign up all on a sudden ; they 
are overcome with melancholy in an instant : or if they do continue in such courses, 
they dote at last, (senex bis puer.,) and are not able to manage their estates through 
common infirmities incident in their age ; full of ache, sorrow and grief, children again, 
dizzards, they carle many times as they sit, and talk to themselves, they are angry, 
waspish, displeased with every thing, '•• suspicious of all, wayward, covetous, hard 

Saturniiia h Rascetta per mediain maiiuni decur- \ Idem maculaj in ungulis nigrse, lites, rixas, melancho- 



reus, usque ad radicem niontis Saturrii, 2i parvis 
lineis inteisecta, arguit melancholicos. Aphoris. 78. 
"' Afritanlur niiseriis, continuis inquietudinibus, neque 

• nquam k solitudine liheri sunt, anxie affiguntur ama- 
rissiinis intra cogitationibus, semper tristes, snspitiosi, 
meticulosi : cogitationes sunt, velle agrum coiere, 
ptajina amant et paludes, &c. Jo. de Indagine, lib. 1. 

''Csleslis Physiognom. lib. 10. 'sCap. 14. lib. 5. 



«fl^?W" 



liam significant, ab humore in corde tali. "^Lib. 1 
Path. cap. 11. "' Venit enim properata ma'iig 

inopina senectus : et dolor aetatem jussit inesse meam 
Boethius, met. 1. de consol. Philos. s^ Cap. de 

humoribus, lib. de Anima. ^^ Necessarium acri 

dens decrepitis, et inseparabile. b^ Psal. xc. i9 

»^Meteran. Belg. hisj. lib. 1. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 6.J Causes of Melancholy. 133 

(^saith Tully,) self-willed, superstitious, self-conceited, braggers and admirers of them- 
selves," as ^^Balthasar Castalio hath truly noted of them.**" This natural infirmiiy is 
most eminent in old women, and such as are poor, solitary, live in most base esteem 
and beggary, or such as are witches ; insomuch that Wierus, Baptista Porta, Ulncn 
iVTolitor, Edwicus, do refer all that witches are said to do, to imagination alone, ant: 
tliis humour of melancholy. And whereas it is controverted, whether they can be- 
witch cattle to death, ride in the air upon a coulstaff out of a chimney-top, trans- 
form themselves into cats, dogs, &c., translate bodies from place to place, meet in 
companies, and dance, as they do, or have carnal copulation with the devil, thev 
ascribe all to this redundant melancholy, which domineers in them, to ^^somniferous 
potions, and natural causes, the devil's policy. JYon Icpdunf. omnind (saith Wierus) 
aut quid mirum fac'mni^ (cZc La?niis^ lib. 3. cap. 36), w/ putatur^ solam vifiatam hahcnl 
phantasiam ; they do no such wonders at all, only their ^^ brains are crazed. ''^'' They 
think they are witches, and can do hurt, but do not." But this opinion Bodine, 
Erastus, Danaeus, Scribanius, Sebastian Michaelis, Campanella de Sensu reriim^ lib. A. 
cap. 9. ^'Dandinus the Jesuit, HI). 2. de Animd explode ; ^^Cicogna confutes at larjre. 
Tliat witches are melancholy, they deny not, but not out of corrupt phantasy alone, 
so to delude themselves and others, or to produce such eflects. 

SuBSECT. VI. — Parents a cause by Propagation. 

That other inward inbred cause of jVIelancholy is our temperature, in whole or 
part, which we receive from our parents, vvhicli ^^Fernelius calls Prcvter naturam^ 
or unnatural, it being an hereditary disease; for as he justifies ^^ Quale parentum 
maxime patris semen obtigerit^ tales evadunt similares spermatic ce que partes., quocun- 
que etiam morbo Pater quum general tenetur^ cum semine transfert i.i Prolcm ; such 
as the temperature of the father is, such is the son's, and look wAAt disease the 
father had when he begot him, his son will have after him; ^^'•'and is as well inhe- 
ritor of his infirmities, as of his lands. And where the complexion and constitution 
of the father is corrupt, there (^^ saith Roger Bacon) the complexion and constitution 
of the son must needs be corrupt, and so the corruption is derived from the father 
to the son." Now this doth not so much appear in the composition of the body 
according to that of Hippocrates, ^^'^ in habit, proportion, scars, and other lineaments ; 
but in manners and conditions of the mind, Et patrum in natos abeuni cu7n semine 
mores. 

Seleucus had an anchor on his thigh, so had his posterity, as Trogus records 
I. 15. Lepidus, in Pliny 1. 7. c. 17, was purblind, so was his son. That famous family 
of iEnobarbi were known of old, and so surnamed from their red beards ; the Aus- 
trian lip, and those Indian flat noses are propagated, the Bavarian chin, and goggle 
eyes amongst the Jews, as ^^ Buxtorfius observes ; their voice, pace, gesture, looks, are 
likewise derived with all the rest of their conditions and infirmities ; such a m.other 
such a daughter; their very ^^ affections Lemnius contends " to follow their seed, and 
the malice and bad conditions of children are many times wholly to be imputed to 
their parents ;" I need not therefore make any doubt of Melancholy, but that it is 
an hereditary disease. '°° Paracelsus in express words affirms it, lib. de morb. amen- 
tium to. 4. tr. 1 ; so doth ' Crato in an Epistle of his to Monavius. So doth Bruno 
Seidelius in his book de morbo incurab. Montaltus proves, cap. 11, out of Hippo- 
crates and Plutarch, that such hereditary dispositions are frequent, et hanc [inquit] 
fieri reor ob participatam melanclwllcam intemperantiam (speaking of a patient) 1 



•■"Sunt inorosi anxii, et irarundi et difficiles series, 
si qiia-rimiis, etiam avari, Tull. de seiiectute. f"' Lib. 
2. de Aulico. Senes avari, morosi, jactabmidi, plii- 
latiii, deliri, siiperstitiosi, snspiciosi, &c. Lib. 3. de 
Laniiis, cap. 17. et 18. <■'• Solanmn, opium lupiadeps, 
lacr. a-siiii, <fct sanjiuis infantum, &c. ^'^ Cornipta 

est iis ab humt re Melanchotico ptiantasia. Nymanus. 
'■^'Putant se Itcdere (juando non la;dunt. ** Qui luec 



corrupt! sunt, grenerant rtiios corrupts complex ion i", 
et compositmnis, et filii eorum eadeiti de causa se 
corrumpunt, et sic derivatur corrnpiio A patribus ad 
filios. 'J' Non tain (inquit Hippocrates) jiiobos et 

cicatrices oris et corporis bal)itum agnoscis ex iis, sed 
veruir. incessuin gestus, mores, inorbos, &.c. "■• J?y • 
nagog. Jud y^AfTectus parentum in Icetus tran- 

seunt, et piierorum malicia pareiitibiis imputanda, lib 



ima^'inationis vim referre conati sunt, airae bilis, | 4. cap. 3. de occult, n.it. inirac. '"^Ex pituiios; 

inatiem prorsus laborem susceperunt. "- Lil). 3. I pituitosi, ex hiliosis liiliosi. ex lienosis et melamho. 

cap. 4. omnif. mag. s*^ Lib. 1. cap. 11. path. "^ Ut licis melancholici. ' Epist. 174. in Scoltz. Nastilur 
anhritici Epilep. &c. s^Ut (ilii non lam posses- nobiscum ilia aliturqiie et unil cum parentibus liabc 



sionum quam morborum htredes sint. "« Epist. de mus malum hunc as.«.em. Jo. Pelesius, lib. 2. de cur* 
ftiicretis artis et naturae, t. 7. .Nam in hoc quod [)aires ! humanurum affectuum. 



M 



\Si Causes of Melancholy. [Pari. 1 . Sec. 2 

think he became so by participation of Melancholy. Danid Sennertus, lib. 1. ])art 
2 cap. 9, will have his melancholy constitution derived not only from the father to 
tlie son, but to the whole family sometimes ; Quandoque tolls famUiis her edltali' 
vim, ^Forestus, in his medicinal observations, illustrates this point, with an -"xamplp 
ol a merchant, his patient, that liad this infirmity by inheritance ; so doth Rodericus 
a Fonseca, tom. 1. consul. 09, by an instance of a young man that was so affectta 
ex marre melanchollca., had a melancholy mother, et victu melancholico. and bad diet 
together. Ludovicus Mercatus, a Spanish physician, in that excellent Tract which 
he hath lately written of hereditary diseases, tom. 2. oper. lib. 5, reckons up leprosy, 
as those ^Galbots in Gascony, hereditary lepers, pox, stone, gout, epilepsy, &lc. 
Amongst the rest, this and madness after a set time comes to many, which he calls 
a niiraculous thing in nature, ar^d sticks for ever to them as arf incurable habit. And 
that which is more to be wondered at, it skips in some families the father, and goes 
to the son, """or takes every other, and sometimes every third in a lineal descent, 
and doth not always produce the same, but some like, and a symbolizing disease." 
These secondary causes hence derived, are commonly so powerful, that (as ^Wol- 
phius holds) sape mutant decreta siderum^ they do often alter the primary causes, 
and decrees of the heavens. For these reasons, belike, the Church and common- 
wealth, human and Divine laws, have conspired to avoid hereditary diseases, forbid- 
ding such marriages as are any whit allied ; and as Mercatus adviseth all families to 
take such, si fieri possit quce maxime distant natura^ and to make choice of those 
that are most differing in complexion from them ; if they love their own, and respect 
the common good. And sure, I think, it hath been ordered by God's especial pro- 
vidence, that in all ages there should be (as usually there is) once in ^600 years, a 
transmigration of nations, to amend and purify their blood, as we alter seed upon 
our land, and that there should be as it were an inundation of those northern Goths 
and Vandals, and many such like people which came out of that continent of Scan- 
(ha and Sarmatia (as some suppose) and over-ran, as a deluge, most part of Europe 
and Africa, to alter for our good, our complexions, which were much defaced with 
hereditary infirmities, which by our lust and intemperance we had contracted. A 
sound generation of strong and able men were sent amongst us, as those northern 
men usually are, innocuous, free from riot, and free from diseases ; to qualify and 
make us as those poor naked Indians a: ? generally at this day ; and those about 
Brazil (as a late ^writer observes), in the Isle of Maragnan, free from all hereditary 
diseases, or other contagion, whereas without help of physic they live commonly 
129 years or more, as in the Orcades and many other places. Such are the commoi> 
effects of temperance and intemperance, but I will descend to particular, and show 
by what means, and by whom especially, this infirmity is derived unto us. 

Filii ex senibus nati^ raro sunt firmi temper amenti, old men's children are seldom 
of a good temperament, as Scoltzius supposeth, consult. 177, and therefore most apt 
to this disease; and as ^Levinus Lernnius farther adds, old men beget most part 
wayward, peevish, sad, melancholy sons, and seldom merry. He that begets a child 
on a full stomach, will either have a sick child, or a crazed son (as ^Cardan thinks), 
contradict, med. Hi. 1 . contradict. J 8, or if the parents be sick, or have any great 
pain of the head, or megrim, headache, (Hieronimus Wolfius '°doth instance in a 
child of Sebastian Castalio's) ; if a drunken man get a child, it will never likely have 
a good brain, as Gellius argues, lib. 12. cap. 1. Ebrii gignunt Ehrios^ one drunkard 
begets another, saith "Plutarch, symp. lit. \. quest. 5, whose sentence '^Lemnius 
approves, 1. I.e. 4. Alsarius Crutius, Gen. de qui sit med. cent. 3. fol. 182. Ma- 
crobius, lib. 1. Avicenna, Jib. 3. Fen. 21. Tract 1. cap. 8, and Aristotle himself, 
^ct. 2. prob. 4, foolish, drunken, or hair-brain women, most part bring forth children 
like unto themselves, inorosos et languidos, and so likewise he that lies with a men- 



- Lib 10. obssrvat. 15. 3 Maginus Geog. 4 Saepe 
imn eiindeni, sed similem producit effectutn, et illjeso 
paronte tninsit. in nepotem. ^ s Dial, pra-fix. geni- 
tiiris Leovitii. 6 Bodin. de rep. cap. de periodis reip. 
' ('l.nidiua Abaville, Capuchion, in his voyafje lo Ma- 
ra^rnati. 1614. cap. 45. Nemo fere .EL'rotus. sano nmnes 



Dainianus k Goes de Scandia. *• Lib. 4. c. 'J. de 

occult, nat. mir. Tetricos plernmoue filios series pro- 
generant et tristes, rarios exhilara.os. » Coitus 

super repletioiiem pessimns, et filii lui turn cijrnunttir, 
aut iiiorbosi sunt, aut stolidi '*> Dial, prxfi:: 

I.eovito. II L deed, liberif* ''^De -ccilt. nat. 



robusfo corpore, vivunt annos. 120. 140. sine Medi- j mir. teniiilent;e et Rtolidee uiul-.res li leros p:etuniqu< 
tina. Idem Hector Boethius de insulis Orchud. et | producunt sibi similes. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 6.] Causes of Melancholy. 135 

stnious woman. Intemperantia veneris^ quai7i in nautis prcEsertim insectatur '^Lem- 
iiius, qui uxores ineunt, nulla menstrui decursus ratione hahita nee ohservaio inter- 
lunio^ prcccijjua causa est,, noxla^ pcrnitiosa,, concuhitum hunc exitialem ideo,, et pes- 
tiferurn vocat. '^Rodoricus a Castro Lncitanus, detestantur ad unum omnes medici, 
turn et qnartd lund concept^ infoellces plerumqiie et amcntes,, deJiri, sfolidi, morbosiy 
impuri^ invalidi., tetra hie sordidi mininie vitales,, omnibus bonis corporis afque animi 
destituti : ad laborem nati., si scniores,, inquit Eustathius, 7^^ Hercules, et alii. ^^Judcei 
maxime inscctanfiir foedani hunc, et immundum apud Christianos Concubitum,, ut 
illicifum abhorrent,, et apud suos prohibent ; et quod Christianl toties lejjrosi,, anientes,, 
tot rnorbili,, impetigines^ alphi,, psorcE., cutis et faciei dccolorationcs,, tarn multi morbi 
epidemici^f acerbic, et vencnosi sint,, in hunc immundum concubitum rejici.unt,, et cru- 
deles in pignora vocant,, qui quart a lund projluente hdc mensium illuvie concubitum 
hunc non perhorrescunt. Damnavit olim divina Lex et inorte mulctavit h^Jusmodi 
homines,, Lev. 18, 20, et inde nafi,, si qui deformes aid mutili,, pater dilapidatus,,quod 
non contineret ab '^ immundd viuliere. Gregorius Magnus, petenti Auguslino nunquid 
apud '^Britannos Imjusmodi concubitum toleraret^ severe prohibuit viris suis turn 
misceri fceminas in consuetis suis mensfruis,, &.c. I spare to English tliis wliich I 
have said. Another cause some give, inordinate diet, as if a man eat garlic, onions, 
fast overmuch, study too hard, be over-sorrowful, dull, heavy, dejected in mind, 
perplexed in his thoughts, fearful, Stc, " their children (saith '^Cardan subtil, lib. 18) 
will be much subject to madness and melancholy, for if the spirits of the brain be 
fusled, or misaffected by such means, at such a time, their children will be fusled in 
the brain : they will be dull, heavy, timorous, discontented all their lives." Some 
are of opinion, and maintain that paradox or problem, that wise men beget com- 
monly fools ; Suidas gives instance in Aristarchus the Grammarian, duos reliquit 
filios Aristarchum et Aristachorum^ ambos stultos ; and which '^Erasmus urgeth in 
his Moria, fools beget wise men. Card. subt. I. 12, gives this cause, Quoniam spi- 
ritus sapientum ob studium resolvuntur^ et in cerebrum fervntur a corde : because 
their natural spirits are resolved by study, and turned into animal ; drawn from the 
heart, and those other parts to the brain. Lemnius subscribes to that of Cardan, and 
assigns this reason. Quod persolcant debitum languide^ et obscitanter,, unde foetus a 
parentum generositate desciscit : they pay their debt (as Paul calls it) to their wives 
remissly, by which means their children are weaklings, and many times idiots and 
fools. 

Some other causes are given, which properly pertain, and do proceed from the 
mother: if she be over-dull, heavy, angry, peevish, discontented, and melancholy, 
not only at the time of conception, but even all the while she carries the child in 
her womb (saith Fernelius, path. 1. 1, Jl) her son will be so likewise aflected, and 
worse, as ^Lemnius adds, 1. 4. c. 7, if she grieve overmuch, be disquieted, or by 
any casualty be affrighted and terrified by some fearful object, heard or seen, she en- 
dangers her child, and spoils the temperature of it; for the strange imagination of a 
woman works effectually upon her infant, that as Baptista Porta proves, Physiog. 
ccelestis, 1. 5. c. 2, she leaves a mark upon it, which is most especially seen in such 
as prodigiously long for such and such meats, the child will love those meats, saith 
Fernelius, and be addicted to like humours : ^''^ if a great-bellied woman see a hare, 
her child will often have a hare-Hp," as we call it. Gar cams,, de Judiciis grmtura- 
rum,, cap. 33, hath a m.emorable example of one Thomas Nickell, born in the city 
of Brandeburg, 1551, ^^"that went reeling and staggering all the days of his life, as 
if he would fall to the ground, because his mother being great with child saw a 
drunken man reeling in the street. Such another 1 find in Martin Wenricliius, com. 
de ortu monstrorum,, c. 17, I saw (saith he) at Wittenberg, in Germany, a citizen that 
locked like a carcass; I asked him the cause, he replied, ^^ "His mother, when she 

"Lib. 2. c. 8. de occult, nat. mir. Good Master I 129. mer. Socrates' children were foots. Sal)el. 
Sclioni master do not Englisli tliis. '•» De nat. mul. m De occul. nat mir. Pica nioil)i!s mnlierum "' Bap- 

lib. 3. cap. 4. >5Buxdorptiius, c. 31. Synag. Jud. I tista Porta, loco praed. Ex lepor\im intuitu plerique 

Kzek. 18. '"Drusius obs.iih. 3. cap. 20. ' '' Beda. j infantes ediint bitidi) supcriote laltello. - Qnasj 

Eccl. h'xst. lib. 1. c. 27. respons. 10. '*• Nam spiritus mox in terram collapsnrus. per omne vitam inredeiial 
• erebri tsi turn male afficiantur, ta" s procreant, et j cum mater gravia ebrlnm hominem sic incedenteni 
qiia!e-< fuerm* atfectus, tales fi.iorum; 'tx tristibus I viderat. "^Civem facie cudaverosa, qui dixit, &c 
•'istes. pv iucur.dis jucundi nascu»i«nr &;c. 'ypol. I > 



130 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. 

bore him in her womb, saw a carcass by chance, and was so sore affrighted with it, 
tliat ex eo foetus el assimilatus^ from a ghastly impression the child was like it." 

So many several ways are we plagued and punished for our father's defaults ; in- 
somuch that as Fernelius truly saith, ^^" It is the greatest part of our felicity to be 
well born, and it were happy for human kind, if only such parents as are sound of 
body and mind should be suffered to marry." An husbandman will sow none but 
the best and choicest seed upon his land, he will not rear a bull or a horse, except 
he be right shapen in all parts, or permit him to cover a mare, except he be well 
assured of his breed ; we make choice of the best rams for our sheep, rear the 
neatest kine, and keep the best dogs, Quanto id dlligentlus in procreandis liheris 
observandum ? And how careful then should we be in begetting of our children ? In 
former times some ^^ countries have been so chary in this behalf, so stern, that if a child 
were crooked or deformed in body or mind, they made him away ; so did the Indians 
of old by the relation of Curtius, and many other well-governed commonwealths, 
according to the discipline of those times. Heretofore in Scotland, saith ^^Hect 
Boethius, " if any were visited with the falling sickness, madness, gout, leprosy, or 
any such dangerous disease, which was likely to be propagated from the father to 
the son, he was ilTstantly gelded ; a woman kept from all company of men ; and if 
by chance having some such disease, she were found to be with child, she with her 
brood were buried alive : and this was done for the common good, lest the whole 
nation should be injured or corrupted. A severe doom you will say, and not to be 
used amongst Christians, yet more to be looked into than it is. For now by our 
too much facility in this kind, in giving way for all to marry that will, too much 
liberty and indulgence in tolerating all sorts, there is a vast confusion of li?ft-editary 
diseases, no family secure, no man almost free from some griesrous infirmity or other 
when no choice is had, but still the eldest must marry, as so many stallions of the 
race ; or if rich, be they fools or dizzards, lame or maimed, unable, intemperate, 
dissolute, exhaust through riot, as he said, '^ jura hcereditario sapcre jubenlur ; they 
must be wise and able by inheritance : it comes to pass that our generation is cor- 
rupt, we have many weak persons, both in body and mind, many feral diseases 
raging amongst us, crazed families, parentes^ peremptores ; our fathers bad, and we 
are like to be worse. 



MEMB. II. 

SuBSECT. I. — Bad Diet a cause. Substance. Quality of Meats. 

According to my proposed method, having opened hitherto these secondary 
causes, which are inbred with us, 1 must now proceed to the outward and adventi- 
tious, which happen unto us after we are born. And those are either evident, re- 
mote, or inward, antecedent, and the nearest : continent causes some call them. 
These outward, remote, precedent causes are subdivided again into necessary and not 
necessary. Necessary (because we cannot avoid them, but they will alter us, as 
they are used, or abused) are those six non-natural things, so much spoken of 
amongst physicians, which are principal causes of this disease. For almost in every 
consultation, whereas they shall come to speak of the causes, the fault is found, and 
this most part objected to the patient ; Peccavit circa res sex non naturales : he hath 
still offended in one of those six. Montanus, consil. 22, consulted about a melan- 
choly Jew, gives that sentence, so did Frisemelica in the same place ; and in his 244 
counsel, censuring a melancholy soldier, assigns that reason of his malady, ^^"he 

34 Optimum bene nasci, maxima para failicitaiis in prolem transmittitur, laborantes inter eos, ingenti 

nostraj i)ene nasci ; quamobrein prceclere hiunano ficta indagine, inventos, ne gens fseda contagi'm« 

generi coiisultiun videretiir, si solis parentis bene Iffideretur, ex iis nata, castraverunt, uiulieres hujnis 

biibiti et saiii, liheris opsrani darent. '^^ Infantes mndi procul a viroriim consortio abiegarnnl, quod s« 

Infirmi pnccipilio necati. Bohemus, lib. 3. c. 3. Apud hurum aliqua concepisse inveniebatur, simul cura 

Lacones olini. Lipsius, episl. 85. cent, ad Belgas, foetu nnjidum edito, defodiebatur viva. '-'^ Euphor- 

Dionysio Villeiio, si quos aliqua membrorum parte inio Satyr. '-» Fecit omnia delicta qujB fieri pos- 

inutiles notaverint, necari jubent. -sLib. 1. De sunt circa res sex non naturales, et ere fueruni caus* 

7eti;rum Scotorum moiibus. Morbo comitiali, de- extrinsecse, ex quibus postea orlse sunt obstructionet. 
owntia, mania, lepra, &.c. aut simila labe, quae facile 



Mem. 2. Subs, l.j 



Causes of Melancholy. 



137 



offended in all those six non-natural things, whicli were the outward cans from 
wliich came those inward obstructions ; and so in the rest. 

These six non-natural things are diet, retention and evacuation, which are more 
material than the other because they make new matter, or else are conversant in 
keeping or expelling of it. The other four are air, exercise, sleeping, waking, anc. 
perturbations of the mind, which only alter the matter. The first of these is diet, 
which consists in meat and drink, and causeth melancholy, as it offends in substance, 
or accidents, that is, quantity, quality, or the like. And well it may be called a ma- 
terial cause, since that, as ^^ Fernelius holds, "it hath such a power in begetting ol 
diseases, and yields the matter and sustenance of them ; for neither air, nor pertur- 
bations, nor any of those other evident causes take place, or work this efiect, except 
the constitution of body, and preparation of humours, do concur. That a man may say 
this diet is the mother of diseases, let the father be what he will, and from this alone 
melancholy and frequent other maladies arise." Many physicians. I confess, have 
written copious volumes of this one subject, of the nature and qualities of all mannei 
of meats ; as namely, Galen, Isaac tlie Jew, Halyabbas, Avicenna, Mesne, also foui 
Arabians, Gordonius, Villanovanus, Wecker, Johannes Bruerinus, sitologia de Esculen- 
tij et Pocuhnfis, Michael Savanarola, Tract 2. c. 8, Anthony Fumanellus, lib. de regi- 
mine senum^ Curio in his comment on Schola Salerna, Godefridus Steckius arte med.^ 
Marcilius Cognatus, Ficinus, Ranzovius, Fonseca, Lessius, Magninus, regim. sanitatis, 
Frietagins, Hugo Fridevallius, &c., besides many other in ^"English, and almost every 
peculiar physician, discourseth at large of nil peculiar meats in his chapter of melan- 
choly : yet because these books are not at hand to every man, I will briefly touch 
what kind of meats engender this humour, through their several species, and which 
are to be avoided. How they alter and change the matter, spirits first, and after hu- 
mours, by which we are preserved, and the constitution of our body, Fernelius and 
others will show you. I hasten to the thing itself: and first of such diet as offends 
in substance. 

Beef.] Beef, a strong and hearty meat (cold in the first degree, dry in the second, 
saith Gal. I. 3. c. 1. de aliin.fac.) is condemned by him and all succeeding Authors, 
to breed gross melancholy blood : good for such as are sound, and of a strong con- 
stitution, for labouring men if ordered aright, corned, young, of an ox (for all gelded 
meats in every species are held best), or if old, ^' such as have been tired out with 
labour, are preferred. Aubanus and Sabellicus commend Portugal beef to be the most 
savoury, best and easiest of digestion ; we commend ours : but all is rejected, and 
unfit for such as lead a resty life, any ways inclined to Melancholy, or dry of com- 
plexion : Tales (Galen thinks) de facile melancholicis cegritudinihus capiuntur. 

Pork.] Pork, of all meats, is most nutritive in his own nature, ^^but altogether 
unfit for such as live at ease, are any ways unsound of body or mind : too moist, 
full of humours, and therefore noxia delicatis., saith Savanarola, ex eanim usu ul 
dubitetur an febris quarfana generetur : naught for queasy stomachs, insomuch that 
frequent use of it may breed a quartan ague. 

Goat.] Savanarola discommends goat's flesh, and so doth '"Bruerinus, /. 13. c. 19, 
calling it a filthy beast, and rammish : and therefore supposeth it will breed rank and 
filthy substance ; yet kid, such as are young and tender, Isaac accepts, Bruerinus and 
Galen, I. I. c. \. de alimentorum facultatibus. '■*■ 

Hart.] Hart and red deer ^'*hath an evil name: it yields gross nutriment : a strong 
and great grained meat, next unto a horse. Which although some countries eat, as 
Tartars, and they of China; yet ''^Galen condemns. Young foals are as commonly 
eaten in Spain as red deer, and to furnish their navies, about Malaga especially, often 
used ; but such meats ask long baking, or seething, to qualify them, and yet all will 
not serve. 

Venison^ Fallow Deer.] All venison is melancholy, and begets bad blood ; a 



29Pa(h. 1. 1. c. 2 Maximam in gignendis morhis vim 
obtinet, pabulum, materiamqne iiiorbi sngirerens : nam 
nee ab aere. r.ec a, perturbationibiis, vel aliis evidenli- 
bus caiisis morbi sunt, nisi consentiat corporis praepa- 
ratio, et humorum constitutio. Ut semel dicain, una 
gula est omnium morhorum mater, etiamsi alius est 
genitor. Ab hac morbi sponle s£Ep6 emanant, nulla 



alia cogente causa. ^oCogari, Eliot, Vauhaii, 

Vener. »' Frietagius. 3- Isaac. ^Non 

laudatur quia melaiicliolicum pra-bet alimentuni. 
34 Male alit cervina (inquit Frietagius) crassissimum 
et atribi'arium suppeditat alimentum. ^^Jjb. de 

subtiliss. dieta. Fquiiia oaro et asinina equinis dand& 
est honiinibus el asininis. 



18 



M 2 



138 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sect. 2 



pleasant meat : in great esteem with us (for we have more parks in England than 
there are in all Europe besides) in our solemn feasts. 'Tis somewhat better hunted 
than otherwise, and well prepared by cookery ; but generally bad, and seldom to be 
used. 

Hare.] Hare, a black meat, melancholy, and hard of digestion, it breeds incubus^ 
often eaten, and causeth fearful dreams, so doth all venison, and is condemned by a 
jury of physicians. Mizaldus and some others say, that hare is a merry meat, and 
that it will make one fair, as Martial's Epigram testifies to Gellia ; but tliis is per ac- 
cide7i^., because of the good sport it makes, merry company and good discourse that 
is commonly at the eating of it, and not otherwise to be understood. 

Cofi'ies.] ^^ Conies are of the nature of hares. Magninus r^ompares them to beef, 
pig, and goat, Reg. san'il. part. 3. c. 17 ; yet young rabbits by all men are approved 
to be good. 

Generally, all such meats as are hard of digestion breed melancholy. Areteus, 
lib. 7. caj). 5, reckons up heads and feet, ^'bowels, brains, entrails, marrow, fat, blood, 
skins, and tliose inward parts, as heart, lungs, liver, spleen, &.c. They are rejected 
by Isaac, Uh. 2. pari. 3, Magninus, part. 3. cop. 17, Bruerinus, lib. 12, Savanarola, 
Rub. 32. Tract. 2. 

Milk.] Milk, and all that comes of milk, as butter and cheese, curds, &c., increase 
melancholy (whey only excepted, which is most wholesome): ^^some except asses' 
milk. The rest, to such as are sound, is nutritive and good, especially for young 
children, but because soon turned to corruption, ^^not good for those that have un- 
clean stomachs, are subject to headache, or liave green wounds, stone. Sic. Of all 
cheeses, I take that kind which we call Banbury cheese to be the best, ex velustis 
pess'nnus., the older, stronger, and harder, the worst, as Langius (hscourseth in his 
Epistle to Melancthon, cited by Mizaldus, Isaac, p. 5. Gal. 3. de cibis boni succi^ &.c. 

Fowl.] Amongst fowl, ■'° peacocks and pigeons, all fenny fowl are forbidden, as 
ducks, geese, swans, herons, cranes, coots, (Hdappers, waterhens, with all those teals, 
curs, shehhakes, and peckled fowls, that come hither in winter out of Scandia, Mus- 
covy, Greenland, Friezland, which half the year are covered all over with snow, and 
frozen up. Though these be fair in feathers, pleasant in taste, and have a good out- 
side, like hypocrites, white in plumes, and soft, their flesli is hard, black, unwhole- 
some, dangerous, melancholy meat ; Gravani et pulrefaciant stomachum., saith Isaac^ 
'part. 5. de vol.., their young ones are more tolerable, but young pigeons he quite dis- 
approves. 

Fishes.] Rhasis and ■*' Magninus discommend all fish, and say, they breed visco' 
sities.f slimy nutriment, little and humourous nourishment. Savanarola adds, cold, 
moist: and phlegmatic, Isaac; and therefore unwholesome for all cold and melan- 
choly complexions : others make a diflerence, rejecting only amongst fresh-water 
fish, eel, tench, lamprey, crawfish (which Bright approves, cap. 6), and such as are 
bred in muddy and standing waters, and have a taste of mud, as Franciscus Bonsue- 
tus poetically defines. Lib. de aquatilibus. 



Nam pisces onmes, qui stagna, laciisqiie fn;qiientaiit, 
Semper plus succi delerioris lial)eiit." 



"All fish, tliat standitiK pools, and lakes frequent, 
Do ever yield had juice and nourishment." 



Lampreys, Paulus .Jovius, c. 34. de piscibus fluvial.., highly magnifies, and saith, 
None speak against them, but inepti et scrupiilosi., some scrupulous persons ; but 
^''eels, c. 33, " he abhorreth in all places, at all times, all physicians detest them, es- 
pecially about the solstice." Gomesius, lib. 1. c. 22, de sale., Joth immoderately extol 
sea-fish, which others as much vilify, and above the rest, dried, soused, indurate fish, 
as ling, fumados, red-herrings, sprats, stock-fish, haberdine, poor-john, all snell-fish. 
*^Tim. Bright excepts lobster and crab. Messarius commends salmon, which Brue- 
rinus contradicts, lib. 22. c. 17. Magninus. rejects conger, sturgeon, turbot, mackarel, 
skate. 

Carp is a fish of which I know not what to determine. Franciscus I^onsuetus 



■■"'Parnni ohsunt i natura Leporura. Br>mrinns, 
I. 13. cap. 25. pulloruni tenera et optima. a? nhmda- 
hilis succi nauseam provocant. •* Piso. Altomar. 

3'J Curio. Frietafjius, Magninus, part. 3. cap. 17. Mercu- 
rialis, de affect, lili. 1. c. 10. excepts all milk meats in 
Hypochondriacal Melancholy. •"' Wecker, Syntax. 



theor. p. 2. Isaac, Bruer. lib. 15. cap 30. et ^ii. 
•' Cap. is. part. 3. ■I'-'Omni loco et ontni tcmpcre 

medici deteslantur an^Mjillas pitpsertiiii t.ir<;a soUti- 
tium. Dainnantur tum sanis turn a?gri!> ~>Cif 6 

in his Tract of Melancholy. 



Mewl. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Melancholy. 139 

accouius it a iniidcly fish. Ilippolilus Salvianus, in bis Book de Pischim nalurd ei 
urcrparatlone, wbich was printed at Rome in folio, 1 554, with most elegant pictures, 
ssteems carp no better than a slimy watery meat. Paulus Jovius on the other side 
disallowing tench, approves of it; so doth Dubravius in his Books of Fish-ponds. 
Freitagius ^^ extols it for an excellent wholesome meat, and puts it amongst the fishes 
of the best rank ; and so do most of our country gentlemen, that store their ponds 
almost with no other fisli. But this controversy is easily decided, in my judgment, 
by Bruerinus, /. 22. c. 13. The diiference riseth from the site and nature of pools, 
■*' sometimes muddy, sometimes sweet; they are in taste as tlie place is from whence 
they be taken. In like manner almost we may conclude of other fresh fish. But 
see move in Rondoletius, Bellonius, Oribasius, lib. 7. cap. 22, Isaac, /. 1, especially 
Ilippolilus Salvianus, wlio is instar omnium solus., Sec. Howsoever they may be 
wholesome and approved, much use of them is not good ; P. Forestus, in his medi- 
cinal observations, ^^ relates, that Carthusian friars, whose living is most part fish, 
are more subject to melancholy tlian any other order, and that he found by experi- 
ence, being sometimes their physician ordinary at Delft, in Holland. He exemplifies 
it with an instance of one Buscodnese, a Carthusian of a ruddy colour, and well 
liking, that by solitary living, and fish-eating, became so misaffected. 

Herbs.] Amongst herbs to be eaten I find gourds, cucumbers, coleworts, melons, 
disallov/ed, but especially cabbage. It causelii troublesome dreams, and sends up 
black vapours to tlie brain. Galen, Joe. affect. I. 3, c. 6, of all herbs condemns cab- 
bage; and Isaac, lib. 2. c. 1. AnimcB gravHaiem facil., it brings heaviness to the soul. 
Some are of opinion that all raw jierbs and salads breed melancholy blood, except 
bugloss and lettuce. Crato, co/is//. 21. //i/^*. 2, speaks against all herbs and worts, 
except borage, bugloss, fennel, parsley, dill, balm, succory. Magninus, regim. sani- 
ialis^parl. 3. caj). 31. Omnes kerbcE simpliciler maliB^ via cibi ; all herbs are simply 
evil to feed on (as he thinks). So did that scoffing cook in "'^Plautus hold : 

"Nonejrocoenumcondioutaliicoquisnieiit, I "Like other cooks I do not supper dress, 

Qui u.ii.i coudita [.rata in patinis proC-runi, , ' '='^ P"'^ whole ....■adous into a platt<v 

Boves qui convivas faciunt, iierhasque agg.,-runt." ^nd n.ake no heller ot their jruests than heeves, 

°" 1 With lierbs and grass to feed them tatter. 

Our Italians and Spaniards do make a whole dinner of herbs and salads (which 
our said Plautus calls cxnas terrestras^ Horace, ccenas sine sanguine),, by which 
means, as he follows it, 

*•- " Ilic lioiiunes tani brevem vitain colunt 1 "Their lives, that eat such lierbs, must needs be short, 

(•iui herlias hujusiiiodi in alviiin suuin congerunt, 1 And 'lis a fearful thing for to report, 

I'oniiidoiosura diclu, iion esu inod6. I That men should feed on such a kinr^of meat, 

Unas lierlias |)ecudes non edunt, homines edunt." | Wiiich very jumeiils would refuse to eat.' 

■•^They are wiudy, and not fit therefore to be eaten of all men raw, though quali- 
fied with oil, but in broths, or otherwise. See more of these in every '^° husbandman 
and herbalist. 

Roots.] Roots, Etsi quorundam gentium opes sint^ saitli Bruerinus, the wealth of 
S(Mne countries, and sole food, are windy and bad, or troublesome to the head : as 
onions, garlic, scallions, turnips, carrots, radishes, parsnips : Crato, lib. 2. consil. 1 '., 
disallows all roots, though ^'some approve of parsnips and potatoes, ^"Magninus i-s 
of Ciato's opinion, ^^" Tliey trouble the mind, sending gross fumes to the brain, 
make men mad, especially garlic, onions, if a man liberally feed on them a year to- 
gether. Guianerius, tract. 15. cap. 2, complains of all manner of roots, and so doth 
Bruerinus, even parsnips themselves, which are the best. Lib. 9. cap. 14. 

Fruits.] Paslinacarum usus succos gignit improbos. Crato, consil. 21. lib. 1, ut 
terly forbids all manner of fVuits, as pears, apples, plums, cherries, strawberries, nuts, 
medlars, serves, &c. Sanguinem inficiunt^ saith Villanovanus, they infect the blood, 
and putrefy it, Magninus holds, and must not therefore be taken via cibi., aut quan- 
iitate 7nagnd, not to make a meal of, or in any great quantity. °'' Cardan makes thai 



^•iOptini6 nutrit omnium judicio inter primiP notae 
pisces giistu prsBstanti. •'''Non est diibium, quin 

pro variorum situ, ac natura, mat'nas alimenioruin 
sortiantur differentias, alii)i suaviores, alihi lutulen- 
tinres. ■'"Observat. 16. lib. 10. •)■ Pseiidolus 



•'■"In Mizaido de Ilorto, P. Crescert. Ilerhastein, Sec. 
51 Cap. 13. pari. 3. Briiihl, in his Tract of Mel. 
5* Inteilectuni turbanf, i)roducunt insaniam. '■■^Aii- 

divi (inquit Magnin.) quod si quis e.\ iis per ajinuui 
contiiiu6 comedat, in insaniam caderet. cap 13. Im- 



act. 3. seen. 2. ■«« Plautus, ii)id. ■'"Quarerec- probl succi sunt. cap. 12. '^^\)k rerum varielat. 

tins valedutini suic quisque consulet. qui lapsus prio- in Fessa pierumque inorbosi, quod fructus comei'uni 
rum parenlum memor, eas plane vel omiserii vel ter in die. 
parte deaustarit. Kersleius, cap. 4, de vero usu m ni. i 



140 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 2. 

rauae of tlieir continual sickness at Fessa in Africa, " because tiiey live so much on 
fruits, eating them thrice a day." Laurentius approves of many fruits, in his Tract 
of Melancholy, which others disallow, and amongst the rest apples, which some 
likewise commend, sweetings, pairmains, pippins, as good against melancholy; but 
to him that is any way inclined to, or touched with this malady, ^^ Nicholas Piso in 
his Practics, forbids all fruits, as windy, or to be sparingly eaten at least, and not 
raw. Amongst other fruits, ^^Bruerinus, out of Galen, excepts grapes and figs, but I 
find them likewise rejected. 

Pulse] All pulse are naught, beans, peas, vetches, Stc, they fill the brain (saith 
Isaac) with gross fumes, breed black thick blood, and cause troublesome dreams. 
And therefore, that which Pythagoras said to his scholars of old, may be for ever ap- 
plied to melancholy men, ^ fabis absl'inete, eat no peas, nor beans ; yet to such as 
will needs eat them, I would give this counsel, to prepare them according to those 
rules that Arnoldus Villanovanus, and Frietagius prescribe, for eating, and dressing, 
fruits, herbs, roots, pulse, &c. 

Spices.] Spices cause hot and head melancholy, and are for that cause forbidden 
ty '--"r physicians to such men as are inclined to this malady, as pepper, ginger, cin- 
namo.:, cloves, mace, dates, &c. honey and sugar. "Some except honey; to those 
that are cold, it may be tolerable, but ^^Dulcia se in i'llem verlmit, (sweets turn into 
bile,) they are obstructive. Crato therefore forbids all spice, in a consultation of his, 
for a melancholy schoolmaster, Omnia aromatica et qidcquid sanguinem adurit : so 
doth Fernelius, consll. 45. Guianerius, tract 15. cap. 2. Mercurialis, cons. 189. To 
these I may add all sharp and sour things, luscious and over-sweet, or fat, as oil, 
vinegar, verjuice, mustard, salt; as sweet things are obstructive, so these are cor- 
rosive. Gomesius, in his books, de sale., I. I.e. 21, highly commends salt ; so doth 
Codronchus in his tract, de sale Msynthii., Lemn. I. 3. c. 9. de occult, nat. mir. yet 
common experience finds salt, and salt-meats, to be great procurers of this disease. 
And for that cause belike those Egyptian priests abstained from salt, even so much, 
as in tlieir bread, ut sine perturb atione anima esset^ saith mine author, that their souls 
might be free from perturbations. 

Bread.] Bread that is made of baser grain, as peas, beans, oats, rye, or ^^over-hard 
baked, crusty, and black, is often spoken against, as causing melancholy juice and 
wind. Joh. Mayor, in the first book of his History of Scotland, contends nmch for 
the wholesomeness of oaten bread : it was objected to him then living at Paris in 
France, that his countrymen fed on oats, and base grain, as a disgrace ; but he doth 
ingenuously confess, Scotland, Wales, and a third part of England, did most part use 
that kind of bread, that it was as wholesome as any grain, and yielded as good nou- 
rishment. And yet Wecker out of Galen calls it horse-meat, and fitter for juments 
than men to feed on. But read Galen himself. Lib. 1. De cibis boni et mall succi^ 
more largely discoursing of corn and bread. 

Wine.] All black wines, over-hot, compound, strong thick drinks, as Muscadine, 
Malmsey, Alicant, Rumney, Brownbastard, Metheglen, and the like, of which they 
have thirty several kinds in Muscovy, all such made drinks are hurtful in this case, 
to such as are hot, or of a sanguine choleric complexion, young, or inclined to head- 
melancholy. For many times the drinking of wine alone causeth it. Arculanus, 
c. 16. m 9. Rhasls., puts in ^° wine for a great cause, especially if it be immoderately 
used. Guianerhis, tract. 15. c. 2, tells a story of two Dutchmen, to whom he gave 
entertainment in his house, " that ^' in one month's space were both melancholy by 
drinking of wine, one did nought but sing, the other sigh. Galen, I. de causis morb. 
c. 3. Matthiolus on Dioscorides, and above all other Andreas Bachius, Z. 3. 18, 19, 
20, have reckoned upon those inconveniences that come by wine : yet notwithstand- 
ing all this, to such as are cold, or sluggish melancholy, a cup of wine is good physic, 
and so doth Mercurialis grant, consil. 25, in that case, if the temperature be cold, as 
to most melancholy men it is, wine is much commended, if it be moderately used. 

Cider^ Perry.] Cider and perry are both cold and windy drinks, and for that 
cause to be neglected, and so are all those hot spiced strong drinks. 

■»Cap. de Mel. ^eLib. ll.c 3. S7 Bright, I quia gignit adustam. Schol. Sal. fi" Vinum turbi- 

r. 6. excepts honey. sailor, apud Scoltziiim, dum. ei Ex vini parentis bibitione, duo Alenian 

•oii*il. 186 '^Ne comedas crustani, choleram | in uno mense melaiicholici facti sunt. 



\Iem. 2. Subs. {.T 



Causes of Melancholy. 



141 



Beer.] Beer, if it be over-new or over-stale, over-strong, or not sodden, smnll of 
the cask, sharp, or sour, is most unwholesome, frets, and galls, &c. Henrifnis Ayrc- 
rus, in a ^^consultation of his, for one that laboured of hypocliondriacal melancholy, 
discommends beer. So doth ^^ Crato in that excellent counsel of his, Lib. 2. consll. 21. 
as too windy, because of the hop. But he means belike that thick black Bohemian 
beer used in some other parts of ^'Germany. 



nil spissius ilia 



Duni bibitur, nil clariiis est dum mingitur, nnde 
Constat, quOd multas faeces in corpore linquat." 



'Nothing comes in so thick, 
Nothing goes out so thin, 
It must needs tbllow iln-n 
The dregs are left within." 



As that ^^ old poet scoffed, calling it StijgicB monsirum conforme paludi., a monstrous 
drink, like the river Styx. But let them say as they list, to such as are accustomed 
unio it, " 'tis a most wholesome (so '^^ Poly dor Virgil calleth it) and a pleasant drink," 
it is more subtile and batter, for the hop that rarefies it, hath an especial virtue 
against melancholy, as our herbalists confess, Fuchsius approves, Lib. 2. sec. 2. instit. 
cap. 1 1, and many others. 

Waters.] Standing waters, thick and ill-coloured, such as come forth of pools, 
and moats, where hemp hath been steeped, or slimy fishes live, are most unwhole- 
some, putrefied, and full of mites, creepers, slimy, muddy, unclean, corrupt, impure, 
by reason of the sun's heat, and still-standing ; they cause foul distemperatures in the 
body and mind of man, are unfit to make drink of, to dress meat with, or to be ^^ used 
about men inwardly or outwardly. They are good for many domestic uses, to wash 
horses, water cattle, Stc, or in time of necessity, but not otherwise. Some are of opi- 
nion, that such fat standing waters make the best beer, and that seething doth defecate 
it, as ^^ Cardan holds. Lib. 13. subtil. " It mends the substance, and savour of it," but 
it is a paradox. Such beer may be stronger, but not so wholesome as the other, as 
"^Jobertus truly justifieth out of Galen, Paradox, dec. 1. Paradox 5, that the seething 
of such impure waters doth not purge or purify them, Pliny, lib. 31. c. 3, is of the 
same tenet, and P. Crescentius, agrlcult. lib. 1. et lib. 4. c. \\. et c. 45. Pamphilius 
Herilachus, /. 4. de nat. aquarum^ such waters are naught, not to be used, and by the 
testimony of "° Galen, " breed agues, dropsies, pleurisies, splenetic and melancholy pas- 
sions, hurt the eyes, cause a bad temperature, and ill disposition of the whole body, 
with bad colour." This Jobertus stiffly maintains, Paradox, lib. 1. part. 5, that it 
causeth blear eyes, bad colour, and many loathsome diseases to such as use it : this 
which they say, stands with good reason ; for as geographers relate, the water of 
Astracan breeds worms in such as drink it. "'Axius, or as now called Verduri, the 
fairest river in Macedonia, makes all cattle black that taste of it. Aleacman now 
Peleca, another stream in Thessaly, turns cattle most part white, si potui ducas, 
L. Aubanus Rohemus refers that '^ struma or poke of the Bavarians and Styrians to the 
nature of their waters, as '^Munster doth that of Valesians in the Alps, and "'Bodine 
eupposeth the stuttering of some families in Aquitania, about Labden, to proceed 
from the same cause, " and that the filth is derived from the water to their bodies." 
So that they that use filthy, standing, ill-coloured, thick, muddy water, must needs 
have muddy, ill-coloured, impure, and infirm bodies. And because the body works 
upon the mind, they shall have grosser understandings, dull, foggy, melancholy spi- 
rits, and be really subject to all manner of infirmities. 

To these noxious simples, we may reduce an infinite num.ber of compound, artifi 
cial, made dishes, of which our cooks afford us a great variety, as tailors do fashions 
in our apparel. Si. 3h are '^^puddings stuffed with blood, or otherwise composed; 
baked, meats, soused indurate meats, fried and broiled buttered meats ; condite, pow- 
dered, and over-dried, ''^all cakes, simnels, buns, cracknels' made with butter, spice. 
Sec, fritters, pancakes, pies, sausages, and those several sauces, sharp, or over-sweet, 



s^^Hildeshelm, spicel. fol. 273. saCrassum gene- 

rat sanguinen.. 64About Dantzic in Spruce, Ilani- 

Durgh, Leips''' esji^jriricus Abrincensis. «o Po- 

tns tum salu'-=s turn jucundus, I. 1. e: Galen, I. 1. 

de san. tuend Cavendae sunt aquns quce ex stagnis 
hauriuntur, et qua; turbidae and nial6 olentes, &c. 
•» Innoxiuin reddil et bene olenttim. ea Contendit 

hffic vitia coctione non emendari. '"Lib. de boni- 

lale aquoe, hydropem auget, febres putridas, splenem, 
•asses, nocel oculis, malum habitum corporis et colo- 



" Mag. Nigritatem inducit si pecora bibe- 

'^Aquceex nivibus coacta; siruniosos faciunt. 

»^wsiu..g. 1. 3. cap. 36. "■'Method, hist. cap. 5. 

Balbutiiint Labdoni in Aquitania ob aquas, atque hi 

niorbi ab acquis in corpora derivantur. ^''Edulia 

uffocalo paria. Hildesheim. 'CCu- 

bellaria, commentaque alia ci 



rem. 

rint. '^Aqi 

Cosmog. 1. 3. cap. 



«x sanguine et si 

pedia vero, placenta, 



riosa pistorum etcoquorum, gustui servientium conci- 
liant niorbos tum corpori tum aniino insanibiles Phil* 
Judseus, lib. de victimis. P. Jov. vita ejus. 



142 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

of M Iiirir sclcnlia popincp., as Seneca calls it, hath served those ''Apician tricks, and 
perfumed dishes, which Adrian the sixth Pope so much admired in the accounts o( 
his predecessor Leo decimus ; and which prodigious riot and prodigality have in- 
vented in this age. These do generally engender gross humours, fill the stomach 
with ciudities, and all those inward parts with obstructions. Montanus, consil. 22. 
gives instance, in a melancholy Jew, that by eating such tart sauces, made dislies 
and salt meats, with which he was overmuch delighted, became melancholy, and was 
evil affected. Such examples are familiar and common. 

Sub SECT. II. — Quantity of Diet a Cause. 

There is not so much harm proceeding from the substance itself of meat, and 
quality of it, in ill-dressing and preparing, as there is from the quantity, disorder of 
time and place, unseasonable use of it, ''^ intemperance, overmuch, or overlittle taking 
of it. A true saying it is, Pliires crapula quam. gJadins. This gluttony kills more 
than the sword, this omnivorantiaet homicida giila^ this all-devouring and murdering 
gut. And that of '^^ Pliny is truer, " Simple diet is the best; heaping up of several 
meats is pernicious, and sauces worse; many dishes bring many diseases." ^"Avicen 
cries out, "That nothing is worse than to feed on many dishes, or to protract the 
time of meats longer than ordinary ; from thence proceed our infirmities, and 'tis the 
Ibuntain of all diseases, which arise out of the repugnancy of gross humours." 
Thence, saith ^' Fernelius, come crudities, wind, oppilations, cacochymia. plethora, 
cachexia, bradiopepsia, ^^Hinc suhitce mortes^ atque intestata senectus, sudden death. 
&c., and what not. 

As a lamp is choked with a multitude of oil, or a little fire with overmuch wood 
quite extinguished, so is the natural heat with immoderate eating, strangled in the 
body. Perniliosa scntina est abdomen insaiurahile : one saith. An insatiable paunch 
is a pernicious sink, and the fountain of all (hseases, both of body and mind. ®^Mer- 
curialis will have it a peculiar cause of this private disease ; Solenander, consil. 5. 
sect. 3, illustrates this of Mercurial is, with an example of one so melancholy, ah 
intempestivis commessafionibus, unseasonable feasting. ^^''Crato confirms as much, in 
that often cited Counsel, 21. lib. 2, putting superfluous eating for a main cause. But 
what need I seek farther for proofs ? Hear *^^ Hippocrates himself. Lib. 2. Aphor. 10. 
" Impure bodies the more they are nourished, the more they are hurt, for the nouri^-h- 
ment is putrefied with vicious humours." 

And yet for all this liarm, which apparently follows surfeiting and drunkenness, 
sec how we luxuriate and rage in this kind ; read what Johannes Stuckius hath 
written lately of this subject, in his great volume J)e Jintiquorum Conviviis^ and of 
our present age; Qudm ^^ portentoscB. ccen^, prodigious suppers, ^"Qwi c^?/m invitant 
ad ccBuam eferunt ad sepulclirum., what Fagos, Epicures, Apetios, Heliogables, our 
times afibrd ? Lucullus' ghost walks still, and every man desires to sup in Apollo ; 
jEsop's costly dish is ordinarily served up. ^^Magis ilia juvant^ quce pluris emun- 
tur. The dearest cates are best, and 'tis an ordinary thing to bestow twenty or 
thirty pounds on a dish, some thousand crowns upon a dinner : ^^Mully-Hamet, king 
of Fez and Morocco, spent three pounds on the sauce of a capon : it is nothing in 
our times, we scorn all that is cheap. " We loathe the very ^° light (some of us, as 
Seneca notes) because it comes free, and we are offended with the sun's heat, and 
those cool blasts, because we buy them not." This air we breathe is so common, 
we care not for it ; nothing pleaseth but what is dear. And if we be ^' witty in any- 
thing, it is ad gulam : If we study at all, it is erudite luxu^ to please the palate, and 

" As lettuce steeped in wine, birds fed with fennel j titas niinia. ssimpura corpora qiianto magi? 

und sugar, as a Pope's concubine used in Avignon. | nntris, tanto magis laedis : pnlrefacit enitn alimentuir. 

St plian. ^f* Anitnae negotium ilia facessit, et de [ vitiosus humor. "^ Vid. Goclen. de portentosi? 

te nplo Dii inimundum stabuium facit. Peletius, 10. c. [ coenis, &c. puteani Com. «Amb. lib.de Jeju. 
's Lib. 11. c. 52. Homini cibus utilissimus simplex, acer- cap. 14. " They who invite ns to a supper, only con- 

vatio cirborum pestifera, et condiinenta perniciosa, duct us to our tomb." 88 Juvenal. "The highest- 

mullos morbos multa fercula ferunt. '^o 31. Dec. priced dishes afford the greatest gratification.' 

2. c. Nihil deterius quam si tempus justo longius '^'•Guiccardin. "o jva. qujpst. 4. ca. ult. fastid'o es. 

comedendo ^>rotrahatur, et varia ciborum genera con- lumen gratuitum, dolet quod sole, quod spiritun, 

jungantur : inde morborum scaiurigo, quie ex repug- emere non possimus, quf)d hie aer non cinpMis p\ 

nantia humorum oritur. si Path. I. 1. c. 14. s-^Juv. facili, &c. adeo nihil placet, nisi quod carum est 

*at. 5. M Niniia rep!elio ciborum facit melanolio- »' Ingeniosi ad Gulam. 

iRurn 8* Comestio sup'^rflua cibi, et poius quan- ! 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Diet, a Cause. 143 

I.O satisfy the gut. " A cook of old was a base knave (as ®^Livy complains), but tiow 
a great man in request ; cookery is become an art, a noble science : cooks are gen- 
tlemen :" Venter Deus : They wear " their brains in their bellies, and their guts in 
their heads," as ^^Agrippa taxed some parasites of his time, rushing on their own 
destruction, as if a man should run upon the point of a sword, usque dum ruvipantur 
comedunt^ '" They eat till they burst :" ^*All day, all night, let tlie physician say 
what he will, imminent danger, and feral diseases are now ready to seize upon tlieni 
that will eat till they vomit, Edunt ut vo7nant^ vomut ut edmit^ saith Seneca; which 
Dion relates of Viteliius, Solo transitu ciborum nutriri judicatus : His meat did 
pass through and away, or till they burst again, ^^Strage animantium ventrem one 
ran/, and rake over all the world, as so many ®*^ slaves, belly-gods, and land-serpents, 
Et totus orhis ventri nimis angustus^ the whole world cannot satisfy their apjjetite. 
®'" Sea, land, rivers, lakes, &c., may not give content to their raging guts." To 
make up the mess, what immoderate drinking in every place ? Senem potum pota 
trahehat anus., how they flock to the tavern : as if they were frvges consumere nati., 
born to no other end but to eat and drink, like Offellius Bibulus, that famous Roman 
parasite, Qui dum vixit^ aut hihit aut minxit ; as so many casks to hold wine, yea 
worse than a cask, that mars wine, and itself is not marred by it, yet these are brave 
men, Sileims Ebrius was no braver. Et quae fuerunt vitia^ mores sunt : 'tis now the 
fashion of our times, an honour : JVimc verb res ista eb rediit (as Chrysost. serm. 
80. in V. E[)hes. comments) Ut eJfeminatcB ridendceque ignavicE loco habeatur^ nolle 
inehriari ; 'tis now come to that pass that he is no gentleman, a very milk-sop, a 
clown, of no bringing up, that will not drink ; fit for no company ; he is your only 
gallant that plays it off finest, no disparagement now to stagger in the streets, reel, 
rave, &c., but much to his fame and renown ; as in like case Epidicus told Thesprio 
his fellow-servant, in the ^^Poet. jiEdipol facinus improbum., one urged, the other 
replied, Jit jam alii fecere idem., erit illi ilia res honori., 'tis now no fault, there be so 
many brave examples to bear one out; 'tis a credit to have a strong brain, and carry 
his liquor well ; the sole contention who can drink most, and fox his fellow the 
soonest, 'Tis the summum bonum of our tradesmen, their felicity, life, and soul, 
Tanfa dulcedine afectant^ saith Pliny, lib, 14. cap, 12. Ut magna j)ars non aliud 
vitcE prcEinium intelligat., their chief comfort, to be merry together in an alehouse or 
tavern, as our modern Muscovites do in their mede-inns, and Turks in their coffee- 
houses, which much resemble our taverns ; they will labour hard all day long to be 
drunk at night, and spend totius anni labores^ as St. Ambrose adds, in a tippling 
feast ; convert day into night, as Seneca taxes some in his times, Pcrvertunt oj/icia 
anoctis et lucis ; when we rise, they commonly go to bed, like our antipodes, 

"Nosque ubi primus eqiiis oriens afflavit anhelis, 
Illis sera rubens ascendil liiinina vesper." 

So did Petronius in Tacitus, Heliogabalus in Lampridius. 

99 " Noctes vigilibat ad ipsum I "He drank the nieht away 

Mane, diem totuni stertebat." | Till rising dawn, then snored out all the day." 

Snymdiris the Sybarite never saw the sun rise or set so much as once in twenty 
years. Verres, against whom Tully so much inveighs, in winter he never was extra 
tectum vix extra lectum., never almost out of bed, '°° still Avenching and drinking; so 
did he spend his time, and so do myriads in our days. They have gymnasia bibo- 
num., schools and rendezvous ; these centaurs and lapithae toss pots and bowls as so 
many balls ; invent new tricks, as sausages, anchovies, tobacco, caviare, pickled 
oysters, herrings, fumadoes, &c. : innumerable salt meats to increase their appetite,^ 
and study how to hurt themselves by taking antidotes "J to carry their drink the 
better; ^and when nought else serves, they will go forth, or be conveyed out, to 
empty their gorge, that they may return to drink afresh." They make laws, insanas 
leges., contra bibendi fallacias, and ^ brag of it when they have done, crowning that 

"^ Olim vile mancipinm, nunc in omni BBstimatione, ' de miser, curial. ^8 piantus. ^^ Hor. lib. 1. 
nunc ars haberi (fppta. &c. «^ E|)ist. 28. 1. 7. Quorum Sat. 3. '""Diei hrevilas cnnviviis, noctis longi- 
in ventre ingenium, in patinis, &c. ^^ In lucem tndo stnpris conterebratur. ' Et quo plus capiaiit, 
cojiiat. Rertorius. 958eneca. 9'J Mancipia irritamenta excopitantur. 2 Fores porlantur ut ad 
pnlfe, dapes non sapore sed sumptu ffistimamec. conviviiim reportentur, repl&ii ut exhauriant. el ex- 
Seneca, consol. ad Helviditim. 9^ Ssevientia guttura hauriri ut bibant. Ainbros. ^ Ingeniia vasa veliU 
Batiare non poseunt fluvii et maria, iEneas Sylvius, ad ostentationem, &;c. 



144 



Diet^ a Cause. 



[Part. 1. Sect. 2. 



man that is soonest gone, as their drunken predecessors have done, '*quid ego 

video? Ps. Cum corona Pseudolum ehrium tuum . And when they are dead, 

will have a can of wine with ^Maron's old woman to be engraven on their tombs. 
5o they triumph in villany, and justify their wickedness ; with Rabelais, that French 
Lucian, drunkenness is better for the body than physic, because there be more old 
drunkards than old physicians. Many such frothy arguments they have, ^inviting 
and encouraging others to do as they do, and love them dearly for it (no glue like 
to that of good fello\yship). So did Alcibiades in Greece ; Nero, Ronosus, Helio- 
gabalus in Rome, or Alegabalus rather, as he was styled of old (as ' Ignatius proves 
out of some old coins). So do many great men still, as ^ Heresbachius observes. 
When a prince drinks till his eyes stare, like Bitias in the Poet, 



-"ille impiger hausit 



'a thirsty som 



Spumantem vino pateram.") 



He toolt cliailenge and embrac'd ilie bowl : 

Willi pleasure svvill'd the ?old, nor ceased to draw 

Till he the bottom of the brimmer saw." 



and comes off clearly, sound trumpets, fife and drums, the spectators will applaud 
him, " the '° bishop himself (if he belie them not) with his chaplain will stand by 
and do as much," dignum principe hausfum^ 'twas done like a prince. " Our 
Dutchmen invite all comers with a pail and a dish," Velut infundibtda infegras ohhas 
exhauriunt^ et in monstrosis poculis^ ipsi monsfrosi monstrosius epofant^ " making 
barrels of their bellies." Incredihih dicfu^ as "one of their own countrymen com- 
plains : '^ Quantum liquoris immodestissima gens capiat., &c. " How they love a man 
that will be drunk, crown him and honour him for it," hate him that will not pledge 
him-, stab him, kill him : a most intolerable offence, and not to be forgiven. "'^ He 
is a mortal enemy that will not drink with him," as Munster relates of the Saxons. 
So in Poland, he is the best servitor, and the honestest fellow, saith Alexander Ga- 
guinus, " "• that drinketh most healths to the honour of his master, he shall be 
rewarded as a good servant, and held the bravest fellow that carries his liquor best," 
when a brewer's horse will bear much more than any sturdy drinker, yet for his 
noble exploits in this kind, he shall be accounted a most valiant man, for ^'^Tam inter 
epulas fortis vir esse potest ac in hello., as much valour is to be found in feasting as 
in fighting, and some of our city captains, and carpet knights will make this good, and 
prove it. Thus they many times wilfully pervert the good temperature of their 
bodies, stifle their wits, strangle nature, and degenerate into beasts. 

Some again are in the other extreme, and draw this mischief on their heads by 
loo ceremonious and strict diet, being over-precise, cockney-like, and curious in their 
observation of meats, times, as that Medicina statica prescribes, just so many ounces 
at dinner, which Lessius enjoins, so much at supper, not a little more, nor a little 
less, of such meat, and at such hours, a diet-drink in the morning, cock-broth, China- 
broth, at dinner, plum-broth, a chicken, a rabbit, rib of a rack of mutton, wing of a 
capon, the merry-thought of a hen, &c. ; to sounder bodies this is too nice and most 
absurd. Others offend in over-much fasting: pining adays, saith '*^Guianerius, and 
waking anights, as many Moors and Turks in these our times do. " Anchorites, 
monks, and the rest of that superstitious rank (as the same Guianerius witnesseth, 
that he hath often seen to have happened in his time) through immoderate fasting, 
have been frequently mad." Of such men belike Hippocrates speaks, 1 Aphor. 5, 
when as he saith, '^"they more offend in too sparing diet, and are worse damnified, 
than they that feed liberally, and are ready to surfeit. 



4 Plantus. 5 Lib.3. Anthol. c. 20. « Gratiam 

coiiciliant potando. '' Notis ad Caesares. « Lib. de 
educandis principum liberis. " Virg. M. 1. 'oidem 
Btrenui potaioris Episcopi Sacellanu.s, cum ingentem 
pateram exhaurit princeps. '' Bohemus in Saxoiiia. 
Adeo immoderate et immodeste ab ipsis bibitur, ut in 
compotaiionibus suis iion cyathis solum et caiitharis 
■at infundere possint, sed impletum m>ilctrale appo- 
nant, et scutella injecta hortantur quemlibet ad libitum 
potare. '■' Dictu incredibile, quantum hujusce 

liquorice immodesla gens capiat, plus potantem ami- 
Riiwimun) habent, et iserto coronant, inimicissimum d 



contra qui non vult, et csde et fusiibus expiant. 
'3 Qui potare recusal, hostis habetur, et csde nonnun- 
quam res expiatur. '^ Qui melius bibit pro salute 

domini, melior habetur minister. '"Griec. Poeta 

apud StobsBum, ser. 18. '"Qui de die jejunant, et 

nocte vigilant, facile cadunt in melancholiam ; et qui 
naturie modum excedunt, c. 5. tract. 15. c. 2. Longa 
fiimis tolerantia, ut iis saepe accidit qui tanto cum 
fervore Deo servire cupiunt per jejunium, quod ma- 
niaci efiiciantur, ipse vidi sicpe. i" In tenui ViClH 

asgri delinquunt, ex quo fit ut majori afiiciantur detri 
memo, majorque fit error tenui quam pleniore viclu: 



Mem. 9^. Subs. 3.] Causes of Melancholy. 14S 

SuBSECT. III. — Custom of JJlet^ Delight^ Appetite^ JVecesslty^ hoiv they cause o. 

hinder. 

No rule is so general, which admits not some exception ; to this, theretore, whicf- 
hath been hitherto said, (for I shall otherwise put most men out of commons,) and 
those inconveniences which proceed from the substance of meats, an intemperate or 
unseasonable use of them, custom somewhat detracts and qualifies, accordm^" to that 
of Hippocrates, 2 Aphoris. 50. '^'' Such things as we have been long accustomed to, 
though they be evil in their own nature, yet they are less offensive." Otherwise it 
might well be objected that it were a mere '^tyranny to live after those strict rules 
of physic; for custom ^doth alter nature itself, and to such as are used to them it 
makes bad meats wholesome, and unseasonable times to cause no disorder. Cider 
and perry are windy drinks, so are all fruits windy in themselves, cold most part, 
yet in some shires of ^'England, Normandy in France, Guipuscoa in Spain, 'tis their 
common drink, and they are no whit offended with it. In Spain, Italy, and Africa, 
they live most on roots, raw herbs, camel's ^^milk, and it agrees well with them : 
which to a stranger will cause much grievance. \\\ Wales, lacticiniis vesatnfvr. as 
Humphrey Llwyd confesseth, a Cambro-Briton himself, in his elegant epistle to 
. braham Ortelius, they live most on white meats : in Holland on fish, roots, ^^ butter; 
and so at this day in Greece, as ^^Bellonius observes, they had much rather feed on 
fish than ffesh. With us, Maxima pars v ictus in came consistit., we feed on flesh 
most part, saith ^^Polydor Virgil, as all northern countries do; and it would be very 
offensive to us to live after their diet, or they to live after ours. We drink beer, they 
wine; they use oil, we butter; we in the north are ^® great eaters; they most sparing 
in those hotter countries ; and yet they and we following our own customs are well 
pleased. An Ethiopian of old seeing an European eat bread, wondered, quomodo 
stercorihus vescenfes viverimus^ how we could eat such kind of meats : so much 
differed his countrymen from ours in diet, that as mine -"^author infers, si quis illorum 
"dictum apud nos o'mulari vellet ; if any man should so feed with us, it would be all 
one to nourish, as Cicuta, Aconitum, or Hellebore itself At this day in China the 
common people live in a manner altogether on roots and herbs, and to the wealthiest, 
horse, ass, mule, dogs, cat-flesh, is as delightsome as the rest, so ^* Mat. Riccius the 
Jesuit relates, who lived many years amongst them. The Tartars eat raw meat, 
and most commonly ^^horse-flesh, drink milk and blood, as the Nomades of old. Et 
lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino. They scoff" at our Europeans for eating 
bread, which they call tops of weeds, and horse meat, not fit for men ; and yet Sca- 
liger accounts them a sound and witty nation, living a hundred years ; even in the 
civilest country of them they do thus, as Benedict the Jesuit observed in his travel, 
from the great Mogul's Court by land to Pekin, which Riccius contends to be tha 
same with Cambulu in Cataia. In Scandia their bread is usually dried fish, and so 
likewise in the Shetland Isles; and their other fare, as in Iceland, saith ''"Dithmarus 
Bleskenius, butter, cheese, and fish ; their drink water, their lodging on the ground- 
in America in many places their bread is roots, their meat palmitos, pinas, potatoes. 
&.C., and such fruits. There be of them too that familiarly drink ^'salt sea-water all' 
their lives, eat ^^raw meat, grass, and that with delight. With some, fish, serpents,, 
spiders : and in divers places they ^^eat man's flesh, raw and roasted, even the Em- 
peror ^^ Montezuma himself. In some coasts, again, ^^ one tree yields them cocoar 

i^QiiJE longo tempore consiieta sunt, etiamsi dete- j apud nos longe frequentior usus, complures quippe de 
riora, minus in assuetis molestare Solent. ''••Qui viilffo reperias nulla alia re vel teniiitatis, vkI reli 



medic6 vivit, miser6 vivit. -o Consuenido altera 

natura. a; Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, Wor- 

cestershire. 2'^ Leo Afer. 1. 1. solo camelorum 

lacte contenti, nil pra;terea deliciaruni ambiunt. 
^^Flandri vinum butyro dilutiim bibunt (nauseo refe- 
rens) ubique butyrum inter omnia fercula et bellaria 
locum obtiiiet. Steph. prafat. Herod. ^''Uelec- 



gionis causa vescentes. Equus, Mulus, Asellus, &c. 
8Equ6 fer6 vescunlur ac pabula omnia, Mat. Riccius, 
lib. 5. cap. 12 29'partari mulis, equis vescuntur 

el Orudis carnibus, et fruges coiilemnunt, dicenteSj 
hoc jtimentorum pabulum et bonum, non hominum; 
3"IslandiJE descri|)tione victus corum butyro, lacte, 
caseo consistit : pisces loco panis habent, potus aqua. 



litntur Gra'ci piscibus magis quam carnibus. -sLih. I ant serum, sic vivunt sine medicina multa ad annon 
1. hist. Ang. ■'« P. Jovius descript. Britonum. They 200. 3i j^aet. Occident. Ind. desrrip. lib. 11. ca|»- 10. 
sit, eat and drink ail day at dinner in Iceland, l\!us- Aquam marinam bibere sueti absque noxA. a- Da- 
covy, and those northern parts. 27 Sujdas, vict. j vies 2. voyage. 3'J Patagones. S'* Benzo et 

Herod nihilo cum eo melius quam si quis Cicutam, j Fer. Cortesius, lib. novus orbis inscrip. ^^Ling. 

Aconiturn, &c. -& Expedit. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. 3. coften, c. 56. Palmse instar tolius orbis arbortbut 

lor'eisium herbarum el olerum, apud Sinas quam longe prKsiantior. 

19 N 



— IP 



146 



Retention and Evacuation^ Causes. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 



FiiUs, meat and dHnk, fire, fuel, apparel ; with his leaves, oil, vinegar, cover for 
houses, &c., and yet these men going naked, feeding coarse, live commonly a hun- 
dred years, are seldom or never sick ; all which diet our physicians forbid. In West- 
phalia they feed most part on fat meats and vvourts, knuckle deep, and call it ^^cerc- 
brum lovis : in the Low Countries with roots, in Italy frogs and snails are used. The 
Turks, saith Busbequius, delight most in fried meats. In Muscovy, garlic and onions 
are ordinary meat and sauce, which would be pernicious to such as are unaccustomed 
io them, delightsome to others ; and all is ^'because they have been brought up unto 
•t. Husbandmen, and such as labour, can eat fat bacon, salt gross meat, hard cheese, 
&c., (0 dura viessoruin ilia)., coarse bread at all times, go to bed and labour upon a 
full stomach, which to some idle persons would be present death, and is against the 
rules of physic, so that custom is all in all. Our travellers find this by conmion ex- 
perience when they come in far .countries, and use their diet, they are suddenly 
offended,^^ as our Hollanders and Englishmen when they touch upon the coasts of 
Africa, those Indian capes and islands, are commonly molested with calentures, 
fluxes, and much distempered by reason of their fruits. ^^Pcrcgrina^ el si suavia, 
Solent vescentihus perturbationes insignes adfcrre^ strange meats, thougli pleasant, 
cause notable alterations and distempers. On the other side, use or custom miti- 
gates or makes all good again. Mithridates by often use, which Pliny wonders at, 
was able to drink poison ; and a maid, as Curtius records, sent to Alexander from 
K. Porus, was brought up with poison from her infancy. The Turks, saith Bello- 
nius, lib. 3. c. 15, eat opium familiarly, a drachm at once, wliich Ave dare not take in 
grains. '*°Garcius ab Horto writes of one whom he saw at Goa in the East Indies, 
that took ten drachms of opium in three days ; and yet consultb loquehalur., spake 
understandingly, so much can custom do. ""Theophrastus speaks of a shepherd 
that could eat hellebore in substance. And therefore Cardan concludes out of Galen. |' 
Consuetudinem utcunque fercndam^ nisi valde malam. Custom is howsoever to be , 
kept, except it be extremely bad : he adviseth all men to keep their old customs, and |f 
that by tlie authority of ""^Hippocrates himself, Dandum aJiquid tejiipori^ cetafi^ re- h 
gioni^ consuetudini^ and therefore to ^''continue as they began, be it diet, bath, exer- ^i 
cise, &c., or whatsoever else. if j 

Another exception is delight, or appetite, to such and such meats : though they N 
be hard of digestion, melancholy ; yet as Fuchsius excepts, cap. 6. lib. 2. Instit. sect. 2, f ,^ 
*'*"The stomach doth readily digest, and willingly entertain such meats we love 'U 
most, and are pleasing to us, abhors on the other side such as we distaste." Which '; ' 
Hippocrates confirms, Aphoris. 2. 38. Some cannot endure cheese, out of a secret •: 
antipathy ; or to see a roasted duck, which to others is a ^^delightsome meat. J 

The last exception is necessity, poverty, want, hunger, wliich drives men many 
times to do that which otherwise they are loth, cannot endure, and thankfully to 
accept of it : as beverage in ships, and in sieges of great cities, to feed on dogs, cats. ''. 
rats, and men themselves. Three outlaws in '^'^ Hector Boethius, being driven to their * ) 
shifts, did eat raw flesh, and flesh of such fowl as the}' could catch, in one of the •. j 
Hebrides for some few months. These things do mitigate or disannul that which ii 1 
hath been said of melancholy meats, and make it more tolerable ; but to such as are i': \ 
wealthy, live plenteously, at ease, may take their choice, and refrain if they will. L ! 
these viands are to be forborne, if they be inclined to, or suspect melancholy, as 'i. 
they tender their healths: Otherwise if they be intemperate, or disordered in then ;?; ! 
diet, at their peril be it. Qui monet amat^ Ave et cave. 

He who advises is your friend \ 

Farewell, and to your health attend. 

; I 
SuBSECT. IV. — Retention and Kvacuation a cause, and koto. \: 

1 Of retention and evacuation, there be divers kinds, which are either concomitant, il? J 
assisting, or sole causes many times of melancholy. ''^ Galen reduceth defect and « •' 
, abundance to this head ; others ''^" All that is separated, or remains." i 



Lips, epist. 3'Teneris apsuescere mnltnm. 

>** Repentinse niutationes noxani pariunt. Hippocrat. 
'Aphorism. 21. Epist. 6. sect. 3. Brueriiius, lib. 1. 

cap. 23. Simpl. med. c. 4, 1. 1. ^'Heurnius, 

1. 3. c. 19. prax. med. ^^ Aphoris. 17. In 

•uubiis conguetudtnem sequatur adolescens, et inceplis 



perseveret. ^^ Qni cnm voluptate assumuntiir cihl 
ventriculus avidius complectitnr, expeditiiisqiie coi; 
coqnit, et qu.^ displicent aversatur. ''" Noth'riy 

against a good sfomarh, as 'he sayini/ is. '*s Lib 
Hist. Scot. 4"30. artis. ^» Qua <ixcernuntur a« 
subgistunt. 



\i 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Retention and Ecacuation^ Causes. 147 

Cosfiveness.] In the first rank of these, I may well reckon np costiveness, and 
keeping in of our ordinary excrements, whicli as it often causeth other diseases, so this 
of melancholy in particular. '''■^Celsus, lib. i, cap. 3, saith, " It produceth inflanmia- 
tion of the head, dulness, clonrliness, headache," &c. Prosper Calenus, lib. de alra. 
bile., will have it distemper not the organ only, ^°" but the mind itself by troublrig" 
of it :■' and sometimes it is a sole cause of madness, as you may read in the fiiSl 
bookof ^'Skenkius's Medicinal Observations. A young merchant going to Nordeling 
fair in Germany, for ten days' space never went to stool ; at his return he was 
^^grievously melancholy, thinking that he was robbed, and would not be persuaded 
but that all his money was gone ; liis friends thought he had some philtrum given 
him, but Cnelius, a physician, being sent for, found his ^^costiveness alone to be the 
cause, and thereupon gave him a clyster, by which he was speedily recovered. 
Trincavellius, consult. 35. lib. I, saith as much of a melancholy lawyer, to whom 
lie administered physic, and Kodericus a. Fonseca, consult. 85. tom. 2, ^^of a patient 
of his, that for eight days was bound, and therefore melancholy affected. Other 
retentions and evacuations there are, not simply necessary, but at some times; as 
Fernelius accounts them. Path. lib. 1. cap. 15, as suppression of haemorrhoids, 
monthly issues in women, bleeding at nose, immoderate or no use at all of Venus : 
or any other ordinary issues. 

■'''.Detention of h.Tmorrhoids, or monthly issues, Villanovanus Breviar. lib. 1. cap. 
18. Arculanus, cap. 16. in 9. I^ basis, Vittorius Faventinus, pract. mag. Tract. 2. cap. 
15. Bruel, Sec. put for ordinary causes. Fuchsius, 1. 2. sect. 5. c. 30, goes farther, 
and saith, ^*^''' That many men unseasonably cured of the haemorrhoids have been 
corrupted with melancholy, seeking to avoid Scylla, they fall into Charybdis. Galen, 
7. de hum. commen. 3. ad text. 26, illustrates this by an example of Lucius Martius, 
whom he curetl of madness, contracted by this means: And ^' Skenkius hath two 
other instances of two melancholy and mad women, so caused from the suppression 
of their months. The same may be said of bleeding at the nose, if it be suddenly 
stopped, and have been formerly used, as ^^Villanovanus iirgeth : And ^^ Fuchsius, 
lib. 2. sect. 5. cap. 33, stiffly maintains, " That without great danger, such an issue 
may not be stayed." 

Venus omitted produceth like effects. Mathiolus, ejnst. 5. /. penult.^ ^""avoucheth 
of his knowledge, that some through bashfulness abstained from venery, and there- 
upon became very heavy and dull ; and some others that w^ere very timorous, me 
lancholy, and beyond all measure sad." Oribasius, med. collect. I. 6. c. 37, speaks 
of some, ^' " That if they do not use carnal copulation, are continually troubled 
with heaviness and headache ; and some in the same case by intermission of it." 
Not use of it hurts many, Arculainis, c. 6. in 9. Rhasis., et Magninus^ part. 3. cap. 5, 
think, because it ^^" sends up poisoned vapours to the brain and heart." And so 
doth Galen himself hold, " That if this natural seed be over-long kept (in some 
parties) it turns to poison." Hieronymns Mercnrialis, in his chapter of Melancholy, 
cites it for an especial cause of this malad\, ^^Priapismus, Satyriasis, &c. Haliabbas, 
5. Theor. c. 36, reckons up this and many other diseases. Villanovanus Breviar. /. 1. 
c. 18, saith, "He knew ^^many monks and widows grievously troubled with melan- 
choly, and that from this sole cause. ^^Ludovicns Mercatus, /. 2. de muUervm, a feet. 
cap. 4, and Kodericus a Castro, de morhis vndier. I. 2. c. 3, treat largely of this sub- 
ject, and will have it produce a peculiar kind of melancholy in stale maids, nuns, 
and widows, Oh suppressionem mensium et venerem omissam., timidce., moestce^ anxicF., 
verecundcR^ suspiciosce^ languentes., consUii inopes., cum summa vitcp et rerum melio^ 
rum desperationCf &c., they are melancholy in the highest degree, and all for waiU 

«Ex ventre snppresso, iiiflammationes, capitis do- coitn abslinentes, tiirpidos, pigrosque factos ; nonnul-- 
lores, caliirines cresciint. -" Excreirienta retenta los etiaiti nielancliolicos, prater rnodiini iiioestriF, tinii • 

.n,-Hitis agitatioiiem parere sdlent. s^' C"a[». de Mel. dosqiie. «' Noiimilli nisi cff^ani asi?idii6 capiti^i 

frravitale infestantiir. Dicit se nnvisse quosdam iristes 
el ita factos ex interinissione Veneris. c. Vaporea 

venenatos niiitit sperina ad cor et cerebrum. J'pernia 
pins din reientum, transit in venennni. «^ Graves 

producit corporis et anitrii a^j^ritiidines. ^j E\ sper- 
niate snpra niodum reteiito tnonachos et viduHS mc- 
lancholicos sjepe fieri vidi. ea Melancliolia orta 4 

vasis seminariis in utero. 



^' Tani deiirus, ut vix se honiinein agnosceret. •^■- Al 
vns astrictiis causa. m Per octo dies alvum sicciim 

hahet, et nihil reddit. 65 Sive per nares, sive hx- 

.*co»-»-l)oidf:s. -» Miiiti inteinpestiv6 ab hfvinorrhoidi- 

bus c.irari, melancholia corrnpti sunt. Incidit in Scyl- 
lum, &c. 67 Lib. I. de Mania. * Breviar. I. 7. 

c. 18. 63Non sine niagno incommodo ejus, cni 

languis S, naribus promanat, noxii sanffninis vacuatio 
Unpadiri potest. t-oNovi qiiosdani pra? pudore & 



■J J. ■ ^^^^^^B^ 



1 18 Retention and Evacuation^ Causes. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

of husbands, ^lianiis Montaltns, cap. 37. de melanchol.., confirms as much out of 
Galen; so doth Wierus, Ckrlstoferus a Vega de art. med. lib. 3. c. 14, relates many 
such examples of men and women, that he had seen so melancholy. Fcelix Plater 
in the first book of his Observations, ^^ "- tells a story of an ancient gentleman in 
Alsatia, that married a young wife, and was not able to pay his debts in that kind 
for a long time together, by reason of his several infirmities : but she, because of this 
inhibition of Venus, fell into a horrible fury, and desired every one that came to see 
iier, by words, looks, and gestures, to have to do with her, &c." ^' Bernardus Pater- 
i]us, a pliysician, saith, •' lie knew a good honest godly priest, that because he would 
neither willingly marry, nor make use of the stews, fell into grievous melanclioly 
fits." Hildeslieim, spicel. 2, hath such another example of an Italian melancholy 
priest, in a consultation had ^nno 1580. Jason Pratensis gives instance in a married 
man, that from his wife's death abstaining, ^^" after marriage, became exceedingly me- 
lancholy," Rodericus a Fonseca in a young man so misaffected, Tom. 2. consult. 85. 
To these you may add, if you please, that conceited tale of a Jew, so visited in like 
sort, and so cured, out of Poggius Florentinus. 

Intemperate Venus is all but as bad in the other extreme. Galen, I. 6. de inorh'is popu- 
lar, sect. 5. text. 26, reckons up melancholy amongst those diseases which are ^^" ex- 
asperated by venery :" so doth Avicenna, 2, 3, c. 1 1. Oribasius, loc. citat. Ficinus, 
lib. 2. de sanitate tit.endri. Marsilius Cognatus, Montaltus, eap. 27. Guianerius, 
Tract. 3. cap. 2. Magninus, cap. 5. part. 3, "Ogives the reason, because ''"it infri- 
gidates and dries up the body, consumes the spirits ; and would therefore have all 
such as are cold and dry to take heed of and to avoid it as a mortal enemy." Jac- 
chinus in 9 Rhasis., cap. 15, ascribes the same cause, and instanceth in a patient of 
his, that married a young wife in a hot summer, ^^'•'and so dried himself with cham- 
ber-work, that he became in short space from melancholy, mad :" he cured him by 
moistening remedies. The like example I find in Laelius a Fonte Eugubinus, consult. 
129, of a gentleman of Venice, that upon the same occasion was first melancholy, 
afterwards mad. Read in him the story at large. 

Any other evacuation stopped will cause it, as well as these above named, be it 
bile, '^ ulcer, issue, &c. Hercules de Saxonia, lib. I. c. 16, and Gordonius, verify 
this out of their experience. They saw one wounded in the head who as long as 
the sore was open, Lucida habuit mentis infervalla^ was well ; but when it was 
stopped, Rediit melancholia., his melancholy fit seized on him again. 

Artificial evacuations are much like in effect, as hot houses, baths, blood-letting, 
purging, unseasonably and immoderately used. '''' Baths dry too much, if used in ex- 
cess, be they natural or artificial, and offend extreme hot, or cold ; '^ one dries, the 
other refrigerates overmuch. Montanus, consil. 137, saith, they over-heat the liver. 
Joh. Struthius, Stigmat. artis. I. 4. c. 9, contends, "^" that if one stay longer than or- 
dinary at the bath, go in too oft, or at unseasonable times, he putrefies the humours 
in his body." To this purpose writes Magninus, I. 3. c. 5. Guianerius, Tract. 15. 
r. 21, utterly disallows all hot baihs in melancholy adust. "^^"I saw (saith he) a man 
t'lat laboured of the gout, who to be freed of this malady came to the bath, and was 
instantly cured of his disease, but got another worse, and that was madness." But 
this judgment varies as the humour doth, in hot or cold : baths may be good for one 
melancholy man, bad for another ; that which will cure it in this party, may cause 
it in a second. 

Phlebotomy.] Phlebotomy, many times neglected, may do much harm to the body, 
when tliere is a manifest redundance of bad humours, and melancholy blood; and 
when these humours heat and boil, if this be not used in time, the parties aflfected, 



'^"Nobili.s senex Alsatus juvenem uxoreni duxit, at 
i!!e cfilico dolore, et niultis iiiorbis correpttis, iion po- 
tuil priEstare officinm mariti, vix inilo inatrimonio 
8'l.''""is. Ilia in liorrendiim fiiroruni incidit, ob Ve- 
T-i^rein cohibitam iit oniiiiuin earn invisentium con- 
pressum, voce, vultu, gestn expeteret, et quiim non 
consentirent, molossos Ansilicanos magno expeiiit cla- 
moiH. 67Vidi sacerdotem optimum et pium, qu 



corpus, spiritus consumit, &c. caveant ab hoc sicci, ve- 
lilt inimico mortaJi. '- Ita exsiccatiis ut 6 melancho- 
lico statim fuerit insanus, ab humectantibiis ciiratiis 
"3 Ex cauterio el ulcere exsiccato. '^ Gord. c. 10. 

lib. 1. Discommends cold baths as noxious. "-jSic- 
cum reddunt corpus. '"Siquis longius moretuf 

in lis, aut nimis frequenter, aut importunfi utatur, 
humores putrefacit. "'Ego anno superiore, quen- 



quod nollet uli Venere, in melancholica symplomata dam guttosum vidi adustum, qui ut liberaretur de gut- 
incidit. ««Ob abstinentiam i concubitu incidit in ta, ad balnea accessit, et de gutta '.iberalus, maniaciLt 

ine'ancholiam. c'*Quce k coitu exacerbantur. ! factU9 eat 

*o »uper9tuum roitum causam ponunt. ^i Exsiccat \ 



Mem. 2. Subs. 5,1 



Bad Air, a Cavse. 



149 



so inflamed, are in great danger to be mad ; but if it be unadvisedly, importunely 
immoderately used, it dotli as much harm by refrigerating the body, dulling the 
spirits, and consuming them: as Joh. '^ Curio in his 10th chapter well reprehends, such 
kind of letting blood doth more hurt than good : '^^" Tlie humours rage much more 
than they did before, and is so far from avoi(Hng melancholy, that it increaseth ii, and 
weakeneth the sight." *^ Prosper Calenus observes as much of all phlebotomy, except 
they keep a very good diet after it ; yea, and as ^' Leonartis Jacchinus speaks out of 
his own experience, '^" The blood is much blacker to many men after their letting 
of blood than it was at first." For this cause belike Salust. Salvinianus, Z. 2. c. 1, 
will admit or hear of no blood-letting at all in this disease, except it be manifest it 
proceed from blood : he was (it appears) by his own words in that place, master of 
an hospital of mad men, ^^'and found by long experience, that this kind of evacua- 
tion, either in head, arm, or any other part, did more harm than good." To this 
opinion of his, ^ F(plix Plater is quite opposite, '•' though some wink at, disallow and 
quite contradict all phlebotomy in melancholy, yet by long experience I have found 
innumerable so saved, after they had been twenty, nay, sixty times let blood, and to 
live happily after it. It was an ordinary thing of old, in Galen's time, to take at once 
from sucli men six pounds of blood, which now we dare scarce take in ounces : scd 
vUlerint medicl ;" great books are written of this subject. 

Purging upward and downward, in abundance of bad humours omitted, may ha 
for the worst ; so likewise as in the precedent, if overmuch, too frequent or violent, 
it "weakeneth their strength, saith Fuchsius, /. 2. sect. 2 c. 17, or if they be strong 
or able to endure physic, yet it brings them to an ill habit, they make their bodies 
no better than apothecaries' shops, this and such like infirmities must needs follow 

SuBSECT. V. — Bad Air, a cause of Melancholy. 

Air is a cause of great moment, in producing this, or any other disease, being tliat 
it is still taken into our bodies by respiration, and our more inner parts. ^^"' If it be 
impure and foggy, it dejects the spirits, and causeth diseases by infection of tb.e 
heart," as Paulus hath it, lib. 1. c. 49. Avicenna, lib. 1. Gal. de san. tuenda. ]\Iei- 
curialis, Montaltus, &c. ^'Fernelius saith, "A thick air thickeneth the blood and hu- 
mours." ^Lemnius reckons up two main things most profitable, and most pernicious 
to our bodies ; air and diet : and this peculiar disease, nothing sooner causeth ''^(^Jo- 
bertus holds) "• than the air wherein we breathe and live." '■'"Such as is the air, such 
be our spirits ; and as our spirits, such are our humours. It offends commonly if it 
be too ^' hot and dry, thick, fuliginous, cloudy, blustering, or a tempestuous air, 
Bodme in his fifth Book, Z?e repub. cap. 1, 5, of his Method of History, proves that 
l;ot countries are most troubled with melancholy, and that there are therefore ia 
Spain, Africa, atid Asia Minor, great numbers of mad men, insomuch that they are 
compelled in all cities of note, to build peculiar hospitals for them. Leo ^^Afer, lib. 3, 
de Fessa urbe, Ortelius and Zuinger, confirm as much : they are ordinarily so choleric 
in their speeches, that scarce two words pass without railing or chiding in commor 
talk, and often quarrelling in their streets. ^^Gordonius will have every man take 
notice of it : " Note this (saith he) that in hot countries it is far more familiar than 
in cold." Although this we have now said be not continually so, for as ^^Acosta 
truly saith, under the Equator itself, is a most temperate habitation, wholesome air, 
a paradise of pleasure : the leaves ever green, cooling showers. But it holds in sucli 
as are intemperately hot, as ^'.Johannes a Meggen found in Cyprus, others in Malta, 



T<*On Schola Salernilaiia. '"Calefactio el ebiil- 

Vitio |)er vptine iiicisionein, niajiis s^Epe iiuitatur et 
anjietiir, niajore iinpetu liuinores per cnrpns discur- 
jiiiit. '""I-.ib de flatiileiila Melancholia. Freqiiens 

sanguinis inissio corjnis exlenuat. »' In 9 Rliasis, 

airam bilem parit, et visum dehililat. *--Multo 

igrior spectatur san<ruis jtost dies qiiosdam, quAin 
(nit al) initio. "-a Non laudo ens qui in desipienlia 

Jocent secandam esse venain frontis, quia spiriius de- 
liilitatur inde, et ejro ionsa expeiientia ohservavi in 
proprio Xenodochio, qn6d desipientes e.v plilehotouiia 
niagis Ifeduiitur, et niajiis disipiunt, et tnelaiicliolici 
naspe fnint inde pejores *^*^yp. mentis alienat. 

cap. 3. elsi multos hoc improb&ssi! sciam, innuineros 

N 



hac ratione sanatos longa observatinne cognovi, qui 
vigesies, sexagies venas tundendo, &.c. ^^ vires 

debilitat. '*6j,„p„r„s aer spiritns dejicit, infecto 

corde gignit morbos. >■' Sanguineni densat, et 

huMiores, P. 1. c 13. ^\.\h. 3. cap. 3. ^LiJ,. 

de quartana. Ex acre anibiente contrahitur luii'ior 
nielancholicus. ^'Qualis aer, talis spiriius- et 

cujusmodi spiritns, huniores o' yElianus IMoittal- 

tus, c. 11. calidus et siccus, frigidus et siccu.". paludj- 
nosus, crassns. «- Muita hie in Xenodochiis lana- 

ticorutn niillia qua; strictissiin6 catenata servantiir 
"^ Mb. ined. pari. 2. c. 19. Intellige, quod in calidis 
regionibus, frequenter accidit mania, in frigidis au- 
tem tarde. *« Lib. 2. '*»lIodopericon, cap. 7 

2 



^^^^1^ 



150 



Causes of M:hitich)fij. 



[Part. 1. Sec 



Aiipi lia, and llie ^ Holy Land, where at some seasons of ti.e year is nothing but dusr^ 
their rivers (h-ied up, tlie air scorching hot, and earth infiamed; insomuch that man.y 
pilgrins gojng barefoot for devotion sake, from Joppa to Jerusalem upon the hoi 
sands, often rim mad, or else quite overwhelmed with sand, profundis arenis^ as m 
many parts of Africa, Arabia Deserta, Bactriana, now Charassan, when tiie west wind 
blows '^'hwoluli arcnls trans''unles necanliir. ^"^ Hercules de Saxonia, a professor in 
Venice, gives this cause why so many Venetian women are melancholy, Quad diu 
sub sole dcgan!y they tarry too long in the sun. Montanus, consil. 21, amongst other 
causes assigns this ; Why that Jew Jiis patient was mad, Quod tammulhimexposuit se 
calorl tt frigori : he exposed himself so much to heat and cold, and for that reason in 
Venice, there is little stirring in those brick paved streets in summer about noon, they 
are most part then asleep : as they are likewise in the great MogoPs countries, and all 
over the East Indies. At Aden in Arabia, as '"^ Lodovicus Vertomannus relates in his tra- 
vels, they keep their markets in the night, to avoid extremity of heat ; and in Ormus, 
like cattle in a pasture, people of all sorts lie up to the chin in water all daylong. At 
Braga in Portugal ; Burgos in Castile ; Messina in Sicily, all over Spain and Italy, their 
streets are most part narrow, to avoid the sunbeams. The Turks wear great turbans 
adfugandos solis radios, to refract the sunbeams ; and much inconvenience that hot 
air of Bantam in Java yields to our men, that sojourn there for traffic ; where it is 
so hot, '°°" that they that are sick of the pox, lie commonly bleaching in the sun, to 
dry up their sores." Such a complaint I read of those isles of Cape Verde, fourteen de- 
grees from the Equator, they do male audire : 'One calls them the unhealthiest clime 
of the world, for fluxes, fevers, frenzies, calentures, which conunonly seize on seafar- 
ing men that touch at them, and all by reason of a hot distemperature of the air. The 
hardiest men are oflended with this heat, and stiffest clowns cannot resist it, as Con- 
stantine affirms, JlgriculL I. 2. c. 45. They that are naturally born in such air, may 
not '^endure it, as Niger records of some part of Mesopotamia, now called Diarbecha 
Quihusdam in locis scEiiienti cEstiii adeo suhjecia esf^ut pleraque animalia fervor e solis 
et. coell extinguantur, 'tis so hot there in some places, that men of the country and 
cattle are killed with it ; and ^x^dricomius of Arabia Felix, by reason of myrrh, frank- 
incense, and hot spices there growing, the air is so obnoxious to their brains, Uiat 
the very inhabitants at some times cannot abide it, much less weaklings and strangers. 
"Amatus Lusitanus, cent. 1. curat. 45, reports of a young maid, that was one Vincent 
a currier'-s daughter, some thirteen years of age, that would wash her hair in the heat 
of the day (in July) and so let it dry in the sun, ^'•'to make it yellow, but by that 
means tarrying too long in the heat, she inflamed her head, and made herself mad." 
Cold air in the other extreme is almost as bad as hot, and so doth Montaltus esteem 
of it, c. 1 1, if it be dry withal, in those northern countries, the people are therefore 
generally dull, heavy, and many witclies, which (as I have before quoted) Saxo Gram- 
maticus, Olaus, Baptista Porta ascribe to melancholy. But these cold climes are 
more subject to natural melancholy (not this artificial) which is cold and dry : for 
Avhich cause ^Mercurius Britannicus belike puts melancholy men to inhabit just un- 
der the Pole. The worst of the three is a 'thick, cloudy, misty, foggy air, or such 
as come from fens, moorish grounds, lakes, muckhills, draughts, sinks, where any 
carcasses, or carrion lies, or from whence any stinking fulsome smell comes : Galen, 
Avicenna, Mercurialis, new and old physicians, hold that such air is unwholesome, 
and engenders melancholy, plagues, and what not .'' ^41exandretta, an haven-town in 
the Mediterranean Sea, Saint John de Ulloa, an haven in Nova-Hispania, are much' 
condemned for a bad air, so are Durazzo in Albania, Lithuania, Ditmarsh, Pomptinae 
Paludes in Italy, the territories about Pisa, Ferrara, &c. Romney Marsh with us ; the 
Hundreds in Essex, the fens in Lincolnshire. Cardan, de rerum varietate., I. 17, c. 96, 
finds fault with the sight of those rich, and most populous cities in the Low Coun ■ 



3C Apulia aestivo calnre inaxim6 fervet, ita ul ante 
fiiicni iMiiii |)eiie exiista sit. ^''-Tliey perish in 

clniids of sand " iMajrinns Pers. '•* Pantheo seu 

V\:\(\. riitd. 1. 1. cap. 16. Vennt^ mulieres qua; din 
i.n!i side viviint. aliqiiando iiielancliolicie evadiini. 
"'N.ivi!;. lib. 2 cap. 4. conimercia nocte, horasecurida 
*'>li niniios, qui sa'viinit intoidiu a^&tus exercent. 
'■■'>•' M()rl)() Gallico Liborantes. exponnnt ad solein ut 
'norl'iis exsiccenl. ' Sir Richard Hawkins in hu 



Observations, sect. 13. 2 Hippocrates, 3. Aphoris^ 

n)orum idem ait. ^ ije,,, Majiinus in Persia 

' Descrip. Ter. sanctoE. ^Qnuin ad solis radios 

in leone iongam inoram traheret, ui cai)i]los slavo3 
redderet, in maniani incidit. ^ ttnndiis alter et 

idem, sen Terra Australia inc-^niti' ^ Crassus 

et tuipidus agr, tristem eflicit animam. eConi« 

mon.y called Scandaroon in Asia Minor. 



Mem. 2 Subs. 6.] Bad Air^ a Cause. 151 

tries, as Bruges, Client, Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht, &c. the air is bad ; anu *o at 
Stockliolm ill Sweden; Kegiuin in Italy, Salisbury with us, Hull and Lynn: they 
may be comni/odious for navigation, this new kind of fortification, and many other 
good necessary uses ; but are they so wholesome .'' Old Rome hath descended from 
the hills to the valley, 'tis the site of most of our new cities, and held best to build 
in plains, to take the opportunity of rivers. Leander Albertus pleads hard for the air 
and site of Venice, though the black moorish lands appear at every low water : the 
sea, lire, and smoke (as he thinks) qualify the air; and ^some suppose, that a thick 
foggy air helps the memory, as in them of Pisa in Italy; and our Camden, out of 
Plato, commends the site of Cambridge, because it is so near tlie fens. But let the 
site of such places be as it may, how can they be excused that have a delicious seat, 
a pleasant air, and all that nature can afford, and yet through their own nastiness', 
and sluttishness, immund and sordid manner of life, suffer their air to putrefy, and 
themselves to be chocked up .^ Many cities in Turkey do male audire in this kind : 
Constantinople itself, where commonly carrion lies in the street. Some find the same 
fault in Spain, even in Madrid, the king's seat, a most excellent air, a pleasant site; 
but the inhabitants are slovens, and the streets uncleanly kept. 

A troublesome tempesun/us air is as bad as impure, rough and foul weather, im- 
petuous winds, cloudy darlc utiys, as it is commonly with us, Ccehim visu focdum^ 
'^Polydore calls it a filtliy sky, et in quo facile generantur nubes ; as TuUy's brother 
Quintus wrote to him in Rome, being then Quaestor in Britain. "■ In a thick and 
cloudy air (saith Lemnius) men are tetric, sad, and peevish : And if the western 
winds blow, and that there be a calm, or a tair sunshine day, there is a kind of 
alacrity in men's minds ; it cheers up men and beasts : but if it be a turbulent, rough, 
cloudy, stormy weatlier, men are sad, lumpish, and much dejected, angry, waspish, 
dull, and melancholy." This was "Virgil's experiment of old, 

Verum iil>i teiiipestas, et cceli inohilis luirnor I " Cut wlieii the face of Ileaven cliangcd is 

Miilavere vices, et Jiii»iter liumidus Austro, | To tem|)ests, rain, from season fair; 

Vertnntiir species aniinoruni, et |tectore niolus ] Our minds are altered, and in our breasts 

Ooncipiiint alios" | Forlhwitli some new conceits appear." 

And who is not weather-wise against such and such conjunctions of planets, moved 
in foul weather, dull and heavy in such tempestuous seasons ? ^-Qclidum contrisiat 
Aquarius annum : the time requires, and the autumn breeds it ; winter is like unto 
it, ugly, foul, squalid, the air works on all men, more or less, but especially on such 
as are melancholy, or inclined to it, as Lemnius holds, '^""They are most moved 
with it, and those which are already mad, rave downright, either in, or against a 
tempest. Besides, tlie devil many times lakes his opportunity of such storms, and 
when the humours by the air be stirred, he goes in with them, exagitates our spirits, 
and vexeth our souls ; as the sea waves, so are the spirits and humours in our bodies 
tossed with tempestuous winds and storms." To such as are melancholy therefore, 
Montanus, consil. 2 i, will have tempestuous and rough air to be avoided, and consil. 
27, all night air, and would not have them to walk abroad, but in a pleasant day. 
Lemnius, /. 3. c. 3, discommends the south and eastern winds, commends the north. 
Montanus, consil. 31. "^' Will not any windows to be opened in the night." Consil. 
229. et consil. 230, he discommends especially the south wind, and nocturnal air : 
So doth '^Plutarch. The night and darkness makes men sad, the like do all sub- 
terranean vaults, dark houses in caves and rocks, desert places cause melancholy in 
an instant, especially such as have not been used to it, or otherwise accustomed. 
Read more of air in Hippocrates, jEtius^ I. 3. a c. \7\. ad 175. Oribasius, del. 
ad 21. Avicen. I. I. can. Fen. 2. doc. 2. Fen. 1. c. 123 to the 12, &c. 

Subs EOT. VI. — Immoderate Exercise a cause^ and how. Solitariness^ Idleness. 

Nothing so good but it may be abused : nothing better than e^xercise (if oppor- 
tunely used) for the preservation of the body : nothing so bad if it be unseasonable, 

9 Atlas geographicus inemoria, valent Pisani, quod 1 a6re citooffenduntnr, et miilti insariiapud Dcljias ante 
cra'ssiore fruanturaere. ^ol.ib. 1 liist. lib. 2. cap. 41. teinpestates sa-vinnt, aliter quieti. Spiritus qnoque 
A»;ra densa ac caliginosa tetrici homines exi.stunt, et a&ris et mali irenii aliqnando se tempestaiil)ns inee 
snbsiristes, et cap. 3. stante s(il)solano et Zepl)yro, ) runt, el nienti linmana' se latent(!r insiimanf oimnHU: 
maxima in mentibus hominnm alacrilas existit, men- vexant, exapitani, et ut ductus marini, liniuaiuim cor- 
tisque erectio ubi telum solis spiendore nitescit. Ma- pus ventis agitatur. '■• Aer noctu dcusaiiir, et cogii 

xima dejectio mserorque si qiiando aura caiijiinosa est. moestitiain. '*Lib. de Iside el (Isyride. 

"Geor. "ijor. '"Mens quibus vacillat, ab 



^^ray??? LU HM. J iJ^iJi .» J- iuB li .-JUJJ. vL, 



152 Causes of Melancholy. ^Part. 1. Sec. 2 

violent, oi overmuch. Fernelius out of Galen, Path. lib. 1. c. 16, saith, '^"Tbal 
much exercise and weariness consumes the spirits and substance, refrigerates the 
body; and such humours which Nature would have otherwise concocted and ex- 
pelled, it stirs up and makes them rage : which being so enraged, diversely affect and 
trouble the body and mind." So doth it, if it be unseasonably used, upon a fuli 
stomach, or wben the body is full of crudities, which Fuchsius so much inveighs 
against, llh. 2. instil, sec. 2. c. 4, giving that for a cause, why school-boys in Ger- 
many are so often scabbed, because they use exercise presently after meats. '" Bayerus 
puts in a caveat against such exercise, because " it '^ corrupts the meat in the stomach, 
and carries the same juice raw, and as yet undigested, into the veins (saith I^mnius), 
which tliere putrefies and confounds the animal spirits." Crato, consil. 21. I. 2, 
'^ protests against all such exercise after meat, as being the greatest enemy to con- 
coction that may be, and cause of corruption of humours, which produce this, and 
many other diseases. Not without good reason then doth Salust. Salvianus, J. 2.c. I, 
and Leonartus Jacchinus, in 9. Rhasis., Mercuriaiis, Arcubanus, and many other, set 
down ^° immoderate exercise as a most forcible cause of melanclioly. 

Opposite to exercise is idleness (the badge of gentry) or want of exercise, the 
bane of body and mind, the nurse of naughtiness, stepmother of discipline, the chief 
author of all mischief, one of the seven deadly sins, and a sole cause of tliis and 
many other maladies, the devil's cushion, as ^'Gualter calls it, his pillow and chief 
reposal. '" For the mind can never rest, but still meditates on one thing or other, 
except it be occupied about some honest business, of his own accord it rusheth into 
melancholy. ^^As too much and violent exercise offends on the one side, so doth an 
idle life on the other (saith Crato), it fills the body full of phlegm, gross humours, 
and all manner of obstructions, rheums, catarrhs," &.c. Rhasis, conf. lib. 1. tract. 9, 
accounts of it as the greatest cause of melancholy. ^"I have often seen (saith he) 
that idleness begets this humour more than anything else." Montaltus, c. 1, seconds 
him out of his experience, ^^ " They that are idle are far more subject to melancholy 
than such as are conversant or employed about any office or business." ^'Plutarch 
reckons up idleness for a sole cause of the sickness of the soul : '^ There are they 
(saith he) troubled in mind, that have no other cause but this." Homer, Iliad. 1, 
Jbrings in Achilles eating of his own heart in his idleness, because he might not fight. 
Mercuriaiis, consil. 86, for a melancholy young man urgeth,^®it as a chief cause ; why 
was he melancholy .'' because idle. Nothing begets it sooner, inci-easeth and conti- 
nueth it oftener than idleness.^' A disease familiar to all idle persons, an inseparable 
companion to such as live at ease, Pingiu otio desidiose agentes., a life out of action, 
and have no calling or ordinary employment to busy themselves about, that have small 
occasions ; and though they have, such is their laziness, dulness, they will not compose 
themselves to do aught ; they cannot abide work, though it be necessary ; easy as to 
dress themselves, write a letter, or the like ; yet as he that is benumbed with cold 
sits still shaking, that might relieve himself with a little exercise or stiri-ing, do they 
complain, but will not use the facile and ready means to do themselves good ; and 
so are still tormented with melancholy. Especially if they have been formerly 
brought up to business, or to keep much company, and upon a sudden come to lead 
a sedentary life ; it crucifies their souls, and seizeth on them in an instant ; for whilst 
they are any ways employed, in action, discourse, about any business, sport or re- 
creation, or in company to their liking, they are very well ; but if alone :>r idle, 
tormented instantly again ; one day's solitariness, one hour's sometimes, doth them 

'6MuIta defatjffatio, spiritus, viriiimque snbstantiam I poris exercitatio nocet corporibus, ita vita deses, e' 
exhaniit, et corpus refiigerat. Huinores corriiptos qui | otiosa : otmtii, animal pituitosuni rediJit, viscerum 
aliter i natura concoqni et doiiiari possint, et deinum obstructiones et crebras fluxiones, et iriorbos concital 
Maiid6 excludi, irriiat, et quasi in furorem ajiit, qui ^a Et vide quod una de rebus quae uiajiis general me- 
poslea niota cainerina, tetro vapore corpus vari6 la- lancholiam, est otiositas. ■''« Reponitur otium a». 

eessuni, aniuiuinque. "In Veni mecuin : Libro sic aliis causa, et hoc ft nobis observatum eos huic malo 
ir;scriplo. "^Instit. ad vit. Christ, cap. 44. cibns maL'is obnoxios qui plane otiosi sunt, quam eos qir 

crudos in vena.s rapit, qui putresctntes illic spiritus aliquo niunere versantur exequendo. -'DeTran- 

animalis inficiunt. '"Crudi haec hunioris copia per qui!, aiiimae. Sunt qua ipsuni otium in animi conjicix 

Tenas a<T<rrediiur, unde morbi niultiplices. -oim- sEjjritudinem. '"K Nihil est quod seque melancholi- 

modicuni exercitium. '^' Horn. 31. in 1 Cor. vi. am alat ac augeat. ac otium et abstinentia a. corporis 

N'ani qua mens honiinis quiscere non possit, sed con- et animi exercitationihu.s. '*■ Nihil inasis exctecal 

linuo circa varias cocitationes discurrat, ni.?i honesto intellertum, quam otium. Gordonius de observat. vil 
aliquo negotio ocrupetur, ad melancholiam sponte hum. lib. 1. 
islabitur. -^Craio, consil. 21. Ut immodica cor. I 



Mtm. 2. Subs. 6.] Idleness a Cause. J 53 

more harm, tlian a week's physic labour, and company can do good. Melai.choly 
seizoth on them forthwith being ah^ne, and is such a torture, that as wise Seneca 
well saith, Malo mihi mule quam moUlter esse^ I had rather be sick than idle. This 
idleness is either of body or mind. That of body is nothing but a kind of benumb- 
ing laziness, intermitting exercise, which, if we may believe ^^ Fernelius, " causeth 
crudities, obstructions, excremental humours, quencheth the natural heat, dulls the 
spirits, and makes them unapt to do any thing whatsoever." 

„„„^. , .• J £■• ■ .. • ,, I " for, a neglected field 

^ Neglectis urenda filix innascitur agris." | g„^„ f,„ i,,^ ^,,^^5^^ ^^orns and thistles yield." 

As fern grows in untitled grounds, and all manner of weeds, so do gross humours in 
an idle body, Ignavum corrinnpunt otia corpus. A horse in a stable that never tra- 
vels, a hawk in a mew that seldom flies, are both subject to diseases ; which left unto 
themselves, are most free from any such incumbrances. An idle dog will be mangy, 
and how shall an idle person think to escape ? Idleness of the mind is much worse 
than this of the body; wit without employment is a disease ^^jE,rugo anim'i^ riihigo 
ingenii: the rust of the soul, ^'a plague, a hell itself. Maximum animi nocumcnfum, 
Galen calls it. ^^" As in a standing pool, worms and filthy creepers increase, (ct vi- 
timn ccqnunl ni moveantur aqucp^ the water itself putrefies, and air likewise, if it be not 
continually stirred by the wind) so do evil and corrupt thoughts in an idle person," 
the soul is contaminated. In a commonwealth, where is no public enemy, there is 
likely civil wars, and they rage upon themselves : this body of ours, when it is idle, 
and knows not how to bestow itself, macerates and vexeth itself with cares, griefs, 
false fears, discontents, and suspicions ; it tortures and preys upon his own bowels, 
and is never at rest. Thus much I dare boldly say, " He or she that is idle, be tliey 
of what condition they will, never so rich, so well allied, fortunate, happy, let them 
have all things in abundance and felicity that heart can wish and desire, all content- 
ment, so long as he or she or they are idle, they shall never be pleased, never well 
in body and mind, but weary still, sickly still, vexed still, loathing still, weeping, sigh- 
ing, grieving, suspecting, ofl^ended with the world, with every object, wishing them- 
selves gone or dead, or else carried away with some foolish phantasy or other. And 
this is tiie true cause that so many great men, ladies, and gentlewomen, labour of 
this disease in country and city; for idleness is an appendix to nobility, they count 
it a disgrace to work, and spend all their days in sports, recreations, and pastimes, 
aiul will therefore take no pains ; be of no vocation : they feed liberally, fare well, 
want exercise, action, employment, (for to work, I say, they may not abide.) and 
company to their desires, and thence their bodies become full of gross humours, 
wind, crudities ; their minds disquieted, dull, heavy, &c. care, jealousy, fear of some 
diseases, sullen fits, weeping fits seize too ^^ familiarly on them. For what will not feai 
and phantasy w^ork in an idle body ? what distempers will they not cause ? when the 
children of^Msrael murmured against Pharoah in Egypt, he commanded his officers 
to double their task, and let them get straw themselves, and yet make their full num- 
ber of bricks ; for the sole cause why they mutiny, and are evil at ease, is, " they 
are idle." When you shall hear and see so many discontented persons in all places 
where you come, so many several grievances, unnecessary complaints, fears, suspi- 
cions, ^' the best means to redress it is to set them awork, so to busy their minds ; for 
for the truth is, they are idle. Well they may build castles in the air for a time, and 
sooth up diemselves with phantastical and pleasant humours, but in the end they will 
prove as bitter as gall, they shall be still I say discontent, suspicious, ^^ fearful, jealous, 
sad, fretting and vexing of themselves ; so long as they be idle, it is impossible to please 
them. Olio qui nescit uti^ phis habet negofii quam qui negotium in ncgotio^ as that 
'^'VgeDius could observe: He that knows not how to spend his time, hath more busi- 
ness, care, grief, anguish of mind, tlian he that is most busy in the midst of all his 
business Ofiosus animus nescit quid volet: An idle person (as he follows it) knows 

^Patli. lib. 1. cap. 17. exercitationis interinissio, | Sen. ^3 Now this leg, now that arm, now thei: 

mertein calnrem, langnidos spiritus, et ignavos, et ad | head, heart, &:c. 3^Exod.v. ^'(For they canno* 
omnes attiones sesniores reddit, cruditates, obsructio- well tell what aileth them, or what tliey would have 
nes, et excrementorum proventus facit. ^a Hor. j themselves) my heart, my head, my husiiand, my son, 

Ber. 1. Sat. 3. "^ Seneca. 3' Moerorem animi, | &c. 36 p^ov. xviii. Pigruin dejiciet timor. Ileau- 

et maciem, Plutarch calls it. 3- sicul in stagno } tontimoriimenon. 3^ Lib. 19. c. 10. 

generantur verm«i, sic et otioso faialae cogitationes | 

20 



•^^ffwpt^^t^^m^^^^^^i^ 



154 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

aot vviien ht is well, what he would have, or whither he would go, Quum illut 
ventu7U est,, illinc luheU he is tired out with everything, displeased with all, weary of 
his life -. JS'cc bene do7n^ nee milidcB., neither at home nor abroad, errat.^ et prceter vi- 
lam vivtitur^ he wanders and lives besides himself. In a word. What the mischievous 
effects of laziness and idleness are, 1 do not find any where more accurately expres- 
sed, than in these verses of Philolaches in the ^^ Comical I oet, which for their 
elegancy I will in part insert. 



' Novarum spilium esse urbilror siinilem ego hominem, 
Qiiaiido liic n;itus est : Ei rei argumenta dieain. 
atidt'S quandi) sunt ad aniussiiii expolitae, 
Qiiisque laudat fahruiii, atque exeinpluiii expetit, &c. 
At ubi 1115 migrat nequain homo indiligensque, &c. 
Teiiipestas venit, confiingit tegulas, imbricesque, 
Putritacit aer operain fabri, &c. 
Dicaiii lit homines similes esse aedium arbitremini, 



Fabri parentes fundamentum substriiunt liberorum. 
Expoliunt, docent literas,,nec parcunt siimptui, 
Ego autem sub fabrorum potestale frugi fui, 
Postquam autem migravi in iiigenium meum, 
Perdidi operam fabrorum illic5 oppido, 
Venit ignavia, ea mihi tempestas fuit, 
Adventuque suo grandinem et imbrem attulit, 
Ilia mihi virtutem delurbavits &lc. 



'*A young man is like a fair new house, the carpenter leaves it well built, in good 
repair, of solid stuff; but a bad tenant lets it rain in, and for want of reparation, fali 
to decay, &c. Our parents, tutors, friends, spare no cost to bring us up in our youth, 
in all manner of virtuous education ; but when we are left to ourselves, idleness as a 
tempest drives all virtuous motions out of our minds, et nildl'i sumus, on a sudden, 
by sloth and such bad ways, we come to nought." 

Cousin german to idleness, and a concomitant cause, which goes hand in hand 
with it, is '•''nlmia solUudo., too much solitariness, by the testimony of all physicians, 
cause and symptom botli ; but as it is here put for a cause, it is either coact, en- 
forced, or else voluntary. Enforced solitariness is commonly seen in students, 
monks, friars, anchorites, that by their order and course of life must abandon all 
company, society of other men, and betake themselves to a private cell : Otio super- 
stiiioso seclusi^ as Bale and Hospiniaii well term it, such as are the Cartliusians of 
our time, that eat no flesh (by their order), keep perpetual silence, never go abroad. 
Such as live in prison, or some desert place, and cannot have company, as many of 
our country gentlemen do in solitary houses, they must either be alone without 
companions, or live beyond their means, and entertain all comers as so many hosts, 
or else converse with their servants and hinds, such as are unequal, inferior to them, 
and of a contrary disposition : or else as some do, to avoid solitariness, spend their 
time with lewd fellows in taverns, and in alehouses, and thence addict themselves to 
some unlawful disports, or dissolute courses. Divers again are cast upon this rock 
of solitariness for want of means, or out of a strong apprehension of some infirmity, 
disgrace, or through bashfulness, rudeness, simplicity, they cannot apply themselves 
to others' company. JYullum solum infelici gratius solitud'me, ubi nulliis sit qui 
miseriam exprobret ; this enforced solitariness takes place, and produceth his efJect 
soonest in such as have spent their time jovially, peradventure in all honest recrea- 
tions, in good company, in some great family or populous city, and are upon a sud- 
den confined to a desert country cottage far ofT, restrained of their liberty, and barred 
from their ordinary associates ; solitariness is very irksome to such, most tedious, 
and a sudden cause of great inconvenience. 

Voluntary solitariness is that which is familiar with melancholy, and gently brings 
on like a syren, a shoeing-horn, or some sphynx to this irrevocalDle gulf, ""a primary 
cause, Piso calls it; most pleasant it is at first, to. such as are melancholy given, to 
lie in bed whole days, and keep their chambers, to walk alone in some solitary grove, 
betwixt wood and water, by a brook side, to meditate upon some delightsome' and 
pleasant subject, which shall affect them most; ajnabilis insania^ et menfis gratissi- 
mus error: a most incomparable delight it is so to melancholize, and build castles in 
the air, to go smiling to themselves, acting an i ifinite variety of parts, which they sup- 
pose and strongly imagine they represent, or that they see acted or done : BlandcR 
quidem ab initio,, saith Lemnius, to conceive and meditate of such pleasant ihings, 
sometimes, ■*'" present, past, or to come," as Rhasis speaks. So delightsome these 
toys are at first, they could spend whole days and nights without sleep, even 'vhcle 
years alone in such contemplations, and fantastical meditations, which are like unto 
di-eams, and they will hardly be drawn from them, or willingly internipt, so pleasani 

sepiaiitus, Prol. Mostel. 39 pjso, Montaltus. Mer- I causa, occasionem nactum est. *> Jucunda reruin 
curialis, &c. «) Aquibus malum, veliit 4 primaria | prsRsentium, prffiteritarum, et futurarum meditatio. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Idleness^ a Cause. 155 

their vain conceits are, that they hinder their ordinary tasks and necessary business, 
they cannot address themselves to them, or ahuost to any study or employment, 
these fantastical and bewitching thoughts so covertly, so feelingly, so urgently, so 
continually set upon, creep in, insinuate, possess, overcome, distract, and detain them, 
they cannot, I say, go about their more necessary business, stave off or extricate 
themselves, but are ever musing, melancholizing, and carried along, as he (they say) 
tliat is led round about a heath with a Puck in the niglit, they run earnestly on in 
this labyrinth of anxious and solicitous melancholy meditations, and cannot well or 
willingly refrain, or easily leave off, winding and unwinding themselves, as so many 
clocks, and still ]4easing their humours, until at last the scene is turned upon a sud- 
den, by some bad object, and they being now habituated to such vain meditations 
and solitary places, can endure no company, can ruminate of nothing but harsh and 
distasteful subjects. Fear, sorrow, suspicion, subrusticus pudor, discontent, cares, 
and weariness of life surprise them in a moment, and they can think of nothing else, 
continually suspecting, no sooner are their eyes open, but this infernal plague ot 
melancholy seizeth on them, and terrifies their souls, representing some dismal ob- 
ject to their minds, whicli now by no means, no labour, no persuasions they can 
avoid, hceref lateri lethalis arundo, (the arrow of death still remains in the side), they 
may not be rid of it, ^^they cannot resist. I may not deny but that there is some 
profitable meditation, contemplation, and kind of solitariness to be embraced, which 
the fathers so highly commended, '*^Hierom, Chrysostom, Cyprian, Austin, in 
whole tracts, which Petrarch, Erasmus, Stella, and others, so much magnify in their 
books ; a paradise, a heaven on earth, if it be used aright, good for the body, and 
belter for the soul : as many of those old monks used it, to divine contemplations, 
as Simulus, a courtier in Adrian's time, Dioclesian the emperor, retired themselves, 
Sec, in that sense, Fafia solus scit vivere^ Vatia lives alone, which the Romans were 
wont to sav, when they commended a country life. Or to the bettering of their 
-knowledge, as Democritus, Cleanthes, and those excellent philosophers have ever 
done, to sequester themselves from the tumultuous world, or as in Pliny's villa Lau- 
rentana, Tully's Tusculan, Jovius' study, that they might better vacare sfudiis et Deo^ 
serve God, and follow their studies. iVlethinks, therefore, our too zealous innovators 
were not so well advised in that general subversion of abbeys and religious houses, 
promiscuously to fling down all ; they might have taken away those gross abuses 
crept in amongst them, rectified such inconveniences, and not so far to have raved 
and raged against those fair buildings, and everlasting monuments of our forefathers' 
devotion, consecrated to pious uses ; some monasteries and collegiate cells might 
have been well spared, and their revenues otherwise employed, here and there one, 
in good towns or cities at least, for men and women of all sorts and conditions to 
live in, to sequester themselves from the cares and tumults of the world, that were 
not desirous, or fit to marry ; or otherwise willing to be troubled with common 
affairs, and know not well where to bestow themselves, to live apart in, for more con- 
veniency, good education, better company sake, to follow their studies (I say), to the 
perfection of arts and sciences, common good, and as some truly devoted monks of 
old had done, freely and truly to serve God. For these men are neitlier solitary, 
nor idle, as the poet made answer to the husbandman in ^sop, that objected idle- 
ness to him ; he was never so idle as in his company ; or that Scipio Africanus in 
'^Tuily, JVunquam minus solus., quam cum solus; nunquam minus otiosus^ quam quum 
essei otiosus; never less solitary, than when he was alone, never more busy, than 
when he seemed to be most idle. It is reported by Plato in his dialogue de Jlmore^ 
m that prodigious commendation of Socrates, how a deep meditation coming into 
Socrates' mind by chance, he stood still musing, eodem vestigio cogitahundus, from 
morning to noon, and when as then he had not yet finished his meditation, pcrstabat 
cogjlans., he so continued till the evening, the soldiers (for he then followed the 
camp) observed him with admiration, and on set purpose watched all night, but he 
persevered immoveable ad exhortim snlis^ till the sun rose in the morning, and then 



Facilis descensus Averni : Sed revocarp gradum, I solum scorpionibus infectutn, sacco amictiis, hiimf 
erasque evadere ad auras. Hie labor, hoc opus est. | Cubans, aqua et herbis victitans, Romania prffiuilil 



euperasque ev; , , , ^ , ,. 

^}^"-. ^^Hieronimns, ep. 72. dixit oppida et urbes j deliciis'. ^ «Offic. 3. 

videri sibi tetros carceres, solittidinem Paradisuin : 



1 56 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 . Sec. 2, 

Kaluling the sun, went his ways. In what humuur constant Socrates did thus, f 
know not, or how he might be affected, but this would be pernicious to another 
man; what intricate business might so really possess him, I cannot easily guess; bul 
this is otiosum otium, it is far otherwise with these men, according to Seneca, Omnia 
nobis mala solitudo persuadet ; this solitude midoeih us., pugnat cum vita sociali; Ws 
a destructive solitariness. These men are devils alone, as the saying is, Homo solus 
aut Deus^ aut DiEmon: a man alone, is either a saint or a devil, mens ejus aut lan- 
guescit, aut tumescit ; and '^'"Vce soli in this sense, woe be to him that is so alone. 
These wretches do frequently degenerate from men, and of sociable creatures be- 
come beasts, monsters, inhumane, ugly to behold, Misantliropi; they do even loathe 
themselves, and hate the company of men, as so many Timons, Nebuchadnezzars, 
by too much indulging to these pleasing humours, and through their own default. 
So that which Mercurialis, consil. 11, sometimes expostulated with his melancholy 
patient, may be justly applied to every solitary and idle person in particular. "^^JVa- 
iura de te videtur conqueri posse^ &c. "Nature may justly complain of thee, that 
whereas she gave thee a good wholesome temperature, a sound body, and God hath 
given thee so divine and excellent a soul, so many good parts, and profitable gifls, 
thou hast not only contemned and rejected, but hast corrupted them, polluted them, 
overthrown their temperature, and perverted those gifts with riot, idleness, solitari- 
ness, and many other ways, thou art a traitor to God and nature, an enemy to thy- 
self and to the world." Perditio tua ex te; thou hast lost thyself wilfully, cast 
away thyself, " thou thyself art the efficient cause of thine own misery, by not resist- 
ing such vain cogitations, but giving way unto them." 

—Sub SECT. VII. — Sleeping and Wakings Causes. 

What I have formerly said of exercise, I may now repeat of sleep. Nothing better 
than moderate sleep, nothing worse than it, if it be in extremes, or unseasonably 
used. It is a received opinion, that a melancholy man cannot sleep overmucli; 
Somnus supra modum prodest, as an only antidote, and nothing offends them more, 
or causeth this malady sooner, than waking, yet in some cases sleep may do more 
harm than good, in that phlegmatic, swinish, cold, and sluggish melancholy which 
Melancthon speaks of, that thinks of waters, sighing most part, &c. ■•' It dulls the 
spirits, if overmuch, and senses ; fills the head full of gross humours ; causeth dis- 
tillations, rheums, great store of excrements in the brain, and all the other parts, as 
*^Fuchsius speaks of them, that sleep like so many dormice. Or if it be used in the 
day-time, upon a full stomach, the body ill-composed to rest, or after hard meats, it 
increaseth fearful dreams, incubus, night walking, crying out, and much unquietness; 
such sleep prepares the body, as ""^one observes, " to many perilous diseases." But, 
as I have said, waking overmuch, is both a symptom, and an ordinary cause. It 
causeth dryness of the brain, frenzy, dotage, and makes the body dry, lean, hard, 
and ugly to behold," as ^°Lemnius hath it. "The temperature of the brain is cor- 
rupted by it, the humours adust, the eyes made to sink into the head, choler in- 
creased, and the whole body inflamed :" and, as may be added out of Galen, 3. de 
sanitate tuendo., Avicenna 3. I. ^'"It overthrows the natural heat, it causeth crudi- 
ties, hurts concoction," and what not ? Not without good cause therefore Crato, 
consil. 21. lib.2\ Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de delir.et JVfawia, Jacchinus, Arculanus on 
Jlhasis, Guianerius and Mercurialis, reckon up this overmuch waking as a principal 
cause. 

^•'•Eccl. 4. '"'Natura de te videtur conqueri posse, parat corpus talis somnus ad mnltas periculosas fejrri- 
quod cum ab ea temperatissimnni corpus adeptus sis, tudines. ^Instil. »d vitam optinrwni, cap. *26. cere- 
tarn pra^clarum i Ueo ac utile donum, non contemp- bro siccitatem adfert, phrenesin et delirium, corpus 
Bisti uiodo, verum corrupisti, sedasti, prodidisti. opti- aridum facit, squalidum, slrigosum, liumores adurit, 
mam teinperaturam otio, crapula, et aliis vitK errori- temperamentum cerebri corrumpit, maciem inducit • 
bus, &c. <^ Path. lib. cap. 17. Fernel. corpus exsiccal corpus, bilem accendit, profundos reddit ocu- 
i'lfrigidat, on)nes sens)is, meutisque vires torpore de- los, calorem augit. *' Naturalem calorem dis?ipat 
'jilitat. ^f" Lib. 2. sect. 2. cap 4. Magnam excre- la?sa concoctione cruditates facit. Altenuant j'i«r 
liieritorum vim cerebro et aliis partibus conservat. num vigUuta; corpora nodes. 
'•"Jo. Rtiziuf, lib. de rebus non naturalibus. Pis- 



Mem. Ji. Subs. 1.] 



Per iurhai ions of the Mind. 



151 



MEMB. III. 

Sub SECT. I. — Passions and Perturhaiions of the Mind, hoiv they cause Melancholy 

As that gymnosopnist in ^^ Plutarch made answer to Alexander (demanding whicl 
spake best), Every one of his fellows did speak better than the other : so may 1 say 
of these causes ; to him that shall require which is the greatest, every one is more 
previous than other, and this of passion tli^ greatest of all. A most frequent and 
ordinary cause of melancholy, ^fiiJmen perturb ationum (Piccolomineus calls it) thjs 
tliunder and lightning of perturbation, which causeth such violent and speedy altera- 
tions in this our microcosm, and many times subverts the good estate and tempera- 
ture of it. For as the body works upon the mind by his bad humours, troubling 
the spirits, sending gross fumes into the brain, and so per consequens disturbing the 
soul, ancj all the faculties of it, 



Corpus OBiistum, 



Hesterriis vitiis animuin q^oqiie prsBgravat una," 

with fear, sorrow, &c., which are ordinary symptoms of this disease : so on the other 
side, the mind most effectually works upon thee body, producing by his passions and 
perturbations miraculous alterations, as melancholy, despair, cruel diseases, and 
sometimes death itself Insomuch that it is most true which Plato saith in his 
Charmides, omnia corporis mala ah animd procedere ; all the '° mischiefs of the body 
proceed from the soul : and Democritus in "'^ Plutarch urgeth, Damnatam iri animam 
a corpore, if the body should in this behalf bring an action against the soul, surely 
the soul would be cast and convicted, that by her supine negligence had caused such 
inconveniences, having authority over the body, and using it for an instrument, as a 
smith doth his hammer (saith ^'Cyprian), imputing all those vices and maladies to the 
mind. Even so doth ^*^Philostratus, won coinquinatur corpus, nisi conscnsuanimcE ; 
the body is not corrupted, but by the soul. Lodovicus Vives will have such turbu- 
lent comm.otions proceed from ignorance and indiscretion.^^ All philosophers im- 
• ute the miseries of the body to the soul, that should have governed it better, by 
Tommand of reason, and hath not done it. Tlie Stoics are altogether of opinion (as 
^°Lipsius and ^' Piccolomineus record), that a wise man should be aTraG^,-, without all 
manner of passions and perturbations whatsoever, as ^^ Seneca reports of Calo, the 
''^Greeks of Socrates, and ^^lo. Aubanus of a nation in Africa, so free from passion, 
or rather so stupid, that if they be wounded with a sword, they will only look back. 
^'Lactantius, 2 instit., will exclude " fear from a wise man:" others except all, some 
the greatest passions. But let them dispute how they will, set down in Tliesi, give 
precepts to the contrary; we find that of ^^Lemnius true by common experience 
'' No mortal man is free from these perturbations : or if he be so, sure he is either 
god, or a block. They are born and bred with us, we have them from our parents 
by inheritance. Jl parentibus habemus malum hunc assem, saith ^^Pelezius, JYascitur 
una nobiscum, aliturque, 'tis propagated from Adam, Cain was melancholy, ^^as 
Austin hath it, and who is not } Good discipline, education, philosophy, divinity ( I 
cannot deny), may mitigate and restrain these passions in some few men at son^e 
times, but most part they domineer, and are so violent, ^^that as a torrent (torrens velut 
oggere rupto) bears down all before, and overflows his banks, sternit agros, sternit 
sata, (lays waste the fields, prostrates the crops,) they overwhelm reason, judgment, 
and pervert the temperature of the body ; Fertur '^equis auriga, nee audit currus 
habenas. Now such a man (saith ^'Austin) " that is so led, in a wise man's eye, is 
no better than he that stands upon his head. It is doubted by some, Gravioresne 
morbi a perturbationibus, an ab humoribus, whether humours or perturbations cause 



5'^ Vita Alexan. esQrad. 1. c. 14. s'llor. 

"The body oppressed by yesterday's vices weighs 
down the spirit also." s^Perturbaiiones clavi 

sunt, qiiibus corpori animus seu paiibulo atiijritur. 
Jamb, de mist. ^^Lib. de sanitat. tuend. ^7 Pro- 
log, de virtute Christi ; Qute utilur corpore, ut faber 
iii..!leo. 56 Vila Apollonij, lib. 1. s'^Lib. de 

anini. ab inconsiderantia, el ignorantia omnes animi 
motus. 60 De Physiol. Stoic. eiQrad. 1. c. 3'i. 

»^Epist. 104 63^Iianus. «4 i.ib. 1. cap. 6. si 



quisense percusserit eos, fantum respiciunt. 6"' Ter- 
ror in sapiente esse non debet. '^'^ De occult nat. 
mir. 1. 1. c. Ifi. Nemo mortaiium qui aflectibus non 
ducatur: qui non movetur, aut saxum, aut Deus est. 
"Instit. 1. 2. de Jiumanorum affect, morborumque 
curat. eg Epjst. lO."). t'JGranatensis. 'oVirg 
71 l)e civit. Dei. 1. 14. c. 9. tjualis in oculis hominum 
qui iiiversis pedibus ambulat, talis in oculis sapientumj 
cui passiones dominantur. 



o 



158 Causes oj Melancholy. [Pail. 1. Sect. 2. 

Jie iiiore grievous maladies. But we find that of our Saviour, Mat. xxvi. 41, most 
irue, '^The spirit is willing, the flesh is weak," we cannot resist; and this of '^Philo 
Judneus, " Perturbations often offend the body, and are most frequent causes of 
melancholy, turning it out of the hinges of his health." Vives compares them to 
'^'•' Winds upon the sea, some only move as those great gales, but others turbulent 
quite overturn the ship. Those which are light, easy, and more seldom, to our 
thinking, do us little harm, and are therefore contemned of us : yet if tliey be re- 
iterated, '^"as the rain (saith Austin) doth a stone, so do these perturbations pene- 
trate the mind : "and (as one observes) ''produce a habit of melancholy at tlie last, 
which having gotten the mastery in our souls, may well be called diseases. 

How these passions produce tliis effect, '*^Agrippa hath handled at large, Occult. 
Philos. I. 11. c. 63. Cardan, I. 14. subtil. Lemnius, I. 1. c. 12, de occult, nat. m'lr. ei 
lib. 1. cap. 16. Suarez, Met. disput. 18. sect. 1. art. 25. T. Bright, cap. 12, of hio 
Melancholy Treatise. Wright the Jesuit, in his Book of the Passions of the Mind., 
&c. Thus in brief, to our imagination cometh by the outward sense or memory, 
some object to be known (residing in the foremost part of the brain), which he mis- 
conceiving or amplifying presently communicates to the heart, the seat of all affec- 
tions. The pure spirits forthwith floT^k from the brain to the heart, by certain secret 
channels, and signify what good or bad object was presented; '''which immediately 
bends itself to prosecute, or avoid it; and withal, draweth with it other humours to 
help it : so in pleasure, concur great store of purer spirits ; in sadness, much melan- 
choly blood ; in ire, choler. If the imagination be very apprehensive, intent, and 
violent, it sends great store of spirits to, or from the heart, and makes a deeper im- 
pression, and greater tumult, as the humours in tlie body be likewise prepared, and 
the temperature itself ill or well disposed, the passions are longer and stronger; so 
that the first step and fountain of ail our grievances in this kind, is '^^Ursa Imagination 
which misinforming the heart, causeth all these distemperatures, alteration and confu- 
sion of spirits and humours. By means of which, so disturbed, concoction is 
hindered, and the principal parts are much debilitated ; as '^Dr. Navarra well declared, 
being consulted by Montanus about a melancholy Jew. The spirits so confounded, 
the nourishment must needs be abated, bad humours increased, crudities and thick 
spirits engendered with melancholy blood. The other parts cannot perform their 
functions, having the spirits drawn from them by vehement passion, but fail in sense 
and motion ; so we look upon a thing, and see it not ; hear, and observe not ; which 
otherwise would much affect us, had we been free. I may therefore conclude with 
^^Arnoldus, Maxima vis est jihantasitE., et huic unl fere^ non autem corporis intem- 
periei., omnis melancholicB causa est ascribenda : '' Great is the force of imagination, 
and much more ought the cause of melancholy to be ascribed to this alone, than to 
the distemperature of the body." Of which imagination, because it hath so great 
a stroke in producing this malady, and is so powerful of itself, it will not be im- 
proper to my discourse, to make a brief digression, and speak of the force of it, and 
how it causeth this alteration. Which manner of digression, howsoever some dis- 
like, as frivolous and impertinent, yet I am of ^'Beroaldus's opinion, "Such digres- 
sions do miglitily delight and refresh a weary reader, they are like sauce to a bad 
stomach, and I do therefore most willingly use them." 

SuBSECT. II. — Of the Force of Imagination. 

What imagination is, I have sufficiently declared in my digression of the anatomy 
of the soul. I will only now point at the wonderful effects and power of it ; which. 



'2 Lib. de Decal. passiones tnaxime corpus offenditnt 
et animain, et freqiientissimfe causae melancholue, 
dimoventes ah ingenio et sanitate pristina, 1. 3. de 
anima. "Frienaet stimuli aniini, velut in mari 

iiuiedam aurje leves, quEedaiii placidce, qiLTedam tur- 
l)ulerj!c : sic in corpora quaRdani affectiones excitant 
tantuiii, quaedam ita movent, ut de statu judicii depel- 
lant. '"lUtgutta lapidem, sic paulatim hae pene- 



the countenance to good or evil, and distraction o 
the mind causeth distemperature of the hody.' 
"'Spiritus etsan'iuis i la;sa imaginationo contaminan- 
tur, humores enim mutati actiones animi iinmutant, 
I'iso. '^ Montani, consil. 22. Haj vero quomodo 

caiisent melancholiam, darum ; et quod cortro'tionein 
impediant, et membra principalla debiliient ^oBre- 
viar. 1. 1. cap. 18. «' Solent iiujusmodi esresaiont"? 



trant animum. '& llsu valentes recta morhi animi favorabiliter oblectare. et lectorem la.ssuin jucunde 

vocantur. •^eimaginatio movet corpus, ad cujus refovere, stomachumque nauseamem, quodam quan' 

inotum excitantur humores. et spiritus vitales, quibus condimento reficere, et ego libenter excurro. 
aUeiitur. " Eccies. xiii. 26. "The heart alters I 



Mom. 3. Subs. 2.] Of the Force of Imagination. 1 59 

as it is eminent in all, so most especially it rageth in melancholy persons, in keep- 
ing tlie species of Gbjecls so long, mistaking, amplifying them by continual anti 
^^ strong meditation, until at length it produceth in some parties real effects, rauseth 
this, and many other maladies. And although this phantasy of ours be a subordinate 
faculty to reason, and should be ruled by it, yet in many men, through inward or 
outward distemperatures, defect of organs, which are unapt, or otherwise (!oiitami- 
nated, it is likewise unapt, or hindered, and hurt. This we see verified in sleepers, 
whicli by reason of humours and concourse of vapours troubling the phantasy, ima- 
gine many times absurd and prodigious things, and in such as are troubled with 
incubus, or witch-ridden (as we call it), if they lie on their backs, they suppose an 
old woman rides, and sits so hard upon them, that they are almost stifled for want of 
breath; when there is nothing offends, but a concourse of bad humours, which 
trouble the phantasy. This is likewise evident in such as walk in the niglit in their 
sleep, and do strange feats : ^^ these vapours move the phantasy, the phantasy the appe- 
tite, wdiich moving the animal spirits causeth the body to walk up and down as if 
they were awake. Fracast. /. 3. dc intellect, refers all ecstasies to this force of imagi- 
nation, such as lie whole days together in a trance : as that priest whom ^^Celsus 
speaks of, that could separate himself from liis senses when he list, and lie like 
a dead man, void of life and sense. Cardan brags of himself, that he could do 
as much, and that when he list. Many times such men when they come to them- 
selves, tell strant^e things of heaven and hell, what visions they have seen ; as that 
St. Owen, in Matthew Paris, that went into St. Patrick's purgatory, and the monk o^ 
Evesham in the same author. Those common apparitions in Bede and Gregory, 
Saint Bridget's revelations, Wier. Z. 3. de lam'ds^ c. 11. Caesar Vanninus, in his Dia- 
logues, &c. reduceth (as I have formerly said), with all those tales of witches' 
progresses, dancing, riding, transformations, operations, &c. to the force of ^imagi- 
nation, and the ^'^ devil's illusions. The like effects almost are to be seen in such as 
are awake : how many chimeras, antics, golden mountains and castles in the air do 
they build unto themselves ? I appeal to painters, mechanicians, mathematicians. 
Some ascribe all vices to a false and corrupt imagination, anger, revenge, lust, am- 
bition, covetousness, which prefers falsehood before that which is right and good, 
deluding the soul with false shows and suppositions. ^"^Bernardus Penottus w^ill 
have heresy and superstition to proceed from this fountain; as he falsely imagineth, 
so he believeth ; and as he conceiveth of it, so it must be, and it shall be, contra 
genfes^ he will have it so. But most especially in passions and affections, it shows 
strange and evident effects : what will not a fearful man conceive in the dark ? What 
strange forms of bugbears, devils, witches, goblins ? Lavater imputes the greatest 
cause of spectrums, and the like apparitions, to fear, which above all other passions 
begets the strongest imagination (saith ^^Wierus), and so likewise love, sorrow, joy, 
k.c. Some die suddenly, as she that saw her son come from the battle at Cannns, &c. 
Jacob tlie patriarch, by force of imagination, made speckled lambs, laying speckled 
rods before his sheep. Persina, that iEtliiopian queen in Heliodorus, by seeing the 
picture of Persius and Andromeda, instead of a blackamoor, was brought to bed of a 
fair white child. In imitation of whom belike, a hard-favoured fellow in Greece, be- 
cause he and his wife were both deformed, to get a good brood of children, Elegan- 
tissi7nas imagines inthalamo collocavit^ &c. hung the fairest pictures he could buy for 
money in his chamber, '^ That his wife by frequent sight of them, might conceive and 
bear such children." And if we may believe Bale, one of Pope Nicholas the Third's 
concubines by seeing of ^^a bear was brought to bed of a monster. "• If a, woman 
(saith ^'^Lemnius), at the time of her conception think of another man present v,i ab- 
sent, the child will be like him." Great-bellied women, when they long, yield us 
prodigious examples in this kind, as moles, warts, scars, harelips, monsters, especially 

«2 Ab imacinatione oriuiitur affertinnes, quihiis ani- vero earjini sine sensu permanent, quae umbra coopp- 

nia componitiir, ant turbata dettirhatnr, .lo. Sarishnr. rit diabohis, nl nnlli sint conspiciia, et post, umbra 

Malnl()<r. lib. 4. c. 10. '"^Scalig. exercit. i^'Qni snblata, propriis corporil)ns eas reslitnil, I. 3. c. 11. 

qur.iis volebat, inortuo similis jacebat auferens se d. Wier. f' Denario medico. *•'' Solei timor, 

Ft,'nsi')iis, et qunm pungeretur dolorem non seiisit. pne omnibus affectibiis, fortes imapinationes gijineio, 

'i'ldem Nyniannns oral, de Ima<j;inaf. '•s Verbis post amor, &c. 1. 3. c. 8. fs Ex viso nrso.'talcm 

el unctionibus se consecrant dasmotii pessima; mu- i)eperit. ««Lib. 1. cap. 4. de occnlt. nat. niir. si 

ieres qui iis ad opuB snum tititur, et earum i)hantasi- inter amplexns et snavia cogitet de iino, aut aiio ab- 

aiii regit, aucitque ad ioca ab ipsis desiderata, corpora sente, ejus effigies solet in fa;tii elur.ere. 



ItIO Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

paused in their children by force of a depraved phantasy in them : Ipsam speciem quam 
ammo ejjigiat ., fopJid inducit : She imprints thai s^amp upon her child which she ^'con 
•^eives unto herself. And therefore Lodovicus Vives, lib. 2. de Christ. foRm.^ gives a 
special caution to great-bellied women, ^^ That they do not admit such absurd con- 
ceits and cogitations, but by all means avoid those horrible objects, heard or seen, 
or filthy spectacles." Some will laugh, weep, sigh, groan, blush, tremble, sweat, at 
such things as are suggested unto them by their imagination. Avicenna speaks of 
one that could cast himself into a palsy when he list ; and some can imitate the tunes 
of birds and beasts that they can hardly be discerned : Dagebertus' and Saint Francis' 
scars and wounds, like those of Christ's (if at the least any such were), ^^Agrippa 
supposeth to have happened by force of imagination : that some arc turned to wolves, 
from men to women, and women again to men (which is constantly believed) to the 
same imagination ; or from men to asses, dogs, or any other shapes. ^^ Wierus as- 
cribes all those famous transformations to imagination ; that in hydrophobia they 
seem to see the picture of a dog, still in their water, ^^that melancholy men and sick 
men conceive so many phantastical visions, apparitions to themselves, and have such 
absurd apparitions, as that they are kings, lords, cocks, bears, apes, owls ; that they 
are heavy, light, transparent, great and litde, senseless and dead (as shall be showed 
more at large, in our ^sections of symptoms), can be imputed to nought else, but to 
corrupt, false, and violent imagination. It works not in sick and melancholy men 
only, but even most forcibly sometimes in such as are sound: it makes them sud- 
denly sick, and ^'alters their temperature in an instant. And sometimes a strong 
conceit or apprehension, as ^^Valesius proves, will take away diseases : in both kinds 
it will produce real effects. Men, if they see but another man tremble, giddy or sick 
of some fearful disease, their apprehension and fear is so strong in this kind, that they 
will have the same disease. Or if by some soothsayer, wiseman, fortune-teller, or 
physician, they be told they shall have such a disease, they will so seriously appre- 
hend it, that they will instantly labour of it. A thing familiar in China (saith Ric- 
cius the Jesuit), ^^" [f it be told them they shall be sick on such a day, when that 
day comes they will surely be sick, and will be so terribly afflicted, that sometimes 
they die upon it. Dr. Cotta in his discovery of igaorant practitioners of physic, 
cap. 8, hath two strange stories to this purpose, what fancy is able to do. The one 
of a parson's wife in Northamptonshire, ^n. 1 607, that coming to a physician, and 
told by him that she was troubled with the sciatica, as he conjectured (a disease she 
was free from), the same night after her return, upon his words, fell into a grievous 
fit of a sciatica : and such another example he hath of another good wife, that was 
so troubled with the cramp, after the same manner she came by it, because her phy- 
sician did but name it. Sometimes death itself is caused by force of phantasy. I have 
heard of one that coming by chance in company of him that v/as thought to be sick 
of the plague (which was not so) fell down suddenly dead. Another was sick of 
the plague with conceit. One seeing his fellow let blood fails down in a swoon. 
Another (saith '°° Cardan out of Aristotle), fell down dead (which is familiar to wo- 
men at any ghastly sight), seeing but a man hanged. A Jew in France (saith ' Lo- 
dovicus Vives), came by chance over a dangerous passage or plank, that lay over a 
brook in the dark, without harm, the next day perceiving what danger he was in, 
fell down dead. Many will not believe such stories to be true, but laugh commonly, 
and deride when they hear of them ; but let these men consider with themselves, as 
^ Peter Byarus illustrates it. If they were set to walk upon a plank on high, they 
would be giddy, upon which they dare securely walk upon the ground. Many 
(saith Agrippa),^" strong-hearted men otherwise, tremble at such sights, dazzle, and 

91 Quidnon fiEtui adhuc matri unito, subitaspiritimm I ^Tr. Vales. 1. 5. cont. 6. noiiniinquam etiam morbi 
vibratioiie per Jiervos, quibus matrix cerebro con- diuturnicoiisequuntiir, quaiidoque curantiir. «9Ex- 
jnncta est, iiiiprimit inipregnatfe itnafjinatiol ut si pedit. in Sinas, 1. 1. c. 9. tantiiin porro iimlti pr<edicto- 
imaginetur malum orranatum, illiiis notas secnm pro- ribns hisce tribuiint ut ipse metiis fidem facial : nam 
feret fielus : Si leporem, infans editur snprenio labello si pr;edictiim iis fiierit tali die eos morbo corripiendos, 
bifido, et dissecto : Veheinens cogitatio movet rerum ii ubi dies advenerit, in morbum incidunt, et vi metus 



species. Wier. lib. 3. cap. 8. «■< Ne diim uterum 

gestent, adinittant absiirdas cogitationes, sed et visa, 
aiiditnqne fteda et horrenda devitent. o^Otcult. 

Philos. lib. 1. cap. 64. M4 Lib. 3. de Lamiis, cap. 10. 

' Agrippa, lib. 1. cap. 64. select. 3. memb. 1. siib- 



fflicti, cum segriiudine, aliqtiando etiam cum niort< 
colluctantur. 'oo Subtil. 18. i Lib. 3. de anima, 

cap. de met. 2 Lib. de Peste. =* Lib. 1. cap. 6^. 

Ex alto despicientps aliqui prre timore contremiscunt, 
caligant, infirmantur; sic singultus, fel)res, inortij 



sect 3 «' Malleus malefic, fol. 77. corpus mufari comitiales quandoque sequuntur.quandoque recedunl 

pniest in divcrsasaegritudines, ex forti apprebensione. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 3.] Division of Perturbations. 161 

are sick, if they look but down from a high place, and what moves them but con- 
ceit ?" As some are so molested by phantasy ; so some again, by fancy alone, and 
good conceit, are as easily recovered. We see commonly the tooth-ache, gout, fall 
ing-sickness, biting of a mad dog, and many such maladies cured by spells, words, 
characters, and charms, and many green wounds by that now so much used Unguen- 
tum Armarium^! magnetically cured, wliich CroUius and Goclenius in a book of late 
hath defended, Libavius in a just tract as stiffly contradicts, and most men controvert 
All the world knows there is no virtue in such charms or cures, but a strong conceit 
and opinion alone, as '^ Pomponatius holds, " which forceth a motion of the humours, 
spirits, and blood, which takes away tlie cause of the malady from the parts affected." 
The like we may say of our magical effects, superstitious cures, and such as are done 
by mountebanks and wizards. " As by wicked incredulity many men are hurt (so 
saith ^Wierus of charms, spells, Stc), we find in our experience, by the same means 
many are relieved." An empiric oftentimes, and a silly chirurgeon, doth more 
strange cures than a rational physician. Nymannus gives a reason, because the pa- 
tient puts his confidence in him, ^ which Avicenna '' prefers before art, precepts, and 
all remedies whatsoever." 'Tis opinion alone (saith '^Cardan), that makes or mars 
physicians, and he doth the best cures, according to Hippocrates, in whom most trust. 
So diversely doth this phantasy of ours affect, turn, and wind, so imperiously command 
our bodies, which as another ^" Proteus, or a chameleon, can take all shapes ; and is 
of such force (as Ficinus adds), that it can work upon others, as well as ourselves." 
How can otlierwise blear eyes in one man cause the like affection in anotlier ? Why 
doth one man's yawning ^make another yawn ? One man's pissing provoke a second 
many times to do the like ? Why doth scraping of trenchers offend a third, or hack- 
ing of files ? Why doth a carcass bleed when the murderer is brought before it, some 
weeks after the murder hath been done ? Why do witches and old women fliscinate 
and bewitch children : but as Wierus, Paracelsus, Cardan, Mizaldus, Valleriola, Caesar 
\anninus, Campanella, and many philosophers think, the forcible imagination of the 
one party moves and alters the spirits of the other. Nay more, they can cause and 
cure not only diseases, maladies, and several infirmities, by this means, as Avicenna, 
de anim. I. 4. sect. 4, supposeth in parties remote, but move bodies from their places, 
cause thunder, lightning, tempests, which opinion Alkindus, Paracelsus, and some 
others, approve of. So that I may certainly conclude this strong conceit or imagina- 
tion is aslrum homtjiis^ and the rudder of this our ship, which reason should steer, 
but, overborne by phantasy, cannot manage, and so suffers itself, and this whole vessel 
of ours to be overruled, and often overturned. Read more of this in Wierus, /. 3. 
de Lamiis^ c. 8, 9, 10. Franciscus Valesius, med. controv. I. 5. cant. 6. Marcellus 
Donatus, /. 2. c. 1. de hist. med. mirahil. Levinus Lemnius, de occult, nat. mir. I. 1 
c. 12. Cardan, I. 18. de rerum var. Corn. Agrippa, de occult, pliilos. cap. 04, 65 
Camerarius, 1 cent. cap. 54. horarum suhcis. Nymannus, morat. de Imag. Lauren 
tins, and him that is instar omnium^ Fienus, a famous physician of Antwerp, that 
wrote three books de virihus imaginationis. I have thus far digressed, because this 
imagination is the medium deferens of passions, by whose means they work and 
produce many times prodigious effects : and as the phantasy is more or less intended 
or remitted, and their humours disposed, so do perturbations move, more or less, and 
take deeper impression. 

SuBSECT. HI. — Division of PcUirhations, 

Perturbations and passions, which trouble the pht.,.itasy, though they dwell be- 
tween the confines of sense and reason, yet they rather follow sense than reason, be- 
cause they are drowned in corporeal organs of sense. They are commonly '"reduced 
into two inclinations, irascible and concupiscible. The Thomists suodivide them into 



* Lib. de Incantatione, Iniaginatio subitum humorum, | "> Plures sanat in quern plures confidunt. lib. de sapU 
etsniriiuum motum infert, unde vario affectu rapitur | entia. »Marcelius Ficinus, i. 13. c. 18. de theolog 

•an^ruis, ac una. moibificas causas partibus affeclis , Platonica. Iinaginatio est tanquiira Proteus vcl Cha- 
eripit. ''Lib. 3. c. 18. de praestig. Ut impia ere- maeleon, corpus proprium et alienum notinunquam 

dulitatequis la-ditur, sic et levari eundem credibile est, afficiens. ''Cur oscitantes oscitont, Wierud 

usuque observatum. " .^gri persuasio et fiducia, I lo T. W. Jesuit, 

onini arii et consilio et medicinse prseferenda. Avicen. ' 

21 o 2 



1 62 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 Sec. U 

elever., six ir the coveting-, and five in the invading. Aristotle rediicetli all to plea- 
sure and pain, Plalo to love and hatred, " Vives to good and bad. If good, it is pre- 
sent, and then we absolutely joy and love; or to come, and tlien we desire and hope 
lor it. If evil, we absolute hate it ; if present, it is by sorrow •, if to come fear. These 
four passions '^ Bernard compares '•'• to the wheels of a chariot, by which we are car- 
ried in this world." All other passions are subordinate unto these four, or six, as 
some will: love, joy, desire, hatred, sorrow, fear; the rest, as anger, envy, emula-. 
tion, pride, jealousy, anxiety, mercy, shame, discontent, despair, ambition, avarice, 
&c., are reducible unto the first; and if they be immoderate, they '^consume the 
spirits, and melancholy is especially caused by them. Some few discreet men theit 
are, that can govern themselves, and curb in these inordinate affections, by religion, 
philosophy, and such divine precepts, of meekness, patience, and the like; but most 
part for want of government, out of indiscretion, ignorance, they sufTer themselves 
wholly to be led by sense, and are so far from repressing rebellious inclinations, that 
they give all encouragement unto them, leaving the reins, and using all provocations 
to further them : bad by nature, worse by art, discipline, '^custom, education, and a 
perverse will of their own, tiiey follow on, wheresoever their unbridled affections 
will transport them, and do more out of custom, self-will, than out of reason. Con- 
tumax voluntas^ as Melancthon calls it, malum fact t : this stubborn will of ours per- 
verts judgment, which sees and knows what sliould and ought to be uone, and yet 
vail not do it. Mancipla gulce^ slaves to their several lusts and appetite, they pre- 
cipitate and plunge '^themselves into a labyrinth of cares, blinded wiih lust, blinded 
with ambition ; "'*•'" They seek that at God's hands which they may give unto them- 
selves, if they could but refrain from those cares and perturbations, wherewith they 
continually macerate their minds." But giving way to these violent passions of fear, 
grief, shame, revenge, hatred, malice, Stc, they are torn in pieces, as Actaeon was 
with his dogs, and '' crucify their own souls. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Sorrow a Cause of Melancholy. 

Sorrow. Insanus dolor.] Ix this catalogue of passions, which so much torment 
the soul of man, and cause this malady, (for 1 will briefly speak of them all, and in their 
order,) the first place in this irascible appetite, may justly be challenged by sorrow. 
An inseparable companion, '^'•'•The mother and daughter of melancholy, her epitome, 
, symptom, and chief cause :" as Hippocrates hath it, they beget one another, and tread 
in a ring, for sorrow is both cause and symptom of this disease. How it is a symp- 
tom shall be shown in its place. That it is a cause all the world acknowledgeth. 
Dolor nonnuUis insanice causa fidt., et aliorum morborum insanabilium, saith Plutarch 
to Apollonius ; a cause of madness, a cause of many other diseases, a sole cause of 
this mischief,- '^Lemnius calls it. So doth Rhasis, conf. L 1. tracL 9. Guinerius, 
Tract. 15. c. 5. And if it take root once, it ends in despair, as ^Fuelix Plater ob- 
serves, and as in ^'Cebes' table, may well be coupled with it. ^^Chrysostom, in his 
seventeenth epistle to Olympia, describes it to be " a cruel torture of the soul, a most 
inexplicable grief, poisoned worm, consuming body and soul, and gnawing the very 
heart, a perpetual executioner, continual night, profound darkness, a whirlwind, a 
tempest, an ague not appearing, heating worse than any fire, and a battle that hath no 
end. It crucifies worse than any tyrant ; no torture, no strappado, no bodily punish- 

11 3. de Anima. '2Ser. 35. Hje qnatiior passiones boles atri liumoris sunt, et in circiihim se procreant. 

•unttanquam rottein curru,quibus veliiniur hoc iiiundo. Hip. Aplioris. 23. 1. fi. Idem Montultus, ^.ip. 19. Vie- 

"•3Hanim qiiippe inimoderatione, spiritus inarcesciint. lorius Faventinus, pract. iinag. '•' Multi ex injerore 

Feme!. 1. 1. I'aih. c 18. •' Mala corisuetudiiie depra- et inetu htic delapsi sunt. Lemn., lib. 1. cap. 1ft. 

vatur ingeiiium ne bene faciat. Prosper Calerms, l.de 20 Multa cura et tristilia faciunt accedere melancho- 

atra bile. Piura faciunt homines 6consuetudine qnam liam (cap- 3. de mentis alien ) si alias ndices asal, ip 

i ratione. A teneris assuescere niultum est. Video veram fi.xamqne degenerat melancholiam et in despe- 

meliora probnqiie deteriora sequor. Ovid. '^iveino rationem desiiiit. -' ille luctus. ejus ver5 soror 

ijRditur nisi a.seipso. le Multi se in inquietudinem desperatio simul ponitur. -'- Aniniaruni crudele 

precipitant amhitione et cupiditatibus excrecati, nnn torinentum, dolor inexplicabilis, tinea non solum ossa, 

iiitelligunt se illud a. diis petere. quod sihi ipsis si ve- sed corda pertinsens, perpetuus carnifex, vires aniina 1 

lint priEstare possint, si curis et perturbationibus, qui- consumens, jugis nox, et tenebrte profunda;, teinpostas 

bus assidue se macerant, imperare velleiit. I'Tanto et turbo et febris non apparens, omni igne validiU! 

studio miseriarum causas, et alimenta dolorum quaeri- 'ncendens ; longior, et pugna; finem non habous — - 

. mus, vitamque secus felicissimam, tristem et misera- Crucem circumfert dolor, faciemque omni tyrannc 

I bilem efncimus. Petrarch, praefat. de Remediis, &c. crudeliorein prae se fert. 

'18 Timor et maestitia, si diu perseverent, causa et so- . 






Vlciii. 3. Subs. 5.] Fear, a Cause. 163 

ment is like unto it. 'Tis the eagle without question which the poets feigned to gnaw 
"Prometheus' heart, and ''no heaviness is like unto the heaviness of the heart.'' 
Eccles. XXV. 15, 16. ^^'^ Every perturbation is a misery, but grief a cruel torment," 
a domineering passion : as in old Rome, when the Dictator was created, all inferior 
magistracies ceased ; when grief appears, all other passions vanish. " It dries up the 
bones," sailh Solomon, ch. 17. Pro., "makes them hollow-eyed, pale, and lean, fur- 
row-faced, to have dead looks, wrinkled brows, shrivelled cheeks, dry bodies, and 
quite perverts their temperature that-are misaffected with it. As Eleonara, that exiled 
mournful duchess (in our ^^ English Ovid), laments to her noble husband Humphrey^ 
Duke of Gloucester, 

<, ^ ... • . . 1 rii I I Sorrow hath SO despoii'd me of all crace, 

• ^avvestthon those eyes in whose sweet cheerful look ^,j^^^, ^^,„j^, ^^^ J ^^^^ ^^.^^ ^^,„^^,g ^^^^.^ 

Duke Humphrey once such joy and pleasure took, j j^ike a foul Gorgon/' &c. 

'^" it hinders concoction, refrigerates the heart, takes away stomach, colour, and 
sleep, thickens the blood, ^(Fernelius, /. 1. c. 18. de morh. causis^) contaminates the 
spirits." ^*^(Piso.) Overthrows the natural heat, perverts the good estate of body 
and mind, and makes them weary of their lives, cry out, howl and roar for very 
anguish of their souls. David confessed as much, Psalm xxxviii. 8, " I have roared 
for the very disquietness of my heart." And Psalm cxix. 4, part 4 v. " My soul 
melteth away for very heaviness," v. 38. " I am like a bottle in the smoke." An- 
tiochus complained that he could not sleep, and that his heart fainted for grief. 
'^^Clirist himself, Vir dolorum., out of an apprehension of grief, did sweat blood. 
Mark xiv. " His soul was heavy to the death, and no sorow was like unto his.''' 
Crato, consil. 21. Z. 2, gives instance in one that was so melancholy by reason of 
*' grief; and Montanus, consil. 30, in a noble matron, ^'" that had no other cause of 
this mischief" I. S. D. in Hildesheim, fully cured a patient of his that Mas much 
troubled with melanclioly, and for many years, ^^but afterwards, by a little occasion 
of sorrow, he fell into his former fits, and was tormented as before." Examples are 
common, how it causeth melancholy, ^^ desperation, and sometimes death itself; 
for (Eccles. xxxviii. 15,) "Of heaviness comes death; worldly sorrow causeth 
death." 2 Cor. vii. 10, Psalm xxxi. 10, "My life is wasted with heaviness, and my 
years with mourning." Why was Hecuba said to be turned to a dog? Niobe into 
a stone.? but that for grief she was senseless and stupid. Severus the Emperor*^ 
died for grief-; and how ^^many myriads besides.? Tanta illi est feritas^ tanta est 
insanla luclus?^ Melancthon gives a reason of it, '''^"the gathering of much melan- 
choly blood about the heart, which collection extinguisheth the good spirits, or at 
least duUeth them, sorrow strikes the heart, makes it tremble and pine away, with 
great pain ; and the black blood drawn from the spleen, and diffused under the ribs, 
on the left side, makes those perilous hypochondriacal convulsions, which happen 
to them that are troubled with sorrow." 

Sub SECT. V. — Fear, a Cause. 

Cousin german to sorrow, is fear, or rather a sister, Jidus Jlchafes^ and continual 
companion, an assistant and a principal agent in procuring of this mischief; a cause 
and symptom as the other. In a word, as ^^ Virgil of the Harpies, I may justly say 
of them both, 

"Tristius haud illis monstrum, nee saevior ulla I "A sadder monster, or more cruel plague so fell, 
Pestis et ira Deum styglis sese extulit undis." | Or vengeance of the gods, ne'er came from Styx or Hell." 

This foul fiend of fear was worshipped heretofore as a god by the I^aceda^mo- 
nians, and most of those other torturing ^"^ affections, and so was sorrow amongst 



^Nat. Comes Mythol. 1. 4. c. 6. 2<«Tully 3. Tusc 
omnis perturbatio miseria et carnificina est dolor. 
2^ M. Drayton in his Mer. ep. -^ Crato consil. 21. 

lib. 2. moBstiiia universnm infrigidat corpus, calnrem 
innatum exiinsuit. appetitum destruit. ■!" Cor re- 



priora pymptomata incidit. s^Vives, 3. dr anima, 

c. de nifprore. Sabin. in Ovid. ^JHerodian. I. 3., 

maerore niafiis quern morbo consumptus est. -'^ Botii- 
wellius airibilarius obiil Brizarru.* Gennensis hist.&c. 
^tio great is the fierceness and madness of melan- 



frigerat tristitia, spiritus exsiccat. innatumque calorem choly. 3. Moesiiiia cor quasi percussum consirmgi- 



obruit, vigiiias inducit, concoctionem laberfactat, san 
guinein incrassat, exageratque melancholicum snc- 
cum. *** Spiritus et sanguis hoc coniaminatur. 

Piso. 29 Marc, vi 16.11. £o Marore maceror, 

marcesc* et consenesco miser, ossa aique pellis sum 
tnisera macrifudice. Plaut. s' Malum inceptum 

et actum k tristi'ia sola. ^2 Hildesheim, spicel. 2. 



4e nielanrholia, maerore animi postea accedente, in ! Laclantius, Aug. 



tur, tremit et languescit cum acri sensu dolori^ . In 
tristiiia cor fiigietis attrahit ex Splene lentum humo- 
rem melancholicum, qui etTusus sub costis in sinistin 
latere hypocondriacos flatus facit, quod sa-pe accid:} 
iis qui diuturna cura et moestitia conflictanlur. Me- 
lancthon. 3- Lib. 3. /En. 4. 3" Et melum ideo 
deam sacrarunt ut bonam meniem concederet. Vurro, 



164 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. l.Sec. 2. 



the rest, under tlie name of Angerona Dea, they stood in such awe of them, as 
Austin, de Civitat. Dei., lib. 4. cap. 8, noteth out of Varro, fear was commonly 
^°adored and painted in their temples with a lion's head ; and as Macrobius records, 
/. 10. Saiurnalium ; ""'• In the calends of January, Angerona had her holy day, to 
whom in the temple of Volupia, or goddess of pleasure, their augurs and bishops did 
yearly sacrifice ; that, being propitious to them, she might expel all cares, anguish, 
and vexation of the mind for that year following." Many lamentable effects this 
fear causeth in men, as to be red, pale, tremble, sweat, ''^it makes sudden cold and 
heat to come over all the body, palpitation of the heart, syncope, &c. It amazeth 
many men that are to speak, or show themselves in public assemblies, or before 
some great personages, as Tully confessed of himself, that he trembled still at the 
beginning of his speech ; and Demosthenes, that great orator of Greece, before 
Philippus. It confounds voice and memory, as Lucian wittily brings in Jupiter 
Tragoedus, so much afraid of his auditory, when he was to make a speech to the 
rest of the Gods, that he could not utter a ready word, but was compelled to use 
Mercury's help in prompting. Many men are so amazed and astonished with fear, 
they know not where they are, what they say, ""^ what they do, and that which is 
worst, it tortures them many days before with continual affrights and suspicion. It 
hinders most honourable attempts, and makes their hearts ache, sad and heavy. 
They that live in fear are never free, ^h'esolute, secure, never merry, but in continuul 
pain : that, as Vives truly said, JVulla est miseria major quam metus., no greater 
misery, no rack, nor torture like unto it, ever suspicious, anxious, solicitous, they 
are childishly drooping without reason, without judgment, '^^" especially if some 
terrible object be offered," as Plutarch hath it. It causeth oftentimes sudden mad- 
ness, and almost all manner of diseases, as I have sufficiently illustrated in my 
"'^digression of the force of imagination, and shall do more at large in my section 
of ^'terrors. Fear makes our imagination conceive what it list, invites the devil to 
come to us, as "^^ Agrippa and Cardan avouch, and tyrannizeth over our phantasy more 
than all other affections, especially in the dark. We see this verified in most men, 
as ^^Lavater saith, Quce mctuuni., fingunl ; what they fear they conceive, and feign 
unto themselves ; they think they see goblins, hags, devils, and many times become 
melancholy thereby. Cardan, suhtil. lib. 18, hath an example of such an one, so 
caused to be melancholy (by sight of a bugbear) all his life after. Augustus Caesai 
durst not sit in the dark, nisi aliquo assidente^ saith ^° Suetonius, JYunquam ienebris 
evigilavif. And 'tis strange what women and children will conceive unto them- 
selves, if they go over a church-yard in the night, lie, or be alone in a dark room, 
how they sweat and tremble on a sudden. Many men are troubled with future 
events, foreknowledge of their fortunes, destinies, as Severus the Emperor, Adrian 
and Domitian, Quod sciret ultimum vitcp diem., saith Suetonius, valde solicitus., much 
tortured in mind because he foreknew his end ; with many such, of which I shall 
speak more opportunely in another place.^' Anxiety, mercy, pity, indignation, &c., 
and such fearful branches derived from these two stems of fear and sorrow, I volun- 
tarily omit; read more of them in ^^Carolus Pascalius, ^^Dandinus, &c. 

Sub SECT. VI. — Shame and Disgrace., Causes. 

Shame and disgrace cause most violent passions and bitter pangs. Ob pudorem 
el dedecus publicum., ob crrorum commissum sa^pe movenfur generosi animi (Foelix 
Plater, lib. 3. de alienat mentis.) Generous minds are often moved with shame, to 
despair for some public disgrace. And he, saith Philo, lib. 2. de provid. dei^ ^''" that 
subjects himself to fear, grief, ambition, shame, is not happy, but altogether miserable, 



«>Lirma Girald. Syntag. 1. de diis niiscellaniis. 
<' Calendis Jan. feris sunt divre Aneeroiia*, cui pon- 
tifices in sacelln Vnlupiae sacra faciunt, quod angores 
ft animi solicitudiiifjs propiliata propellat. '•-Ti- 

mor itidncit frigus. cordis palpitationem, vocis defec- 
tum atque pallorem. Agrippa, lib. 1. cap. 63. Timidi 
peiriper spiritns habent frigidos. Mont. ^^Effusas 

"■ernens fugientes agmine turmas ; quis mea nunc 
inflat cornua Fannus ait? Alciat. ''iMetus non 

tolum mcmoriam consternat, sed el institutum animi 
omne ef 'audabilfm conatum impedit. Thucidides. 



^'Lib. de fortitudine et virtute Alexandri, uhi propft 
res adfuit terrjbiiis. ■'sSect. 2. Mem. 3. Subs. 2. 

4- Sect. 2. Memb. 4. Subs. 3. 4»*Subtil. 18. lib. 

timor attrahit ad se Dcemonas, timor et error multum 
in hoininibus possnnt. ■•sLil). 2. Spectris ca. 3. 

fortes rarb spectra vident, quia miims timeiit. -^ Vita 
ejus. 5^ Sect. 2. Memb. 4. Subs. 7. s^ De virl. 

et vitiis. ^^Com. in Arist. de Anima. Mtiui 

mentem subjecit timoris dorninationi, cupidftatis, do- 
loris, ambitionis, pudoris, felix non est. sed oinnino 
miser, assiduis taborius torquetur el misertil. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 6.] Shame and Disgrace^ Causes. 165 

tortured with continual labour, care, and misery." It is as forcible a batterer as anv 
of the rest : ^^'^ Many men neglect the tumults of the world, and care not for glory 
and yet they are afraid of infamy, repulse, disgrace, (Tul. offic. I. 1,) they can se 
verely contemn pleasure, bear grief indifferently, but they are quite ""^ battered and 
broken with reproach and obloquy :" {siquidem vita et fama pari passu ambulant) 
and are so dejected many times for some public injury, disgrace, as a box on the eai 
by their inferior, to be overcome of their adversary, foiled in the field, to be out in a 
speech, some foul fact committed or disclosed, &.c. that they dare not come abroad 
all their lives after, but melancholize in corners, and keep in holes. The, most 
generous spirits are most subject to it; Spiritus altos frangit et generosos : Hiero- 
nymus. Aristotle, because he could not understand the motion of Euripus, for grief 
and shame drowned himself: CceHvs Rodiginus antiquar. lee. lib. 29. cap. 8. Bomc- 
rus pudore consumptus^ was swallowed up with this passion of shame ^'"because 
he could not unfold the fisherman's riddle." Sophocles killed himself, ^"for that a 
tragedy of his was hissed off the stage :" Voler. max. lib. 9. cap. 12. Lucretia 
stabbed herself, and so did ^^ Cleopatra, '•'when she saw that she was reserved for a 
triumph, to avoid the infamy." Antonius the Roman, ^°" after he was overcome of 
his enemy, for three days' space sat solitary in the fore-part of the ship, abstaining 
from all company, even of Cleopatra herself, and afterwards for very shame butchered 
himself," Plutarch, vita ejus. " Apollonius Rhodius ^'wilfully banished himself, 
forsakhig his country, and all his dear friends, because he was out in reciting his 
poems," Plinius, lib. 7. cap. 23. Ajax ran mad, because his arms were adjudged to 
Ulysses. In China 'tis an ordinary thing for such as are excluded in those famous, 
trials of theirs, or should take degrees, for shame and grief to lose their wits, ^^J\Iai 
Riccius expedit. ad Sinas^ I. 3. c. 9. Hostratus the friar took that book whicli 
Reuclin had writ against him, under the name of Episf. obscurorum virorum, so to 
heart, that for shame and grief he made away with himself, ^^Jovius in elogiis. A 
grave and learned minister, and an ordinary preacher at Alcmar in Holland, was (one 
day as he walked in the fields for his recreation) suddenly taken with a lax or loose- 
ness, and thereupon compelled to retire to the next ditch ; but being ^^ surprised at 
unawares, by some gentlewomen of his parish wandering that way, was so abashed, 
that he did never after show his head in public, or come into the pulpit, but pined 
away with melancholy: (Pet. Forestus vied, observat. lib. 10. observat. 12.) So 
shame amongst other passions can play his prize. 

I Know there be many base, impudent, brazen-faced rogues, that will ^^JYuUd 
pallescere culpa^ be moved with nothing, take no infamy or disgrace to heart, laugh 
at all ; let them be proved perjured, stigmatized, convict rogues, thieves, traitors, 
lose their ears, be whipped, branded, carted, pointed at, hissed, reviled, and derided 
with ^^Ballio the Bawd in Plautus, they rejoice at it, Cantores probos ; "babe and 
Bombax," what care they } We have too many such in our times, 

" Exclaniat Melicerta perisse 

Fronteui de rebus. "t^' 

Yet a modest man, one that hath grace, a generous spirit, tender of his reputation, 
\vill be deeply wounded, and so grievously affected with it, that he had rather give 
myriads of crowns, lose his life, than suffer the least defamation of honour, or blot 
in his good name. And if so be that he cannot avoid it, as a nightingale, Que coji" 
tando victa moritur^ (saith ^*^ Mizaldus,) dies for shame if another bird sing better, he 
languisheth and pineth away in the anguish of his spirit. 

s'-Mjlti contemniint ituuuli strepiiuni. reputant pro ' duntiir. '-Hostratus cuciillatus adeo praviter oh 

nilii (I |:lori;un, sed limeiit iufamiiini, <.<Ten?i(ineni, re- Reuclini librum, qui inscribitnr, Epistoire obscurorum 

piilsaiii. Voluptatem severissini6 couteoinniit, in do- virorum, dolore siuiul et pudore sauciatus, ut seipsjiir. 

lore ssunt molliores, gloriam neL-lifiunt, fraripuntiir ititerfecerit. e^ Propter ruboreni confnsus, statini 

infamia. 5«Gravius conlumeliam feriinus quatn cepit delirare, &c. ob suspitioneni, quod vili ilium 

detriuientum, ni abjeclo niniis aninio simus. IMut. in criniine actusarmt. ' Horat. '« Ps. Inipiidice 

Timol. i^'Quod |)iscatoris Epnigina solvere non 0. iia est. Ps. soeleste. B. dicis vera Ps. Verbero. B. 

posset. f'-'' Ob Tracogdiani explosani, mortem sibi quippeni Is. furrifer. B. factum opiiine. Ps. soci 

gladio concivit. saoum vidit in triumphum se i fraude. B. sunt niea istiec Ps. parricida B. perge ;« 

servari, causa ejus isnoniinijR vitanda? mortem sibi I Ps. sacrilege. B. fateor. Ps. perjure B. vera di( is. Ps 



concivit. Plut. "« Bello viclus. per tres dies sedit 

i prora navis, abstinens ab ouini consonin, eliam 
{..eopati'E, postea se interfecit. « Cum male re- 

citasset Araonautica, ob pudorem exulavit. « Qui- 
dain prK verecundia simul et dolore in insaniain inri- 
dunt, eo quod a literalorum gradu in examine exclu- 



peruities adolesccntum B. acerrime. Ps. fur. B. babe 
?«. fupiiive. B. boniba.x. Ps. fraus popuii. B. Plai;ii>- 
siitie. Ps. impure leno, canum. B cantores probos. 
Pspud<iius. act. 1. .''cen. ^. '• Melicerta exclaima, 

"all sliau'e bas vanished from luimnn transactions.' 
Persius. Sat. V. " Cent. 7. 6 Plinio. 



•MLj. jv . . 



166 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. I. Sec. 2 

Sub SECT. VII. — Envy, Malice , Hatred, Causes. 

Envy and malice are two links of this chain, and both, as Guianerius, Tract. 15, 
cap. 2, proves out of Galen, 3 Jlphorism, coin. 'Ztl, ^^'' cause this malady by tliem- 
selves, especially if their bodies be otherwise disposed to melancholy," 'Tis Va- 
lescus de Taranta, and Fcelix Platerus' observation, '^°"Envy so gnaws many men's 
hearts, that they become altog-ether melancholy." And therefore belike Solomon, 
Prov. xiv, 13, calls it, '• the rotting of the bones," Cyprian, vulnus occultum ; 

■" " Siciili non in ventre tyraiini 

Majus tormentuiii" 

The Sicilian tyrants never invented the like torment. It crucifies their souls, withers 
their bodies, makes them hollow-eyed, '^^ pale, lean, and ghastly to behold. Cyprian, 
ser. 2. de zelo et lioore. '^^' As a moth gnaws a garment, so," saith Chrysostom, 
" doth envy consume a man ;" to be a living anatomy : a *•' skeleton, to be a lean 
and '^pale carcass, quickened with a '^ fiend, Hall in Charact." for so often as an 
envious wretch sees another man prosper, to be enriched, to thrive, and be fortunate 
in the world, to get honours, offices, or the like, he repines and grieves. 

■'s "intabescitqiie videndo 

Siiccessus homintiin suppliciumqiie suum est." 

He tortures himself if his equal, friend, neighbour, be preferred, commended, do 
well ; if he understand of it, it galls him afresh ; and no greater pain can come to 
him than to hear of another man's well-doing ; 'tis a dagger at liis heart every such 
object. He looks at him as they that fell down in Lucian's rock of honour, with an 
envious eye, and will damage himself, to do another a mischief: ^fque cadet suhito, 
dum super hoste cadat. As he did in ^Esop, lose one eye willingly, that his fellow 
might lose both, or that rich man in '' Quintilian that poisoned the flowers in his 
garden, because his neighbour's bees should get no more honey from them. His 
whole life is sorrow, and every word he speaks a satire : nothing fats him but other 
men's ruins. For to speak in a word, envy is nought else but TristUia de bonis 
aVicn'is, sorrow for other men's good, be it present, past, or to come : et gaudium de 
adversis., and '^joy at their harms, opposite to mercy, "which grieves at other men's 
mischances, and misaffects the body in another kind ; so Damascen defines it, lib. 2. 
de orthod. fid. Thomas, 2. 2. qucest. 30. art. 1. Aristotle, I. 2. Rhet. c. 4. et 10, 
Plato Fhilebo. Tully, 3. Tusc. Greg. JVic. I. de virt. animce, c. 12. Basil, de Invi- 
dia. Pindarus Od. 1. ser. 5, and we find it true. 'Tis a common disease, and almost 
natural to us, as ^"Tacitus holds, to envy another -man's prosperity. And 'tis in most 
men an incurable disease. ^'" I have read," saith Marcus Aurelius, •' Greek, Hebrew, 
Clialdee authors ; I have consulted with many wise men for a remedy for envy, 1 
could find none, but to renounce all happiness, and to be a wretch, and miserable 
for ever." 'Tis the beginning of hell in this life, and a passion not to be excused. 
''''■'•Every other sin hath some pleasure annexed to it, or will admit of an excuse; 
envy alone wants both. Other sins last but for awhile ; ihe gut may be satisfied, 
anger remits, hatred hath an end, envy never ceaseth." Cardan, lib. 2. de sap. 
Divine and humane examples are very familiar; you may run and read them, as that 
of Saul and David, Cain and Abel, angebat ilium non proprium peccatum, sedfralris 
prosperitas, saith Theodoret, it was his brother's good fortune galled him. Rachel 
envied her sister, being barren. Gen. xxx. Joseph's brethren him. Gen. xxxvii. 
David had a touch of this vice, as he confesseth, ^^Ps. 37. ''^Jeremy and ^^Habbakuk, 

BM ;\Iultos vide mus propter invidiam et odium in in venenum niella convertens. ''sStatuis cereis 

melancholiam incidisse : et illos poiissimum quorum Basilins eos comparat, qui liquefiunt ad pra^sentiam 
corpora ad lianc apta sunt. '"Invidia afflif,Mt ho- ^ solis, qua alii gaudent et ornantur. Muscis alii, qu£e 

mines adeo et corrodit, ut hi nielancholici penitus fiant. | ulceribus gaudeiit, aniaena prielereunt sistiint in faeti- 
• IJor. 7ziijsvultus minax, torvus aspectus, pallor I dis. *'•* Misericordia etiam qure tristitia qusedam 

in facie, in labiis tremor, stridor in dentibus, &c. est, sa»pe miserantis corpus male afticit Agrippa. 1. 1. 
'lit tinea corrodit vestimentuin sic, invidiae eum j cap. fi3. "" Insitum mortalibus a natura recenteiu 

qui zelatur consumit. ^^ Pallor in ore sedet, macies aliorem fa;licitatem iBsris oculis intueri, hist. 1. 2. 
in corpore tolo. Nusqiiam recta acies, livent rubigine Tacit. ">' Legi Chalda^os. Gra-.os, llebrseos, con- 

(lentes. '5 Diaboli expressa Imago, toxicum cha- sului sapientes pro remedio invidue. hoc enim inveni, 

ritiuis, venenum amicitiie, abyssus mentis, non est eo renunciare felicUati, et perpetu5 miser e^se s^Onjne 
inonstrosius monslrum, damnosius damnum, urit, tor- peccatum aut excusationem secum habet. ant vohH»- 
ret. discruciat macie et squalore conficit. Austin, tatern, sola invidia utraque caret, reliqua vitia fineui 
Doiriin primi. Advent. "'Ovid He pines away habent, ira defervescit, gula satiatur, odi ^m fir em 

al the sight of another's siicrefs it is his special j habet, invidii nunquam quiescil. ^l <«>bat mt 

•.onure. '''' Declam. l^ liuivii ft<>*-e8 maleficis siiccis \ smulatio propter stultos. « Hier. 12. 1. "* Hal . i 



. *»■' ..J k --V . 



Mem. 3 Subs. 8.] Emulatlm^ Hatred^ 8fc. 167 

they repined at others' good, but in the end they corrected themselves, Ps. 75, " fref 
not thyself," &c. Domitian spited /.giicola for his worth, ^^'' that a private man 
sliould be so much glorified. **''Ceciijna was envied of his fellow-citizens, because 
he was more richly adorned. But of all others, ^^^' women are most weak, ob pvl^ 
chritudinem invidcR sunt fcemincB (Muscens) aid amat^ aut odit^ nihil est tertiuvi 
[Granatensis.) They love or hate, no medium amongst them. Implacahilcs ple- 
rumque IcescE mulieres^ Agrippina like, ^^^' A woman, if she see her neighbour more 
reat or elegant, richer in tires, jewels, or apparel, is enraged, and like a lioness sets 
upon her husband, rails at her, scoffs at her, and cannot abide her •," so the Roman 
ladies in Tacitus did at Solonina, Cecinna's wife, ^°" because she had a better horse, 
and better furniture, as if she had hurt them with it; they were much offended. In 
like sort our gentlewomen do at their usual meetings, one repines or scoffs at 
another's bravery and happiness. Myrsine, an Attic wench, was murdered of her 
fellows, ^'"because she did excel the rest in beauty," Constantine. Jlgrlcult. I. 11. 
c. 7. Every village will yield such examples. 

SuBSECT. VIII. — Emulation^ Hatred., Faction., Desire of Revenge., Causes. 

Out of this root of envy ^^ spring those feral branches of faction, hatred, livor, 
emulation, which cause the like grievances, and are, serrce aninicE., the saws of the 
soul., ^^ consternationis plcni affc ct us., a ffcciious full of desperate amazement; or as 
Cyprian describes emulation, it is ^^^"a moth of the soul, a consumption, to make 
another man's happiness his misery, to torture, crucify, and execute himself, to eat 
his own heart. Meat and drink can do such men no good, they do always grieve, 
sigh, and groan, day and night without intermission, their breast is torn asunder :" 
and a little after, ^"'••Whomsoever he is whom thou dost emulate and envy, he may 
avoid thee, but thou canst neither avoid him nor thyself; wheresoever thou art he is 
with thee, thine enemy is ever in thy breast, thy destruction is within thee, thou art 
a captive, bound hand and foot, as long as thou art malicious and envious, and canst 
rot be comforted. It was the devil's overthrow ;'' and whensoever thou art ihorouglily 
affected with this passion, it will be thine. Yet no perturbation so frequent, no 
passion so common. 

I A potter emulates a potter: 

** Kati Kti^:tuoxic Ki^itfAiT K'j^iis X.U T'ocjrjvi TiKlvv, \ One SMiitli envies another : 

Kati 7Tlu>'y(ui Triads t^cvUi kxi ao.cToc a.r,iSaa. I A. beir,<;ar emulates a be??ar ; 

' 1 A singing man liis brother. 

Every society, corporation, and private family is full of it, it takes hold almost of 
all sorts of men, from the prince to the ploughman, even amongst gossips it is to be 
seen, scarce three in a company but there is siding, faction, emulation, between two 
of them, some sinmJlas^ jar, private grudge, heart-burning in the midst of them. 
Scarce two gentlemen dwell together in the country, (if they be not near kin or 
linked in marriage) but there is emulation betwixt them and their servants, some 
quarrel or some grudge betwixt their wives or children, friends and followers, some 
contention about wealth, gentry, precedency, &c., by means of which, like llie frog 
in ^■'iEsop, "that would swell till she was as big as an ox, burst herself at last;'^ 
they will stretch beyond their fortunes, callings, and strive so long that they con- 
sume their substance in law-suits, or otherwise in hospitality, feasting, fine clothes, 
to get a few bombast titles, for amhitiosa pauper t ate labor amus omnes., to outbrave 
one another, they will tire their bodies, macerate tlieir souls, and through conten- 
tions or mutual invitations beggar themselves. Scarce two great scholars in an age, 

86Tnvidit privati nonien supra principis attolli. I facere miseriair., et velut quosdam pectori suo admo- 
"^ Tacit. Hist. lib. 2. part. 6. '-'" Perilurie dolore et I vere carnifices, cngitationibus et sensibus suis adhi- 

Hividia, si quern viderint ornatiorem se in publicum i here tortores, qui se intestinis cruciatihus lacerent. 
prodiisse. Platina dial, amorum. "« Ant. Guianerius, Non cibiis talibiis IsPtus, non potus potct esse jucun- 
IJb. 2 cap. 8. vim. M. Aurelii faemina vicinam elejjan- dus ; suspiratur semper et gemitur, et doletur dies et 
,ius se vestitam videns, lea°na; instar in virum insur- noetes, pectus sine intermissione laceratur. '•' Quis- 
<it fee "•'Quod insipni equo et ostro veheretur, ' qiiis est ille quern femularis, cui invides is te subter- 

luanquam nullius cum injuria, ornalum ilium tan- '■ fugere potest, at tu non te ubicnnque fugeris adVersa- 
luam lajsae gravabantur. ^ Quod pulchritudine j rius tuus tecum est, hostis tuus semper in pectore tuo 

.imiies excelleret, puellae indignatie otciderunt. est, pernicies intus inclusa, ligatus es, vicHis, zclo do- 
* Lat6 patet invidiae fojcundce perniiies, et livor radix minante captivus : nee solatia tibi ulla subveniunt' 
^mnium malorum, fons cladium, iiulc odium suri-'it bine diabolus inier initia statim uuindi, »•; pt iiit [)ri' 
•smuUitio Cyprian, ser 2. de I.ivore. "s Valerius, mns, et perdidii, Cyprian, ser. 2 dc zelo et liTure 

■ 3. cap. 0. ^'^ Qualis est animi tinea, qufe tabes '•»> Ht^siod op dies. »' Kama cupida aqiiaiidi b^»vein» 

icctoiis Zfyi\..c in alte"- vpt al'orum ftelicitatem suam se distendebat, fee. 



168 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

but witlj bitter invectives tliey fall foul one on the other. and tlieir adherents; Scotists 
Tlioniists, Reals, Nominals, Plato and Aristotle, Galenists and Paracelsians, &c., ii 
holds in all professions. 

Honest ^^ emulation in studies, in all callings is not to be disliked, 'tis ingemorum 
COS. as one calls it, tlie whetstone of wit, the nurse of wit and valour, and those 
noble Romans out of this spirit did brave exploits. Tliere is a modest ambition, as 
Themistocles Mas roused up with the glory of Miltiades ; Achilles"' trophies moved 
Alexander, 

*•" Amhirc semper stiilla confiHei)ti;i est, 
Aiiihire itiint|iiuiii desos arrogaiui.i esl." 

'Tis a sluggish huni'^i.r not to emulate or to sue at all, to wilh{h-aw himself, neglect, 
refrain from such places, honours, ollices, through sloth, niggardliness, fear, bashful- 
ness, or otherwise, to which by his birth, place, fortunes, education, he is called, apt, 
fit, and well able to uiulergo; but when it is immoderate, it is a plague aiul a miserable 
pain. What a deal of money did Henry VIII. and Francis I. king of France, spend 
at that '"''famous interview? and how many vain courtiers, seeking each to outbrave 
other, spent themselves, their livelihood and fortunes, and died beggars^ 'Adrian 
the Emperor was so galled with it, that he killed all his equals-, so did Nero. This 
passion made ^Dionysius the tyrant banish Plato and Philoxeiuis the poet, because 
they did excel and eclipse his glory, as he thought; the Romans exile Coriolamis, 
confine Camillus, murder Scipio; the Greeks by ostracism to expel Aristides, Nicias, 
Alcibiades, imprison Theseus, make away Phocion, Stc. When Richard I. aiul 
Philip of France were fellow soldiers together, at the siege of Aeon in llie Holy 
Land, and Richard had approved himself to be the more valiant man, insomuch that 
all men's eyes were upon him, it so galled Philip, Francum nrehal Regis victoria., 
saith mine ^author, iam (Bgre ferehai Richardi gloriam^ ul carpere dicta., calumniari 
facta; that he cavilled at all his proceedings, and fell at length to open defiance; he 
could contain no longer, but hasting home, invaded his territories, and j)rofesse(l 
open war. "Hatred stirs up contention," Prov. x. 12, and they break out at last 
into immortal enmity, into virulency, and more than Vatinian hate and rage; "*they 
persecute each other, their friends, followers, and all their posterity, with bitter taunts, 
hostile wars, scurrile invectives, libels, calumnies, Hre, sword, and tlie like, and will 
not be reconciled. Witness that Guelph and Ghibelline faction in Italy; that of the 
Adurni and Fregosi in Genoa; that of Cneius Papirius, and Quintus Fabius in Rome; 
Cfesar and Pompey; Orleans aiul Burgundy in France; York and Lancaster in 
England : yea, this passion so rageth^ many times, that it subverts not men only, 
and families, but even populous cities. ^Carthage and Corinth can witness as much, 
nay, nourishing kingdoms are brought into a wilderness by it. This hatred, malice, 
faction, ami desire of revenge, invented first all those racks anil wheels, strappadoes, 
brazen bulls, feral engines, prisons, inquisitions, severe laws to macerate and torment 
one another. How happy might we be, and end our time with blessed days and 
sweet content, if we could contain ourselves, and, as we ought to do, put up injuries, 
learn humility, meekness, patience, fors^et and forgive, as in 'God's word we are 
enjoined, compose such final controversies amongst ourselves, moderate our passions 
in this kind, "-and think better of others," as ^Paul would have us, "than of our- 
selves : be of like aflection one towards another, and not avenge ourselves, but have 
peace with all men." But being that we are so peevish and perverse, insolent and 
proud, so factious and seditious, so malicious and envious ; we do invicem angariare. 
maul and vex one another, torture, disquiet, aiul precipitate ourselves into that gulf 
of woes and cares, aggravate our misery and melancholy, heap upon us hell and 
eternal damnation. 



9'' ^nnilatio alit iiisenia . Patercnliis poster. Vol. 
•"Grotins. E|)i^'. lil). 1. " Aiiibitioii always is a foolish 
confiileiice, never a slotliful arroLMnce." '"« Anno 

1519. between Ardes and Qiiine. ' r^partian. 

« Plutarch. ^ Johannes Ileraldiis, I. 2 c. 12. de 

bello sac. * Nulla dies tantuin poterit lenire fii- 

.orem. iEteina hella pace sublata Kernnt. Jurat 
>diuiii, nee ante invisuin esse desinil, quam esse 



desiit. Paterciilus, vol. 1. o Ita s.Tvit hiec styffia 

init\isira ul nrl)es subvertat aliquando, deleal popiiios, 
provincias alioqui florentes redi^'at in soliiudines, 
inortales vero miseros in profunda niiseriarnin valle 
niiserahiliier ininiergat. « Carthajro leniula Ro- 

man! imperii funditus interiit. Salust. (Jaiil. ' Pawl, 
,*?. Col. ** Rom. 12. 



Mem. 3, Subs. 9.! 



*Bnger^ a Cause. 



169 



SuBSECT. IX. — Jinger^ a Cause. 

A.VGER, a perturbation, wliicli carries the spirits outwards, preparing tlie body to 
melancholy, and madness itself: Ira furor brevis es/, "anger is temporary madness;" 
and as °Piccolomineus accounts it, one of the three most violent passions. '°Areteus 
sets it down for an especial cause (so doth Seneca, ep. 18. L 1,) of this malady. "Mag- 
iiinus gives the reason, Ex freqiienll ira supra moduni calefunt ; it overheats their 
bodies, and if it be too frequent, it breaks out into manifest madness, saith St. Ambrose 
'Tis a known saying. Furor fit Icesa sippius palienlia^ the most patient spirit that is, 
if he be often provoked, will be incensed to madness; it will make a devil of a saint : 
and therefore Basil (belike) in his Homily de Ira., calls it tenehras ralionis., morhum 
animo'., el dccmoncm pessimum; the darkening of our understanding, and a bad angel. 
■'^Lucian, in Jibdicalo., lorn. 1, will have this passion to work this effect, especially in 
old men and women. ""Anger and calumny (sailh he) trouble them at first, and after 
a while break out into madness : many things cause fury in women, especially if they 
love or hale overmuch, or envy, be much grieved or angry ; these things by little and 
little lead them on to tliis malady." From a disposition they proceed to an habit, 
for tliere is no dillerence between a mad man, and an angry man, in the time of his 
fit; anger, as Lactantius describes it, L.de Ira Dei., ad Donalum^ c. 5, is ^^sceva animi 
levipeslas., S^c, a cruel tempest of the mind ; " making his eye sparkle fire, and stare, 
teeth gnash in his head, his tongue stutter, his face pale, or red, and what more lilthy 
imitation can be of a mad man V 

H"()r!i liiiiK.'iil ira, forvescunt sanguine vcnre, 
Liiniiiia (Jorjjo'sio s'evivj angue inicant." 

They are void of reason, inexorable, blind, ]'(ke beasts and monsters for the time, say 
and do they know not what, curse, swear, ra'I, fight, and what not .'' How can a mad 
man do more ? as he said in the comedy, ^'"Iracundia non sum apud me., I am not 
mine own man. If these fits be immoderate, continue long, or be frequent, without 
doubt they provoke madness. Montanus, consiL 21, had a melancholy Jew to his 
patient, he ascribes this for a principal cause : Irascebahir levibus de ca.iisis., he was 
easily moved to anger. Ajax had no other beginning of his madness; and Charles 
the Sixth, that lunatic French king, fell into this misery, out of tiie extremity of his 
])assion, desire of revenge and malice^ "^incensed against the duke of Britain, he could 
neither eat, drink, nor sleep for soiue days together, and in the end, about the calends 
of July, 1392, he became mad upon his horseback, drawing his sword, striking such 
as came near him promiscuously, aiul so continued all the days of his life, JEmil.., lib. 
10. Ga/. hisl. ^gesippus de exid. urbis Hieros^ I. I.e. 37, hath such a story of Herod, 
that out of an angry tit, became mad, ''leaping out of his bed, lie killed Jossippus, 
and played many such bedlam pranks, the wliole court could not rule liim for a long 
time after : soiuetiiues he was sorry and repented, much grieved for that he had done, 
PosUpunn dej'erbuit ira., by and by outrageous again. \\\ hot choleric bodies, uothing 
.«o soon causeth madness, as this passion of anger, besides many other diseases, as 
Pelesius observes, cap. 21. /. 1. de hum. affect, causis ; Sanguinem imminuit.,fel auget: 
and as '^Valesius controverts, Med. conlrov.., lib. 5. coniro. 8, many times kills them 
quite out. If this were the worst of this passion, it were more tolerable, '^"but it 
ruins and subverts whole towns, "cities, families, and kingdoms;" JVuJla pesfis hu- 
mano generi pJuris stetit., saith Seneca, de Ira., lib. 1. No plague liath done mankind 
so much harm. Look into our histories, and you shall almost meet with no other 
subject, but what a company ^' of hare-brains have done in their rage. We may do 
well therefore to put this in our procession amongst the rest; "From all blindness 
of heart, from pride, vain-glory, and hypocrisy, from envy, hatred and malice, anger, 
and all such pestiferous perturbations, good Lord deliver us." 



Crad. 1. c. 54. '" Tra et in nioeror «t injrens aninu 
cnnstt'rnatio niolancliolicos Oicil. Areteiis. Ira Ininio- 
clira frisrnil itisaiiiain. " Reg. sanit. parte 2. c 8. in 

aperiani insaniarn niox (Inciter iratns. i^Oillterto 

Co^inato interprete. Mnltis, et prtesertini senihus ira 
Inipdtens insaiiiani fecit, et iniportnna calwinnia, lure 
inliio pcrinrltat aniniuni, |)anlatin) vergit ad iiisaniain. 
INirrn iiinlicriini corpora inniia infesslant, et in i)unc 
niorl'iini adducnnt, pro'cipne si (\\ie oderint ant invi- 
d ;ani, &c. Iia,'c paulatini in insaniani tandem evadunt. 

22 



■3 Sa*va animi tempestas tantos excilans flnctns nt 
staiini ardesrant otuli os tremat, lingua litiihet, denies 
con(re|)ant, <Stc. '■'Ovid. '-'Terence. '<'In- 

feiisns Brilannite Diici, et in nltioneni versus, nee 
cil)uni cepit, nee quietem, ad Calendas .Julias 1392. 
coniites occidit. '" Indignatione ninaia fiirens, ani- 

niique inipotens, exiliit de leclo, fnrenteni noji capie- 
liat aula, &c. '» An ira po.«sit honiinem inieriniere. 
'3 Aherneihy. "" As Troy, saevre nieniorem Junonis ot 
iram. ^i Slulloruui reguuj el populorum continet asius. 



170 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

SuBSECT. X. — ^Discontents^ Cares^ Miseries^ Sfc. Causes. 

Discontents, cares, crosses, miseries, or whatsoever it is, that shall cause any 
molestation of spirits, grief, anguish, and perplexity, may well be reduced to this 
head, (preposterously placed here in some men's judgments they may seem,) yet in 
that Aristotle in his ^^ Klietoric defines these cares, as he doth envy, emulation, &c. 
still by grief, I think I may well rank them in this irascible row ; being that tliey are 
as the rest, both causes and symptoms of this disease, producing the like inconveni 
ences, and are most part accompanied with anguish and pain. The common etymo- 
logy will evince it, Cura quasi cor uro^ Dcmenfes ciirce^ msomnes curcp., damnosce curcn^ 
trisfefi., mordaces^ carnijices^ &c. biting, eating, gnawing, cruel, bitter, sick, sad, un- 
quiet, pale, tetric, miserable, intolerable cares, as the poets ^ call them, worldly cares 
and are as many in number as the sea sands. ^^ Galen, Fernelius, F'jelix Plater, Vales- 
cus de Taranta, Stc, reckon alHiclions, miseries, even all these contentions, anc^ 
vexations of the mind, as principal causes, in that they take away sleep, hinder con 
coction, dry up the body, and consume the substance of it. They are not so man) 
in number, but their causes be as divers, and not one of a thousand free from them, 
or that can vindicate himself, whom that ^le dea., 

25-' Per hotiiimiin capita iiiolliter aiubulLiiis, I " Over nieii's heads walking aloft, 

Planius pedum leiieras liabeiis:" | Willi tender feet treading so soft," 

[lomer's Goddess Ate hath not involved into this discontented ^^rank, or plagued 
with some misery or other. Hyginus,y(r/i. 220, to tliis purpose hath a pleasant tale. 
Dame Cura by chance went over a brook, and taking up some of the dirty slime, 
made an image of it ; Jupiter eftsoons coming by, put life to it, but Cura and Jupiter 
could not agree what name to give him, or wiio should own him ; the matter wa? 
referred to Saturn as judge; he gave this arbitrement : his name sliall be Homo ah 
humo^ Cura cam possideat quamdluvival., Care sliall have l\im wiiilst he lives, Jupi- 
ter his soul, and Tellus his body when he dies. But to leave tales. A general cause, 
a continuate cause, an inseparable accident, to all men, is discontent, care, misery; 
were there no other particular affliction (which who is free from ?) to molest a man 
in this life, the very cogitation of tliat common misery were enough to macerate, and 
make him weary of his life; to think that he can never be secure, but still in dangei, 
sorrow, grief, and persecution. For to begin at tlie hour of his birth, as ^' Pliny doth 
elegantly describe it, ""he is born naked, and falls ^^a whining at the very first: he 
is swaddled, and bound up like a prisoner, cannot help himself, and so he continues 
to his life's end." Cujusque fercE pabulum^ saith ^^ Seneca, impatient of heat and cold, 
impatient of labour, impatient of idleness, exposed to fortune's contumelies. To a 
naked mariner Lucretius compares him, cast on shore by shipwreck, cold and com- 
fortless in an unknown land : ^° no estate, age, sex, can secure himself from this com- 
mon misery. " A man that is born of a woman is of short continuance, and full of 
trouble," Job xiv. 1, 22. "And while his flesh is upon him he shall be sorrowful, 
and while his soul is in him it sliall mourn. All his days are sorrow and his travels 
griefs: his heart also taketh not rest in the night." Eccles. ii. 23, and ii. 11. "All 
that is in it is sorrow and vexation of spirit. ^' Ingress, progress, regress, egress, 
much alike : blindness seizeth on us in the beginning, labour in the middle, grief in 
the end, error in all. What day ariseth to us without some grief, care, or anguish ? 
Or what so secure and pleasing a morning have we seen, that hath not been overcast 
before the evening .?" One is miserable, another ridiculous, a third odious. One 
complains of this grievance, another of that. Aliquando nervi^ aliquando pedes vex- 
anf^ (Seneca) nunc distillation, nunc epatis morbus; nunc deest., nunc superest sanguis : 
now the head aches, then the feet, now the lungs, then the liver, &c. Huic sensus 
exuberat^ sed est pudori degener sanguis, &lc. He is rich, but base born ; he is noble, 



22 Lib 2. Invidia est dolor et ambilio est dolor, &c. , hominem nuduin, et ad vagitum edit, natnra. Flens at 
23 1nsomnes Claiidianus. Tristes, Virg. Mordaces, Luc. initio, devinctus jacet, &c. '^sAatx^y ;^?av yiv'i^ASv, 



Edaces, llor. mcEstse, amarpe, Ovid damnosa'. inqviietfe. 
Mart. TIrentes, Rodentes. Mant. &c. -"'Galen, 1. 3. 

C.7. de l(.cis affeciis, homines sunt niaxiine inelancho- 
*ici, qnando vigiliis niultis, et solicitudinibns, et labo- 
.ibus, et curis fnerint circinnventi. ""Lncian. I'o- 



X.CLI if'UKi^UIAC l-rtd-JliCiiUl, 7W yivoc ui^^OlTraiJ 'TCXvSu>t 

ov ovy n3--3*«vfc oiKs^ovv. Lachrynians natus sum, ei 
lachrymans morior, &c. -'■> Ad Marinum. ^^"Boe- 
thius. 31 initium cfficitas progressum labor, exituin 
dolor, error omnia : quem tranquilUim qnteso, quein 



;tL ni.n, r^«Tn '"'^''■^"^.'•.^7 .'a 'hV'r "n i" "«» laboriosum aut anxium d.em egin.us 1 PetrarcU 
Uone plena, Cardan. -"Lib. 7. nat. hist. cap. 1. j 



3Iem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents^ tires^ ^t. 171 

hut poor; a third hath means, but he wants health perad\enlure, or wit to manage 
his estate; children vex one, wife a second, Slc. JVemo facile cum conditione sua 
concordat,^ no man is pleased with his fortune, a pound of sorrow is familiarly mixed 
witli a uram of content, little or no joy, little comfort, but ^^ everywhere danger, con- 
tention, anxiety, in all places : go where thou wilt, and thou shah find discontents, 
cares, woes, complaints, sickness, diseases, incumbrances, exclamations : " If thou 
look into the market, there (saith ^^Chrysostom) is brawling and contention; if to 
the court, there knavery and flattery, &tc. ; if to a private man's house, there's cark 
and care, heaviness," &c. As he said of old, ^^JV/7 homine in tarra spirat miserum 
magis alma? No creature so miserable as man, so generally molested, ^^in mise- 
ries of body, in miseries of mind, miseries of heart, in miseries asleep, in miseries 
awake, in miseries wheresoever he turns," as Bernard found, JVunquid tentafio est vita 
linmana super terramf A mere temptation is our life, (Austin, confess, lib. 10. cap. 
28,) catena perpetuorum malorutii., et quis potest molestias et difficuUates pati f Who 
can endure the miseries of it } ^ '•'' In prosperity we are insolent and intolerable, de- 
jected in adversity, in all fortunes foolish and miserable. ^' hi adversity 1 wish for 
prosperity., and in prosperity I am afraid of adversity. What mediocrity may be 
found .^ Where is no temptation? What condition of life is free? ^* Wisdom hath 
labour annexed to it, glory, envy; riches and cares, children and incumbrances, plea- 
sure and diseases, rest and beggary, go together: as if a man were therefore born (as 
the Platonists hold) to be punished in this life for some precedent sins." Or that, as 
^^ Pliny complains, "Nature may be ratlier accounted a step- mother, than a mother 
unto us, all things considered : no creature's life so brittle, so full of fear, so mad, so 
furious ; only man is plagued with envy, discontent, griefs, covetousness, ambition, 
superstition." Our whole life is an Irish sea, wherein there is nought to be expected 
but tempestuous storms and troublesome waves, and those infinite, 

•io"Tiiiituii) malorum pelasiis aspicio 
IJt noil sit iiule enataiidi copia," 

no halcyonian times, wherein a man can hold himself secure, or agree with his pre- 
sent estate; but as Boethius infers, ""There is something in every one of us Avhich 
before trial we seek, and having tried abhor : ''Sve earnestly wish, and eagerly covet, 
and are eftsoons weary of it." Tiius between hope and fear, suspicions, angers, 
*^Inter spemque metumqiie^ timores inter et iras, betwixt falling in, falling out, &c., wf» 
bangle away our best days, befool out our times, we lead a contentious, discontent, 
tumultuous, melancholy, miserable life ; insomuch, that if we could foretell what was 
to come, and it put to our choice, we should rather refuse than accept of this painful 
life. In a word, the world itself is a maze, a labyrinth of errors, a desert, a wilder- 
ness, a den of thieves, cheaters, &c., full of filthy puddles, horrid rocks, precipi- 
tiums, an ocean of adversity, an heavy yoke, wherein infirmities and calamities over- 
take, and follow one another, as the sea waves ; and if we scape Scylla, we fall foul 
on Ciiarybdis, and so in perpetual fear, laboui', anguish, we run from one plague, one 
mischief, one burden to another, duram servientes servitutem^ and you may as soon 
separate weight from lead, heat from fire, moistness from water, brightness from the 
sun, as misery, discontent, care, calamity, danger, from a man. Our towns and cities 
are but so many dwellings of human misery. " In which grief and sorrow ''''(as hr 
right well observes out of Solon) innumerable troubles, labours of mortal men, am. 
all manner of vices, are included, as in so many pens." Our villages are like mole- 
hills, and men as so many emmets, busy, busy .still, going to and fro, in and out, and 

3-Uhiqne periculum, ubique dolor, ubique naiifra- i nasci liorninem possis cum Platonistis ajrnoscere. 
giuMi, in hoc anibitu quocnnque me veitani. Lipsius. ] -'"Lib. 7. cap. 1. Non satis jesliniare, an nielior parens 



iislJoni. 10. Si in forum iveris, ibi rixre, et pugnse ; si 
in curiam, ibi fraus, adulatio: si in domum priva- 
tani, &c. 34jioiiier. 3-^ Multisrepletiir imino 

niiseriis, corporis niiseriis, animi iniseriis, dnm dor- 
niit, dnm vigilat, quocunque se vertil. Lususque re- 
rum, teniporumque nastimur. ^'In blandiente 
fort una intolerandi, in calainitatibus lujinbres, semper 
siuiti et miseri. Cardan. 37 I'rospera iu adversis 
desidero. et advorsa prosperis tinieo, quis inter ha'c 
iiiediiis locus, ubi non (it liumantB vitie tenlaiiol 



natura bomini, an iristior noverca fuerit : Nulli fra- 
gilior vita, pavor, confusio, ral)ies major, uni animan- 
tiuni ambitio data, luctus, avaritia, uni superslilio. 
^" Euripides. "I perceive such an ocean of troul)les 
before me, that no means of escape remain." ■»' De 
consol. I. 2. Nemo facil6 cum conditione sua concor- 
dat, inest sin{.'nlis quod imperiti petaiit, experti horre- 
ant. < Esse in honore juvat, niox dis|)li(et. ■* Ilor. 
■" Horrheus in 6. Job. Urbes et oppida nitiil aliud sunt 
quam liumanarum ffnimnarum domicilia quib-is luctui 



•'■ (Cardan. coDsol Sapientife Labor annexus, gloria; in- et mceror et mortalium varii infinilique labores, et 
vidia, diviiiis curse, sol)()li solicitudo, voluptati morbi. | onmis generis vitia, quasi seplis includuptur. 
quieti pauperlaa, Mi quasi It ucndorum scelerum causa I 



172 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect. 2 

crossing one another's projects, as the lines of several sea-cards cut each other in a 
^lobe or map. '' Now light and merry, but '*^(as one follows it) by-and-by sorrowful 
and heavy ; now hoping, then distrusting ; now patient, to-morrow crying out ; now 
pale, then red ; running, sitting, sweating, trembling, halting," &.c. Some few amongst 
the rest, or perhaps one of a thousand, may be Pullus Jovis, in the world's esteem. 
GalUncB Jilius albce-f an happy and fortunate man, a(Z imndiam felix^ because rich, 
fair, well allied, in honour and office ; yet peradventure ask himself, and he will say^ 
that of all others ^^ he is most miserable and unhappy. A fair shoe. Hie soccus novus^ 
elegans^ as he "'said, sed nescis uhi urat^ but thou knowest not where it pincheth 
It is not another man's opinion can make me happy: but as "* Seneca well hath it, 
" Pie is a miserable wretch that doth not account himself happy, though he be sove-. 
eign lord of a world : he is not happy, if he think himself not to be so ; for what 
availeth it what tliine estate is, or seem to others, if thou thyself dislike it ?" A com- 
mon humour it is of all men to think well of other men's fortunes, and dislike thcij 
own: '^^Cul placet alterius., sua nimirum est odi.o sors ; but ^° qui fit Mcccenas^ &c., 
how comes it to pass, wliat's the cause of it } Many men are of such a perverse 
nature, they are well pleased with nothing, (saith ^' Theodoret,) " neither with riches 
nor poverty, they complain when they are well and when they are sick, grumble at 
all fortunes, prosperity and adversity ; they are troubled in a cheap year, in a barren, 
plenty or not plenty, nothing pleaseth them, war nor peace, with children, nor with- 
out." This for the most part is the humour of us all, to be discontent, miserable, 
and most unhappy, as we think at least ; and show me him that is not so, or that 
ever Avas otherwise. Ouintus Metellus his felicity is infinitely admired amongst the 
Romans, insomuch that as ^^ Paterculus mentioneth of him, you can scarce find of 
any nation, order, age, sex, one for happiness to be compared unto him : he had, in 
a word. Bona animi, corporis etfortunce., goods of mind, body, and fortune, so had 
P. Mutianus, ^^ Crassus. Lampsaca, that Lacedemonian lady, was such another in 
^^ Pliny's conceit, a king's wife, a king's mother, a king's daughter : and all the world 
esteemed as much of Polycrates of Samos. The Greeks brag of their Socrates, 
Phocion, Aristides ; the Psophidians in particular of their Aglaus, Omni vita felix., 
ah omni periculo imraunis (which by the way Pausanias held impossible ;) the Romans 
of their ^^ Cato, Curius, Fabricius, for their composed fortunes, and retired estates, 
government of passions, and contempt of the world : yet none of all these were 
happy, or free from discontent, neither Metellus, Crassus, nor Polycrates, for he died 
a violent death, and so did Cato ; and how much evil doth Lactantius and Theodoret 
speak of Socrates, a weak man, and so of the rest. There is no content in this life, 
but as ^^ he said, '' All is vanity and vexation of spirit ;" lame and imperfect. Hadst 
thou Sampson's hair, Milo's strength, Scanderbeg's arm, Solomon's wisdom, Absa- 
lom's beauty, Croesus' wealth, Pasetis obulum^ Caesar's valour, Alexander's spirit, 
Tully's or Demosthenes' eloquence, Gyges' ring, Perseus' Pegasus, and Gorgon's 
head, Nestor's years to come, all this would not make thee absolute ; give thee con- 
tent, and true happiness in this life, or so continue it. Even in the midst of all our 
mirth, jollity, and laughter, is sorrow and grief, or if there be true happiness amongst 
us, 'tis but for a time, 

£*"" Desinat in piscem mulier formosa supern6:" | " A handsome woman with a fish's tail," 

a fair morning turns to a lowering afternoon. Brutus and Cassius, once renowned, 
both eminently happy, yet you shall scarce find two (saith Paterculus) quos fortuna 
maturius destiiurit^ whom fortune sooner forsook. Hannibal, a conqueror all his 
life, met with his match, and was subdued at last, Occurrit forti^ qui mage forfis 
erit. One is brought in triumph, as Caesar into Rome, Alcibiades into Athens, coronis 



*5 Nat. Chytreus de lit. EuropsR. Lajtus nunc, mox tris- 
tis ; nunc sperans, paulo post diffidens ; patiens hodie, 
eras ejulans; nunc pallens, rubens, curiens, sedens, 
claudicans, tremens, &c. •'eSua cuique calaniitas 

priEcipua. *' Cn. Grjecinus. •'*' Epist. 9. 1. 7. 

Miser est qui se beatissimum non judical, licet inipo- 
ret mundo non est beatus, qui se non putat: quid 
euiuj refert qualis status tuus sit, si tibi videtur ni.i- 

us. -f-'Hor. ep. 1. 1. 4. ^Hor. Ser. 1. 8at. 1. 

6 Lib. de curat, grsec. affect, cap. 6. de provident. 
Multis nihil placet atque adeo et divitias damnant, et 
oaupertateio do mnrhis expostulant, bene valentes 



graviter ferunt, atque ut semel dicam, nihil eos delee- 
tat, &c. 62 vix ullius gentis, letatis, onlinis. homi- 

nem invenies cujus felicitatem fortuna? Metelli com- 
pares, Vol. 1. S3 P. Crassus Mutianus, qiiinquc 
habuisse dicitur rerum bonarum maxima, quod esse, 
ditissimiis, quod esset nobilissimus, eloquer.iissimus, 
Jurisconsultissimus, Pontifex maxirnus. ^^Lih. 7. 
Regis filia, Regis uxor. Regis mater. ^^Qui hihil 
unquam mali aut dixit, aut fecit, aut sen.' it, qui I en« 
semper fecit, quod aliter facere non potui. «* Soio 
mon. Eccles. 1. 14. 67Hnr Art Poet 



Mem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents^ Cares, <§rc- 173 

(77/rm cZowor^MS, crowned, honoured, admired; by-and-by his statues demolished, he 
hissed out, massacred, Stc. ^^ Magnus Gonsalva, that lamous Spaniard, was of the 
prince and people at first honoured, approved ; forthwith confined and banished. 
Admirandas actiones ; graves plerunque sequunfur invidicB, et acres caluvinicB : 'tis 
Poiybius his observation, grievous enmities, and bitter calumnies, commonly follow 
renowned actions. One is born rich, dies a beggar; sound to-day, sick to-morrow; 
now in most flourishing estate, fortunate and happy, by-and-by deprived of his goods 
by foreign enemies, robbed by thieves, spoiled, captivated, impoverished, as they of 
'^" Rabbah put under iron saws, and under iron harrows, and under axes of iron, and 
cast into the tile kiln," 

so "Quid me felicem toties jact^stis amici. 
Qui cecidit, slabili non erat ille gradu." 

He that erst marched like Xerxes with innumerable armies, as rich as Croesus, now 
shifts for himself in a poor cock-boat, is bound in iron chains, with Bajazet the 
Turk, and a footstool with Aurelian, for a tyrannising conqueror to trample on. So 
many casualties there are, that as Seneca said of a city consumed with fire, Una dies 
interest inter maximam civitatem et nuJIam, one day betwixt a great city and none : 
so many grievances from outward accidents, and from ourselves, our own indiscre- 
tion, inordinate appetite, one day betwixt a man and no man. And which is worse, 
as if discontents and miseries would not come fast enough upon us : ho??io liomini 
d<jemon, we maul, persecute, and study how to sting, gall, and vex one another with 
mutual hatred, abuses, injuries; preying upon and devouring as so many ^'ravenous 
birds ; and as jugglers, panders, bawds, cozening one another ; or raging as ^^ wolves, 
tigers, and devils, we take a delight to torment one another ; men are evil, wicked, 
malicious, treacherous, and ^^ naught, not loving one another, or loving themselves, 
not hospitable, charitable, nor sociable as they ought to be, but counterfeit, dissem- 
blers, ambidexters, all for their own ends, hard-hearted, merciless, pitiless, and to 
benefit themselves, they care not what mischief they procure to others. ^^ Praxinoe 
and Gorgo in the poet, when they had got in to see those costly sights, they then 
cried bene est^ and would thrust out all the rest : when they are rich themselves, in 
honour, preferred, full, and have even that they would, they debar others of those 
pleasures which youth requires, and they formerly have enjoyed. He sits at table 
in a soft chair at ease, but he doth remember in the mean time that a tired waiter 
stands behind him, " an hungry fellow ministers to him full, he is athirst that gives 
him drink (saith ^^Epictetus) and is silent whilst he speaks his pleasure: pensive, 
sad, when he laughs." Pleno se proluit auro : he feasts, revels, and profusely 
spends, hath variety of robes, sweet music, ease, and all the pleasure the world can 
afford, wliilst many an hunger-starved poor creature pines in the street, wants clothes 
to cover him, labours hard all day long, runs, rides for a trifle, fights perad venture 
from sun to sun, sick and ill, w^ary, full of pain and grief, is in great distress and 
sorrow of heart. He loathes and scorns his inferior, hates or emulates his equal, 
envies his superior, insults over all such as are under him, as if he were of another 
species, a demi-god, not subject to any fall, or human infirmities. Generally they 
love not, are not beloved again : they tire out others' bodies with continual labour, 
they themselves living at ease, caring for none else, sibi nati ; and are so far many 
times from putting to their helping hand, that they seek all means to depress, even 
most worthy and well deserving, better than themselves, those whom they are by the 
laws of nature bound to relieve and help, as much as in them lies, they will let 
them caterwaul, starve, beg, and hang, before they will any ways (though it be in 
their power) assist or ease : ^^ so unnatural are they for the most part, so unregardful; 
so hard-hearted, so churlish, proud, insolent, so dogged, of so bad a disposition 
And being so brutish, so devilishly bent one towards another, how is it possible bu 
that we should be discontent of all sides, full of cares, woes, and miseries ^ 

If this be not a sufficient proof of their discontent and misery, examine every con- 



58 .Tovius, vita ejus. 592 Sam. xii. 31. eoRoethius, 
Mb. 1. Met. Met. I. ei Omnes Jiic aut captantur, 

autcaptaitt: aut cadavera quse laceraiitiir, aut corvi 
jui lacerant. Petron. e-Homo omne monstrum 

est, ille nam susperat feras, luposque et ursos pectore 
obscuro tegit. Hens. «3 Quod Patercului? de populo 
Rociino durante bello Punico per annos 115, aut bel- 



p2 



lum inter eos, aut belli praeparatio, aut infida pax, 
idem ego de mundi accolis. «^ Theocritus Edyll. 1.5 
c^Qui sedet in mensa, non meminit sibi otioso minis* 
trare negotiosos, edenti esurientes, bibenti sitientes, 
&c. " Quando in adolescentia suaipsi vixerint, 

laiitius et liberiiis voluptates suas expleveiint, illj 
gnatis impenunt duriores continentiae leges. 



174 Causes of Melancholy. L^^rt. 1. SeC. 2 

v'lititm and calling apart. Kings, princes, monarchs, and magistrates seem to be rrtost 
happy, but look into their estate, yen shall ^" find them to be most encumbered with 
cares, in perpetual fear, agony, suspicion, jealousy : that, as ^^he said of a crown, if 
they knew but the discontents that accompany it, they would not ^toop to take it 
lip. Qucni mi/ii regcm dahis [saith Chrysostom) ?20?i curis jjlenumf What king 
canst thou show me, not full of cares.'' ^^"Look not on his crown, but consider 
his afflictions , attend not his number of servants, but multitude of crosses."" JM/iil 
ullud potestas culmhus^ quam fempesfas mentis., as Gregory seconds him ; sovereignty 
IS a tempest of the soul : Sylla like they have brave titles, but terrible fits : splen- 
dorem fitulo., cruciatum animo : which made '° Demosthenes vow, si vel ad tribunal^ 
vel ad inlerilum du.ceretur : if to be a judge, or to be condemned, were put to his 
choice, lie would be condemned. Rich men are in the same predicament; what 
dieir pains are, stulti nesciunt., ipsi scntiunt : they feel, fools perceive not, as 1 shall 
prove elsewhere, and their wealth is brittle, like children's rattles : they come and 
go, there is no certainty in them: those whom they elevate, they do as suddenly 
depress, and leave in a vale of misery. The middle sort of men are as so many 
asses to bear burdens ; or if they be free, and live at ease, they spend themselves, 
and consume their bodies and fortunes with luxury and riot, contention, emulation, 
&c. The poor J reserve for another ''place and their discontents. 

For particular professions, 1 hold as of the rest, there's no content or security hi 
any; on what course will you pitch, how resolve .'' to be a divine, 'tis contemptible 
in the world's esteem ; to be a lawyer, 'tis to be a wrangler ; to be a physician, 
''-pudcl lotii^ 'tis loathed ;• a philosopher, a madman ; an alchymist, a beggar ; a poet, 
esurU.1 an hungry jack ; a musician, a player ; a schoolmaster, a drudge ; an hus- 
bandman, an ennnet ; a merchant, his gains are uncertain ; a mechanician, base ; a 
chirurgeon, fulsome; a tradesman, a "^liar; a tailor, a thief; a serving-man, a slave; 
a soldier, a butcher; a smith, or a metalman, the pot's never from his nose; a cour- 
tier a parasite, as he could find no tree in the wood to hang himself; I can show no 
state of life to give content. The like you may say of all ages ; children live in a 
perpetual slavery, still under that tyrannical government of masters ; young men, 
and of riper years, subject to labour, and a thousand cares of the world, to treachery, 
falsehood, and cozenage, 

'* "Incedil per ignes, I "you incautious tread 

Suppositos ciiieri doloso," | On fires, with faithless asnes overhead." 

'^old are full of aches in their bones, cramps and convulsions, silicernia^ dull of 
hearing, weak sighted, hoary, wrinkled, harsh, so much altered as that they cannot 
know their own face in a glass, a burthen to themselves and others, after 70 years, 
"all is sorrow" (as David hath it), they do not live but linger. If they be sound, 
they fear diseases ; if sick, weary of their lives : JVon est vivere^ sed valere vita. 
One complains of want, a second of servitude, ''^another of a secret or incurable 
disease ; of some deformity of body, of some loss, danger, death of friends, ship- 
wreck, persecution, imprisonment, disgrace, repulse, '''contumely, calumny, abuse, 
injury, contempt, ingratitude, unkindness, scoffs, flouts, unfortunate marriage, single 
life, too many children, no children, false servants, unhappy children, barrenness, 
banishment, oppression, frustrate hopes and ill-success, &c. 

'.^''Talia de grenere hoc adeo sunt multa, loquacem ut I "Rut. every various instance to repeat, 

Delassare valent Fabium." | Would tire even Fabius of incessant prate." 

Talking Fabius w'\\\ be tired before he can tell half of them ; they are the subject 
of whole volumes, and shall (some of them) be more opportunely dilated elsewhere. 
In the meantime thus much I may say of them, that generally they crucify the soul 
of man, '^ attenuate our bodies, dry them, wither them, shrivel them up like old 
apples, make them as so many anatomies ^^[ossa atque pellis est totus., ita curls macct) 
they cause iempus f(£dum et squalidum^ cumbersome days, ingrafaque tempore^ 
slow, dull, and heavy times : make us howl, roar, and tear our hairs, as sorrow did 



(" Lugubris Ate luctuque fero Regum tumidas obsi- 
det arces. Res e.st inquieta fiPlicitas. Sf- Plus aloes 

quam mellis habet. Non hunii jacentein tolleres. 
Valer. I. 7. c. 3. •"* Non diadenia aspicias, sed 



et urina. medicorum ferciila prima. "s Nihil lu- 

trantur, nisi adinoduni mentiendo. Tull. Oftic. '■* Hor. 
1. 5j. od. 1. 'oRarus feli-x idemque senex. Seneca 

in Her. ateo. "eomitto fpgros, exules, niendicos. 



vitam afflictiono rtfertam, non catervas satellitum, quos nemo audet fcelices dicere. Card. lib. 8. c. 46. de 
?ed curaruni multitudinem. 'OAs Plutarch re- rer. var. "" Spretaeque injuria forma3. "<* Hor. 

iate'U ^' Sect. 8. ruemb. 4. subsect. 6. '* Stercus ''''Atlenuantviailefl corpus miserabile cures. ':''Pla»iu« 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1).] Jlmhition^ a Cause. 175 

in ^'Cebes' table, and groan for the very angnish of our souls. Our hearts fail us as 
David's did, Psal. xl. 12, " for innumerable troubles that compas^sed hun ;" and we 
are ready to confess with Hezekiah, Isaiah Iviii. 17, " behold, for felicity I liad biltf r 
grief;" to weep with Heraclitus, to curse tlie day of our birth with Jeremy, xx 14. 
and our stars with Job : to hold that axiom of Silenus, ^^" better never to have be^r 
born, and the best next of all, to die quickly :" or if we must live, to abandon the 
world, as Timon did ; creep into caves and holes, as our anchorites ; cast ^11 into 
the sea, as Cra-tes Thebanus ; or as Theombrotus Ambrociato's 400 auditoia, preci- 
pitate ourselves to be rid of these miseries. 

Sub SECT. XI. — Concupiscihle ^ppctite^ as Desires^ Amhifion., Causes. 

These concupiscihle and irascible appetites are as the two twists of a rope, mutu 
ally mixed one with the other, and both twining about the heart : both good, as Austin 
holds, /. 14. c. 9. de civ. DcU ^^"if they be moderate; both pernicious if they be 
exorbitant. This concupiscihle appetite, howsoever it may seem to carry with it a 
show of pleasure and delight, and our concupiscences most part affect us with con- 
tent and a pleasing object, yet if they be in extremes, they rack and wring us on the 
other side. A true saying it is, '*• Desire hath no rest ;" is infinite in itself, endless ; 
and as ^^ one calls it, a perpetual rack, ^' or horse-mill, according to Austin, still 
going round as in a ring. They are not so continual, as divers, yr//c?w.s atomos denu- 
merare. posscm^ saith ^'^ Bernard, quam mollis cordis ; nunc hcec^ nunc ilia C( gito., yoii 
may as well reckon up the motes in the sun as them. "" It extends itself to every- 
thing," as Guianerius will have it, " that is superfluously sought after :" or to any 
^^ fervent desire, as Fernelius interprets it; be it in what kind soever, it tortures if 
immoderate, and is (according to ^^ Plater and others) an especial cause of melancholy. 
Muliuosis concupisccnfiis dilunianiur cogifationes?nccp^ ^"Austin confessed, that he was 
torn a pieces with his manifold desires : and so doth ^' Bernard complain, "• that he 
could not rest for them a minute of an hour : this I would have, and that, and then 
I desire to be such and such." 'Tis a hard matter therefore to confine them, being 
they are so various and many, impossible to apprehend all. 1 will only insist upon 
some few of the chief, and most noxious in tlieir kind, as that exorbitant appetite 
and desire of honour, which we commonly call ambition ; love of money, which is 
covetousness, and that greedy desire of gain : self-love, pride, and inordinate desire 
of vain-glory or applause, love of study in excess ; love of women (which will re- 
quire a just volume of itself), of the other I will briefly speak, and in their order. 

Ambition, a proud covetousness, or a dry thirst of honour, a great torture of the 
mind, composed of envy, pride, and covetousness, a gallant madness, one ^^ defines 
it a pleasant poison, Ambrose, "a canker of the soul, an hidden plague :" ^^Bernard, 
"a secret poison, the father of livor, and mother of hypocrisy, the moth of holiness, 
and cause of madness, crucifying and disquieting all that it takes hold of" ''''Seneca 
calls it, rem soUcitam., iimidam., vanam^ venlosam^ a wnndy thing, a vain, solicitous, 
and fearful thing. For commonly they that, like Sysiphus, roll this restless stone 
of ambition, are in a perpetual agony, still ®^ perplexed, semper faciti., tritesquc recedunt 
(Lucretius), doubtful, timorous, suspicious, loath to offend in word or dcei]., still cog- 
ging and collogueing, embracing, capping, cringing, applauding, flattering, fleering, 
visiting, waiting at men's doors, with all affability, counterfeit honesty and humility.'* 
If that w^ill not serve, if once this humour (as ^^ Cyprian describes it) possess, his 
thirsty soul, amhitionis salsvgo ubi hibulam animam possidet., by hook and by crook 
he will obtain it, " and from his hole he will climb to all honours and offices, if it 



81 Hffic qucK crines evellit, aernmna. 82 Optimum molestii^s inquietat, secretum virus, pests occulta, &c. 

non iiasci, am cito niori. "-^ Bonse si retlam ra- epist. 126. 9* Ep. b8. "■Nihil infelicius liis, 

tionem seqiiiintur, iiialsB si exorbitant. •'^ 'Iho. quantus iis timor, quanta dubitalio, quantus conatus, 

Buovie. Prob. 18. »'* Mnlam asinariain. *'« Tract, quanta solicitudo, nulla illis d. molestiis vacua hora. 
de Inter, c. 92. s" Circa quaiulibel rem mundi ha^c '•'« Semper attonitus, semper pavidu.* quid dicat, faci- 

passio fieri potest, qua; superfine diligatur. Tract 15. atve : ne dispiiceat humilitatem simulat. lionestatem 
c. 17. I-" Ferventiiis desiderium. "^y Imprimis mentitur. "^ Cypr. Prolog, lad .-^er. To. 2 cunctoa 

verb Appetitn.s. &c 3. de alien, ment. ^oConf. honorat, universis inclinat, subsequiiur. obsequifur, 

1. c. 29. siPerdiversa loca vagor, nullo temporis frequentat (urias, visiiat, opiimates amplexatur. ap- 

momento quiesco. talis et talis esse cupio, illud atque plaudit, adulatur: per fas et nelas 6 latebrii^, in ou» 
i'lu'' habere desidero. «- Anibros. 1. 3. super Lu- ^ nem gr;iduni ubi aditus patet se ingerit, discurrit. ,. 

eaof «rugo aniniae. 93 Nihil animum crucial, nihil | 



176 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. 

be possible for him to get up, flattering one, bribing another, he will leave no means 
unessay'd to win all." ^^ It is a wonder to see how slavishly these kind of men sub- 
iect themselves, when they are about a suit, to every inferior person ; what pains 
they will take, run, ride, cast, plot, countermine, protest and swear, vow, promise, 
what labours undergo, early up, down late ; how obsequious and affable they are, 
how popular and courteous, how they grin and fleer upon every man they meet ; 
with what feasting and inviting, how they spend themselves and their fortunes, in 
seeking that many times, which they had much better be without ; a.« ^^ Cyneas the 
orator told Pyrrhus : with what waking nights, painful hours, anxious thoughts, and 
bitterness of mind, infer spemque metumque^ distracted and tired, they consume the in- 
terim of their time. There can be no greater plague for the present. If they do ob- 
tain their suit, which with such cost and solicitude they have sought, they are not 
5o freed, their anxiety is anew to begin, for they are never satisfied, nihil aliud nisi 
imperium spirant., their thoughts, actions, endeavours are all for sovereignty and ho- 
nour, like '°° Lues Sforsia that huffing Duke of Milan, "a man of singular wisdom, 
DUt profound ambition, born to his own, and to the destruction of Italy," though it 
oe to their own ruin, and friends' undoing, they will contend, they may not cease, 
Dut as a dog in a wheel, a bird in a cage, or a squirrel in a chain, so ' Budaus com- 
pares them ; ^they climb and climb still, with much labour, but never make an end, 
never at the top. A knight would be a baronet, and then a lord, and then a viscount, 
and then an earl, &c. ; a doctor, a dean, and then a bishop; from tribune to praetor; 
from bailifl'to major; first this office, and then that; as Pyrrhus in ^Plutarch, they 
will first have Greece, then Africa, and then Asia, and swell with A^iSop's frog so 
long, till in the end they burst, or come down with Sejanus, ad Gcmonias scalas, and 
break their own necks ; or as Evangelus the piper in Lucian, that blew his pipe so 
long, till he fell down dead. If he chance to miss, and have a canvass, he is in a 
hell on the other side ; so dejected, that he is ready to hang himself, turn heretic, 
Turk, or traitor in an instant. Enraged against his enemies, he rails, swears, fights, 
slanders, detracts, envies, murders : and for his own part, si appelitum explcre non 
potest., furore corripitur; if he cannot satisfy his desire (as ^Bodine writes) he runs 
mad. So that both ways, hit or miss, he is distracted so long as his ambition lasls, 
he can look for no other but anxiety and care, discontent and grief in the meantime, 
^madness itself, or violent death in the end. The event of this is common to be seen 
in populous cities, or in princes' courts, for a courtier's life (as Bud^us describes it) 
"is a ^gallimaufry of ambition, lust, fraud, imposture, dissimulation, detraction, envy, 
pride ; ^ the court, a common conventicle of flatterers, time-servers, politicians, &,c. ;" 
or as '^Anthony Perez will, " the suburbs of hell itself" If you will see such dis- 
contented persons, there you shall likely find them. ^And which he observed of the 
markets of old Rome, 

"Qui nerjnrum convenire vult hominem, mitto in Comitium ; 
Qui mendaceni et ^Inriosuni, apud Cluasin£B sacrum ; 
Dites, damnosos iriaritos, sub basilicd quaerito, &c." 

Perjured knaves, knights of the post, liars, crackers, bad husbands, &c. keep their 
several stations ; they do still, and always did in every commonwealth. 

Sub SECT. XII. — ^i?,apyvpicc, Covetousness, a Cause. 

Plutarch, in his '"book whether the diseases of the body be more grievous than 
those of the soul, is of opinion, " if you will examine all the causes of our miseries 
m this life, you shall find them most part to have had their beginning from stubborn 
anger, that furious desire of contention, or some unjust or immoderate affection, 

98Turbfe cng'n ambitio reijem inservire, ut Homerus alicujus, honestae vel iuhonestte, phantasiam Ifedunt; 
Asramemnonein querentem inducit. 99 pimarchus. ] unde inuiti ambiliosi, philauti, irati, avari, itisani, &;c. 

Quin cnnviveiimr, et in otio nos oblecteinur, quoiiiani i FobIIx Plater, 1. 3. de mentis alien. ' Anlica vita 

in prnmptu id nobis sit, &c. '"ojovins hist. 1. 1. • colluvies ambitionis, cupiditatis, simuiationis, impos- 

vir sinpuiari prudentia, sed profunda ambitions, ad turs, fraudis, invidise, superbise Titaniiica; diversorium 
exitium Italise natus. ' Ut hedera arbori adtimret, aula, et commune conventiculum assentandi artificuni, 

sic ambitio, <fec. 2 j,ib. 3. de contemptu rerum &c. Budsens de asse. lib. 5. ''In his Aphor. 

fortuitarum. Magno conatu et impetu moventur, super [ » Plautiis Curcul. Act. 4. See. 1. '"Tom. 2. Si 

jodein cenlro rotati, non proficiujit, nee ad finem per- examines, omnes miserife causas vel a fiirioso conten- 
v*»niunt. 3 Vira Pyrrhi. 4 Ambitio in insa- dendi studio, vel ab itijusta cupiditate, origin^ traxis^o 

niam facile delabitur,- si excedat. Patritius, 1 4. tit. 20. scies. Idem fere Chrysostomus com. in c « «d K). 
de regis instit. ^Lji). 5. de rep. cap. 1. film- 1 man. ser. 11. 

primes vero appetitus, seu concupiscentia nimia rei 1 



M.em. 3. Subs. 12.] Covetousncss, a Cause. 177 

as covetoiisness, Stc." From whence " are wars and contentions amongst yon ?' 
"St. James asks: I will add usury, fraud, rapine, simony, oppression, jynig, swear 
ing-, bearing- false witness, &.c. are they not from this fountain of covetousness, tliai 
g;ree(liness in getting, tenacity in keeping, sordity in spending ; thai tliey are so wicked, 
'^••^ unjust against God, their neighbour, themselves;" all conies hence. '"The desire 
of money is the root of all evil, and they that lust after it, pierce themselves through 
with many sorrows," 1 Tim. vi. 10. Hippocrates therefore in his Epistle to Crateva. 
an herbalist, gives him this good counsel, that if it were possible, '^amongst other 
herbs, he should cut up that weed of covetousness by the roots, that there be no re- 
mainder left, and then know this for a certainty, that together with their bodies, thou 
mayest quickly cure all the diseases of their minds." For it is indeed the pattern, 
nnage, epitome of all melancholy, the fountain of many miseries, much discontented 
care and woe ; this " inordinate, or immoderate desire of gain, to get or keep money," 
lis '" Bonaventure defines it : or, as Austin describes it, a madness of the soul, Gregory 
a torture ; Chrysostom, an insatiable drunkenness ; Cyprian, blindness, speciosum 
S2ipplicin7n^ a plague subverting kingdoms, families, an '^incurable disease ; Buda?us 
an ill habit, '^"yielding to no remedies :" neither zEsculapius nor Plutus can cure 
them : a continual plague, saith Solomon, and vexation of spirit, another hell. I kno^\ 
there be some of opinion, that covetous men are happy, and worldly, wise, that there 
is more pleasure in getting of wealth than in spending, and no delight in the world 
like unto it. 'Twas '"Bias' problem of old, "With what art thou not weary ? with 
getting money. Wliat is most delectable ? to gain." What is it, trow you, that makes 
a poor man labour all his lifetime, carry such great burdens, fare so hardly, macerate 
nnnself, and endure so much misery, undergo such base offices with so great patience, 
to rise up early, and lie down late, if there were not an extraordinary deliglit in get- 
ting and keeping of money ? What makes a merchant that hath no need, satis super- 
q7ie domi^ to range all over the world, through all those intemperate '^ Zones of heat 
and cold ; voluntarily ' venture his life, and be content with such miserable famine, 
nasty usage, in a stinkmg ship; if there were not a pleasure and hope to get money, 
which doth season the rest, and mitigate his indefatigable pains } What makes them 
go into the bowels of the earth, an hundred fathom deep, endangering their dearest 
lives, enduring damps and filthy smells, when they have enough already, if they could 
be content, and no such cause to labour, but an extraordinary delight they take in 
riches. This may seem plausible at first show, a popular and strong argument ; but 
let him that so thinks, consider better of it,'«nd he shall soon perceive, that it is far 
otherwise than he supposeth ; it may be haply pleasing at the first, as most part all 
melancholy is. For such men likely have some Jucida intervalla., pleasant symptoms 
intermixed ; but you must note that of '^ Chrysostom, '•'• 'Tis one thing to be rich, 
another to be covetous : "generally they are all fools, dizards, mad-men, -° miserable 
wTetches, living besides themselves, sine arte fruendi^ in perpetual slavery, fear, 
suspicion, sorrow, and discontent, plus aloes quam mellis habcnt ; and are indeed, 
*' rather possessed by their money, than possessors :" as ^' Cyprian hath it, mancipati 
pecuniis ; bound prentice to their goods, as ^^ Pliny ; or as Chrysostom, servi diviti- 
arum., slaves and drudges to their substance ; and we may conclude of them all, as 
-^Valerius doth of Ptolomaeus king of Cyprus, "He was in title a king of that island,, 
but in his mind, a miserable drudge of money : 



libertate carens' 



'potiore metallis 



wanting his liberty, which is better than gold. Damasippus the Stoic, in Horace? 
proves that all mortal men dote by fits, some one w^ay, some another, but that 
covetous men ^^ are madder than the rest; and he that shall truly look into their 

"Cap. 4. I. 12 ut sil iniqmis in (leum, in.proxi- ciirrit niercator ad Indos. Ilor. '*• Qua re tion e» 

mui.i, in seipsiini. i3 si vero, Craieva, inter cjete- lapsus? lucrum facieiido : quid maxinu; delectal)ile? 

ras herbariim radices, avaritiffi radicem secare poH.«PS hicrari. i^Hom. 2. alind avariis aliud dives, 

^niaram, iit nnilfe reliqiiiffi essent, probe pcito, &c. j -o Divitiie ut spina? anin.uni hoininis liinoribns, soliri- 
'^ Cap. 6. Dieta^ saliitis : avaritia est amor iinnioderaius tudinibns, angoribus mirifite pnngum, vexani, crii- 
peciiniae vel acquirendrp, vel retinenda;. '^Fpruni ciant. Greg, in hom. , "' Fpist. ad Dotial. cap. 2. 

profecto dirumqne ulcus animi, reinediis non rt'dens I 2n,ib. 9. ep. 30. 23 Lib. 9. cap. 4. insula rex titulo, 

inedeiido exasperatur. '^ Mains est morbus mile- sed nnimopecuniae mi.«eral)ile mancipinm. •<:4iJor. 

que atlicit avaritia siquidem censeo, &c. avariiia diffi- I 10. lib. 1. ispanda est hellel>ori uiuiio pars niaxj 

cilius curatur qiiam insaiiia : quoniam bar mnes fere ma avaris. 
.iiedici labnrant. Hib «p. Abderit- - >ixLrtiiuo*i 

23 



178 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 . Sect. 2. 

estate"-', and examine tlieir symptoms, shall find no better of them, but that they are 
all ^° fools, as Nabal was, Reef nomine (I. Reg. 15). For what greater folly can 
th*-re be, or ''madness, than to macerate himself when he need not? and when, is 
Cyprian notes, '^'•'he may be freed from his burden, and eased of his pains, will go 
on still, his wealth increasing, when he hatli enough, to get more, to live besides 
himself," to starve his genius, keep back from his wife ^^and children, neither letting 
them nor other friends use or enjoy that which is theirs by right, and which they 
much need perhaps; like a hog, or dog in the manger, he doth only keep it, because 
it sliall do nobody else good, hurting himself and others : and for a little momentaiy 
pelf, damn his ovVii soul .'' They are commonly sad and tetric by nature, as Achab's 
spirit was because he could not get Naboth's vineyard, (1. Reg. 22.) and if he lay 
out his money at any time, though it be to necessauy uses, to his own children's 
good, he brawls and scolds, his heart is heavy, much disquieted he is, and loath to 
part from it : Miser ahstmet et timet, uti^ Hor. He is of a wearish, dry, pale consti- 
tution, and cannot sleep for cares and worldly business ; his riches, saith Solomon, 
will not let him sleep, and unnecv^ssary business which he heapcth on himself; or if 
ne do sleep, 'tis a very unquiet, interrupt, unpleasing sleep : with his bags in his 
arms, 

-"coneestis undiqiie sacc 



Indnrniit inliiai 

And though he be at a banquet, or at some merry feast, " he sighs for grief of heart 
(as ^° Cyprian hath it) and cannot sleep though it be upon a down bed; his wearish 
body takes no rest, ^' troubled in his abundance, and sorrowful in plenty, unhappy 
for the present, and more unhappy in the life to come." Basil. He is a perpetual 
drudge, ^^ restless in his thoughts, and never satisfied, a slave, a wretch, a dust-worm, 
semper quod idolo suo immolet., sedulus ohservat^ ^yP''- prolog, ad sermon., still seek- 
ing what sacrifice he may offer to his golden god, jjcryc/s et nefas^ he cares not how, 
his trouble is endless, "^crescunt divitice., tamen curtcB nescio quid semper nhest rei : 
his wealth increaseth, and the more he hath, the more ^ he wants : like Pharaoh's 
lean kine, which devoured the fat, and were not satisfied. ^^Austin therefore defines 
covetousness, quarumlihet rerum inhonestam et insatiahilem cupiditatem., a dishon- 
est and insatiable desire of gain; and in one of his epistles compares it to hell; 
^^" which devours all, and yet never hath enough, a bottomless pit," an endless 
misery ; in quern scopulum avaritice cadaverosi scnes utplurimum imjiingunt.^ and that 
which is their greatest corrosive, they are in continual suspicion, fear, and distrust. 
He thinks his own wife and children are so many thieves, and go about to cozen 
him, his servants are all false : 

"Rein su:im periisse, seque eradicnrier I ^jf ^jg ^^^^^ ^.^^^^ ^^^^ ^„^ ,^g ^.^j^^ ^ 

Et divu.M auiue hon.n.um clarnat coniinub fidem, ^-^^ ,g .^^^ ] ^„,i ^e is quite undone." 

Ue suo tigillo SI qua exit foras. | " o ■> 

Timidus Plutus, an old proverb. As fearful as Plutus : so doth Aristophanes and 
Lucian bring him in fearful still, pale, anxious, suspicious, and trusting no man, 
^'"•'They are afraid of tempests for their corn; they are afraid of their friends lest 
they should ask something of them, beg or borrow ; they are afraid of their enemies 
lest they hurt them, thieves lest they rob them ; they are afraid of war and afraid of 
peace, afraid of rich and afraid of poor ; afraid of all." Last of all, they are afraid of 
want, that they shall die beggars, which makes them lay up still, and dare not use that 
they have : what if a dear year come, or dearth, or some loss ? and were it not that 
*hey are loth to ''lay out money on a rope, they would be hanged forthwith, and 
sometimes die to save charges, and make away themselves, if iheir corn and cattle 

26luke.xii. 20. Stnlte, hac nocte eripiam animain ] cessat qui pecunias supplere diliLMint. Guianer. tract, 
main. ''Opes qnideni niortalil)Us sunt denienlia 15. c 17. ^3 fjor. 3. Od. 21. Quo pins sunt potae, 

Tlieog. -"Ed. 2. lib. 2. Eionerare cum se possif, ! plus sitiunter aqnag. "'^ Hor. 1. 2. Sat. <>. O si 

el reievare ponderibus pergit iiiagis fortunis augenti- 
bus pertinatiter incubare. -yNon amicis, non li- 

bsri.s, jion ipsi sibi quidquam impertit, possidet ad hoc 
Janinin, ne possidere alteri liceat, &c. Hieron. ad 
J'aulin. tani deesl quod habet quani quod non hal)et. 
8^) Epist. 2. lib. 2. Suspirat in convivio, bibat licet gem- 
mis ettorn molliore niarcidnm corpus condiderit, vigi- 
lat in pluina. ^' Angustaiur ex abundantia, con- 

tristaiur ex opulentia, iufa-lix prffiseniibus bonis, in- 
frwcioi IP futuris. ^^llloruni cogitatio nunqaan* 



gulus ille proxiuius accedat. qui nunc defonnat ageU 
ium. ^^ Mb. .". de lib. arbit. Innnorltur studiis, et 

ainore senescit habendi. :*Avarus vir inferno est 

siuiilis, &;c. itiodum non habet, hoc esentior quo pluia 
habet. 3' Erasm. Adag. chil. 3 cert. 7. prM. 72 

Nulli fidentcs omnium foruiidant opes, ideo pavidiim 
malum vocat Euripides : metuuiit teni|)esiales ob fru- 
inenlum, amicos ne rogent, inimicos ne la^danf, fure» 
ne rapiant, bellum timent, pacem tiinent, surainn«, 
medics, in^nos. ^f^Hall Char. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 13.] Love of Gaming^ ^fc. 179 

miscarry; ihoiigh ihey have abundance left, as ^^Agellius notes. ""Valerius makes 
mention of one that in a famine sold a mouse for 200 pence, and famish.cd himself- 
such are their cares, '"griefs and perpetual fears. These symptoms are elegantly ex- 
pressed by Theophrastus in his character of a covetous man ; "^" lying in bed, he 
asked his wife wliether she shut the trunks and chests fast, the capcase be seak'd. 
and whether the hall door be bolted ; and though she say all is well, he riseth out 
of his bed in his shirt, barefoot and barelegged, to see whether it be so, with a dark 
lantliorn searching every corner, scarce sleeping a wink all night." Lucian in that 
pleasant and witty dialogue called Gallus, brings in Mycillus the cobler disputing 
M'ith his cock, sometimes Pythagoras ; where after much speech pro and con, to 
prove the happiness of a mean estate, and discontents of a rich man, Pythagoras' 
cock in the end, to illustrate by examples that which he had said, brings him to 
Gnyphon the usurer's house at midnight, and after that to Eu crates ; whom they 
found both awake, casting up their accounts, and telling of their money, '*^lean, dry, 
pale and anxious, still suspecting lest somebody should make a hole through the 
wall, and so get in; or if a rat or mouse did but stir, starting upon a sudden, and run- 
ning to the door to see whether all were fast. Plautus, in his Aulularia, makes old 
Euclio ■''' commanding Staphyla his wife to shut the doors fast, and the tire to be put out, 
lest anybody should make that an errand to come to his house : when he washed his 
hands, ■•' he was loath to fling away the foul Avater, complaining that he was undone, 
because the smoke got out of his roof. And as he went from home, seeing a crow 
scratch upon the muck-hill, returned in all haste, taking it for malum omen., an ill 
sign, his money was digged up ; with many such. He that will but observe their 
actions, shall find these and many such passages not feigned for sport, but really per- 
formed, verified indeed by such covetous and miserable wretches, and that it is, 

4'' "rriJiriift^sta phrenesis 

Ut lociiples moriaris e<:enti vivere fato." 

A mere madness, to live like a wretch, and die rich. 

SuBSECT. XIII. — Love of Gaming., <SiT. and pleasures immoderate ; Causes. 

It is a wonder to see, how many poor, distressed, miserable wretches, one shall 
meet almost in every path and street, begging for an alms, that have been well de- 
scended, and sometimes in flourishing estate, now ragged, tattered, and ready to be 
starved, lingering out a painful life, in discontent and grief of body and mind, and 
all through inunoderate lust, gaming, pleasure and riot. 'Tis the common end of 
all sensual epicures and brutish prodigals, that are stupified and carried away head- 
long with their several pleasures and lusts. Cebes in his table, St. Ambrose in his 
second book of Abel and Cain, and amongst the rest Lucian in his tract de Mcrcede 
conductis., hath excellent well deciphered such men's proceedings in his picture of 
Opulentia, whom he feigns to dwell on the top of a high mount, much sought after 
by many suitors ; at their first coming they are generally entertained by pleasure 
and dalliance, and have all the content that possibly may be given, so long as dieir 
money lasts : but when their means fail, they are contemptibly thrust out at a back 
door, headlong, and there left to shame, reproach, despair. And he at first that had 
yo many attendants, parasites, and followers, young and lusty, richly arrayed, and 
all the dainty fare that might be had, with all kind of welcome and good respect, 
is now upon a sudden stript of all, ''"pale, naked, old, diseased and forsaken, cursing 
his stars, and ready to strangle himself; having no other company but repentance, 
sorrow, grief, derision, beggary, and contempt, which are his daily attendants to his 
life's end. As the "^^ prodigal son had exquisite music, merry company, dainty fare at 



3*" Ajielliiis, lib. 3. cap. 1. interdiiiii eo sceleris per- 
veniunt ol» lucrum, ui vilaro propriam cotiiniuteiit. 
'>' Lib. 7. cap. 6. 4101111168 perpetuo niorbo agi- 

tantnr. sii.spjcatur omnes timidus. sihiqne oh auruin 
itisidiari putat, nunquain quiescens, Plin. Piooein. lib. 
14 ^ Cap. 18. in leclo jacens inti noiiat uxoreni 

an arcam pioiie ckiusit, an capsula, &c. E lecto snr- 
geiis iiudiis et absque calceis, accensa liiceiiia omnia 
cliiens et histrans, ei vix somno indnljreiis. *'■> Curis 
extpn-jatus, vigiians el secum siippuians. •'^ Cave 

!;i:e(juam alienuui in ledes introniisciis. Ignem extin- i 



pui volo, ne causae quidquam sit quod te quisquari 
qua^ritet. Si bona Ibrtuna veniat ne introiniseris ; 
Occlude sis fores ambobns pessulis. Discrutior aniffii 
quia domo abeundum est milii : Nimis hercule irivi- 
tus abeo, nee quid ajram scio. 's I'loras aquam pro- 
fundere, &c. periit dum fumus de ticillo exit foras 
■•' Juv. Sal. 14. 4- Ventricosns, nudus, palljdus, 

lieva pudorem occultans, dextra siepsnin strangulans, 
occurit aulem exeunti poenilenlia his miserumtoufi 
tiens, &c. <«^Lukexv. 



180 Causes of Melancholy. [Pari 1. Seel. 2 

first ; but a sorrowful reckoning in the end ; so have all such vain delights and their 
followers. ^'Trlstes volupfaium exitus^ et quisqu'is voJiiptatum suarum remin'isci 
volet^ intelllget^ as bitter as gall and wormwood is their last ; grief of mind, madness 
itself The ordinary rocks upon which such men do impigne and precipitate them- 
.selves, are cards, dice, hawks, and hounds, Insanum venandi siud'mm^ one calls it, 
insance suh struct} ones : their mad structures, disports, plays, &c., when they are un- 
seasonably used, imprudently handled, and beyond tlieir fortunes. Some men are 
consumed by mad fantastical buildings, by making galleries, cloisters, terraces, walks, 
orchards, g-ardens, pools, rillets, bowers, and such like places of pleasure ; InutUes 
dcmos^ ^Xenophon calls them, which howsoever they be delightsome things in 
themselves, and acceptable to all beholders, an ornament, and benefitting some great 
men ; yet unprofitable to others, and the sole overthrow of their estates. Forestus 
in his observations hath an example of such a one that became melancholy upon the 
like occasion, having consumed his substance in an unprofitable building, which 
would afterward yield him no advantage. Others, I say, are ^' overthrown by those 
mad sports of hawking and hunting; honest recreations, and fit for some great men, 
but not for every base inferior person ; whilst they will maintain their falconers, 
dogs, and hunting nags, their wealth, saith ^^Salmutze, ^' runs away with iiounds, 
and their fortunes fly away with hawks." They persecute beasts so long, till in 
the end they themselves degenerate into beasts, as "^^Agrippa taxeth them, ^^Actaeon 
like, for as he was eaten to death by his own dogs, so do they devour themselves and 
their patrim.onies, in such idle and unnecessary disports, neglecting in the mean time 
their more necessary business, and to follow their vocations. Over-mad too some- 
times are our g-reat men in delighting, and doting too much on it. ''^^ When they 
drive poor husbandmen from their tillage," as ^'^Sarisburiensis objects, Polijcrat. I. 1. 
c. 4, " fling down country farms, and whole towns, to make parks, and forests, 
starving men to feed beasts, and ^'punishing in tlie mean time such a man that shall 
molest their game, more severely than him that is otherwise a common hacker, or a 
notorious thief." But great men are some ways to be excused, the meaner sort 
have no evasion why tliey should not be counted mad. Poggius the Florentine tells 
a merry story to this purpose, condemning the folly and impertinent business of 
such kind of persons. A physician of Milan, saith he, that cured mad men, had a 
pit of water in his house, in which he kept his patients, some up to the knees, some 
to the girdle, some to the chin, pro modo insanice^ as they were more or less afl^ected. 
One of them by cliance, that was well recovered, stood in the door, and seeing a gal- 
lant ride by with a hawk on his fist, well mounted, with his spaniels after him, would 
needs know to what use all this preparation served ; he made answer to kill certain 
fowls ; the patient demanded again, what his fowl might be worth which he killed 
in a year; he replied 5 or 10 crowns; and when he urged him farther what his 
dogs, horse, and hawks stood him in, he told him 400 crowns ; with that the pa- 
tient bad be gone, as he loved his life and welfare, for if our master come and find 
thee here, he will put thee in the pit amongst mad men up to the chin : taxing the 
madness and folly of such vain men that spend themselves in those idle sports, 
neglecting their business and necessary affairs. Leo declmus^ that hunting pope, is 
much discommended by ^Uovius in his life, for his immoderate desire of hawking 
and Imnting, in so much that (as he saith) he would sometimes live about Ostia 
weeks and months together, leave suitors ^^unrespected, bulls and pardons unsigned, 
to his own prejudice, and many private men's loss. ^°''And if he had been by chance 
crossed in his sport, or his game not so good, he was so impatient, that he would 



«Bnethiiis. -oin Oeconom. Quid si nunc osten- 

(lan»«)sqiii magna vi arj,'enti domus inntiles sRdifi- 
c:int, ii)"uit Socrates. ^' Saiisliiirieu-is Polycrat 

i 1. c. li. venatores omnes adhnc institiiiioiiem redo- 
lent centaurorum. Raro inveriitiir quisquam eorurn 



toribus ut auj^eantur pascua feris. Majestatia 

reus agricola si gustarit. ^^ A novalibus snis ar- 

centur agricolre, dum ferai habeant vagandi liberta- 
tem : Istis, ut pascua augeantur praedia sublrahuntur, 
&c. Sarisburiensis. s'^ Fens quain homiuibua 



iTiodesUis et gravis, raro coniinens, et ut credo sobrius t cequiores. Caiubd- de Guil. Conq. qui 36 Ecclosias 



uuqiiam. s-PanciroI. Tit. 23. avolant opes cum 

•iccipitre. 53],is,g,,is veiiatorum stultitia, et super- 

vacania cura eorum, qui dum nimium venationi insis- 
.unt, ipsi abjecta omni ii-inianitate in feras degenerant, 
(U Acteon. &;c. "* Sabin. in Ovid. Metanior. 

"' Agrippa de vanit. scient. Insanum venandi studium, 
Jiim ii novalihus arcentur agricola^ suittrahunt pra^dia 
tusiicis, agricolonis prxcluduntur sylvtje et prata pas- 



matrices depopulatus est ad forestaiu novam. Mat. 
Paris ^oTom. 2. de vitis illustriutn, I. 4. de vit. 

I.eon. 10. 69 Venationihus adeo perdite studebat 

et aucupiis. soAut infeliciter venatus tarn iinpa- 

tiens inde, ut summos sjcpe v/ros acerbissimis contu 
meliis oneraret, et incredibile est quali vultus aniioJ 
que habitu dolorem iracundiamque praeferrei, fcc. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 13. 



Love of Gaming. 



181 



revile and miscall many times men of great worth with most bitter taunts, look so 
sour, be so angry and waspish, so grieved and molested, that it is incredible to relate 
it," But if he had good sport, and been well pleased, on the other side, incredibi/i 
muTiificenfia^ with unspeakable bounty and munificence he would reward all his fel- 
low hunters, and deny nothing to any suitor when he was in that mood. To say 
truth, 'lis the common humour of all gamesters, as Galataeus observes, if they win. 
no men living are so jovial and merry, but ^' if they lose, though it be but a trifle, 
two or three games at tables, or a dealing at cards for two pence a game, they are so 
choleric and testy that no man may speak with them, and break many times into 
violent passions, oaths, imprecations, and unbeseeming speeches, little differing from 
mad men for the time. Generally of all gamesters and gaming, if it be excessive, 
thus much we may conclude, that whether they win or lose for the present, theii 
winnings are not Miinera fortuncE.) sed insidicc^ as that wise Seneca determines, not 
fortune's gifts, but baits, the common catastrophe is ^^ beggary, ®^ Ut pestis mtam, sir, 
adiniit alea pecunian^ as the plague takes away life, doth gaming goods, for ^'^ onirics 
nudi. inopes et egeni ; 

6s"Alea Scylla vora^, species certissima fiirti, 

Noil coiiteiita hoiiis aiiimuin qiinque perrida mergit, 
Fa3(ia, furax, infiiiiis, iiiers, furiosa, ruiiia." 

For a little pleasure they take, and some small gains and gettings now and then, their 
wives and children are ringed in the meantime, and they themselves with loss of 
body and soul rue it in the end. I will say nothing of those prodigious prodigals, per- 
dcndcE pccunice genilos., as he ^^ taxed Anthony, Qui patrimonium sine ulla fori calum- 
nla amitiunt., saith ^''Cyprian, and ^^ mad Sybaritical spendthrifts, Qiiiqiie una come 
dunl palrimonia coena; that eat up all at a breakfast, at a supper, or amongst bawds 
parasites, and players, consume themselves in an instant, as if they had flung it into 
^^ Tiber, with great wages, vain and idle expenses, &c., not themselves only, but cvea 
all their friends, as a man desperately swimming drowns him that comes to help him, 
by suretyship and borrowing they will willingly undo all their associates and allies. 
'^Irad pecuniis^ as he saith, angry with their money: ""what with a wanton eye, a 
liquorish tongTie, and a gamesome hand, when they have indiscreetly impoverished 
themselves, mortgaged their wits, together with their lands, and entombed their ances- 
tors' fair possessions in their bowels, they may lead the rest of their days in prison. 
as many times they do; they repent at leisure; and when all is gone begin to be 
thrifty: but Sera est in f undo parsinionia^ 'tis then too late to look about; their 
'^end is misery, sorrow, shame, and discontent. And well they deserve to be infa- 
mous and discontent. '^Catamidiari in Ampkitheatro., as by Adrian the emperor's edict 
they were of old, decoctores bonorum suorum^ so he calls them, prodigal fools, to be 
publicly shamed, and hissed out of all societies, rather than to be pitied or relieved. '^ 
The Tuscans and Boetians brought their bankrupts into the market-place in a bier 
with an empty purse carried before them, all the boys following, where they sat all 
day circumstante plehe^ to be infamous and ridiculous. At '^ Padua in Italy they have 
a stone called the stone of turpitude, near the senate-house, where spendthrifts, and 
such as disclaim non-payment of debts, do sit with their hinder parts bare, that by 
that note of disgrace others may be terrified from all such vain expense, or borrowing 
more than they can tell how to pay. The '^civilians of old set guardians over such 
brain-sick prodigals, as they did over madmen, to moderate their expenses, that they 
should not so loosely consume their fortunes, to the utter undoing of their families. 
I may not here omit those two main plagues, and common dotages of human kind, 
wme and women, which have infatuated and besotted myriads of people ; they gc 
commonly together. 

TT'Ciui vino indulaet, queiiiqiie alea decoqiiit, ille 
In veiierein puiret" 



6' Uniciiiqiie aiiteiii hoc a natiira insitum est, ut doleat 
Eiculii erraveiit aiit diceptiis sit. «- Juven. Snt. 8. 

\eceiiiin Inculis comiian tilms itiir, ad rasnin taltiily, 
<)osita sed liiditiir area Leiiiiiiiis irisiit. ca. 44. metida- 
inruai qiiidein.et perjurioriitrv et paiipertatis mater e.st 
alea, nullaiu haticiis palrimoitii revereiiliain, qiiiiin 
illiid effiiderit, sensiin in fiirta delahitur et rapinas. 
?ari^. polycrat. I. I. c. 5. «3 Damlindenis. '-•Daii. 

Soiiter. fisPetrar dial. 27. ««Saliist ^''Torri. :i. 

P',-r. de Allea. ^"Plutiis in Aristop. calls all surh 

{aiuesterrj madmen. Si in insanuni honunem contigero. 



Spontaneum ad se tralinnt fnrorem, et os, et nares ^ 
oriilosrivos faciiint furoris et diversoria,Chrys. hoin. ]■; 
69 Pascasins Justus I. 1. de alea. ^"Seneca. ^' Hall, 
'•i In Sat 11. S.*<l deficiente crumena : et crescente L'ula 
qnis te manet exittis — rebus in ventrem iiiersis 
^^^Spartian. Adriano. '•» Alex. ati. Alex. lib. t). c. ll» 

Idem Gf-rhelius, lib. 5. Grap. disc. ^^ Fines Moris 

'6 Justinian ■ Di-:estis. "7 Persius Sat. 5. "On.; 

irHuk'es in wine, anotlior the die co'isuines, a third m 
decnin posed by veiiery." 



1S2 



Causes of Melanchohj. 



Part. 1 . Sec. 2 



To who n is sorrow, saith Solomon, Pro. xxiii. 39, to whom is woe, but lo such a 
one as loves drink .^ it causelh torture, (ymo tortus et ird) and bitterness of mind, 
fcjirac. 31 21. Vimim furorls^ Jeremy calls it, 15. cap. wine of madness, as well he 
may, for insanire facU sanos^ it makes sound men sick and sad, and wise men '^mad, 
to say and do they know not what. Jlccidit hodie tcrrlhiUs casus (saith "S. Austin) 
hear a miserable accident; Cyrillus' son this day in his drink, Mafrem pra>gnante/u 
ncquiter opprcssU^ sororem violare voluif., patrem occidit fere^ et duas alias sorores 
ad iiiorteni vulneravlt., would have violated his sister, killed his father, &tc. A true 
saying it was of him, Vmo darl Icelitiam et dolorem, drink causeth mirth, and drink 
causeth sorrow, drink causelh "poverty and want," (Prov. xxi.) shame and disgrace. 
Multi Iguobiles evasere oh vini potum^ et (Austin) amiss'is honoribus profngi, abernl- 
runt : many men have made shipwreck of their fortunes, and go like rogues and 
beggars, having turned all their substance into anrum poiabile^ that otherwise might 
have lived in good worship and happy estate, and for a few hours' pleasure, for their 
Hilary term's but short, or ^free madness, as Seneca calls it, purchase unto them- 
selves eternal tediousness and trouble. 

That other madness is on women, Apostatare facit cor^ saith the wise man, ^^Atque 
hoinhii cerebrum m'lnuit. Pleasant at first she is, like Dioscorides Khododaphne, that 
fair plant to the eye, but poison to the taste, the rest as bitter as wormwood in the 
end (Prov. v. 4.) and sharp as a two-edged sword, (vii. 27.) " Her house is the way 
to hell, and goes down to the chambers of death." What more sorrowful can be 
said ? they are miserable in this life, mad, beasts, led like ^^'^ oxen to the slaughter :" 
and that which is worse, whoremasters and drunkards shall be judged, araittunt gra- 
t'lam^ saitli Austin, perdunt glorlam^ incurrunt damnationem ceternam. They lose 
grace and glory; 

83 " brevis ilia voluptas 

Abrogat seteriium cseli decus" 

they gain hell and eternal damnation. 



Sub SECT. XIV. — Philautia^ or Self-love^ Vain-glory^ Praise.^ Honour, Immoderate 
Applause, Pride, over-much Joy, Sfc, Causes. 

Self-love, pride, and vain-glory, ^^ccecus amor sui, which Chrysostom calls one of 
tlie devil's three great nets; ^^'^ Bernard, an arrow which pierceth the soul through, 
and slays it ; a sly, insensible enemy, not perceived," are main causes. Where 
neither anger, lust, covetousness, fear, sorrow, &.C., nor any other perturbation can 
lav hold ; this will slily and insensibly pervert us. Quern non gula vicif, Philautia, 
superavit, (saith Cyprian) whom surfeiting could not overtake, self-love hath over- 
come. ^'•'He hath scorned all money, bribes, gifts, upright otherwise and sincere, 
hath inserted himself to no fond imagination, and sustained all those tyrannical con- 
cupiscences of the body, hath lost all his honour, captivated by vain-glory." Chry- 
sostom, sup. lo. Tu sola animum mentemgue peruris, gloria. A great assault and 
cause of our present malady, although we do most part neglect, take no notice of it, 
yet this is a violent batterer of our souls, causeth melancholy and dotage. This pleas- 
ing humour; this soft and whispering popular air, AmabiUs insania ; this deiectabJe 
frenzy, most irrefragable passion, Mentis gratissimus error, this acceptable disease, 
which so sweetly sets upon us, ravisheth our senses, lulls our souls asleep, puffs up 
our hearts as so many bladders, and that without all feeling, ^^ insomuch as -'those 
that are misaffected with it, never so much as once perceive it, or think of any cure. 
We commonly love him best in this *^^ malady, that doth us most harm, and are very 
willing to be hurt; adulationibus nostris libcntur favemus (saith ^^ Jerome) we love 
fiim, we love him for it: ^°0 Bonciari suave, suave fait a te tali hcec tribui ; ^Twas 
svveet to hear it. And as '^' Pliny doth ingenuously confess to his dear friend Augu- 



^''Poc.nliim quasi sinus in qi;o sa;pe naufrajfiiim fa- 
riniit, jacinra tnni pecunin; turn mei :is Erassn. in Prov. 
rnlicuni reniijres. cliil. 4. •'ont. 7. I'rn. 41. '''Ser. 33. ad 
frHt. in Ercnid. ^-o Libera; uiiins hora; insaniam 

(ftcrno teinporis ta>(lio )(ensaiil. »' Mnnani-ler. 

I-' I'rov. 5. '■3 Merlin, cocc. " That momentary plea- 
.sure b.ots out th;! ntfrnal jilory of a ht^avenly life." 
'< Hor. ''•'^Sauitta (jua- aniniam penelrat, leviler 

penetral, scd non leve inlii^'it vulaus sup. cant. eBQui 



omnem pecuniarum cnntemi)tum habent, et ni.lli ima- 
ginatitinis totiiis innndi se iinmiscurrint, et tyrnnniciva 
crirporis concupiscentiassustinnt'rint.hi mnltoliescap i 
ii vana srloria omnia perdidernnl. "" Hac correpti non 
eojfitant de medela. ««Dii talem a terris avertite 

peslem. "^Ep ad Euslochinm, de cusfod virjfin. 

«o Lyps. Ep ad Ronciarium. '••' Ep. lib. 9. Omnia tua 
scripta pulclierrinia exiiliino, nid.vime tamcit illd, quai 
de ucbts. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 14. 



PhUautla, or Sclf-loLie, ^c. 



183 



rinus, '-all tliy writings are most acceptable, but those especially that speak of us." 
Again, a little after to Maximus, ^^"I cannot express how pleasing it is to me to hear 
myseli commended." Though we smile to ourselves, at least ironically, when para- 
sites bedaiil) us with false encomiums, as many princes cannot choose but do, Quum 
tale quid nihil infra se rejtererint^ when they know they come as far short, as a mouse 
to au elephant, of any such virtues ', yet it doth us good. Though we seem many 
limes to be angry, ^^'•'and blush at our own praises, yet our souls inwardly rejoice, 
it puffs us up;" his fallax suavitas^ hlandm dcemon^ "makes us swell beyond our 
bounds, aiul forget ourselves." Her two daughters are lightness of mind, immode- 
rate joy and pride, not excluding those other concomitant vices, whiv'h ^*Iodocus 
Lorichius reckons up ; bragging, hypocrisy, peevishness, and curiosity. 

Now the common cause of this mischief, ariseth from ourselves or others, ^^we 
are active and passive. It proceeds inwardly from ourselves, as we are active causes, 
from an overweening conceit v/e have of our good parts, own worth, (which indeed 
is no worth) our bounty, favour, grace, valour, strengtli, wealth, patience, meekness, 
hospitality, beauty, temperance, gentry, knowledge, wit, science, art, learning, our 
''^excellent gifts and fortunes, for which. Narcissus-like, we admire. Hatter, and ap- 
plaud ourselves, and think all the world esteems so of us ; and as deformed women 
easily believe those that tell them they be fair, we are too credulous of our own good 
parts and praises, too well persuaded of ourselves. We brag and venditate our ^"own 
works, and scorn all others in respect of us; Injiati sci.entia^ (saith Paul) our wis- 
dom, ''^our learning, all our geese are swans, and we as basely esteem aiul vilify other 
men's, as we do over-higlily prize and value our own. We will not suffer them to 
be in secundis^ no, not in t.ertlis ; what, Mecum conferfur Ulysses f they are Mures^ 
MusccE^ culices pra>. se, nits and flies compared to his inexorable and supercilious, 
eminent and arrogant worship: though indeed they be far before him. Only wise, 
only rich, only fortunate, valorous, and fair, puffed up with this tympany of self-con- 
ceit; ^^as that proud pharisee, they are not (as they suppose) " like other men," of 
a purer and more precious metal: ^^Soli rcV gerendi sunt efficaces^ which that wise 
Periauder held of such: ^medifanlur omne qui prius negotiunu &c. JVoi^i qucndam 
saith ^Erasmus) I knew one so arrogant that he thought himself inferior to no man 
living, like ^Callisthenes the philosopher, that neither held Alexander's acts, or any 
other subject worthy of his pen, such was his insolency; or Seleucus king of Syria, 
who thought none fft to contend with him but th(^ Romans. "^Eos solos dignos ratus 
quibuscum de impcrio cerlaref. That which TuUy writ to Atticus long since, is still 
m force. ^" There was never yet true poet nor orator, that thought any other better 
than himself'"' And such for the most part are your princes, potentates, great philo- 
sophers, historiographers, authors of sects or heresies, and all bur great scholars, as 
^Hierom defines; ^' a natural philosopher is a glorious creature, and a very slave of 
rumour, fame, and popular opinion," and though they write (Ze confempfu glories^ yet as 
he observes, they will put their names to their books. Vohis et famcE me semper dedi^ 
saith Trebellius Pollio, I have wholly consecrated myself to you and fame. "'Tis all 
my desire, night and day, 'tis all my study to raise my name." Proud ''Pliny secoa^ji 
him; Qunmquam O! &c. and that vain-glorious ^orator is not asliamed to confess; 
in an Epistle of his to Marcus Lecceius, Jlrdeo incredihili cupididate^ &c. " I burn 
with an incredible desire to have my ^name registered in thy book. Out of this foua- 

teiin proceed all those cracks and brags, '^speramus carmina Jingi Posse linenda 

tedro^ et leni servanda cuprcsso "JVow vmtafa nee fenui ferar penna. nee An 

terra morahor longi.iis. JYil parvuni aut humili modo^ nil mortale loqiior. Dicar qua 
violens ohslrepit Ausidus. Exegi monumenlum cere perennius. lamqiie opus exegi, 



s^Expriiiiere non possum quarn sit jucundum, &c. 
«" Hirroiii. ct licet ncrs indigiios dicimus et calidus rubor 
ora perfundat, attaincii ad laudeni suaiu intritisociis 
auiniai la^lantur. '-"t'l'liesaiir. Theo. ssNeceiiim 

liiihi n>i tie;t (il)ra est. Per. ^ E nianibus illis, Nascen- 
tur viols PeTs. 1. Sat. 9? Omnia eniiii nostra, supra 
nutduiu I'laceiit. ssFal). I. 10. c. 3. Ridentur mala 

••oiiiponiif.' cririnina, venim eaiulent scribentes, et se 
venerantnr, et ultra. Si tnceas laiidaiit, quicquid scrip- 
sere beati. H(ir. ep. 2. 1. ± «» Luke xviii. 10. '««De 
tieliore luto finxii p-a-cordia Tit?" i Ausnn. sap. 

Cliii 3.c<!iit. 10 pr... if/. Ciui Mrr crederet neiiiinem ulla 
■ TA ^)nP6tal/tll)^eu:. ^ Taiito fastu scripsit, ut 



Alexatidri gesta inferiora scriptis suis existimaret, [o. 
Vossius lib. 1. cap. !». de hist. ■• Plutarch, vit. Cato- 

nis. 6 iVemo unquam Poeta ant Orator, cpii queti- 

quam se meliorem arbitraretur. *'(;,,iis()i. acl Paiu- 

machium mundi Philosophus gloria> aniuial. et popula- 
ris aiinc el rumoruni venale maticipiuin. '• Kpist. .">, 

Capitoni suo Diniius ac noctilius, fine soluui ro^/ito si 
qua me possuui icvare hiiino. Id voto mco suliicit. &.i:. 
"Tullius. '•'Ut iiouii-n uieuui scriptis, tuis iihi^tri-liir. 
luqiiies atiiriius studio .Tttrurtatis, uocti-s ct dies ai.jte- 
batur. Heiisius for.it. uncb. de Scil. i" n,,r. art. 

Pret. " Oil. Vit. 1. :5. Jamqiii; opus excgi. Vad>« 

liber foelix Paliiigen. lib. IS. 



[84 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2. 



And I shall be alive, 

Fn these my works for ever. 

My glory shall persever," &c. 



<juod nee Jovis ira^ nee ignls^ &c. cum venit ille dies., &c. parte tamen meliore mei 
super alta perennis astra ferar, nomenque erit indelehile nostrum. (This of OvicI 1 
have paraphrased in English.) 

" And when I am dead and gone, I 

My corpse laid under a stone 
My fame shall yet survive, | 

And that of Ennius, 

" Nemo me lachrymjs rtecoret, neque funera fletu 
Faxit, cur? volito docta per ora virum." 

*" Let none shed tears over me, or adorn my bier with sorrow — because 1 am eter- 
nally in the mouths of men." With many such proud strains, and foolish flashes 
too common with writers. Not so much as Democharis on the '^Topics, but he 
will be immortal. Typotius de J'amd^ shall be famous, and well he deserves, because 

he writ of fame; and every trivial poet must he renowned, ''^ Plausuque petit 

ctarescere vulgV^ "He seeks the applause of the public." This puffing humour it 
is, that hath produced so many great tomes, built such famous m(inuments, strong 
castles, and Mausolean tombs, to have their acts eternised, '''' Digito monsfrari, et 
dicier hie est ;" " to be pointed at with the finger, and to have it said ' there he 
goes,' " to see their names inscribed, as Phryne on the walls of Thebes, Phryne 
fecit; this causeth so many bloody batdes, ^'' Et nocfes cogit vigilare serenas f' 
"and induces us to watch during calm nights." Long journeys, ^^ Magnum iter in- 
tendo^ sed dat mi hi gloria vires^''"' •'• I contemplate a monstrous journey, but the lov« 
of glory strengthens me for it," gaining honour, a little applause, pride, self-love, 
vain-glory. This is it which makes them take such pains, and break out into those 
ridiculous strains, this high conceit of themselves, to '^ scorn all others; ridiculo 
fastu et intolerando contemptu; as '^Palaemon the grammarian contemned Varro, 
secum et natas et morituras literas jactans., and brings them to that height of inso- 
lency, that they cannot endure to be contradicted, '^or hear of anything but their own 
'•ommendation," which Hierom notes of such kind of men. And as '^Austin well 
seconds him, " 'tis their sole study day and night to be commended and applauded." 
When as indeed, in all wise men's judgments, quibus cor sapit^ they are '"mad, empty 
vessels, funges, beside themselves, derided, et lit Camelus in proverbio qucerens cor- 
nua, etiam quas habebat aures amisit^ '^ their works are toys, as an almanac out of 
date, ^^aufhoris pereunt garrulitate sui., they seek fame and immortality, but reap dis- 
honour and infamy, they are a common obloquy, insensati., and come far short of that 
which they suppose or expect. ^^0 puer ut sis vitalis metuo^ 

" How much I dread 



Thy days are short, some lord shall strike thee dead." 

Of SO many myriads of poets, rhetoricians, philosophers, sophisters, as ^' Eusebius 
well observes, which have written in former ages, scarce one of a thousand's works 
remains, nomina et libri simul cum corporibus interierunt^ their books and bodies are 
perished together. Jt is not as they vainly think, they shall surely be admired and 
immortal, as one told Philip of Macedon insultingly, after a victory, that his shadow 
was no longer than before, we may say to them, 



■ Nos demiramur, sed non cum desidu vulfro, 
Sed velut Harpyas, Gorgonas, et Furias." 



We marvel too, npt as the vulgar we. 

But as we Gorgons, Harpies, or Furies see.' 



Or if we do applaud, honour and admire, qttota pars., how small a part, in respect 
of the whole world, never so much as hears our names, how few take notice of us, 
how slender a tract, as scant as Alcibiades' land in a map! And yet every man must 
and will be immortal, as he hopes, and extend his fame to our antipodes, wlien as 
half, no not a quarter of his own province or city, neither knows nor hears of him • 
but say they did, what's a city to a kingdom, a kingdom to Europe, Europe to the 
world, the world itself that must have an end, if compared to the least visible star in 
the firmament, eighteen times bigger than it ? and then if those stars be infinite, and 
every star there be a sun, as some will, and as this sun of ours hath his planets about 
him, all inhabited, what proportion bear we to them, and where's our glory ? Orbem 



12 In lih. 8. i3De ponte dejicere. ^^Sueton. 

lib. degram. JS Nihil lihenter audiunt, nisi laudes 

Puas. 16 E[)is. 5G Nihil alin<! dies noctcsque cogi- 

tant nisi ut in stiidiis suis laudenttir ah homiiiibiis. 
'Q,u.-E major dementia aut dici, a it excogitari potest, 



qiiam sic ob gloriam cruciari ? Insaniam islam domine 
loiige fac a me. Austin, cons. lib. iO. cap. ."IT. "'".As 
rami'lus ill the novel, who lost hi.s ears vvliile he was 
looking for a pair of horns." '« Mart. I. 5. 51 

•-^oHor. Sat. 1. 1. -2. ^'^ Lib. cent. Philos. cap. I. 



Mem 3. Subs. 14.] Vain-glory^ Pride^ Joy^ Praise. 185 

lerrarum victor Bomanus Jiabebaf, as he cracked in Petronius, all the world \va5 
under Augustus : and so in Constantine"'s time, Eusebius brags* he governed all the 

\\ orld, universum mundum prceclare admodum administravit^ et omnes orhls gentes 

Imperatorl suhjectl : so of Alexander it is given out, the four monarchies, &c. when 
as neither Greeks nor Romans ever had the fifteenth part of the now known world, 
nor half of that which was then described. What braggadocioes are they and we 
then.^ quam hrevis hie de nobis sermo^ as ^^he said, ^^pudebit audi nominis., how short 
a time, how little a while doth this fame of ours continue .'' Every private province, 
every small territory and city, when we have all done, will yield as generous spirits, 
as brave examples in all respects, as famous as ourselves, Cadwallader in Wales, 
RoUo in Normandy, Robin Hood and Little John, are as much renowned in Sher- 
wood, as Gaisar in Rome, Alexander in Greece, cr his Hephestion, ^^Onmis (Bias 
omnisque populus in txempJum et adniirationem venief^ every town, city, book, is full 
of brave soldiers, senators, scholars; and though ^^Bracydas was a worthy captain, 
a good man, and as they thought, not to be matched in Lacedaemon, yet as his mother 
truly said, plures habct Sparta Braeyda meliores., Sparta had many better men than 
ever he was ; and howsoever thou admirest thyself, thy friend, many an obscure fel- 
low the world never look notice of, had he been in place or action, would have done 
much better than he or he, or thou thyself 

Another kind of mad men there is opposite to these, that are insensibly mad, and 
Know not of it, such as contemn all praise and g'lory, think themselves most free, 
when as indeed they are most mad : caleant sed alJofastu: a company of cynics, 
such as are monks, hermits, anachorites, that contemn the world, contemn themselves, 
contemn all titles, honours, offices : and yet in that contempt are more proud than 
any man living whatsoever. They are proud in humility, proud in that they are not 
])roud, scpjje homo de vamr glories contemptu^ vaniiis gloriatur, as Austin hath it, con- 
fess, lib. 10, cap. 38, like Diogenes, inius gloriantur^ they brag inwardly, and feed 
themselves fat with a self-conceit of sanctity, which is no better than hypocrisy. 
They go in sheep's russet, many great men that might maintain themselves in cloth 
of gold, and seem to be dejected, humble by their outward carriage, when as in- 
wardly they are swoln full of pride, arrogancy, and self-conceit. And therefore 
Seneca adviseth his friend Lucilius, ^^'•'in his attire and gesture, outward actions, 
especially to avoid all such things as are more notable, in themselves : as a rugged 
attire, hirsute head, horrid beard, contempt of money, coarse lodging, and whatso- 
ever leads to fame that opposite way." 

All this madness yet proceeds from ourselves, the main engine which batters us is 
from others, we are merely passive in this business : from a company of parasites 
and flatterers, that with immoderate praise, and bombast epithets, glosing titles, lalse 
eulogiums, so bedaub and applaud, gild over many a silly and undeserving man, that 
they clap him quite out of his wits. Res imprimis vioUnta est., as Hierom notes, this 
connnon applause is a most violent thing, laudum placenta., a drum, fife, and trumpet 
cannot so animate ; that fattens men, erects and dejects them in an instant. ^'Palnia 
negata macrmn., donata reducit opimum. It makes them fat and lean, as frost doth 
conies. ^^'' And who is that mortal man that can so contain himself, that if he be im- 
moderately commended and applauded, will not be moved .^" Let him be what he 
will, those parasites will overturn him : if he be a king, he is one of the nine worthies, 
more than a man, a god forthwith, — — ^^edictum Domini Deique nostri : and they 
will sacrifice unto him, 

20 " divinos si tu patiaris honores, 

Ultro ipsi dabiinus meritasque sacrabiinus aras " 

If he be a soldier, then Themistocles, Epammondas, Hector, Achilles, duo fiilmina 
belli., triumviri terrarum.) &c., and the valour of both Scipios is too little for him, he 
is invicti.ssimiis., serenissimus., multis trophcBus ornatissimus., naturcE dominiis., although 
he be lepus galeatus^ indeed a very coward, a milk-sop, ^' and as he said of Xerxes 



«Tul. som. Scip. 23 Bopthins. « pmean. Ci- 

salp. hist. lili. 1. 26 Plutarch. Lyciirgo. ^cEpist. IH. 
IHud te adinoneo, ne eoruiii more facias, qui non pro- 
ficere, s:(;dc(nis(»ici cui)iiiiit,qnK in ha bit 11 tiui.aut gftiiere 
»ita* iiotaliilia s'liii. Asperiini cnlliim et vitiosum caput, 
legligtMitinreui arbaiu, indictuin argeiito odium, cu 



24 <i2 



bile humi positum, et quicqui<l ad laiidem p';rv>';rsa via 
seqiiitiir evila. 21 p,,r. isQuis vero lain bene mo 
dulo suo metiri se lutvit, lit eiim assidiue el iiiimoilir.T 
laiidatioiic's Mon moveaiil ? HiMr. Sli'(»h. -'« Mart, 

sostroza. " If you will accept divine hoiioti s we will 
w illiugly erect and consecrate altars to you.'" >' Justin 



186 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

jjoslremus in pvgnd^ pri?nus in fugd., and such a one as never durst look hi* enemy 
in the face. If he be a big man, then is he a Samson, another Hercules ; if he pro- 
nounce a speech, another Tully or Demosthenes ; as of Herod in the Ac£s, " the 
voice of God and not of man :" if he can make a verse. Homer, Virgil, &c. And 
then my silly weak patient lakes all these eulogiums to himself; if he be a scholar 
so commended for his much reading, excellent style, method, &.C., he will eviscerate 
himself like a spider, study to death, Laudatas ostendit avis Jimonia pemias^ pea- 
cock-like he will display all his feathers. If he be a soldier, and so applauded, his 
valour extolled, though it be impar congressus., as that of Troilus and Achilles, Infe- 
lix puer., he will combat with a giant, run first upon a breach, as another ^^ Philippus, 
he will ride mto the thickest of his enemies. Commend his housekeeping, and he 
will beggar himself; commend his temperance, he will starve himself. 

' laudataqiie virtus 

Crescit, et immeiisum gloria calcar hal)et."33 

he is mad, mad, mad, no woe with him : -impaliens consortis eriU he will over 

the ^^Alps to be talked of, or to maintain his credit. Commend an ambitious man, 
some proud prince or potentate, si plus cequo laudetnr (saith ^* Erasmus) cristas eri- 
git., exuil hominem, Dcum se pulat, he sets up his crest, and will be no longer a man 
but a God. 

S6" nihil est quod credere de se 

Non audei qtuiiii laudatnr diis iequa potestas."^^ 

How did this work with Alexander, that would needs be Jupiter's son, and go like 
Hercules in a lion's skin ? Domitian a god, ^^ (^Dominus Deus nostcr sic Jleri jubet^) 
like the ^^ Persian kings, whose image was adored by all that came into the city of 
Babylon. Commodus the emperor was so gulled by his flattering parasites, that he 
must be called Hercules. '"'Antonius the Roman would be crowned with ivy, car- 
ried in a chariot, and adored for Bacchus. Cotys, king of Thrace, was married to 
'" Minerva, and sent three several messengers one after another, to see if she were 
come to his bed-chamber. Such a one v/as ''^Jupiter Menecrates, Maximinus, Jovia- 
nus, Dioclesianus Herculeus, Sapor the Persian king, brother of the sun and moon, 
and our modern Turks, that will be gods on earth, kings of kings, God's shadow, 
commanders of all that may be commanded, our kings of China and Tartary in this 
present age. Such a one was Xerxes, that would whip the sea, fetter Neptune, stulta 
jactanfid., and send a challenge to Mount Athos ; and such are many sottish princes, 
brought into a fool's paradise by their parasites, 'tis a common humour, incident to 
all men, when they are in great places, or come to the solstice of honour, have done, 
or deserved well, to applaud and flatter themselves. Slultitiam suam produjir^ &c., 
(saith ^^Platerus) your very tradesmen if they be excellent, will crack and brag, and 
show their folly in excess. They have good parts, and they know it, you need not 
tell them of it ; out of a conceit of their worth, they go smiling to themselves, a 
perpetual meditation of their trophies and plaudits, they run at last quite mad, and 
lose their wits."*^ Petrarch, lib. 1 de contemptu mundi., confessed as much of himself, 
and Cardan, in his fifth book of wisdom, gives an instance in a smith of Milan, a fel- 
low-citizen of his, ""^one Galeus de Rubeis, that being commended for refining of an 
instrument of Archimedes, for joy ran mad. Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes, hath 
such a like story of one Chamus, a soldier, that wounded king Cyrus in battle, and 
'•'• grew thereupon so ^^ arrogant, that in a short space after he lost his wits." So many 
men, if any new honour, office, preferment, booty, treasure, possession, or patrimony, 
ex insperaio fall unto them for immoderate joy, and continual meditation of it, can- 
not sleep "'or tell what they say or do, they are so ravished on a sudden ; and with 



32Livius. Gloria tantum elatus, non ira, in medios 
hostes irruere, quod coinpletis ntiiris conspici se pugnaii- 
leni, a muro s{K'ctantibus,egregium ducebat. 3y"Ap- 
fjlauded virtut; gr()v\s apace, and glory includes within 



AlexandrifE. Pater, vol. post. *i Minerv* niiptias 

anihit, tanto furore percinis, nt satellites niittert'l ad 
videnduin nuin dea in thalauiis venisset,&c. 42^|ian. 
li. 12. «Di.' mentis alienat. cap. 3. «Sequi- 



it an immense impulse" 3^ I deinens, et SEvas curre I turque superbia formam. Livius li. II. Oraculurn est, 
per i* Ipes. Aude Aliipiid, &c. ut pueris placeas, et de- I vivida saepe ingenia, luxuriare liai- et evanescere mul- 
clamatio fias. Juv. Sat. 10. 3^ |n niorim Encom. tosque .sensum petiitus amisisse. Homines intuenlur. 

36 Juvenal. Sat. 4. 3?" There is nothing which over- ' ac si ipsi non ess"nt homines. tsoalcus de riibris, 

lauded power will not presume to imagine of itself" i civis noster faber ferrarius, oh inventionem instrume iti 
3f Suetdii. r. 1-2. in nnmitiano. 39 Brisonius. 40An- ' Coclea; olim Arcliiniedis dicti, pra; I.Ptitia insanniL 
tonius ab assetit.itorihus evectus Lihrum se patrem ' ^^ Insania poslmodiun correptus, oh nimiam inde ai'O 
apellari jussit, fl pro dt-o se venditavit rcdimitus he- j gantiam. ••■ Rene ferre magnaui disce forluna r» 

.l<'ra. et ciirona velatiis aiirca, et Ihyrsiim tenens.cothur- I Hor. Fortunam reverenler habe, qiiicunque rcpei tl 
nisque succinctus curru velut J.iber paler vcctus est , Dives ab exili progrediere loco. Ausonius 



Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 187 

vain conceits transported, there is no rule with them. Epaminondas, tlierefore, the 
next (lay after his Leuctrian victory, '^^^^came abroad all squalid and submiss," and 
f^ave no other reason to his friends of so doing, than that he perceived himself the 
day before, by reason of his good fortune, to be too insolent, overmuch joyed. That 
wise and virtuous lady, ""^ Queen Katherine, Dowager of England, in private talk, 
upon like occasion, said, 'Mhat '"she would not willingly endure the extremity of 
either fortune ; but if it were so, that of necessity she must undergo the one, she 
would be in adversity, because comfort was never wanting in it, but still counsel and 
government were defective in the other:" they could not moderate themselves. 

Sub SECT. XV. — Love of Learning., or overmuch study. With a Digression of the 
misery of Scholars, and why the Muses are Melancholy. 

LeoiNartus Fuchsius Instit. lib. iii. sect. 1. cap. I. Faelix Plater, lib. iii. de mentis 
alienat. Mere, de Saxonia, Tract, post, de melanch. cap. 3, speak of a ^'peculiar fury, 
which comes by overmuch study. Fernelius, lib. 1, cap. 18, ^^ puts study, contem- 
plation, and continual meditation, as an especial cause of madness : and in his 86 
consul, cites the same words. Jo. Arculanus, in lib. 9, Rhasis ad Jllnansorem., cap. 16. 
amongst other causes reckons up stadium vehemens : so doth Levinus Lemnius, lib. 
de occul. nat. mirac. lib. 1, cap. 16. ^^"Many men (saith he) come to this malady 
by continual ^ study, and night-waking, and of all other men, scholars are most sub- 
ject to it:" and such Rhasis adds, ^^'•'that have commonly the finest wits." Cont. 
lib. I, tract. 9, Marsilius Ficinus, de sanit. tuenda, lib. 1. cap. 7, puts melancholy 
amongst one of those five principal plagues of students, 'tis a common Maul unto 
them all, and almost in some measure an inseparable companion. Varro belike for 
that cause calls Tristes Philosophos et severos, severe, sad, dry, tetric, are common 
epithets to scholars: and ^Tatritius therefore, in the institution of princes, would 
not have them to be great students. For (as Machiavel holds) study weakens their 
bodies, dulls the spirits, abates their strength and courage; and good scholars are 
never good .soldiers, which a certain Goth well perceived, for when his countrymen 
came into Greece, and would have burned all their books, he cried out against it, by 
no means they should do it, '"' '•'• leave them that plague, which in time will consume 
all their vigour, and martial spirits." The ^^ Turks abdicated Cornutus the next heir 
from the empire, because he was so much given to his book : and 'tis the common 
tenet of the world, that learliing dulls and diminisheth the spirits, and so per conse- 
quens produceth melancholy. 

Two main reasons may be given of it, why students should be more subject to 
this malady than others. The one is, they live a sedentary, solitary life, sibi et musis 
free from bodily exej-cise, and those ordinary disports which other men use : anu 
many times if discontent and idleness concur with it, which is too frequent, they are 
precipitated into this gulf on a sudden : but the common cause is overmuch study ; 
too much learning (as ^^Festus told Paul) hath made thee mad; 'tis that other extreme 
which eiTects it. So did Trincavelius, lib. 1, consil. 12 and 13, find by his experi- 
ence, in two of his patients, a young baron, and another that contracted this malady 
by too vehement study. So Forestus, observat. I. 10, observ. 13, in a young divine 
in Louvaine, that was mad, and said ^^"- he had a Bible in his head :" Marsilius Ficinus 
de sanit. tuend. lib. 1, cap. 1, 3, 4, and Ub.'Z, cap. 16, gives many reasons, ^' ^^ why 
students dote more often than others." The first is their negligence; ^^'•'•(-ther men 

48 Process it sqnalidiis et siibmissiis, ut hesterni Diei i Ens Thesaur Polit. Apoteles. 3]. Grtccis hanc pestein 
gaudiiini iiiteinperans hodie casligaret. •*'*Uxor | relinquite qutP dubiuiii iiviii est, t|iiiM hrcvi oiiiiieiii ii.s 

Hen. 8. £>« Neutrius se fortuna; extrenium libeiiter { vigoreni ereptura Mariiosciin' spinliis exhanstiira sit; 

oxperliirani dixit: sed si iiecossitas alterius suhinde 
iinponeretur, optare so diliicilem et adversam : quod in 
Uac niiili ui.qiiani defiiit solatinni, in all<^'ra nuiltis con- 
siliiini, &.(■ Lod. Vivt.-s. s' Peculiaris furor, qui ex 

litKris (U. i^- Nihil tnagis auget, ac assidua studia, 

Kt profundas cogitationes. ^ Non desiiiit, qui ex 

/ugi stu.iid, et lutenipestiva liicuhralione, hue devene- 
runt, hi prw ca:teris eniin plerunque melancholia solent 
inte?lan. ^jj^tmly is a continual and earnest niedi- 

lalmn applied ti> soinethinj; with ki"*';'! desire. 'J'ully. 
5i Et )lli qui suit sulttii'«! in;renii, et niultie praetnedita- 
tio'iis, de t'acili iiicirtunt ;n nielanclioliani. •''«Uli 

Sludioruiii s(/Ucitii.linem lib. 5. Tit. o. ^7 Caspar 



Ut ad anna tractanda plane inhabiles futnri sint. 
58 Knoles I'urk. Hi.st. sj ^cts, x \vi. •>\. co \ii„iig 
sludiis nielanciiolicusevasit, ilicens st; Bibiiutti in capite 
liabere. «' Cur njelancJinlia assidna, crehnsque de- 

liramentis vexentur eoruiii aniini nt d^^■^ip''re coganlur. 
^•'Solers quilibet artit'>'X instruin.nta sua diligentissiuie 
curat, penicellos pictor ; ni.ilbtos incudesqne fab,;r fer- 
rariup; miles (-(juos, arnia venator, aueeps aves, et 
canes, Cytharam (Jytlnra'dus, ice. snli musarum nissliu 
tain neL'ligentes sunt, nt instriinienlnin ilind <|uo mu<<- 
duni iiniversuui nietiri solent, spiriiuni scilicet, penitu* 
negligeie viueaiilur. 



188 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2 



look to their tools, a painter will wash his pencils, a smith will look to his hammer 
anvil, forge ; a husbandman will mend his plough-irons, and grind his hatchet if it 
be dull ; a falconer or huntsman will have an especial care of his hawks, hounds, 
horses, dogs, &c. ; a musician will string and unstring his lute, &c. ; only scholars 
neglect that instrument, their brain and spirits (I mean) which they daily use, and by 
which they nmge overall the world, which by much study is consumed." Vide (saith 
hucian) ne funicuJum nimis intendendo aliquando ahrumpas : "See thou twist not 
the rope so hard, till at length it ^^ break." Facinus in his fourth chap, gives some 
other reasons ; Saturn and Mercury, the patrons of learning, they are both dry planets • 
and Origanus assigns the same cause, why Mercurialists are so poor, and most par? 
beggars ; for that their president Mercury had no better fortune himself. The desti- 
nies of old put poverty upon him as a punishment; since when, poetry and beggary 
are Gemelli, twin-born brats, inseparable companions ; 

64 "And to this day is every scholar poor ; 

Gross gold from them runs headlong to the boor;" 

Mercury can help them to knowledge, but not to money. The second is contem- 
plation, ^^" which dries the brain and extinguisheth natural heat; for whilst the spirits 
are intent to meditation above in the head, the stomach and liver are left desiitute, 
and thence come black blood and crudities by defect of concoction, and for vant of 
exercise the superfluous vapours cannot exhale," &c. The same reasons are i-epeated 
by Gomesius, lih. 4, cap. \^de sale ^^JVymannus oral, de Imag. Jo. Voschids, lib. 2, 
cap. 5, de peste: and something more they add, that hard students are commonly 
troubled with gouts, catarrhs, rheums, cachexia, bradiopepsia, bad eye*, stone and 
colic, ^^ crudities, oppilations, vertigo, winds, consumptions, and all such diseases as 
come by overmuch sitting; they are most part lean, dry, ill-coloured, spend their 
fortunes, lose their wits, and many times their lives, and all through immoderate 
pains, and extraordinary studies. If you will not believe the truth of this, look 
upon great Tostatus and Thomas Aquinas's works, and tell me whether those men 
took pains ? peruse Austin, Hierom, &c., and many thousands besides. 



Q,ni ciipit optatam cursu contingere metatii, 
Multa tulit, fecitque puer, suilavit et alsit." 



He that desires this wished goal to gain, 
Must sweat and freeze before he can attain," 



and labour hard for it. So did Seneca, by his own confession, ep. 8. ®^"Not a da} 
that I spend idle, part of the night I keep mine eyes open, tired with waking, and 
now slumbering to their continual task." Hear Tully prd Archia Poet a: " whilst 
others loitered, and took their pleasures, he was continually at his book," so they do 
that will be scholars, and that to the hazard (J say) of their healths, fortunes, wits, 
and lives. How much did Aristotle and Ptolemy spend } unius regni preciu??i they 
say, more than a king's ransom ; how many crowns per annum, to perfect arts, the 
one about his History of Creatures, the other on his Almagest ? How much time 
did Thebet Benchorat employ, to find out the motion of the eighth sphere ? forty 
years and more, some write : how many poor scholars have lost their wits, or become 
dizards, neglecting all worldly affairs and their own health, wealth, esse and bene esse^ to 
gain knowledge for which, after all their pains, in this world's esteem they are accounted 
ridiculous and silly fools, idiots, asses, and (as oft they are) rejected, contemned, 
derided, doting, and mad. Look for examples in Hildesheim spied. 2, de mania ei 
delirio: read Trincavellius, l.'^.,consil. 36, e/ c. 17. Montanus, consil. 233. ^^Garceus 
de Judic. genii, cap. 33. Mercurialis, consil. 80, cap. 25. Prosper ""Calenius in his 
Book de airu bile; Go to Bedlam and ask. Or if they keep their wits, yet they are 
esteemed scrubs and fools by reason of their carriage : " after seven years' study" 

" statua taciturnius exit, 

Plerumque et risuni populi quatit," 

^^ He becomes more silent than a statue, and generally excites people's laughter.** 



<^3 Arcus et arma tibi noil sunt imitanda Diana:. Si 
niiiiquani cesses ttmdere mollis erit. Ovid. ^^ Epht-mer. 
"Conteniplatio cerebrum exsiccat et extinguit calorem 
naturalem, unde cerebrum frigidnm et siccuni evadit 
quod es* meiancholicuni. Accedit ad hoc, quod natura 
in conteniplatione, cerebro prorsus cordique iiitenta, 
stomachiini iieparque destituit, unde ex alimentis male 
cortis, saniruiscrassus et niger efficitur, dum iiimio otic 
rnemliroriini supcrflui vapores non exhalant. B^Cere- 
brum exsiiu-^tur, corjiora sensim gracilescunt '"'' Stu- 



diosi sunt Cacectici et nunquam bene colorati, propter 
debilitatem digestiv.'e facultatis, nitiltiplicantur in iis 
superfluitates. Jo. Voschiiis parte 2. cap. 5. de peste. 
6«NuIlus mihi jierotium dies exit, partem noctis siudiis 
dedico, non vero somno, sed oculos vigilia fatigatos ca- 
dentesque, in operam detiiieo. ^9 joh.innes Hanus- 

chins ll<ihernns. nat. 1510. eruditus vir. nimii^ stmliis in 
Phrenesin incidit. Montanus instafices in a French- 
man of Tolosa. '0(;;aritinalis Ciecius; cb laborcm. 
vigiliam, et diuturna studia factus Mclanchuiicus. 



.Vlem. 3. Subs. 15.J Study, a Cause. 189 

Because they cannot ride a horse, which every clov/n can do ; salute and court a 
gentlewoman, carve at table, cringe and make conges, which every common swasher 
ran do, '^hos populus ridet, &c., they are laughed to scorn, and accounted silly fool.^ 
by our gallants. Yea, many times, such is their misery, they deserve it : "^a merf 
scholar, a mere ass. 



<3" Obstipo capite, et figentes lumine terrain, 

Murinura cuin serum, <H rabiosa sileiilia rodunt, 
Atqiie experreclo initiriantur verba labello, 
iEgrolj veteris meditautes soinnia, si^nii 
De nihilo nihilum; in nitiiliiin nil posse reverti." 



' " who do lean awry 



Their heads, jiiercins? the earth with a fixt eye, 

When, by tJieniselves, they gnaw tlioir luurinuring 

And furious silence, as 'twere balancing 

Kacli word upon their out-stretched lip, and when 

'Jhey meditate the dreams of old sick men. 

As, *Oul of nothing, nothing can be brought; 

And that which is, can ne'er be turn'd to nought." 



Thus they go commonly meditating unto themselves, thus they sit, such is their 
action and gesture. Fulgosus, Z. 8, c. 7, makes mention how Th. Aquinas supping 
with king Lewis of France, upon a sudden knocked his fist upon the table, and 
cried, conclusum est contra Manichceos, his wits were a wool-gathering, as they say, 
and his head busied about other matters, when he perceived his error, he was much 
'^abashed. Such a story there is of Archimedes in Vitruvius, that having found out 
the means to know how much gold was mingled with the silver in king Hieron's 
crown, ran naked forth of the bath and cried fvpj^za, I have found : '^""and was com- 
monly so intent to his studies, that he never perceived what was done about him : 
when the city was taken, and the soldiers now ready to rifle his house, he took no 
notice of it." St. Bernard rode all day long by the Lemnian lake, and asked at last 
where he was, Marullus, lib. 2, cap. 4. It was Democritus's carriage alone that 
made the Abderites suppose him to have been mad, and send for Hippocrates to cure 
him : if he had been in any solemn company, he would upon all occasions fall a 
laughing. Theophrastus saith as much of Heraclitus, for that he continually wept, 
and Laertius of Menedemus Lampsacus, because he ran like a madman, '' saying. 
•^ he came from hell as a spy, to tell the devils what mortal men did." Your greatest 
students are commonly no better, silly, soft fellows in their outward behaviour, 
absuid, ridiculous to others, and no whit experienced in worldly business; they can 
measure the heavens, range over the world, teach others wisdom, and yet in bargains 
and contracts they are circumvented by every base tradesman. Are not these men 
fools .'' and how should they be otherwise, " but as so many sots in schools, when 
(as '^ he well observed) they neither hear nor see such things as are commonly 
practised abroad.^" how should t.hey get experience, by what means.? '^^'■' I knew 
in my time many scholars," saith iEneas Sylvius (in an epistle of his to Gasper 
Scitick, chancellor to the emperor), "excellent well learned, but so rude, so silly, tha 
they had no common civility, nor knew how to manage their domestic or public 
affairs," " Paglarensis was amazed, and said his farmer had surely cozened him, 
wdien he /leard him tell that his sow had eleven pigs, and his ass had but one foal." 
To say the best of this profession, 1 can give no other testimony of them in genera', 
than th\t of Pliny of Isasus ; ^" He is yet a scholar, than which kind of men there 
is nothinor so simple, so sincere, none better, they are most part harmless, honest, 
upright, innocent, plain-dealing men." 

Now because they are commonly subject to such hazards and inconveniences as 
dotage, madness, simplicity, &lc. Jo. Voschius would have good scholars to be highly 
rewarded, and had in some extraordinary respect above other men, " to have greater 
*' privileges than the rest, that adventure themselves and abbreviate their lives for the 
public good." But our patrons of learning are so far now-a-days from respecting 
the muses, and giving that honour to scholars, or reward which they deserve, and 
are allowed by those indulgent privileges of many noble princes, that after all their 

'ipers. Sal. 3, They cannot fiddle; but, as Themistn- cata. 's petronius. Ego arl)itror in scholis stultis- 
cles said, he could make a small town become a great simos fieri, quia nihil eorum qute in usu habemus aut 
city, "Pers. Sat. "Ingenium sibi quod vanas j audiunt aut viilent. '^Novi meis diebus, plerosque 
desumpsit Alhenas et septem studiis annos dedit, in- stuiliis literarumdeditos.qui disciplinisadmodum abun- 



senuitque. Libris et curis statua taciturnius exit 
Pleruiique et risu populum quatit, Hor. ep. 1. lib. 2. 
"Translated by M, B. Holiday. '^Tliomas rubore 

oonfusns dixit se de argumento cogitasse, ""^ Plutarch, 
vita Marcelli. Nee sensit urbem captam. nee inilites in 
donium irnientes, adeo intentus studiis, &c. ''''Sub 

Furice larv.i circumivit urbcnj, dictitansseexploratoreni 
ab inferis v enissc, delaturum doemonibus morlalium pec- 



' dahant, sed si nihil civilitatis iiabent, nee rempubKneu 
domesticam regere norant. Stupuit Paglarensis et 
fiirti vilicum accusavit, qui s:uem fcetam undecini por- 
reilos,asinam unum duntaxat pullumenixam retulerat. 
i^oLib. 1. Epist. 3. Adhuc scholasticus tan.i,iim est; quo 
genere honiinum, nihil aut est simplicius aut .sincerins 
aut melius. *iJure privilegiandi, qui ob commuin 
bonum abbreviant sibi vitam. 



190 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect 2 

pains taken in the universities, cost and charge, expenses, irksome hours, laborious 
tasks, wearisome days, dangers, hazards, (barred interim from all pleasures which 
other men have, mewed up like hawks all their lives) if they chance to wade through 
them, they shall in the end be rejected, contemned, and which is their greatest misery, 
driven to their shifts, exposed to want, poverty, and beggary. Their familia^- attend- 
ants are, 

"'■"' Pallentes morhi, luctiis, ciir.Tque labnrqrje I '■ Grief, lalioiir, care, pale sickiietss, miseries, 

Et iiietii.«, et inal siiaila fHiiies?, et turprs egrslas, Fear, filthy poverty, hunter tliat cries, 

Terrihiles visu forina-" j 'J'eriibie monsters to be seen with eyes " 

If there were nothing else to trouble them, the conceit of this alone were enough 
to make them all melancholy. Most other trades and professions, after some seven 
years' apprenticeship, are enabled by their craft to live of themselves, A merchant 
adventures his goods at sea, and though his hazard be greit, yet if one ship return 
of four, he likely makes a saving voyage. An husbandm'jn's gains are almost cer- 
tain; qu'ihus ipse Jupiter nocere non potest (whom Jove himself can't harm) ('tis 
^■'Cato's hyperbole, a great husband himself); only scholars methinks are most un- 
certain, unrespected, subject to all casualties, and hazards. For first, not one of a 
many proves to be a scholar, all are not capable and docile, ^'^ ex omniligno non jit 
Merciirius: we can make majors and officers every year, but not scholars : kings 
can invest knights and barons, as Sigismund the emperor confessed ; universities can 
give degrees ; and Tu quod es, e populo quilihet esse potest; but he nor they, nor all 
the world, can give learning, make philosopliers, artists, orators, poets ; we can soon 
say, as Seneca well notes, virum honum., o diviteni^ point at a rich man, a good, a 
happy man, a prosperous man, sumptuose vestilum^ Calami.stratum^ bene olentem^ 
magno temporis impcndio constat hcec laudaHo^ 6 virum liter arum^ but 'tis not so 
easily performed to find out a learned man. Learning is not so quickly got, though 
they may be willing to take pains, to that end sufliciently informed, and liberally 
maintained by their patrons and parents, yet few can compass it. Or if they be 
docile, yet all men's wills are not answerable to their wits, they can apprehend, but 
will not take pains ; they are either seduced by bad companions, vel in puellam im- 
pingiint^ vel in poculum (they fall in with women or wine) and so spend their time 
to their friends' grief and their own undoings. Or put case they be studious, indus- 
trious, of ripe wits, and perhaps good capacities, then how many diseases of body 
and mind must they encounter ? No labour in the world like unto study. It may 
be, their temperature will not endure it, but striving to be excellent to know all, they 
lose health, wealth, wit, life and all. Let him yet happily escape all these hazards, 
(Ereis intestinis., with a body of brass, and is now consummate and ripe, he hath pro- 
fited in his studies, and proceeded with all applause : after many expenses, he is fit 
for preferment, where shall he have it.^ he is as far to seek it as he was (after twenty 
years' standing) at the first day of his coming to the University. For what course 
sl:\all he take, being now capable and ready ? Tlie most parable and easy, and about 
which many are employed, is to teach a school, turn lecturer or curate, and for that 
he shall have falconer's wages, ten pound per annum, and his diet, or some small 
stipend, so long as he can please his patron or the parish ; if they approve him not 
(for usually they do but a year or two) as inconstant, as ^^ they that cried " Hosanna" 
one day, and " Crucify him" the other ; serving-man-like, he must go look a new 
master ; if they do, what is his reward .'' 

66" Hoc quoque te manet nt piieros elementa docentem I " At last thy snow-white age in snbiirh schools, 
Occupet extremis in vicis alba senectus." | Shall toil in teaching boys their grammar rules." 

Like an ass, he wears out his time for provender, and can show a stum rod, togam 
iritam et laceram^ saith *" Hadus, an old torn gown, an ensign of his infelicity, he 
hatii his labour for his pain, a modicum to keep him till he be decrepid, and tiiat is 
all. Grammaticus non estfoelix^ S^c. If he be a trencher chaplain in a gentleman's 
liouso, as it befel ^^ Euphormio, after some seven years' service, he may perchance 
nave a living to the halves, or some small rectory with the mother of the maids at 
length, a poor kinswoman, or a cracked chambermaid, to have and to hold during 

^Virg. 6. iEn. f*3 Plutarch, vita ejus. Cerium I citur. soMat.^l. ^^ Hor. epis, 2U. 1. 1 ^'l/l 

OL'ricolatioins lucrum, <&c. MQ,uotaiinis fiunt con- 1. de contem. amor. ^sgatyricon 



buies et proconsules. Rex et Poeta quutatmis non nas- 



Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] 

tlie time of his life. 
in the mean time, 



Study, a Cause. 



191 



Bu. if he offend his good patron, or displease his lad) mistress 



s9" Ducetiir Planta veliit ictus ab Hpfi-jle Cacus, 
Poiieturqiie foras, si quid teniaverit unquain 
Hiscere" 



as Hercules did by Cacus, he shall be dragged forth of doors by the heels, away with 
him. If he bend his forces to some other studies, with an intent to be a secretes to 
some nobleman, or in such a place with an ambassador, he shall find that these per- 
sons rise like apprentices one under another, and in so many tradesmen's shops, 
when the master is dead, the foreman of the shop commonly steps in his place 
Now for poets, rhetoricians, historians, philosophers, ^ mathematicians, sopl.istei «, 
&c. \ they are like grasshoppers, sing they must in summer, and pine in the winter, 
for there is no preferment for them. Even so they were at first, if you will believe 
that pleasant tale of Socrates, which he told fair Pha^drus under a plane-tree, at the 
banks of the river Iseus ; about noon when it was hot, and the grasshoppers made 
a noise, he took that sweet occasion to tell liim a tale, hovv grasshoppers were once 
scholars, musicians, poets, &c., before the Muses were born, and lived without meat 
and drink, and for that cause were turned by Jupiter into grasshoppers. And may 
be turned again. In Tythoni Cicadas, aut Lyciorum ranas, for any reward 1 see they 
are like to have : or else in the mean time, I would they could live, as they did, 
without any viaticum, like so many ^' manucodiatae, those Indian birds of paradise, 
as we commonly call them, those I mean that live with the air and dew of heaven, 
and need no other food ; for being as they are, their ^^" rhetoric only serves them to 
curse their bad fortunes," and many of them for want of means are driven to hard 
shifts ; from grasshoppers they turn humble-bees and wasps, plain parasites, and 
make the muses, mules, to satisfy their hunger-starved paunches, and get a meal's 
meat. To say truth, 'tis the common fortune of most scholars, to be servile and 
poor, to complain pitifully, and lay open their wants to their respectless patrons, as 
^''Cardan doth, as ^^ Xilander and many others : and which is too common in those 
dedicatory epistles, for hope of gain, to lie, flatter, and with hyperbolical eulogiums 
and commendations, to magnify and extol an illiterate unworthy idiot, for his- excel- 
lent virtues, whom they should rather, as ^'Machiavel observes, vilify, and rail at 
downright for his most notorious viilanies and vices. So they prostitute themselves 
as fiddlers, or mercenary tradesmen, to serve great men's turns for a small reward. 
They are like ®^ Indians, they have store of gold, but know not the worth of it : for 
1 am of Synesius's opinion, ^'"Kiiig Hieron got more by Simonides' acquaintance, 
than Simonides did by his ;" they have their best education, good institution, sole 
qualification from us, and when they have done well, their honour and immortality 
from us : we are the living tombs, registers, and as so many trumpeters of their 
fames : what was Achilles without Homer .^ Alexander without Arian and Curtius ? 
who had known the Caesars, but for Suetonius and Dion } 



Vixerunt fortes ante Agamemnona 
Miilli : sed onmes illachrymabiles 
l?rfr»-ntur, iirnotiquH loiijra 
Nocte, cart^iit quia vats sacro." 



' Before great Agamemnon reign'd, 

Reigii'd kings as great as he, and brave, 
Wliose huge airibition's now contain'd 

In the small compass of a grave: 
In endless night they sleep, unwept, unknown. 
No bard they had to niake all time their own." 



ihey are more beholden to scholars, than scholars to them ; but they undervalue 
themselves, and so by those great men are kept down. Let tliem have that encyclo- 
paedian, all the learning in the world; they must keep it to themselves, ^^'"•live in 
base esteem, and starve, except they will submit," as Budaeus well hath it, " so man} 
good parts, so many ensigns of arts, virtues, be slavishly obnoxious to some illiterate 
potentate, and live under his insolent worship, or honour, like parasites," Qui tan- 
quam mures alienum panem comedunt. For to say truth, artes hce non sunt Lucra- 
iiva:, as Guido Bonat that great astrologer could foresee, they be not gainful a: fs 
these, sed esurientes et fameUcce, but poor and hungry. 



89Juv. Sat. 5. 90 Ars colit HPtra. 9' Aldrovandus 
de Avihus. 1. 1-2. Gesner, &c. 9-Literas habent qiieis 
eibi et fortiiniE suae maledicant. Sat. Menip. 93 Lib. 

de libns Propriis fol. 24. 9^ Prtefat translat. Plutarch. 
•• Polit. dispul. landihus extoUunt eos ac si virtutibus 
fwIJeretit quos ob infinita scelcra potius vituperare 
oporterei. 9" Or as horses know not their strength, they 



consider not their own worth. 97 pi„ra ex Simonidis 
familiaritate flieron consequutusest,qiiam ex Hieroni? 
Simonides. 98 Hor. lib. 4. od. 9. 99|,,t^r iiiertes et 
Plebeios fere jacel, iiitimum locum habens, ni.<i tor artis 
virtutisqiie insijrnia, turpitcr obuoxie, supparisitando 
fascibussubjecerit protervm insolentisque potentisp, Li»> 
I. de contempt, rerum foriui'.arum. 



192 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. 



jec. 2 



'-' Dat nalcnns opps, dat Jnstinianiis hoiiores, 
Set) genus et species cogitur ire pedes:" 



The rich physician, hnnour'd lawyers ride, 
Whilst the poor scholar foots it by their side." 



Poverty is the muses' patrimony, and as tliat poetical divinity teacheth us, when 
Jupiter's daughters were each of them married to the gods, the muses alone were 
left solitary, Helicon forsaken of all suitors, and I believe it was, because they had 
no portion. 



' Calliope Ionium crelebs ciir vixit in aevuni ? 
Nenipe niiiil dotis, quod nunieraret, erat." 



' Why did Calliope live so lon^ a maid ? 
Because she had no dowry to be paid " 



Ever since all their followers are poor, forsaken and left unto themselves. Insomuc?i, 
that as ' Petronius argues, you shall likely know them by their clothes. '^ There 
came," saith he, "- by chance into my company, a fellow not very spruce to look on, 
that I could perceive by that note alone he Avas a scholar, whom commonly rich 
men hate : I asked him what he was, lie answered, a poet : I demanded again why 
he was so ragged, he told me this kind of learning never made any man rich." 

3"Q,ui Pelago credit, inagno se fenore tollit, 1 " A merchant's gain is great, that goes to sea; 

Qui puirnas et njsira petit, praecingitur auro : | A sohlier embossed all in gold ; 

Vilis adilator picto jacet ebiius ostro, I A flatterer lies tox'd in brave array ; 

Sola pruinosis hruret facundia pannis." | A scholar only ragged to behold." 

All which our ordinary students, right well perceiving in the universities, how unpro- 
fitable these poetical, mathematical, and philosophical studies are, how little respect- 
ed, how few patrons ; apply themselves in all haste to those three commodious 
professions of law, physic, and divinity, sharing themselves between them, ^rejecting 
these arts in the mean time, history, philosophy, philology, or lightly passing them 
over, as pleasant toys fitting only table-talk, and to furnish them with discourse. 
They are not so behoveful : he that can tell his money hath arithmetic enough : he 
is a true geometrician, can measure out a good fortune to himself; a perfect astrolo- 
ger, that can cast the rise and fall of others, and mark their errant motions to his 
own use. The best optics are, to reflect the beams of some great man's favour and 
grace to shine upon him. He is a good engineer that alone can make an instrument 
to get preferment. This was the common tenet and practice of Poland, as Cromerus 
observed not long since, in the first book of his history ; their universities were 
generally base, not a plii'losopher, a mathematician, an antiquary, &c., to be found 
of any note amongst them, because they had no set reward or stipend, but every man 
betook himself to divinity, hoc solum in votis habens^ op'nnum sacerdotiuvi., a good 
parsonage was their aim. This was the practice of some of our near neighbours, as 
" Lipsius inveighs, " they thrust their children to the study of law and divinity, before 
they be informed aright, or capable of such studies." Scilicet omnibus artibus 
antistat spes lucri^ et formosior est cumulus auri^ quam quicquid Grceci Latinique 
deliranics scripserunt. Ex hoc numero deinde veniunt ad gubernacula reipub. inter^ 
sunt et prcBsnnt cons'iliis regum^ o pater., o palria? so he complained, and so may 
others. For even so we find, to serve a great man, to get an office in some bishop's 
court (to practise in some good town) or compass a benefice, is the mark we shoot 
at, as being so advantageous, the highway to preferment. 

Although many times, for aught I can see, these men fail as often as the rest in 
their projects, and are as usually frustrate of their hopes. For let him be a doctor 
of the law, an excellent civilian of good worth, where shall he practise and expa- 
tiate } Their fields are so scant, the civil law with us so contracted with prohibi- 
tions, so few causes, by reason of those all-devouring municipal laws, quibus nihil 
ill iter alius., saith ^ Erasmus, an illiterate and a barbarous study, (for though they be 
never so well learned in it, I can hardly vouchsafe them the name of scholars, except 
they be otherwise qualified) and so few courts are left to that profession, sucli slender 
offices, and those commonly to be compassed at such dear rates, that 1 know not 
how an ing'enious man should thrive amongst them. Now for pliysicians, there are 
in every village so many mountebanks, empirics, quacksalvers, paracelsians, as they 
call themselves, Caucijici et sanicidce., so ^ Clenard terms them, wizards, alchemists, 
poor vicars, cast apothecaries, physicians' men, barbers, and good wives, professing 



^o" Buchanan, eleg. lib, 'In Satyricon. intrat senex, 
Ffd cuita lion ita speciosus, nt facile appareret eum hac 
nota literalum esse, quos divites odisse solent. Ego 
inquit Poeta sum ; (iuare ergo tatn male vestitus es ? 
Projiter hoc ipsuin ; amo^ ingenii neminem nnqiiam 
divitem fecit. * petronius Arbiter. sQppressus 



paiipertate animus nihil eximium, aut sublime cogitare 
potest, amoenitates literaruni, ant elegantiam, (|uoniam 
nihil priEsidii in his ad vita> conimodum vidi t, primo 
negligere, mox odisse incifiit. Flens. < Epistol. 

quftst. III). 4. Ep. '21. oCiceron. dial. '-Eplsl 

lib. '2. 



Mem. 3. Sabs. 15.] Study ^ a Came. 193 

great skill, that I make great doubt how they shall be maintained, or who shall be 
their patients. Besides, there are so many of both sorts, and some of them f unh 
harpies, so covetous, so clamorous, so impudent; and as 'he said, litigious idiots, 



'Quibus loqiiacis nffatim arrogantioe est, 

PeriliiE parum aiit nihil. 
Nee iilla iriica literarii salis, 

Cruineiiimulga nati(i: 
Ln<|uiiteleia turba, litium strophae, 

Maligna liti<;antinrii cohors, togati vultures, 
Lavertiae akjmiii, Agyrtoe," &c. 



' Which have no skill but prating arrogance, 
No learning, such a purse-niiikirig nation : 

Gown'd vultures, thieves, and a litigious rout 
Of cozeners, that haunt this occupation,'" 
&c. 



that they cannot well tell how to live one by another, but as he jested in the Comedy 
of Clocks, they were so many, ^ major pars popuii aridd repfanf fame^ they are 
almost starved a great part of them, and ready to devour their fellows, ^ Et noxid 
calUditate se corripcre., such a multitude of pettifoggers and empirics, such impostors, 
that an honest man knows not in what sort to compose and behave himself in their 
society, to carry himself with credit in so vile a rout, scienticB no?nen^ tot sumptibus 
partum et vigiUis., profileri dispudeat^ postqnam., S^c. 

Last of all to come to our divines, the most noble profession and worthy of double 
honour, but of all others the most distressed and miserable, if you will not believe 
me, hear a brief of it, as it was not many years since publicly preached at Paul's 
cross, '°by a grave minister then, and now a reverend bishop of this land : " We that 
are bred up in learning, and destinated by our parents to this end, we suffer our 
childhood in the grammar-school, which Austin calls magnam tyrannidem., et grave 
malum^ and compares it to the torments of martyrdom ; when we come to the uni- 
versity, if we live of the college allowance, as Phalaris objected to the Leontines, 
nav tu>v jj/5ft? Tfkriv uixov xai (^o^ov, needy of all things but hunger and fear, or if we be 
maintained but partly by our parents' cost, do expend in unnecessary maintenance, 
books and degrees, before we come to any perfection, five hundred pounds, or a 
thousand marks. Jf by this price of the expense of time, our bodies and spirits, our 
substance and patrimonies, we cannot purchase those small rewards, which are ours 
by law, and the right of inheritance, a poor parsonage, or a vicarage of 50/. per 
annum, but we must pay to the patron for the lease of a life (a spent and out-worn 
life) either in annual pension, or above the rate of a copyhold, and that with the 
hazard and loss of our souls, by simony and perjury, and the forfeiture of all our 
spiritual preferments, in esse and posse^ both present and to come. What father after 
a while will be so improvident to bring up his son to his great charge, to this neces- 
sary beggary ^ What christian will be so irreligious, to bring up his son in that 
course of life, which by all probability and necessity, cogit ad turpia^ enforcing to 
sin, will entangle him in simony and perjury," when as the poet said, Invitatus ad 
hcBC aliquis de ponte negah'd : " a beggar's brat taken from the bridge where he sits 
a begging, if he knew the inconvenience, had cause to refuse it." This being thus, 
have not we fished fair all this while, that are initiate divines, to find no better fruits 
rf our labours, " hoc est cur palles., cur qu'is non prandeat hoc est ? do we macerate 
ourselves for this } Is it for this we rise so early all the year long ? '^" leaping (as 
he saith) out of our beds, wheii we hear the bell ring, as if we had heard a thunder- 
clap." If this be all the respect, reward and honour we shall have, ^^frange leves 
caiamos, et scinde Thalia liheUos : let us give over our books, and betake ourselves 
to some other course of life ; to what end should we study ? '"* Quid me litterulas 
stulti docuere parenfes^ what did our parents mean to make us scholars, to be as far 
to seek of preferment after twenty years' study, as we were at first : why do we 
take such pains.? Quid tanium insanis juvat impallescere chartis? If there be no 
more hope of reward, no better encouragement, I say again, Fraiige leves calamos^ 
et scinde Thalia lihellos ; let 's turn soldiers, sell our books, and buy swords, guns, 
and pikes, or stop bottles with them, turn our philosopher's gowns, as Qeanthes once 
did, into millers' coats, leave all and rather betake ourselves to any other course of 
/ife, than to continue longer in this misery. '^ Prctstat dentiscalpia radere, quam 
titerariis mouumenfis magnatum favor em emendicare. 

Yea, but methinks 1 hear some man except at these words, that though this be 

' Ja, Dousa Epodoii. lib. 2. car. 2. "Plaiitus. I '» Pers, Sat. 3. '^ p; lecto exsilientes. ad sutiituui tin 

Barr. Argenis lib. 3. '" Joh. Howson 4 Nnvetnbris linnabuii plausuni quasi fuluiinc terrili. ). '^Mari 

li97. the sermon was printed by Arnold Hartfield. | »« Mart, i*riat. Menip. 

23 R 



194 Causes of Me lane July. [Pan. 1. Sec. 2. 

true which I have said oi' the estate of scholars, and esj)ecially of divines, that it is 
miserable and distressed at this time, that the church suffers shipwreck of her goods, 
and that they have just cause to complain ; there is a fault, but whence proceeds it ? 
If the cause were justly examined, it would be retorted upon ourselves, if we were 
cited at that tribunal of truth, we should be found guilty, and not able to excuse it 
That there is a fault among us, I confess, and were there not a buyer, there would 
not be a seller; but to him that will consider better of it, it will more than mani- 
festly appear, that the fountain of these miseries proceeds from these griping patrons. 
In accusing them, I do not altogether excuse us ; both are faulty, they and we : yet 
in my judgment, theirs is the greater fault, more apparent causes and much to be 
condemned. For my part, if it be not with me as I would, or as it should, I do 
ascribe the cause, as '^ Cardan did in the like case ; meo infortumo potius quam illo- 
rum scelfri^ to '"mine own infelicity rather than their naughtiness: although I have 
been baffled in my time by some of them, and have as just cause to complain as 
another : or rather indeed to mine own negligence ; for I was ever like that Alexan- 
der in '^Plutarch, Crassus his tutor in philosophy, who, though he lived many years 
familiarly with rich Crassus, was even as poor when from, (which many wondered 
at) as when he came first to him ; he never asked, the other never gave him any- 
thing; when he travelled with Crassus he borrowed a hat of him, at his return 
restored it again. I have had some sucli noble friends' acquaintance and scholars, 
but most part (common courtesies and ordinary respects excepted) they and I parted 
as we met, they gave me as much as I requested, and that was — And as Alexander 
ah Alexandra Genial, dier. I. 6. c. 10. made answer to Hieronimus Massainus, that 
wondered, quum plures ignavos et ignobiles ad digniiates et sacerdoiia promotos quo- 
tidie videret^ when other men rose, still he was in the same state, eodem tenore et 
fortuna cut mercedem lahorum studiorumque deberi putaret, whom he thought to 
deserve as well as the rest. He made answer, that he was content with his present 
estate, was not ambitious, and although ohjurgahundus suam segnitiem accusaref^ cum 
ohscurcE sortis homines ad sacerdoiia et pontijicatus evectos^ <Src., he chid him for his 
backwardness, yet he was still the same : and for my part (though I be not worthy 
perhaps to carry Alexander's books) yet by some overweening and well-wishing 
friends, the like speeches have been used to me ; but I replied still with Alexander, 
that I had enough, and more peradventure than I deserved; and with Libanius So- 
phista, that rather chose (when honours and offices by the emperor were offered unto 
him) to be talis Sophista, quam talis Magistratus. 1 had as lief be still Democritus 
junior, and privus privalus^ si mihi jam dare fur optio^ quam talis fortasse Doctor^ 

talis Dominus. Sed quorsum hcec f For the rest 'tis on both sides f acinus 

deiestandum^ to buy and sell livings, to detain from the church, that which God's and 
men's laws have bestowed on it; but in them most, and that from the covetousness 
and ignorance of such as are interested in this business ; I name covetousness in the 
first place, as the root of all these mischiefs, which, Achan-like, compels them to 
commit sacrilege, and to make simoniacal compacts, (and what not) to their own 
ends, '^ that kindles God's wrath, brings a plague, vengeance, and a heavy visitation 
!Upon themselves and others. Some out of tliat insatiable desire of filthy lucre, to be 
■enriched, care not how they come by it per fas et nefas, hook or crook, so thej'' 
have it. And others when they have with riot and prodigality embezzled their 
estates, to recover themselves, make a prey of the church, robbing it, as ^° Julian the 
apostate did, spoil parsons of their revenues (in keeping half back, ^' as a great man 
amongst us observes :) ^' and that maintenance on which they should live :" by 
means whereof, barbarism is increased, and a great decay of christian professors : for 
who will apply himself to these divine studies, liis son, or friend, when after great 
pains taken, they shall have nothing whereupon to live ^ But with what event .Ic 
ithey these things } 

«"Opesque totis viribus venamini, 
At inde niessis accidit niiserrima." 

'"Lib. 3. de cons. "I had no money, I wanted im- i nee facile judicare potest utrum paiiperior cum primo 
ptidence, I could not scramble, temporise, dissemble :1 ad Crassum, &;c. "Deuni haberit iralum, sibique 

noil pranderet olus, &c. vis dicam, ad palpandum et | mortem asternam acquirunt, aliis miserahilem ruinam. 
adulandum penitus insulsus, recudi non possum, jam I Serrarius in Josuam, 7. Euripides. *> Nicephijrus lih 
{senior lit sim talis, et fingi nolo, iitcunque male ceriat in 10. cap. 5. "' Lord L'ook, in his Reports, second par 
•«m ujeam et obscurus inde delitescam. it^ Vit. Crassi. | fol. 44 ** Euripides. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 15. 



Studij^ a Cause. 



190 



Tliey toil and moil, but whai reap they.^ They are commonly c^niortnnate tamilicA 
that use it, accursed in their progeny, and, as common experience evinceth, accnrsea 
themselves in all tlieir proceedings. "-With what face (as ^^he quotes out of Ausi } 
can they expect a blessing or inheritance from Christ in heaven, that defraud ChrisI 
of his inheritance here on earth .'"' I would all our simoniacal patrons, and such as 
detain tithes, would read those judicious tracts of Sir Henry Spelman, and Sir James 
Sempill, knights; those late elaborate and learned treatises of Dr. Tilflye, and Mr 
Montague, which they have written of that subject. But though they should read; 
it would be to small purpose, dames licet, el mare cobIo Confundas ; thunder, lighten, 
preach hell and damnation, tell them 'tis a sin, they will not believe it ; denounce 
and terrify, they have ^' cauterised consciences, they do not attend, as the enchanted 
adder, they, stop their ears. Call them base, irreligious, profane, barbarous, pagans, 
atheists, epicures, (as some of them surely are) with the bawd in Plautus, Euge, 
optime^ they cry and applaud themselves with that miser, ^'simul ac nummos con- 
templor in area : say what you will, quocunque modo rem : as a dog barks at the 
moon, to no purpose are your sayings : Take your heaven, let them have money. A 
base, profane, epicurean, hypocritical rout : for my part, let them pretend what zeal 
they will, counterfeit religion, blear the world's eyes, bombast themselves, and stufl' 
out their greatness with church spoils, shine like so many peacocks ; so cold is my 
charity, so defective in this behalf, that I shall never think better of them, than that 
they are rotten at core, their bones are full of epicurean hypocrisy, and atheistical 
marrow, they are worse than heathens. For as Dionysius Halicarnasseus observes, 
Antiq. Rom. lib. 7. ^^Primiim lorAt.m^ &c. " Greeks and Barbarians obserre all reli- 
gious rites, and dare not break them for fear of offending their gods ; but our simo- 
niacal contractors, our senseless Achans, our stupified patrons, fear neither God nor 
devil, they have evasions for it, it is no sin, or not due jure divi.no^ or if a sin, no 
great sin, &c. And though they be daily punished for it, and they do manifestly per- 
ceive, that as he said, frost and fraud come to foul ends ; yet as ^^ Chrysostom fol- 
lows it JVuUa ex poena sit correction et quasi adversis malitia hominum provocetur^ 
crescit quotidie quod puniatur : they are rather worse than better, — iram atque ani~ 
mos a crimine sumtint., and the more they are corrected, the more they offend : but 
let them take their course, ^^Rode caper vites^ go on still as they begin, 'tis no sin, 
let them rejoice secure, God's vengeance will overtake them in the end, and these 
ill-gotten goods, as an eagle's feathers, '^^will consume the rest of their substance; 
it is ^ aurum Tholosanum^ and will produce no better effects. ^' " Let them lay it up 
safe, and make their conveyances never so close, lock and shut door," saith Chry- 
sostom, " yet fraud and covetousness, two most violent thieves are still included, 
and a little gain evil gotten will subvert the rest of their goods. The eagle in ^Esop, 
seeing a piece of flesh now ready to be sacrificed, swept it away with her claws, and 
carried it to her nest; but there was a burning coal stuck to it by chance, which 
unawares consumed her young ones, nest, and all together. Let our simoniacal 
church-chopping patrons, and sacrilegious harpies, look for no better success. 

A second cause is ignorance, and from thence contempt, successit odium in literas ab 
ignorantia vulgi ; which ^^ Junius well perceived : this hatred and contempt of learn- 
ing proceeds out of ^^ ignorance; as they are themselves barbarous, idiots, dull, illiterate, 
and proud, so they esteem of others. Sint Mecoenates^ non deerunt Flacce Marones: 
Let there be bountiful patrons, and there will be painful scholars in all scit.ices. But 
when they contemn learning, and think themselves sufficiently qualified, if they can 
write and read, scramble at a piece of evidence, or have so much Latin as that em- 
peror had, ^qui nescit dissimulare^ nescit vivere^ they are unfit to do their country 
service, to perform or undertake any action or employment, which may tend to the 
good of a commonwealth, except it be to fight, or to do country justice, with com- 
mon sense, which every yeoman can likewise do. And so they bring up their chil- 
dren, rude as they are themselves, unqualified, untaught, uncivil most part. '^'^Qu.is c 



23 Sir Henry Spelm.Tn, de non tomerandis Erclnsiis. 
x 1 Tim. 4i. 23 Hor. as Pritiium l<)curn apud 

oinnes gentps hat»et patritiiis deorum cultiis, <t cenin- 
rum, nam hunc diutissime custodiuiit, tain Gra?ci qiiani 
Barltari, &c. '•'''I'oin. 1. de steril. triuni annoruin 

■ub Elia serinone. * Ovid. Fast. 29 Ua male 

q««a>Bitis VII gaudet tertins hieres. soglratio. lib. 4. 



Geop. 31 Nihil facilitis opes evertet, quain avuritia 

et fraude parta. Et si eiiim seram addas lali area? et 

extoriore janua ej vecte eam comn ias, intiis tainiin 

fraiidem el avariti'am, <kc. In 5. Corinth ^'^ Acad, 

cap. 7. 3^Ars neminem hahet inimicnin prdei 

ipnorantem. ^* lie that cannot dissemble caiinei 

live. 36 Epist. quest, lib. 4. epist. 21. I.ipsius. 



196 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1 Sec. 'z 



nostra juventuie legitime instltuitur Uteris f Qu'is oratores aid Philosophos tangiif 
guis historiam legit^ illam rerum agendarum quasi animamf prcecipitant parentes vota 
^ua., 4'C. 'twas Lipsius' complaint to his illiterate countrymen, it may be ours. Now 
shall these men judge of a scholar's worth, that have no worth, that know not what 
belongs to a student's labours, that cannot distinguish between a true scholar and a 
drone ? or him that by reason of a voluble tongue, a strong voice, a pleasing tone, 
and some trivially polyanthean helps, steals and gleans a few notes from other men's 
harvests, and so makes a fairer show, llian he that is truly learned isdeed : that 
hinks it no more to preach, than to speak, ''^"^or to run away with an empty cart; 
>is a grave man said : and thereupon vilify us, and our pains ; scorn us, and all learn- 
ing. ^^ Because they are rich, and have other means to live, they think it concerns 
them not to know, or to trouble themselves with it; a fitter task for younger bro- 
thers, or poor men's sons, to be pen and inkhorn men, pedantical slaves, and no whit 
beseeming the calling of a gentleman, as Frenchmen and Germans commonly do, 
neglect therefore all human learning, what have they to do with it ? Let mariners 
learn astronomy; merchants, factors study arithmetic ; surveyors get them geometry ; 
spectacle-makers optics ; landleapers geography ; town-clerks rhetoric, what should 
he do with a spade, that hath no ground to dig ; or they with learning, that have no 
use of it .'' thus they reason, and are not ashamed to let mariners, apprentices, and 
the basest servants, be better qualified than themselves. In former times, kings, 
princes, and emperors, were the only scholars, excellent in all faculties. 
Julius Caesar mended the year, and writ his own Commentaries, 

3** " metlia inter prselia seiTi()er, 

Siellaruin coeliquf plagis, superisque vacavit." 

'^Antonius, Adrian, Nero, Seve. Jul. &c. "^ Michael the emperor, and Isacius, were 
so much given to their studies, that no base fellow would take so much pains : Orion, 
Perseus, Alphonsus, Ptolomeus, famous astronomers ; Sabor, Mithridates, Lysima- 
chus, admired physicians : Plato's kings all : Evax, that Arabian prince, a most expert 
jeweller, and an exquisite philosopher ; the kings of Egypt were priests of old, chosen 
and from thence, — Idem rex hominum, Phcehique sacerdos : but those heroical times 
are past ; the Muses are now banished in this bastard age, ad sordida tuguriola^ to 
meaner persons, and confined alone almost to universities. In those days, scholars 
were highly beloved, ^' honoured, esteemed ; as old Ennius by Scipio Africanus, Vir- 
gil by Augustus ; Horace by Mecagnas : princes' companions ; dear to them, as Ana- 
creon to Polycrates ; Philoxenus to Dionysius, and highly rewarded. Alexander sent 
Xenocrates the philosopher fifty talents, because he was poor, visu rerum^ aut eru- 
ditione prcestantes viri^ mensis olim regum adhibiti^ as Philostratus relates of Adrian 
and Lampridius of Alexander Severus : famous clerks came to these princes' courts, 
velut in Lycceum^ as to a university, and were admitted to their tables, quasi diviim 
epulis accumhentes ; Archilaus, that Macedonian king, would not willingly sup with- 
out Euripides, (amongst the rest he drank to him at supper one night, and gave him 
a cup of gold for his pains) delectalus poetce suavi sermone ; and it was fit it should 
be so ; because as ""^ Plato in his Protagoras well saith, a good philosopher as much 
excels other men, as a great king doth the commons of his country ; and again, 
^quoniam illis nihil deest, et minime egcre solenl,et discijilinas quas projitentur, soli 
a contcmptu vindicare possunt., they needed not to beg so basely, as they compel 
^^ scholars in our times to complain of poverty, or crouch to a rich chuff for a meal's 
meat, but could vindicate themselves, and those arts which they professed. Now 
they would and cannot : for it is held by some of them, as an axiom, that to keeu 
t-hem poor, will make them study ; they must be dieted, as horses to a race, not pam- 
pered, ^^Alendos volunt., non saginandos^ ne melioris mentis Jlammula extinguatur ; a 
fat bird will not sing, a fat dog cannot hunt, and so by this depression of theirs 
*® some want means, others will, all want '*' encouragement, as being forsaken almost ; 



scUr. King, in his last lecture on Jonah, sometime 
right reverend lord bishop of London. ^7 Q,uibiis 

opes et otium, hi barbaro fnsti| literas conteninunt. 
* Lucan. lib. 8. saSjtartian. Soliciti de rebus nimis. 

<o Nicet. 1. Anal. Funiis lucubratioiium sordebant. 
•iGramniaticis olim et dialecticis Jurisque Frofessori- 
ous. qui specimen eriiditionis dedissent eadem digni- 
atis insignia decreverunt Imperatores, quibus orna- 



bant heroas. Erasin. ep. Jo. Fabio epis. Vien. « pro- 
bus vir et Philosophus magis pra;stal inter alios homi- 
nes, quam rex inclitus inter plebeios. ^ajieinsiua 
prspfat. Poematuni. « Servile nomen Scholaris jam. 
<5 Seneca. ■><; Haud facile emergun ;, &c. ■»' Media 
quod noctis ab liora sedisti qua nero ) faber, qua nemu 
sudebal, qui docet obliquo lanam deJucere ferro : rar* 
tamen mercea. Juv. Sat. 7. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 197 

and generally contemned. 'Tis an old saying, Sint MeccBnates, non decrunl Flaccc 
Marones, and 'tis a true saying still. Yet oftentimes I may not deny it the mairi 
fault i^•• in ourselves. Our academics too frequently offend in neglecting patrons, a^ 
*•* Erasmus well taxeth, or making ill choice of them ; negligimus oblatos aut amplec- 
timur parum apfos, or if we get a good one, non studemus matu'is officii s few or em pjm 
alere, we do not ply and follow him as we should. Idem viihi accidil Adolescenfi 
(saith Erasmus) acknowledging his fault, et gravissime peccavi, and so may '^'^ I say 
myself, I have offended in this, and so peradventure have many others. We did not 
spondere niagnatum favor i bus, qui cmperunt nos amplecti, apply ourselves with that 
readiness we should : idleness, love of liberty, immodicus amor Ubertatis effecit ul 
dill cum perfidis amicis, as he confesseth, et pertinaci pauperate colluctarer, bashful- 
ness, melancholy, limorousness, cause many of us to be too backward and remiss. 
So some offend in one extreme, but too many on the other, we are most part too 
forward, too solicitous, too ambitious, too impudent; M^e commonly complain deesse 
Mmcenates, of want of encouragement, \vant of means, when as the true defect is in 
our own want of worth, our insufficiency : did McEcenas take notice of Horace or 
Virgil till they had shown themselves first ? or had Bavins and Mevius any patrons r 
Egregium specimen dent, saith Erasmus, let them approve themselves worthy firsl, 
sufficiently qualified for learning and manners, before they presume or impudently 
intrude and put themselves on great men as too many do, with such base flattery, 
parasitical colloguing, such hyperbolical elogies they do usually insinuate that it is 
a shame to hear and see. Immodicce laudes conciliant invidiam, potius quam laudcmy 
and vain commendations derogate from truth, and we think in conclusion, non melius 
dc laudato, pejus de laudante, ill of both, the commender and commended. So we 
offend, but the main fault is in their harshness, defect of patrons. How beloved of 
old, and how much respected was Plato to Dionysius t How dear to Alexander was 
Aristotle, Demeratus to Philip, Solon to Crcesus, Anexarcus and Trebatius to Augus- 
tus, Cassius to Vespatian, Plutarch to Trajan, Seneca to Nero, Simonides to Hieron r 
how honoured ? 

«> " Sed hzEc priiis fiiere, nunc recondita 
Senent quiete," 

those days are gone ; Et spes, et ratio studiorum in Ccesare tantum : *' as he said of 
old, we may truly say now, he is our amulet, our '"^ sun, our sole comfort and refuge, 
our Ptolemy, our common Maecenas, Jacobus muni/icus. Jacobus pacijicus, mysta Mu~ 
sarum. Rex Platonicus : Grande decus, colmnenque nostrum : a famous scholar him- 
self, and the sole patron, pillar, and sustainer of learning : but his worth in this kind 
is so well known, that as Paterculus of Cato, Jam ipsum laudare nefas si/: and 
which ^^ Pliny to Trajan. Seria te carmina, honorque ceternus annalium, non hcEC brc- 
vis et pudenda prcedicatio colet. But he is now gone, the sun of burs set, and yet no 
night follows, Sol occubuit, nox nulla sequuta est. We have such anotlier in his room, 
^"^ aureus ctier. Jlvulsus, simili frondescit virga met alio, and long may he reign and 
flourish amongst lis. 

Let me not be malicious, and lie against my genius, I may not deny, but that wc 
have a sprinkling of our gentry, here and there one, excellently well learned, like 
those Fuggeri in Germany; Dubartus, Du Plessis, Sadael, in France; Picus Miran- 
dula, Schottus, Barotius, in Italy; Apparent rari nantes in gnrgife vasto. But they 
are but few in respect of the multitude, the major part (and some again excepted, 
that are indifferent) are wholly bent for hawks and hounds, and carried away many 
times with intemperate lust, gaming and drinking. If they read a book at any 
time (si quod est interim otii a venatu, poculis, alea, scortis) 'tis an English Clironi- 
c> St. Huon of Bordeaux, Amadis de Galil, &c., a play-book, or some pamphlet of 
news, and that at such seasons only, when they cannot stir abroad, to drive away 
time, ^^ their sole discourse is dogs, hawks, horses, and what news? If some 3ne 
have been a traveller in Italy, or as far as the emperor's court, wintered in Orleans, 
and can court his mistress in broken French, wear his clothes neatly in the newest 
fashion, sing some choice outlandish tunes, discourse of lords, ladies, towns, palaces. 

<*'(/hil.4. Cent.'l. adaf;. ). <» Had I done as others I are contrfd in C<psar alone. « iVcrno est quein nnn 

did, pill tiiyself forward. I inisht liave haplv been as ] Pha;biis hie noster, solo intuitu Inhenlioreni reddal 
preat a man as many of my eqiial.«. shc;itnlliis, I ^'» Panegyr. s^Viriril. s.-iRjirns enim ferine 

Juven. " All our hopes and inducements to sludv | seiisus communis in ilia Foriuna. Juv. Sat. 6. 

r2 



:98 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. Z 



and cities, lie is complete and to be admired : ^otherwise he and they are much a1 
one; no difference between the master and the man, but worshipful titles; wink and 
choose betwixt him that sits down (clothes excepted) and him that holds the trenche. 
behind him : yet these men must be our patrons, our governors too sometimes, states- 
men, magistrates, noble, great, and wise by inheritance. 

Mistake me not (I say again) Vos 6 Patritius sanguis^ you that are worthy sena- 
tors, gentlemen, I honour your names and persons, and with all submissiveness, pros- 
trate myself to your censirre and service. There are amongst you, I do ingenuously 
confess, many well-deserving patrons, and true patriots, of my knowledge, besides 
many hundreds which I never saw, no doubt, or heard of, pillars of our common- 
wealth, ^" whose worth, bounty, learning, forwardness, true zeal in religion, and good 
esteem of all scholars, ought to be consecrated to all posterity ; but of your rank, 
there are a debauched, corrupt, covetous, illiterate crew again, no better than stocks 
merum pecus (testor Denm, non mihi videri dignos ingenui hominis appellatione) 
barbarous Thracians, et quis ilk thrax qui hoc negeif a sordid, profane, pernicious 
company, irreligious, impudent and stupid, I know not what epithets to give them, 
enemies to learning, confounders of the church, and the ruin of a commonwealth ; 
patrons they are by right of inheritance, and put in trust freely to dispose of such 
livings to the church's good ; but (hard task-masters they prove) they take away 
their straw, and compel them to make their number of brick : they commonly respect 
their own ends, commodity is the steer of all their actions, and him they pre.^ent in 
conclusion, as a man of greatest gifts, that will give most ; no penny, ^^ no pater- 
noster, as the saying is. JYisi preces auro fulcias., amplius irrllas : ut Cerberus ojfa, 
their attendants and officers must be bribed, feed, and made, as Cerberus is with a 
sop by him that goes to hell. Jt was an old saying. Omnia Rojucb venalia., (all things 
are venal at Rome,) 'tis a rag of Popery, which will never be rooted out, there is no 
hope, no good to be done without money. A clerk may offer himself, approve his 
"^ worth, learning, honesty, religion, zeal, they will commend him for it; but ^'^pro' 
hilas laudalur et alget. If he be a man of extraordinary parts, they will flock afar 
off to hear him, as they did in Apuleius, to see Psyche : multi mortales conjluehant 
ad videndum scecuH decus^ speculum gloriosum^ laudatur ah omnibus^ spectafur oh om- 
nihus^ nee quisquam non rex^ non regius^ cupidus ejus nuptiarliim petitor accedit; miran- 
tur quidem divinam formam oj?ines^ sed ut simulacrum fahre poliium mirantur ; many 
mortal men came to see fair Psyche the glory of her age, they did admire her, com- 
mend, desire her for her divine beauty, and gaze upon her; but as on a picture ; none 
would marry her, quod indotata^ fair Psyche had no money. ^' So they do by learning ; 



■ didicit jam dives avarus 
Taiiium adniirari, tantuiii laiidare disertos, 
Ut pueri Junoiiis avein" 



Your ridi men have now learn'd of latter days 
T' admire, commend, and come together 

To hear and see a worthy scholar speak, 
As children do a peacock's feather." 



He shall have all the good words that may be given, ^^a proper man, and 'tis pity he 
hath no preferment, all good wishes, but inexorable, indurate as he is, he will not 
prefer him, though it be in his power, because he is indotaius^ he hath no money 
Or if he do give him entertainment, let him be never so well qualilied, plead affinity, 
consanguinity, sufficiency, he shall serve seven years, as Jacob did for Rachel, before 
he shall have it. *^* If he will enter at first, he must get in at that Simoniacal gate, come 
off soundly, and put in good security to perform all covenants, else he will not deal 
with, or admit him. But if some poor scholar, some parson chaff, will offer himself; 
some trencher chaplain, that Avill take it to the halves, thirds, or accepts of what he 
will give, he is welcome ; be conformable, preach as he will have him, he likes him 
before a million of others ; for the best is always best cheap : and then as Hierom 
said to Croniatius, patella dignum operculum^ such a patron, such a clerk ; the cure 
is well supplied, and all parties pleased. So that is still verified in our age, which 
'^Chrysosiom complained of in his time, Qui opulentiores sunt^ in ordinem parasito- 



5«Q,uis enim generosum dixerit hunc que IndiL'nus 
jenerc, et pr.Tclaro nomine taiitum, Insignis. Juve. 
.'^at 8. 57 I have often met with myself, and con- 

ft;rrfd with divers worthy gentlemen in the country, no 
v» hit inferior, if not to he preferred for divers kinds of 
learning to many ot our academics. 58 ipse licet 

Musis venias romitatus Homere, Nil tamen attuleris, 
ihis Homere foras. 5» Et legat historicos auctores, 

uovcrit omnes i'anquam ungues digilosque suos. Juv. 



Sat. 7. 60 Juvenal. ei Tu vero licet Orpheua 

sis,saxa sono testudinisemolliens, nisi plumbea eorum 
corda, auri vel argenti malleo emollias, &.c. Salis- 
buriensis Policral. lib. 5. c. 10. etjuven. Sat. 7. 

63 Euge bene, no need, Dousa epod. lib. 2. — d)s ipea 
scientia sibique congiarium est. *^Uuat.ior ad 

portas Ecclesias itus ad omnes; sangriinis aul S uif>nisi, 
pra^siilis atque Dei. Holcot. ssj^ib. coj.tra C jiililei 

de liabila martyre. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 199 

rum cognnt eos, el ipsos tanquam canes ad mensas suas enutriunt., eorumque impudeniea 
Ventres iniquarum ccsnarum reliquiis d'iffertiunt, iisdern pro arhitro abutentes: Rich 
men keep these lecturers, and fawning parasites, like so many dogs at their tables, 
and filling their hungry guts with the offals of their meat, they abuse them at their 
pleasure, and make them say what they propose. ^" As children do by a bird or a 
butterfly in a string, pull in and let him out as they list, do they by their trencher 
chaplains, prescribe, command their wits, let in and out as to them it seems best. If 
the patron be precise, so must his chaplain be ; if he be papistical, his clerk must be 
so too, or else be turned out. These are those clerks which serve the turn, whom 
they commonly entertain, and present to church livings, whilst in the meantime we 
that are University men, like so many hide-bound calves in a pasture, tarry out our 
time, wither away as a flower ungathered in a garden, and are never used; or as so 
many u«,ndles, illuminate ourselves alone, obscuring one another's light, and are not 
discerned here at all, the least of which, translated to a dark room, or to some coun- 
try benefice, where it might shine apart, would give a fair light, and be seen over all. 
Whilst we lie waiting here as those sick men did at the Pool of ^' Bethesda, till the 
Angel stirred tlie water, expecting a good hour, they step between, and beguile us 
of our preferment, I have not yet said, if after long expectation, much expense, 
travel, earnest suit of ourselves and friends, we obtain a small benefice at last ; our 
misery begins afresh, we are suddenly encountered with the flesh, world, and devik^ 
with a new onset ; we change a quiet life for an ocean of troubles, we co\ne to a» 
ruinous house, which before it be habitable, must be necessarily to our gre".t daiisa^ 
repaired ; we are compelled to sue for dilapidations, or else sued ourselves, and s^carce 
yet settled, we are called upon for our predecessor's arrearages; first- 'fruits, temths, 
subsidies, are instantly to be paid, benevolence, procurations, &c., and, which is most 
to be feared, we light upon a cracked title, as it befel Clenard of Br-^abant, for his rec- 
tory, and charge of his Begins; he was no sooner inducted, but \nstantlv sued, cepi- 
miisque *^(saith he) strcnue Uligare^ et iniplacabiU bello conjiiftere: at length after ten 
years' suit, as long as Troy's siege, when Jie had tired himsei f, and spent his money,.^ 
he was fain to leave all for quietness' sake, and give it up V > his adversary. Or el=&<-- 
we are insulted over, and trampled on by domineering officfy s, fleeced fey those gree«ijh-," 
harpies to get more fees ; we stand in fear of some precec^ ant lapse; we fall amonegst , 
refractory, seditious sectaries, peevish puritans, perversf^ papists,, a llascivious rout of i* 
atheistical Epicures, that will not be reformed, or soiTj/3 litigious people (those wild - 
beasts of Ephesus must be fought with) that will no,t pay their dues, without miach . 
repining, or compelled by long suit*, Laid clerids c ppido infes% aii old axiom,, all ! 
they think well gotten that is had from the churcli, and by such uaicivil, harsh. deal- 
ings, they make their poor minister weary of his r^lace, if not hi&life; and put. case 
they be quiet honest men, make the best of i.l, as often it falfe^ @«it, from a ^polite 
and terse academic, he must turn rustic, rude, livjlancholise aloney fearn to forget^ or 
else, as many do, become maltsters, grazirrs., chapmen, &c. (now banished fram the 
academy, all commerce of the muses, and confined to a country tillage, as Ovid was 
from Rome to Pontus), and daily converse with a company of kSots and cibwns.. 

Nos interim quod attinet {nee enini imrdunes ab hac noxd sumiis) idkm reatus. ; 
manet, idem nobis, et si non rnultd ^ravius, crimen ohjici potest: nostrn cmnicidpd' 
sit, nostra incurid, nostra avaritid, quod tarn frequcntes, fcedcBiiie Jiant in EcdtmAi 
nyndinationes, (templum est vaenale, densque) tot sondes invefMntur, tantngrnsse- 
tur impietas, tania ncquitin, tarn insamis miseriarum Eu.'ipus^et turbarunt,(sstua^ 
rium, Jiostro inquam, omnium {Academicorum imprimis) vitio sit. Quod'tbt Resp\ 
malijf ificiatur, a. nobis seminar turn; ultrb malum hoc aciersinuus, et quduis cyonfu- 
melid qudvis inttrhn misericc dAgni, qui pro virili non occu rrintms. Qutdi alm-Jpcrt 
posse speramus, quum tot indies sine delectu pauperes alu.fini, Herroi Jifi/i,.cts cvjws- 
'unque ordinis homunciones ad gradus certatim admittan^ur T ^ui si d'rfinitiimcm, 
iistinctioncmque unatn ajt alteram memoriter edidicerint, et proi more totf.annos in 
dialecticd posuerint, non refert quo profectu, quales dcmum sint„ idiottE^ ntf^ntores 
otiatores, aleatores, compo.toreSy indigni, libidinis voluptatunh que minunistnt,^'-^S^ms, 

wPrcEscribuiit, imjieraiit, in ordinem cogunt, inge- | censenles. Heinsids. 's^Jloli- 5: « El»ist. 1|^. 5 

mum nostrmn prniit ipeis v i,' ebitiir, astriiifiiint et re- ! Jam sufffctus in Incnin r!eni»*ntnu, proPiTWjs exortiis^oa 
lataiu 111 papjli •>f!in piiei aut bruchum filo demit- artversariiis, &o. post luultosliaJicres, auji4jtuSviC- 
»i.al dut at'.rajTaUt nos a li'jidine sua pendere sequum 



SOO Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect, 2 

Penelopes, nebulones, Alcinoique,'' modo tot annos in academid insumpserint, et se 
pro togatis vtnditdrint; lucri causa, et a/mcorum intercessu prcEsenlanlur ; addo 
ttiam et magnificis nonnunquam elogiis morum et scientice; etjam valedicturi iesti- 
moniaiilms hisce lUte'ris, amplissime conscriptis in eoru/n gratiam Iwnorantur, ah 
lis, qui Jidei su(B tt eTistimationis jacturani proculdubiofaciunt. Doctores enim et 
protessores (quod ait ^^i lie) id unum curant, ut ex professionibus frequentibus, et 
tumultuariispotius quam legitimis, coinmoda sua promoverant, et ex disoendio pub- 
lico suum faciant incrementuni. Id solum in votis habent annui plerumque magis^ 
iratus, ut ab incipientium numero '^pecunias emungant, nee multum interest qui smt, 
literatores an literati, modo pingues, nitidi, ad uspectum speciosi, et quod verbo 
dicani, pecuniosi sint. '^ P hilosophastri licentiantur in artihus, artem qui non habent, "^^ 
Eosque sapientes esse jubent, qui nulla praediti sunt sapientia, et nihil ad gradum 
prEBlerquam velle adferunl. Theologastri [so Iv ant modo) satis superqne duti, per 
omnes honor am gradus evehuntur et ascendunt. Atque hincjit quod tarn viles scurrcB, 
tot passim idiotcB, liter arum crepusculo positi, larvcB pastoruni, circuniforanei, vagi, 
harbi, fungi., crassi, asini, merum pecus in sacrosanctos theoiogice aditus, iliotis 
pedibus irrumpant, prcBter inverecundam frontem adferentes nihil, vulgarts quas- 
dam quisquilia.s, et scholarium qucBdam nugamenta, indigna quce vel recipiantur in 
triviis. Hoc illud inaignum genus hominum et famelicum, indigum, vaguni, ventris 
mancipium, ud stivani potius relegandum, ad haras aptius quam ad aras, quod divi- 
tias hasce literas turpiter prostituit; hi sunt qui pulpit a complent, in cedes nobilium 
irrepunt, et quum reiiquis vitce destituantur subsidiis, oh corporis et animi egesta- 
tern, aliarum in repuh. partium minime capaces stnt; ad sacram hanc anchoram con- 
fvgiunt, sacerdotium quovismodo captantes, non ex sinceritate, quod "Pauius ait^ 
sed cauponantes verbum Dei. Ne quis interim viris bonis detructum quid pufet, quos 
hahet ecclesia Anglicana qvamplurimos, eggregie doctos, illustres, intacicB fanuB 
homines, tt plures f arson quam qucevis Europce provincia; ne quis a forentisimis 
Academiis, quce viro^ undiqudque doctissimos, omni virtutum genere suspiciendos, 
ahunde producunt. £t mvltb plures utraque hahitura, multo splendidior futuray si 
non hcB sordes splendi(hxm lumen ejus obfuscarent^ ohstaret corrupiio, et cauponantes 
qucedam harpyiB, prolehiriique honum hoc nobis non inviderent. Nemo enim tarn 
cwcd mcnte, qui non hoc ti^svm videat: nemo tarn stolido ingenio, qui non intelligat, 
tarn periinaci jvdicio, qui non agnoscat^ ah his idiotis circumforaneis, sacram poliui 
Theologiam, ac caiestes Musas quasi prophanum quiddam prost.it ui. Viles aninise 
et effrontes [sic enim Lutlierqs '^alicubi vocat) lucelli oausa, ut musc<e ad mulctra, 
ad nobilium et heroum mensasadvolant, in spem sacerdolii, c«;MsZi6e^ honoris, officii^ 

in quamvis aulam, vrbem se ingerunt, ad quodvis se ministerium componunt. 

" Ut nerms alienis mobile lignum Ducitur^'' Hor. Lib. IL Sat. 7. "^^offani 

sequenles, psittacorum more, in p>'gedce spem quidvis effutiunt : obsecundantes Para- 
siti '^(Erasmus ait) quidvis docenv, dicunt, scribunt, suadent, et contra conscientiam 
probant, non ut salutarem reddant a^regem, sed ut magnificam sibi parent fortunam. 
'"Opiniones quasvis et decreta conira verbum Dei astruunt, ne non ofTendant patro- 
num, sed ut retineanl favorem procerum, et populi plausum, sibique ipsis opes accu- 
mulent. Eo etenim plerunque animo ad Theologiam accedunty non zd rem divinam, 
sed ut suamfacient; non ad Ecclesice honum promovendum, sed expilandum ; qua- 
rentes, quod Paulus ai^, non quse Jesu Christi, sed quae sua, non domini thesaurum, 
sed ut sibi, suisque thesaurizent. Nee tantum iis, qui vilirrie fortuncR, et abjectce, 
iortis sunty hoc in usu est: sed et medios, summos, elatos, ne dicum Episcopos, hoc 
malum invasit. "'^'•^ Dicite pontifices^ in socris quidfacit aurumT'' '^sumnios siepe 
viros transvcrsos agit avaritia, et qui reiiquis morum probitate prcelucerent ; hi facem 
prceferunt ad Simoniain, et in corruptionis hunc scopulum impingentes, non tondent 
pecus, sed degluhunt, et quocunque se conferunt, expihint, exhaurivnt, abradunt, 
magnum famcB su(B, si non animce naufragium facientes ; ut non ah infimis ad sum- 
mos, sed a sunimis ad infmos malum pro mandsse videatur, et illud venim sit quod 
ille olim lusit, emeral ille prius, vendere jure potest. Simoniacus enim [quod cum 

ft" Jnn. Acad. '•ap. 6 "o Acripiamiis jiecuniam, I 1617. Feb. 16. "gat. Menjp. 'sgCor. vii. 17. 

dtMPittamiis asifiuiii III apiidlPatavinos, Italos. 7i Hos | '■•Comment, in Gal. ''s HeiiisJMS. "c Ecclesiast. 

n< Ml ita prideii- perstrinxi, n Philosophastro Coma^dia j " Luth. in Gal. ^Pers. Sat. ^. "sSallust. 
Iitina, in ^ile L'hrisli Ux^n, publice habita, Anno \ 



Mem. 3. Subs. 15.1 



Study, a Cause. 



201 



Leone dlcam) graliarij non accepit, si non accipit, non nabef, et si non habet, nee 
gratus pote'st esse ; tantum enim absunt istorum nonnulli, qui ad clavum sedent d 
promovendo reliquos, vt penitus impediant, probd sibi conscii^ quibus artibus illic 
pefvenerint. ^Nam qui ob literas emersisse illos credat, desipit; qui vero ingenii 
erudilionis, experientiae, probitatis, pielatis, et Musarum id esse pretium putat (quoa 
ohm revera fu'it, hodie promittitur) planissime insanit. Utcunque vel undecunque 
malum hoc originem ducal, non ultra quceram, ex Ids primordiis capit vitiorum col 
luvies, omnis calamitas, ornne miseriarum agmen in Ecclesiain invehitur. H'tnc tarn 
frequens simojila, June ortce querclcB^fraudes, imposturcE, ah hoc fonte se deriimrunt 
ofnnes nequUicB. JVe quid obiter dicam de amhitione, adulatione plusquam aulica, ne 
tristi doniiccEnio lahorent, de luxu, de fcedo nonriunquam vitm exemph^i quo nonnullos 
ofendunt, de compotatione Sybaritica, &c. hinc ille squalor academicus, tristes hac 
tempestate Camenae, qumn quivis homunculus artium ignarus, hie artibus assurgat, 
hunc in modum promovedtur et diteseat^ a?nbitiosis appellationibus insignis, et multis 
dignitatihus augustus vulgi oculos pcrstringat, bene se habeat, et grandia gradiens 
majestatem quajidam ac ainpUtudinem prce se ferens^ miramque sollicitudinem, barbd 
reverendus, toga nitidus, purpura coruseus, supellectilis splendore, et famulorum 
numero maxime conspicuus. Quales statuee [quod ait ^'ille) quae sacris in aedibus 
cohuiinis imponuntur, velut oneri cedentes videntur, ac si insudarent, quum revere 
sensu sint carentes, et nihil saxeam adjuvent firmitatem : atlantes videri volunt, quum 
sint statuce lapidece, umbratiles reverd homunciones, fungi, forsan et bardi, nihil a 
saxo diferentes. Quum interem docti viri, et vitce sanctioris ornamentis prcediti, qui 
CEStum diei sustinent, his iniqua sorte serviant, minimo forsan salario contenti, puris 
nominibus nuncupati, humiles, obscuri, multoque digniores licet, egentes, inhonorati 
vitam privam privatum agant, tenuique sepulti sacerdotio, vel in collegiis su'is in (Bter- 
num incarcerati, inglorie delitescant. Sed nolo diutius hanc movere sentinam, hinc 
ilia lachryma:', lugubris musarum habitus, ^^hinc ipsa religio [quod cum Secelli: 
dicam) in ludibriuni et contemptum adducitur, ahjectum sacerdotium [atque Iicbc uJr. 
fiunt, ausim dicere., et putidum '^putidi dicterium de clero usurpare) putidum vulgus^ 
inops, rude, sordidum, melancholicum, miserum, despicabile, contemnendum.^^ 



MSat. Menip. el Biitiapiis de Asse, lib. 5. '• 82 Lib. 
de rep. Gallorum. ^3 (jariipian. 

f^ As for ourselves (for neither are we free from this 
fault) the same guilt, the same crime, may be objected 
afraiiist us: for it is throu<;h our fault, negligence, and 
avarice, that so many and such shameful corruptions oc- 
cur in the church (both the temple and the Deity are offer- 
eil for sale), that such sordidness is introduced, such im- 
pi'ty committed, such wickedness, such a mad gulf of 
wretchedness and irregularity— these I say arise frcwn all 
our faults, but more particularly from ours of the Univer- 
sity. We are the nursery in which those ills are bred with 
which the state is afflicted; we voluntarily introduce 
them, and are deserving of every opprobrium and suf- 
fering, since we do not afterwards encounter them ac- 
cording to our strength. For what better can we ex- 
pect when so many poor, beggarly fellows, men of 
• very order, are readily and without election, admitted 
t« degrees? Who, if they can only commit to memory 
B few definitions and divisions, and pass the customary 
fteriod in the study of logics, no matter with what 
< ft" ct, whatever sort they prove to be, idiot«, triflers, 
i Hers, gamblers, sots, sensualists, 

" mere ciphers in the hook of life 

Like those who boldly woo'd Ulysses' wife; 
Horn to consume the fruits of earth : in truth, 
As vain and idle as Pheacia's youth;" 

only let them have passed the stipulated period in the 
University, and professed themselves collegians: either 
for the sake of profit, or through the influence of their 
friends, they obtain a presentation; nay, sometimes 
even accompanied by brilliant eulogies upon their 
morals and acquirements ; and when they are about to 
take leave, they are honoured with the most flattering 
literary testimonials in their favour, by those who un- 
doubtedly sustain a loss of reputation in granting 
them. F<»r doctors and professors (as an author says) 
are anxious about one thing only, viz., that out of their 
variouscallings they may promote theirown advantage, 
ano convert the public loss into their i)rivate gains. 
For our annual officers wisli this only, that those who 
emnmence, whether they are taught or untauahf is of 
li<, moment, shall be sleek, fat, pigeons, worth the 



plucking. The Philosophastic are admitted to a degree 
in Arts, because they have no acquaintance with them. 
And they are desired to be wise men, because they are 
ehdowed with no wisdom, and bring no qualificafion 
for a degree, except the wish to have it. The Theolo- 
gastic (only let them pay) thrice learned, are promoted 
to every academi* honour. Hence it is that so many 
vile buffoons, so mariy idiots everywhere, placed in the 
twilight of letters, the mere ghosts of scholars, wan- 
derers in the market place, vagrants, barbels, m.ish- 
rooms, dolts, asses, a growling herd, with unw.i.-ilied 
feet, break into the sacred jjrecincts of theology, bring- 
ing nothing along with them but an impudent front, 
some vulgar trifles and foolish scholastic fHchnicalities, 
unworthy of respect even at the crossiii!; of the hijrh- 
ways. This is the unworthy, vagrant, voluptuous race, 
fitter for the hog sty(harain) than the altar (aram), that 
basely prostitute divine literature: these are they who 
fill the pulpits, creep into the palaces of our nobility 
after all other prospects of existence fail them, owing 
to their imbecility of body and mind, and their being 
incapable of sustaining any other paits in the common- 
wealth ; to this sacred refuge they fly, undertaking the 
office of the ministry, not from sim^eri'y, but as St. 
Paul says, huckstering the word of God. Let not any 
one suppose that it is here intende<1 to detract from 
those many exemplary men of which the t'lnirch of 
England may boast, learned, eminent, and of spotless 
fame, for they are more numerous in that than in an/ 
other church of Europe : nor from those most learned 
universities which constantly send forth men endued 
With every form of virtue. And these seminaries w on'd 
produce a still greater number of inestimable scholars 
hereafter if sordidness did not obscure the splendid 
light, corruption interrupt, and certain truckling har 
pies and beggars envy them their usefulness. Nor can 
any one be so blind as not to perceive this— anyso sto- 
lid as not to understand it — any so perverse as not to 
acknowledge how sacred Theol-ogy has been contami- 
nated by those notorious idiots, and the celestial iV1u«e 
treated with profanity. Vile and shameless souls (says 
Luther) tor the sake of gain, like Hies to a milk-pail, 
crowd round the tables of the nobility in ex()ectatioii 
of a church living, any office, or honour, and fiock into 



202 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1 . Sec. 2 



MEMB. IV. 

SuBSECT. I. — JVon-necessary^ remote^ outward^ adventitious, or accidental causes : a^ 

first from the JVurse. 

Of those remote, outward, ambient, necessary causes, I have sufficiently discoursed 
hi the precedent member, the non-necessary follow ; of which, saith ^^ Fuchsius, no 
art can be made, by reason of their uncertainty, casualty, and multitude ; so called 
**• not necessary" because accorciing to ^ Fernelius, " they may be avoided, and used 
without necessity." Many of these accidental causes, wliich I shall entreat of here, 
might have well been reduced to the former, because they cannot be avoided, but 
fatally happen to us, though accidentally, and unawares, at some time or otlier ; the 
rest are contingent and inevitable, and more properly inserted in this rank of causes. 
To reckon up all is a thing impossible; of some therefore most remarkable of these 
contingent causes which produce melancholy, I will briefly speak and in their order. 

From a child's nativity, the first ill accident that can likely befall him in this kind 
is a bad nurse, by whose means alone he may be tainted with this ^^ malady from his 
cradle, Aulus Gellius I. 12. c. 1. brings in Phavorinus, that eloquent philosopher, 
proving this at large, ^^" that there is the same virtue and property in the milk as in 
the seed, and not in men alone, but in all other creatures ; he gives instance in a kid 
and lamb, if either of them suck of the other's milk, the lamb of the goat's, or the 
kid of the ewe's, the wbol of the one will be hard, and the hair of the other soft." 
Giraldus Cambrensis Itinerar Cambrice, I. I.e. 2. confirms this by a notable example 
which happened in his time. A sow-pig by chance sucked a brach, and when she 
\vas grown '^^^ would miraculously hunt all manner of deer, and that as well, or 
rather better, than any ordinary hound." His conclusion is, ^"that men and beasts 



any public hall or city ready to accept of any employ- 
lueiit that may offer. 

"A thing of wood and wires by others played." 

Follovvinjr the paste as the parrot, they stutter out any- 
tliin<r in hopes of reward: obsequious parasites, says 
Erasmus, teach, say, write, admire, approve, contrary 
to their conviction, anything you please, not to bemfit 
the people but to improve their own fortunes. They 
subscribe to any opinions and decisions contrary to the 
word of God, that they may not otfend their patron, 
but retain the favour of the {ireat, the applause of the 
multitude, and thereby acquire riches for themselves; 
for they approach Theology, not that they may perform 
a sacred duty, but make a fortune: nor to promote the 
interests of the church, but to pillage it: seeking, as 
I'aul says, not the things which are of Jesus Christ, but 
v\hat may be their own: not the treasure of their Lord, 
but the enrichment of themselves and their followers. 
Nor does this evil belong to those of humbler birth and 
fortunes only, it possesses the middle and higher ranks, 
bishops excepted. 

"O Pontift's, tell the efficacy of gold in sacred mat- 
ters I" Avarice often leads the highest men astray, and 
men, admirable in all other respects: these find a salvo 
for simony ; and, striking against this rock of corrup- 
ti(m, they do not shear hut flay the flock ; and, wher- 
ever they teem, plunder, exhaust, raze, making ship- 
wreck of their reputation, if not of their souls also. 
Hence it appears that this malady did not flow from 
the humblest to the highest classes, but vice versa, .<o 
that the maxim is true althouuh spoken in jest—" he 
bought first, therefore has the best right to sell." For 
a Simoniac (that I may use the phraseology of Leo) has 
not rec'ived a favour; since he has not received one he 
does not possess one; and since he does not possess one 
he cannot confer one. So far indeed are some of those 
who are placed at the helm from promoting others, that 
thev completely obstruct them, from a consciousihess of 
the'means by which themselves obtained the honour. 
For he who imagines that they emerged from their ob- 
scurity through their learning, is deceived; indeed, 
Anoever supposes promotion to be the reward of genius, 
Erudition, experience, probity, piety, and poetry (which 
formerly was the case, but now-a-days is only promised) 
is evidently deranged. How or when this malady com- 
menced, I shall not further inquire; but from these be- 
Einninss, this accumulation of vices, all her calamities 
a.id miseries have been brought upon the Church ; hence 
Buch frequent acts nf sin?ony.compla"<^*s, fraud, impos- 



tures—from this one fountain spring all its conspicuous 
iniquities. I shall not press the question of ambition 
and courtly flattery, lest they may be chagrined about 
luxury, base examples of life, which ofiend the honest, 
wanton drinking parties, &c. Yet; hence is that aca- 
demic squalor, the muses now look sad, since every low 
fellow ignorant of the arts, by those very arts rises, is 
promoted, and grows rich, distinguished by ambitious 
titles, and puffed up by his numerous honours, he jii?t 
shows himself to the vulgar, and by his stately carriage 
displays a species of majesty, a remarkable solicitude, 
letting down a flowing beard, decked in a brilliant toga 
resplendent with purple, and respected also on account 
of the splendour of his household and number of his 
servants. There are certain statues placed in sacred 
edifices that seem to sink under their load, and almost 
to perspire, when in reality they are void of sensation, 
and do not contribute to the stony stability, so these 
men would wish to look like Atlases, when they are no 
better than statues of stone, insignificant scrubs, fun- 
guses, dolts, little different from stone. Meanwhile 
really learned men, endowed with all that can adorn ;i 
holy life, men who have endured the heat of mid-da\, 
by some unjust lot obey these dizzards, content prob- 
ably with a miserable salary, known by honest appel- 
lations, humble, obscure, althouch eminently worthy, 
needy, leading a private life without honour^ buried 
alive in some poor benefice, or incarcerated for ever in 
their college chambers, lying hid ingloriously. But I 
am unwilling to stir this sink any longeror any deeper ; 
hence those tears, this melancholy habit of the muses- 
hence (that 1 may speak with Secellius) is it that reli 
gion is brought into disrepute and contempt, and thr; 
priesthood abject; (and since this i« so, I must speak 
out ai.d use a filthy witticism of the filthy) a foetid 
crowd, poor, sordid, melancholy, miserable, despicable, 
contemptible. 

S5 Proem lib. 2. Nulla ars constitui poset fs uih. 

1. c. 19. de morborum causis. Qiias declinare lieet aiif 
nulla necessitate iitimnr. "'Quo semel est imbuta 

recens servabit odorem Testa diu. Hor. ^ttgicmt 

valet ad fingendas corporis atqiie animi similitud nes 
vis et natura seminis, sic quoque lactis proprieJais. 
Neque id in hominibiis solum, sed in pecudibus ani- 
niadversum. Nam si oviiim lacle hoedi. aiit capr»rnt(j 
auni alerentur. constat fieri in his lanam duriorena, in 
illis capillum gigni severiorem. "^ Adulta in fKraniiio 
persequutione ad miraculum usque sairax. ""Tam 

animal quodlibel quam homo ab ilia cujiis lact uuts? 
tur, naturam contrahit. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 1.] JVursc, a Cause. 203 

participate of her nature and conditions by whose milk they are fed." Phavorinus 
urges it farther, and demonstrates it more evidently, that if a nurse be ^'"misshapen, 
unchaste, dishonest, impudent, ^^ cruel, or the like, the child that sucks upon ha 
breast will be so too;" all other affections of the mind and diseases are almost 
ingrafted, as it were, and imprinted into the temperature of the infant, by the nurse's 
milk ; as pox, leprosy, melancholy, &c. Cato for some such reason would make 
his servants' children suck upon his wife's breast, because by that means they would 
love him and his the better, and in all likelihood agree with them. A more evi- 
dent example that the minds are altered by milk cannot be given, than that of 
^'^ Dion, which he relates of Caligula's cruelty ; it could neither be imputed to father 
nor mother, but to his cruel nurse alone, that anointed her paps with blood still when 
he sucked, which made him such a murderer, and to express her cruelty to a hair : 
and that of Tiberius, who was a common drunkard, because his nurse was such a 
one. Et si d'^llra fuerit (^ one observes) infantulum delinim faciei, if she be a fool 
or dolt, the child she nurseth will take after her, or otherwise be misaffected ; which 
Franciscus Barbarus Z. 2. c. nit. de re uxorid proves at full, and Ant. Guivarra, lib. 2. 
de Marco JlureVw : the child will surely participate. For bodily sickness there is 
no doubt to be made. Titus, Vespasian's son, was therefore sickly, because the 
nurse was so, Lampridius. And if we may believe physicians, many times children 
catch the pox from a bad nurse, Botaldus cajj. 61. de hie vener. Besides evil attend 
ance, negligence, and many gross inconveniences, which are incident to nurses, much 
danger may so come to the child. ^^ For these causes Aristotle Polif. lib. 7. c. 17. 
Phavorinus and Marcus Aurelius would not have a child put to nurse at all, but every 
mother to bring up her own, of w^hat condition soever she be; for a sound and able 
mother to put out her child to nurse, is naturce intemperies, so ^ Guatso calls it, 'tis 
fit therefore she should be nurse herself; the mother will be more careful, loving 
and attendant, than any servile woman, or such hired creatures ; this all the world 
acknowledgeth, convenientissimum est (as Rod. a Castro de nat. mulierum. lib. 4. c 
12. in many words confesseth) matrem ipsam lactare infantem, "It is most fit that 
the mother should suckle her own infant" — who denies that it should be so.'' — and 
which some women most curiously observe ; amongst the rest, ^' that queen of 
France, a Spaniard by birth, that was so precise and zealous in this behalf, that when 
in her absence a strange nurse had suckled her child, she was never quiet till she 
had made the infant vomit it up again. But she was too jealous. If it be so, as 
many times it is, they must be put forth, the mother be not fit or well able to be a 
nurse, I would then advise such mothers, as ^^ Plutarch doth in his book de liberis 
educandis, and ^^S. Hierom, //. 2. epist. 27. Lcptcc de institut. Jil. Magninus part 2. 
Reg. sanit. cap. 7. and the said Rodericus, that they make choice of a sound woman, 
of a good complexion, honest, free from bodily diseases, if it be possible, all pas- 
sions and perturbations of the mind, as sorrow, fear, grief, '°° folly, melancholy. For 
such passions corrupt the milk, and alter the temperature of the child, which now 
being ' Udum et molle lufu?n, " a moist and soft clay," is easily seasoned and per- 
verl^ed. And if such a nurse may be found out, that will be diligent and careful 
withal, let Phavorinus and M. Aurelius plead how they can against it, I had rather 
accept of her in some cases than the mother herself, and which Bonacialus the phy- 
sycian, Nic. Biesius the politician, lib. 4. de repub. cap. 8. approves, ^"Some nurses 
are much to be preferred to some mothers." For why may not the mother be 
naught, a peevish drunken flirt, a waspish choleric slut,, a crazed piece, a fool (as 
many mothers are), unsound as soon as the nurse } There is more choice of nurses 
than mothers ; and therefore except the mother be most virtuous, staid, a woman of 
( xcellent good parts, and of a sound complexion, 1 would have all children in such 
cases committed to discreet strangers. Av.d 'tis the only way ; as by marriage they 
are ingrafted to other families to alter the breed, or if anything be amiss in the 
mother, as Ludovicus Mercatus contends, Tom 2. li.b. de morb. hcered. to prevent 

uilniproba, inform is, impiidica, temiilenta nulrix, &c. I "^Lih. 3. de civ. con vers. 9'Stfphanus. ^^To. 2. 

Tuoniain in niorihns ertonnandis niagnani sspe partem | Niitricrs non quasvis, sed niaxime probas delicnriuis. 
ii •jeniuin altricis et natiira lactis tenet. ^ Hircanaeqiie | '*3 Nntrix non sit lasciva aut temulenta. Hier. '"o Pro- 
•< ' iiorunt nbera Tiures, Vir";. 93 Lib. 2. de Cjr*?arilius. I liihendnni ne stolida lactet. > I'trs. " Nutrjrca 

*♦ I'eda c. 27. I. 1. Eccles. hist. »* NV ir.sitivo lactis iiiterduiii niatribus sunt nu;liores. 

a) iU'^nto degeiierut corpus, et animus corrunipatur. \ 



204 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2 



diseases and future maladies, to correct and qualify the child's ill-disposed tempera- 
lure, which he had from his parents. This is an excellent remedy, if good choice 
be made of such a nurse. 



SuBSECT. II. — Education a Cause of Melancholy. 

Education, of these accidental causes of Melancholy, may justly challenge the 
next place, for if a man escape a bad nurse, he may be undone by evil bringing up. 
Jason Pratensis puts this of education for a principal cause ; bad parents, step-mo- 
thers, tutors, masters, teachers, too rigorous, too severe, too remiss or indulgent on 
the other side, are often fountains and furtherers of this disease. Parents and such 
as have the tuition and oversight of children, offend many times in that they are too 
stern, always threatening, chiding, brawling, whipping, or striking; by means of 
which their poor children are so disheartened and cowed, that they never after have 
any courage, a merry hour in their lives, or take pleasure in anything. There is a 
great moderation to be had in such things, as matters of so great moment to the 
making or marring of a child. Some fright their children with beggars, bugbears, 
and hobgoblins, if they cry, or be otherwise unruly : but they are much to blame in 
it, many times, saith Lavater, de spectris., part I, cap. 5. ex metu in morhos graves 
incidunt et nociu dormientes clamant., for fear they fall into many diseases, and cry 
out in their sleep, and are much the worse for it all their lives : these things ought 
not at all, or to be sparingly done, and upon just occasion. Tyrannical, impatient, 
hair-brain schoolmasters, aridi inogistrl., so ^ Fabius terms them, Jljaces fagelJiferi^ 
ara in this kind as bad as hangmen and executioners, they make many children 
endure a martyrdom all the while they are at school, with bad diet, if they board in 
their houses, too much severity and ill-usage, they quite pervert their temperature of 
body and mind : still chiding, railing, frowning, lashing, tasking, keeping, that they 
are fracti animis., moped many times, weary of their lives, ^ nimia severilate deficiuhf 
et desperant., and think no slavery in the world (as once I did myself) like to that 
of a grammar scholar. Prcccepforum inept lis discruclantur ingenia puerorum.,^ sa.hh 
Erasmus, they tremble at his voice, looks, coming in. St. Austin, in the first book 
of his confess, et 4 ca. calls this schooling meUculosam necessitaiem, and elsewhere 
a martyrdom, and confesseth of himself, how cruelly he was tortured in mind for 
learning Greek, nulla verba noverom., et scBvis terroribus et pcenis., ut nbssem^ insta- 
bafur mihi vehementer^l know nothing, and with cruel terrors and punishment 1 was 
daily compelled. 'Beza complains in like case of a rigorous schoolmaster in Paris, 
that made him by his continual thunder and threats once in a mind to drown him- 
self, had he not met by the way with an uncle of his that vindicated him from that 
misery for the time, by taking him to his house. Trincavellius, lib. 1. consil. 16. 
had a patient nineteen years of age, extremely melancholy, ob nimium studium., Tar- 
vitii et prceceptoris minas, by reason of overmuch study, and his ^ tutor's threats. 
Many masters are hard-hearted, and bitter to their servants, and by that means do so 
deject, with terrible speeches and hard usage so crucify them, that they become des- 
perate, and can never be recalled. 

Others again, in that opposite extreme, do as great harm by their too much remiss- 
ness, they give them no bringing up, no calling to busy themselves about, or to live 
in, teach them no trade, or set them in any good course ; by means of which their 
servants, children, scholars, are carried away with that stream of drunkenness, idle- 
ness, gaming, and many such irregular courses, that in the end they rue it, curse 
their parents, and mischief themselves. Too much indulgence causeth the like, 
^ inepta patris lenitas et facilitas prava^ when as Mitio-like, with too much liberty 
and too great allowance, they feed their children's humours, let them revel, wench, 
riot, swagger, and do what they will themselves, and then punish them with a noise 
of musicians ; 



s Lib. de morbis capitis, cap. de mania ; Hand postre- 
jna causa supputatur educatio. inter has mentis altalie- 
natioiiis causas. Injiista noverca. « Lib. 2. cap 4. 

* Idini. El quod niaxime nocet, dum in teneris ila 
tinient niliil conautur. »>'The pupil's faculties are 



perverted by the indiscretion of the master." ' Prsefat 
ad Tcstam. ^ Plus mentis predagopico supercilio ab- 

stnlit, quam unquain prxceptis suis sapienti£ instilla- 
vit. "Ter. Adel. 3. 4. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 3.] LKtucation, — Terrors and Affrights, Cai^es. 205 

10" Ohsdnet, potet, oleat unguenta de men; 

Aiiiat ? (lal)iiur a me argentiiin ulii eril comniodum. 
Fores eff<e;i{it? restitueuliir : descidit 

Ve^lem ? resarcietiir. Facial quod liibet, 

Suiiiat, coiisumai, perdat, decretuiii est pati." 

But as Demeo told him, tu ilium corrwnpi sinis, your lenity will be his undoing 
praviderc vide or jam diem ilium, qiium hie e gens prof ugiet aliquo militalum^ 1 fore 
see his ruin. So parents often err, many fond mothers especially, doat so much upon 
their children, like " ^Esop's ape, till in the end they crush them to death, Corporum 
nutrices animariim noverccE^ pampering up their bodies to the undoing of their souls : 
thev will not let them be '^corrected or controlled, but still soothed up in everything 
th^y do, that in conclusion " they bring sorrow, shame, heaviness to their parents 
(^Ecclus. cap. XXX. 8, 9), become wanton, stubborn, wilful, and disobedient ; rude, 
untaught, headstrong, incorrigible, and graceless ;" " they love them so foolishly," 
saith '^ Cardan, " that they rather seem to hate them, bringing them not up to virtue 
but injury, not to learning but to riot, not to sober life and conversation, but to all 
pleasure and licentious behaviour." Who is he of so little experience that knows 
not this of Fabius to be true ? '^ " Education is another nature, altering the mind 
and will, and I would to God (saith he) we ourselves did not spoU our children's 
manners, by our overmuch cockering and nice education, and weaken the strength 
of their bodies and minds, that causeth custom, custom nature," &c. For these 
causes Plutarch in his book de lib. educ. and Hierom. epist. lib. 1. epist. 17. to LcEta 
dz instilut. jili(2, gives a most especial charge to all parents, and many good cautions 
about bringing up of children, that they be not committed to indiscreet, passionate, 
bedlam tutors, light, giddy-headed, or covetous persons, and spare for no cost, that 
they may be well nurtured and taught, it being a matter of so great consequence. 
For such parents as do otherwise, Plutarch esteems of them '^^' that are more careful 
of their shoes than of their feet," that rate their wealth above their children. And. 
he, saith '^ Cardan, "• that leaves his son to a covetous schoolmaster to be informed. 
or to a close Abbey to fast and learn wisdom together, doth no other, than that he 
be a learned fool, or a sickly wise man." 



SuBSECT. III. — Terrors and Affrights, Causes of Melancholy. 

TuLLY, in the fourth of his Tusculans, distinguishes these terrors which arne 
from the apprehension of some terrible object heard or seen, from other fears, and so 
doth Patritius lib. 5. Tit. 4. de regis institut. Of all fears they are most pernicious 
and violent, and so suddenly alter the whole temperature of the body, move the soul 
and spirits, strike such a deep impression, that the parties can never be recove>-ed, 
causing more grievous and fiercer melancholy, as Felix Plater, c. 3. de mentis alienni. " 
speaks out of his experience, than any inward cause whatsoever : " and imprints 
itself so forcibly in the spirits, brain, humours, that if all the mass of blood wer*i let 
out of the body, it could hardly be extracted. This horrible kind of melancholy 
(for so he terms it) had been often brought before him, and troubles and affriijhts 
commonly men and women, young and old of all sorts." '* Hercules de Saxonia 
calls this kind of melancholy (ai agitatimie spiriluum) by a peculiar name, it comes 
from the agitation, motion, contraction, dilatation of spirits, not from any distemper- 
ature of humours, and produceth strong effects. This terror is most usually caused, 



>" Idem. Ac. 1. so. 2. "Let him feast, drink, perfume 
liiinself at my expense: If he be in love, I shall supply 
him with money. Has he broken in the fiates? they 
shall be repaired. Has he torn his garments? they shall 
be replaced. Let him do what he pleases, take, spend, 
waste, I am resolved to submit." "Camerarius em. 
77. cent. 2. hath elegantly expressed it an emblem, per- 
dit amando, &;c. '^ prov. xiii. 24. " He that spareth 
the rod hates his son." is Lib. de consol. Tam Stulte 
j)ueros diligimus ut odisse potius videamur, illos non 
ad viriutem sed ad injuriam, non ad eruditionem sed 
a^J luxum non ad virtutem sed voluptatem ediicantes. 
i< Lib. I. (,. :i. Educatio altera natura, alterat animoset 
vnluntatem.atque utinam(inquit) iiberorum nostrorum 
niores non iosi perderemus, quum infantiam statiin de- 
Mciis solvimus- mollior ista educatio, quam indulgen- 
uafU vocamus, nervoa omnes, et mentis ct corporis 



frangit ; fit ex his consuetudo, inde natura. i5 Peiinde 
agit ac siquis de calceo sit sollicitus, pedem nihil curet. 
Juven. Nil patri minus est quam filius. '^Lih. .■}. de 
sapient: qui avaris psdagogis pueros alendos dant, vel 
clausosih coenobjis jejunare simul et sapero, nihil aliud 
agunt, nisi ut sint vel non sine stultitia eruditi, vel non 
integra vita sapientes. i' Terror et metus maximo 

ex improviso accedentes ita animuni commovent, ul 
spiritus nunquam recuperent, gravioremque mclancho- 
liam terror facit, quam qua; ab interna causa fit. Im- 
pressio tam fi.rtis in spiritibus humoribusquo cerebri, 
ut extracta tola sanguinea massa, ;egre ex|»rimatur, el 
hiEc horr»'nda species melancholia; frequenter o .lata 
mihi, omnes exercens, viros, juvenes, series. 'S'j (,cl, 
de melan. cap. 7. el 8. non abintemperie, sed agital one 
dilatatione, contrartione, niotu spiriluum. 



206 



iJauses of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2. 



as '^Plutarch uill have, "• troiii some imminent danger, when a terrible object is a; 
hynd," heard, seen, or conceived, ^'^" truly appearing, or in a ^' dream :" and many 
times the more sudden the accident, it is the more violent. 



22 " Slat terror aiiiiiii5, et cor attoniturii salit, 
Favidiiiuque irepiilis palpitat veiiis jecur. 



"'J'heir soul's affri^'ht, tlioir heart amazed quakes, 
The trf.iiitdiiig liver jjants i' th' veins, and acht-s. 



.Arthemedorus the grammarian 1 ^«it his wits by the unexpected sight of a crocodile, 
i^aurentius 7. de melan. ^The massacre at Lyons, 1572, in the reign of Charles IX., 
was so teiTible and fearful, that many ran mad, some died, great-bellied women were 
brought to bed before their time, generally all affrighted aghast. Many lose their 
wits ''^'•^by the sudden sight of some spectrum or devil, a thing very common in all 
ages," saith Lavater ;'^r/ l. cap. 9. as Orestes did at the sight of the Furies', which 
appeared to him in black 'as ^' Pausanias records). The Greeks call them ^op,uo?ii;;ffta, 
which so terrify their souls, or if they be but affrighted by some counterfeit devils 
in jest, 

20 " ut puerj trepidant, atque omnia caris 

In tenebris nietuunt" 

as children in the dark conceive hobgoblins, and are so afraid, they are the worse for 
It all their lives. Some by sudden fires, earthquakes, inundations, or any such dismal 
objects : Themison the physician fell into a hych-ophobia, by seeing one sick of that 
disease : (Dioscorides I. G. c. 33.) or by the sight of a monster, a carcase, they are 
disquieted many months following, and cannot endure the room where a corpse hath 
been, for a world would not be alone with a dead man, or lie in that bed many years 
after in which a m.an halli di.°d. At ^' Basil many little children in the spring-time 
went to gather flowers in a meadow at the town's end, where a malefactor hung in 
gibbets ; all gazing at it, one by chance flung a stone, and made it stir, by which 
accident, the children affrighted ran away ; one slower than the rest, looking ba-'k, 
and seeing the stirred carcase wag towards her, cried out it came after, and was so 
terribly affrighted, that for many days she could not rest, eat, or sleep, she could not 
be pacified, but melancholy, died. ^^ In the same town another child, beyond the 
Rhine, saw a grave opened, and upon the sight of a carcase, was so troubled in mind 
that she could not be comforted, but a little after departed, and was buried by it. 
Platerus observat. /. 1, a gentlewoman of the same city saw a fat hog cut up, when 
the entrails were opened, and a noisome savour oifended her nose, she much mis- 
liked, and would not longer abide : a physician in presence, told her, as that hog, so 
was she, full of filthy excrements, and aggravated the matter by some other loath 
some instances, insomuch, this nice gentlewoman apprehended it so deeply, that she 
fell forthw^ith a-vomiting, was so mightily distempered in mind and body, that with 
all jiis art and persuasions, for some months after, he could not restore her to her- 
self again, she could not forget it, or remove the object out of her sight. Idem. 
Many cannot endure to see a wound opened, but they are offended : a man executed, 
or labour of any fearful disease, as possession, apoplexies, one bewitched; '■^^ or if 
they read by chance of some terrible thing, the symptoms alone of such a disease, 
or that which they dislike, they are instantly troubled in mind, aghast, ready to apply 
it to themselves, they are as much disquieted as if they had seen it, or were so 
affected themselves. Hecatas sihi videntur somniare., they dream and continually 
think of it. As lamentable effects are caused by such terrible objects heard, read, or 
seen, audltus maximos motus in corpore facit^ as ^° Plutarch holds, no sense makes 
greater alteration of body and mind : sudden speech sometimes, unexpected news, 
be they good or bad, pr^i^j'sa minus oratio., will move as much, animum ohruere., ci 
de sede sua dejicere., as a ^' philosopher observes, will take away our sleep and appe- 
tite, disturb and quite overturn us. Let them bear witness that have heard those 
tragical alarms, outcries, hideous noises, which are many times suddenly heard in 



isLil). de fort, et virtut, Alex. pra?sertim ineunte 
oericulo, iibi res prope adsunt lerribiles. ^opjt a 

fisione horrenda. revera apparente, vel per insomnia, 
Platerus. 21 A painter's wife in Basil, ICOO. Som- 

niavit filium bello mortuiim, inde Melancholica conso- 
lari noluit. 22Senec. Here. Oet. 23Q,uarta pars 

comment, de Statu religioiiis in Gallia sub Carolo. 9. 
1572. 24 Ex occursu dacnjonum aliqui furore corripi- 
iintur. ct experientia notiim e«t. *» Lib. 8. in Artad. 
»■ Lu( ret. 2' Puellae extr* urbem in prato concur- 



rentes, &c. mresta et melancholica domum rediit per diea 
aliquot vexata, dum mortua est. Plater, *» .Altera 

trans-Rhenana ingressa sepulchrum recens nperlum, 
vidit cadaver, et domum siibito reversa putavit earn 
vocare, post paucos dies obiit, proximo sepulchro coU 
locata. Altera patibulum scro pra^leriens, metiiebat 
lie urbe exclusa illic pernoctaret, unde melancholic* 
facta, per multos aiinos lahoravit. Platerus. 2»,«jj|, 
tus occursus inopinata lectio. soj^it,. de audition*), 

I 31 Theod. Prodromus lib. 7. Amorum. 



Mem. 4. Subs- 4.1 Terrors and Affrights, Scqfs, c^c, Causes. 2(>7 

tho (lead of the night by irruption ot enemies and accidental fires, &,c., those ^~ panic 
fears, which often drive men out of their wits, bereave them of sense, understanding 
and all, some for a time, some for their whole lives, they never recover it. The 
^Midianites were so affrighted by Gideon's soldiers, they breaking but every one a 
pitcher ; at: d ^^ Hannibal's army by such a panic fear was discomfited at the walls of 
Rome. Augusta Livia hearing a few tragical verses recited out of Virgil, Tii Mar 
zelltis eris., <^c., fell down dead in a swoon. Edinus king of Denmark, by a sudden 
sound which he heard, ^^'* was turned into fury with all his men," Cranzius, /. 5, 
Dan. hist, et Alexander oh Alexandra I. 3. c. 5. Amatus Lusit;»nus had a patient, 
that by reason of bad tidings became epilepticus, cen.'Z. cura 90, Cardan subtil. I. 18, 
saw one that lost his wits by mistaking of an echo. If one sense alone can cause 
such violent commotions of the mind, what may we think when hearmg, sight, and 
those other senses are all troubled at once ? as by some earthquakes, thunder, light- 
ning, tempests, &c. At Bologna in Italy, Anno 1504, there was such a fearful earth- 
quake about eleven o'clock in the night (as ^^Beroaldus in his book de terrm motu., hath 
commended to posterity) that all the city trembled, the people thought the world was 
at an end, actum de mortalibus^ such a fearful noise, it made such a detestable smell, 
tlie inhabitants were infinitely affrighted, and some ran mad. Audi rem afrocem., et 
annalihus memorandam (mine author adds), hear a strange story, and worthy to be 
chronicled : I had a servant at the same time called Fulco Argelanus, a bold and 
proper man, so grievously terrified with it, that he ^^ was first melancholy, after doted, 
at last mad, and made away himself. At ^^ Fuscinum in Japona "• there was such an 
earthquake, and darkness on a sudden, that many men were ofTended with headache, 
many overwhelmed with sorrow and melancholy. At Meacum whole streets and 
goodly palaces were overturned at the same time, and there was such a hideous noise 
withal, like thunder, and filthy smell, that their hair stared for fear, and their hearts 
quaked, men and beasts were incredibly terrified. In Sacai, another city, the same 
earthquake was so terrible unto them, that many were bereft of their senses ; and 
others by that horrible spectacle 'so much amazed, that they knew not what they 
did." Blasius a christian, the reporter of the news, was so affrighted for his part, 
that though it were two months after, he was scarce his own man, neither could he 
drive the remembrance of it out of his mind. Many times, some years following, 
they will tremble afresh at the ^^remembrance or conceit of such a terrible object, 
even all their lives long, if mention be made of it. Cornelius Agrippa relates out 
of Gulielmus Parisiensis, a story of one, that after a distasteful purge which a phy- 
sician had prescribed unto him, was so much moved, '*°"that at the very sight of 
physic he would be distempered," though he never so much as smelled to it, the box 
of physic long after would give him a purge; nay, the very remembrance of it did 
effect it ; '" " like travellers and seamen," saith Plutarch, " that when they have been 
sanded, or dashed on a rock, for ever after fear not that mischance only, but all such 
dangers whatsoever." 

SuBSECT. IV. — Scoffs.) Calumnies^ hitter Jests., how they cause Melancholy. 

It is an old saying, ''^ "A blow with a word strikes deeper than a blow with a 
sword :" and many men are as much galled with a calumny, a scurrilous and bitter 
jest, a libel, a pasquil, s&tire, apologue, epigram, stage-play or the like, as with any 
misfortune whatsoever. Princes and potentates, that are otherwise happy, and have 
all at command, seoure and free, quihus potentia sceleris impunitatem fecit., are griev- 
ously vexed with these pasquilling libels, and satires : they fear a railing '^^ Aretine. 
more than an enemy in the field, which made most princes of his time (as some 
relate) " allow him a liberal pension, that he should not tax them in his satires." " 



'2 Effnso cernens fugieiites agmine turmas, duis mea 
nunc inflat corniia Fauniis ait. Alciat. embl. 122. 
8s Jud. 6. 19. 31 Pliitarchus vita ejus. 35 In furorein 
rum sociis versus. 3" Subitarius terrae motus. 37Ca;pit 
inde desipere cum dispendiosanitatis, inde adeodemen- 
tans. ut sibi ipsi mortem inferret. s^Historica relatio 
de rebus Japonicis Tract. 2. de legal, regis Chinensis, a 
Lodnvico Frois Jesuita. A. 1596, Fuscini dercpeiite 
tanta acri» caligo et terraemotus, ut inuiti capite dole- 
rent, pluriinus cor moRrore ct melancholia obrueretur. 



videretur, tantamque, &c. In iirhe Sacai tain horrificus 
fuit, ut homines vix sui comi)otes essent a sensibus 
abalienati, moerore oppressi t;im horrendo spectaculo, 
&c. 39Q,unm subit iilius trintissima noctis Imago. 
lOQui solo aspectii niedicincE moveb.Ttur ad purganduni. 
*'Sicut viatores si ad saxum inipegerjnt, aut nautx, 
memores sui casus, non ista modo qute offendunt, sed 
et similia horrent perpetud et trernunt. « Leviter 

volant gravitcr vulnerant. Bernardus. «3 e,,sjjs sau- 
ciat corpus, mentem sermo. "MSciatis euni esse qi 



Tanium fremiium edebat, ut touitru fiagorem imitari [ a neminefereievi sui magnate, nou illustre atipendiut 



208 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2 



The Gods had their Momus, Homer his Zoilus, Achilles his Thersites, Philip hiF 
Demades : the Caesars themselves in Rome were commonly taunted. Tliere was 
never wanting a Petronius, a Lucian in those times, nor will be a Rabelais, an 
Eupliormio, a Boccalinus in ours. Adrian the sixth pope "" '-•'as so highly offended, 
and grievously vexed with Pasquillers at Rome, he gave command that his statue 
should be demolished and burned, the ashes flung into the river Tiber, and had done 
it forthwith, had not Ludovicus Suessanus, a facete companion, dissuaded him to the 
contrary, by telling him, that PasquiPs ashes would turn to frogs in the bottom of 
the river, and croak worse and louder than before, — genus irritahile vatum^ and 
therefore ''^ Socrates in Plato adviseth all his friends, " that respect their credits, to 
stand in awe of poets, for they are terrible fellows, can praise and dispraise as they 
see cause." Hinc quam sit calamus scevior ense patet. The prophet David com- 
plains. Psalm cxxiii. 4. " that his soul was full of the mocking of the wealthy, and 
of the dcspitefulness of the proud," and Psalm Iv. 4. " for the voice of the wicked, 
&c., and their hate : his heart trembled within him, and the terrors of death came 
upon him ; fear and horrible fear," &c., and Psal. Ixix. 20. " Rebuke hath broken 
my hearc, and J am full of heaviness." Who hath not like cause to complain, and 
is not so troubled, that shall fall into the mouths of such men ? for many ar*^ f so 
*'^ petulant a spleen ; and have that figure Sarcasmus so often in their mouir'S, so 
bitter, so foolish, as ^^Baltasar Castilio notes of them, that " they cannot speak, but 
they must bite ;" they had rather lose a friend than a jest ; and what company soever 
they come in, they will be scoffing, insulting over their inferiors, especially over such 
as any way depend upon them, humouring, misusing, or putting guUeries on some 
or other till they have made by their humouring or gulling '^^ ex sfulto insanum., a 
mope or a noddy, and all to make themselves merry : 



diunmodo risum 



Excutiat sibi ; iion hie ctiiquam parcit amico;" 

Fiiends, neuters, enemies, all are as one, to make a fool a madman, is their sport, 
and they have no greater felicity than to scoff and deride others; they must sacrifice 
to the god of laughter, with them in ^' Apuleius, once a day, or else they shall be 
melancholy themselves ; they care not how they grind and misuse others, so they 
may exhilarate their own persons. Their wits indeed serve them to that sole pur- 
pose, to make sport, to break a scurrile jest, which is levissimus ingenil fructus^ the 
froth of wit, as ^■^ Tully holds, and for this they are often applauded, in all other dis- 
course, dry, barren, straminious, dull and heavy, here lies their genius, in this they 
alone excel, please themselves and others. Leo Decimus, that scoffing pope, as 
Jovius hath registered in the Fourth book of his life, took an extraordinary delight in 
humouring of silly fellows, and to put guUeries upon them, ^^by commending some, 
persuading others to this or that : he made ex stolidis stultissimos^ et maxime ridiculos, 
ex stultis insanos ; soft fellows, stark noddies ; and such as M^ere foolish, quite mad 
before he left them. One memorable example he recites there, of Tarascomus of 
Parma, a musician that was so humoured by Leo Decimus, and Bibiena his second 
in this business, that he thought himself to be a man of most excellent skill, (who 
was indeed a ninny) they ^^"made him set foolish songs, and invent new ridiculous 
precepts, which they did highly commend," as to tie his arm that played on the lute, 
to make him strike a sweeter stroke, ^^ " and to pull down the Arras hangings, because 
the voice would be clearer, by reason of the reverberation of the wall." In the like 
manner they persuaded one Baraballius of Caieta, that he was as good a poet as 
Petrarch; would have him to be made a laureate poet, and invite all his friends to 
nis instalment ; and had so possessed the poor man with a conceit of his excellent 
poetrvi that when some of his more discreet friends told him of his folly, he was 
very angry wiih them, and said ^ " they envied his honour, and prosperity :" it was 
strange (saith Jovius) to see an old man of 60 years, a venerable and grave old man 



nabiiit, ne mores ipsorum Satyris suis notaret. Gasp. 
Barthius prtefat. parnodid. 

« Jovius in vita ejus, gravissime tulif faraosis libellis 
nornen suuin ad Pasquilli statuam fuisse laceratum, 
decrevitque ideo statuam denioliri, &c. *^ Plato, lib. 
13. de legibus. Q,ui exislimationem curaiit, poetas 
vereantur, quia miignam vim habetit ad laudandnm ct 
vfituperanduiii. ^7 petulariti splenecachinno, 4t*Cnrial. 
lib. 2. £a quorundam est inscitia, ut quoties loqui. 



toties mordere licere sibi putent. ^^Ter. Eaniicli. 

60 Hor. ser. Jib. 2. Sat. 4. " Provided he can only excite 
laughter, lie s^Kires not his best friend." ^i ],ih. 2, 

s2De orat. °^ Laudando, et mira iis persuadendo. 

s^Et vana inflatus opinione, incredibilia ac ridenda 
quiedain Musices prtecepta conirnentaretur, &c. ""^ \'l 
voces nudisparietibus illi.soe, suavius ac acutiiia resili 
rent. • ^6 lininortaiilati et glorise sua; prorsus irvi- 

denies. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 4.J ^cofs^ Calumnies^ hitler Jests, Sfc. 209 

so gulled. But what cannot such scoffers do, especially if they find a soft creature, 
on whom they may work : nay, to say truth, who is so wise, or so discreet, that 
may not be humoured in this kind, especially if some excellent wits shall set upon 
him ; he that mads others, if he were so humoured, would be as mad himself, as 
much grieved and tormented ; he might cry with him in the comedy, Proh Jupiter^ 
ill homo vie ad'igas ad insaniam. For all is in these things as they are taken ; if he 
be a silly soul, and do not perceive it, 'tis well, he may haply make others sport, and 
be no whit troubled himself; but if he be apprehensive of his folly, and take it to 
heart, then it torments him worse than any lash : a bitter jest, a slander, a calumny 
piereeth deeper than any loss, danger, bodily pain, or injury whatsoever; leviter enim 
volat^ (it flies swiftly) as Bernard of an arrow, scd graviter vulnerat, (but wounds 
deeply), especially if it shall proceed from a virulent tongue, '•' it cuts (saitli David) 
like a two-edged sword. They shoot bitter words as arrows," Psal, Ixiv. 5. ""And 
they smote with their tongues," Jer. xviii. 18, and that so hard, that they leave an 
incurable wound behind them. Many men are undone by this means, moped, and 
so dejected, that they are never to be recovered; and of all other men living, those 
which are actually melancholy, or inclined to it, are most sensible, (as being suspi- 
cious, choleric, apt tf) mistake) and impatient of an injury in that kind : they aggra- 
vate, and so meditate continually of it, that it is a perpetual corrosive, not to be 
removed, till time wear it out. Although they peradventure that so scoff, do it alone 
in mirth and merriment, and hold it optimum alienn frui insanid^an excellent thing 
to enjoy another man's madness; yet they must know, that it is a mortal sin (as 
" Thomas holds) and as the prophet ^^ David denounceth, " they that use it, shall 
never dwell in God's tabernacle." 

Such scurrilous jests, flouts, and sarcasms, therefore, ought not at all to be used 
especially to our betters, to those that are in misery, or any way distressed : for tc 
such, cErumnanun incrementa sunt.,, they multiply grief, and as ^^ he perceived. In mul- 
tis pudor., in multis iracundia., <^c., many are ashamed, many vexed, angered, and there 
is no greater cause or furtherer of melancholy. Martin Cromerus, in the Sixth book 
of his history, hath a pretty story to this purpose, of Uladislaus, the second king of 
Poland, and Peter Dunnius, earl of Shrine ; they had been hunting late, and were 
enforced to lodge in a poor cottage. When they went to bed, Uladislaus told the 
earl in jest, that his wife lay softer with the abbot of Shrine; he not able to contain, 
replied, Et tua cum Dab'esso., and yours with Dabessus, a gallant young gentleman 
in the court, whom Christina the queen loved. Tetigit id dictum Principis anijnum, 
these words of his so galled the prince, that he was long after tristis et cogitahundus., 
very sad and melancholy for many months ; but they were the earl's utter undoing : 
for when Christina heard of it, she persecuted him to death. Sophia the empress 
Tustinian's wife, broke a bitter jest up6n Narsetes the eunuch, a famous captain then 
disquieted for an overthrow which he lately had : that he was fitter for a distaff and 
to keep women company, than to wield a sword, or to be general of an army: but 
it cost her dear, for he so far distasted it, that he went forthwith to the adverse part, 
much troubled in his thoughts, caused the Lombards to rebel, and thence procured 
many miseries to the commonwealth. Tiberius the emperor withheld a legacy from 
the people of Rome, which his predecessor Augustus had lately given, and perceiv- 
ing a fellow round a dead corse in the ear, w^ould needs know wherefore he did so, 
the fellow replied, that he wished the departed soul to signify to Augustus, the com- 
mons of Rome were yet unpaid: for this bitter jest the emperor caused him forth- 
with to be slain, and carry the news himself For this reason, all those that other- 
wise approve of jests in some_^ cases, and facete companions, (as who doth not ? let 
them laugh and be merry, rumpantur et ilia Codro., 'tis laudable and fit, those ye* 
will by no means admit them in their companies, that are any way inclined to this 
malady: nan jocandum cum lis qui miscri sunt., tt cerumnosi., no jesting with a discon- 
tented person. 'Tis Castillo's caveat, ^"Jo. Pontanus, and ^'Galateus, and every good 
nan's. 

•' Play with me. but hurt me not : 
Jest with t«e, but shame me not." 

eo De sermone lib. 4. cap. 3. ei F>). 3."} 



CT3. 


2 dffl 


quaesi. 


75. 


Irrisio 


mortale 


ppccatiim. 


auliro. 


••Psal 


XV. a 




69 


Balthasa 


r Castilio lib. 2. de 


Galateus. 




27 










S 


2 



210 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1 . Sec. 2. 



Comitas is a virtu.^ between rusticity and scurrility, two extremes, as afTability is 
between flattery and contention, it must not exceed ; but be still accompanied with 
»,hat ^-?<^3?.a,3fta or innocency, qucB nemini nocet, omnem injurice. ohlationem abhorrens, 
nurts no man, abhors all offer of injury. Though a man be liable to such a jest or 
obloquy, have been overseen, or committed a foul fact, yet it is no good manners or 
humanity, to upbri^id, to hit him in the teeth with his offence, or to scof!' at such a 
one; tis an old axiom^ turpis in reum omnis exprobratio.^^ 1 speak not of such as 
generally tax vice, Barclay, Gentilis, Erasmus, Agrippa, Fishcartus, &.C., the Varron- 
ists and Lucians of our time, satirists, epigrammists, comedians, apologists, &c., but 
such as personate, rail, scoff, calumniate, perstringe by name, or in presence offend ; 

6<" Liidil qui stollda procacitate 

Non est Sestius ille sed caballus :" * 

'Tis horse-play this, and those jests (as he ^^saith) "are no better than injuries," 
biting jests, mor denies el acvleati^ they are poisoned jests, leave a sting behind them, 
and ought not to be used. 

66" Set not thy foot to make the blind to fall; 
Nor wilfully oftend thy weaker brother: 
Nor wound the dead with thy tontfue's bitter gall, 
Neither rejoice thou in the fall of other." 

If these rules could be kept, we should have much more ease and quietness than we 
have, less melancholy; whereas on the contrary, we study to misuse each other, how 
to sting and gall, like two fighting boors, bending all our force and wit, friends, for- 
tune, to crucify ^' one another's souls ; by means of which, there is little content and 
charity, much virulency, hatred, malice, and disquietness among us. 

SuBSECT. V. — Loss of Liber ly., Servitude^ Imprisonment., how they cause Melancholy. 

To this catalogue of causes, I may well annex loss of liberty, servitude, or impri- 
sonment, which to some persons is as great a torture as any of the rest. Though they 
have all things convenient, sumptuous houses to their use, fair walks and gardens, 
delicious bowers, galleries, good fare and diet, and all things correspondent, yet they 
are not content, because they are confined, may not come and go at their pleasure, 
have and do what they will, but live ^^ aliend quadra., at another man's table and 
command. As it is ^^ in meats so it is in all other things, places, societies, sports ; 
let them be never so pleasant, commodious, wholesome, so good ; yet omnium rerum 
est satielas., there is a loathing satiety of all things. The children of Israel were 
tired with manna, it is irksome to them so lo live, as to a bird in his cage, or a dog 
in his kennel, they are weary of it. They are happy, it is true, and have all things, 
to another man's judgment, that heart can wish, or that they themselves can desire, 
lona si sua nbrint: yet they loathe it, and are tired with the present: Est natura 
hominum novitatis avida ; men's nature is stdl desirous of news, variety, delights; 
and our wandering affections are so irregular in this kind, that they must change, 
though it must be to the worst. Bachelors must be married, and married men would 
be bachelors ; they do not love their own wives, though otherwise fair, wise, vir- 
tuous, and well qualified, because they are theirs ; our present estate is still the 
worst, we cannot endure one course of life long, el quod modu vovcraf., adit., one 
calling long, esse in honor e juv at., mox displicel ; one place long, "^^ Romce Tihur amo^ 
ventosus Tybure Romam., that which we earnestly sought, we now contemn. Hoc 
quosdam agit ad mortem., (saith '' Seneca) quod proposita scepe mutando in eadem 
revolvuntur., el non relinquunt novitati locum : Fastidio cccpil esse vita., et ipsus mun- 
.dus.,et subil illudrapidissimarum deliciarum.,Quousque eadem f this alone kdls many 
a man, that they are tied to the same still, as a horse in a mill, a dog in a wheel, 
taey run round, without alteration or news, their life groweth odious, the world 
loathsome, and that which crosseth their furious delights, what ? still the same ? 
Marcus Aurelius and Solomon, that had experience of all worldly delights and plea- 
sure, confessed as much of themselves; what they most desired, was tedious at 
■last, and that their lust could never be satisfied, all was vanity and affliction of mmd. 



"Tilly Tuac. qnaeRt, «3" Every reproach uttered 

•gainst one already condemned is mean-spirited." 
«Mart. lib. 1. epiff. 35. 66|'ales joci ah injuriis non 
iKWsinl discerni. Ga.ateus fo. 55. wpybrac in his 



Quadraint 37. f^' Ego hujus misera fatuitate et de 

mentia confjiclor. Tull.adAtticli.il. esiy^jserum 
est aliena vivere quadra. Juv. ^(ji-anibije bis cocUb 
Vitffi me redde priori. ^o Hor. 'iDe ir^inquil ai 



Mem. 4. Subs. 6.] Povcrlij and Want, Causes 211 

Now if it be death itself, another liell, to be glutted with one kind of sport, dieted 
with one dish, tied to one place; though they have all things otherwisp as tb-^y ra.-i 
desire, and are in heaven to another man's opinion, what misery and discontent shall 
they have, that live in slavery, or in prison itself.^ Quod fristi.ns morfe, in servilufe 
mvendam, as Hermolaus told Alexander in '^ Curtius, worse than death is bonda2:e : 
"/^oc animo scilo omnes fortes, ut mortem servituti anteponant, All brave men ai arms 
(Tuliy holds) are so affected. '^^ Eqiddem ego is sum, qui servifutcm extrenum om- 
nium malorum eSse arbitror : I am he (saith Boterus) that account servitude the 
extremity of misery. And what calamity do they endure, that live with those hard 
taskmasters, in gold mines (like those 30,000 'Mndian slaves at Potosi, in Peru), tin- 
mines, lead-mines, stone-quarries, coal-pits, like so many mouldwarps under ground, 
condemned to the galleys, to perpetual drudgery, hunger, thirst, and stripes, without 
all hope of delivery.'' How are those women in Turkey affected, that most part of 
the year come not abroad; those Italian and Spanish dames, that are mewed up like 
hawks, and locked up by their jealous husbands ? how tedious is it to them that live 
in stoves and caves half a year together.? as in Iceland, Muscovy, or under the '^pole 
itself, where they have six months' perpetual night. Nay, what misery and discon- 
tent do they endure, that are in prison ? They want all those six non-natural things 
at once, good air, good diet, exercise, company, sleep, rest, ease, &c., that are bound 
in chains all day long, suffer hunger, and (as ^^Lucian describes it) " must abide that 
tilthy stink, and rattling of chains, bowlings, pitiful outcries, that prisoners usually 
make ; these things are not only troublesome, but intolerable." They lie nastily 
among toads and frogs in a dark dungeon, in their own dung, in pain of body, in 
pain of soul, as Joseph did, Psal. cv. 18, "They hurt his feet in the stocks, the iron 
entered his soul." They live solitary, alone, sequestered from all company but heart- 
eating melancholy; and for want of meat, must eat that bread of affliction, prey 
upon themselves. Well might '^Arculanus put long imprisonment for a cause, espe- 
cially to such as have lived jovially, in all sensuality and lust, upon a sudden are 
estranged and debarred from all manner of pleasures : as were Huniades, Edward, 
and Richard II., Valerian the Emperor, Bajazet the Turk. If it be irksome to miss 
our ordinary companions and repast for once a day, or an hour, what shall it be to 
lose them for ever ? If it be so great a delight to live at liberty, and to enjoy that 
variety of objects the world affords; what misery and discontent must it needs bring 
to him, that shall now be cast headlong into that Spanish inquisition, to fall from 
heaven to hell, to be cubbed up upon a sudden, how shall he be perplexed, what 
shall become of him ? ''^ Robert Duke of Normandy being imprisoned by his 
youngest brother Henry I., ab illo die inconsolabdi dolore in carcere contabuit, saith 
Matthew Paris, from that day forward pined away with grief ^° Jugurtha that gene- 
rous captain, "brought to Rome in triumph, and after imprisoned, through anguisli 
of his soul, and melancholy, died." ^' Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, the second man 
from King Stephen (he that built that famous castle of ^^ Devizes in Wiltshire,) was 
so tortured in prison with hunger, and all those calamities accompanying such men, 
^ut vivere noluerit^ mori nescierit, he would not live, and could not die, between 
fear of death, and torments of life. Francis King of France was taken prisoner by 
Charles V., ad mortem fere melanchoUcus, saith Guicciardini, melancholy almost to 
death, and that in an instant. But this is as clear as the sun, and needs no further 
illustration. 

SuBSECT. VI. — Poverty and Want, Causes oj Melancholy. 

Poverty and want are so violent oppugners, so unwelcome guests, so much .>b- 
horred of all men, that I may not omit to speak of them apart. Poverty, although 
(if considered aright, to a wise, understanding, truly regenerate, and contented man) 
It be donum Dei^ a blessed estate, the way to heaven, as ^^ Chrysostom calls it, God's 

''Lib. 8. ■^Tullius Lepido Fam. 10. 27. 74 Bote- | '9 William the Conqueror's «Mest son foSalnst. Ro- 



rus I. 1. polit. cap. 4. ''L^et. descrip. America*. 

'"If there be any iniiabitants. " In Taxari. Interdiii 
Quidem coljiim vinctum est, et maniis coiistricta, noctu 
vero tofiim corpus vincitur, ad has miserias accidit cor- 
poris fjBtor, strepitiis ejiilantiiim, somni hrevitas, haec 
omnia plane molesta et intoierabilia. '* In 9 Khaais. 



mam triiiiiiphoductustandemijne in carceremconjerius^ 
animi dolore periit. si Camden in VViltsh. iniseniin 

senem ita fame et calamitatibus in carcere fregit, iniei 
mortis metum, et vitae tormenta, &c. sa Vies hodie 

« Seneca. ««Com. aJ Hebraos. 



218 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 



g-ift, tlie mother of modesty, and much to be preferred before liches (as shall b." 
sliown in his ^^ place), yet as it is esteemed in the world's censure, it is a most odious 
calling-, vile and base, a severe torture, siimmum scelus, a most intolerable burden ; we 
'^ shun it all, cane pejus et. angue (worse than a dog or a snake), we abhor the name of 
it , ^' Pa.upertas fugilur^ totoque arcessitur orhe^ as being the fountain of all otlier mise- 
ries, cares, woes, labours, and grievances whatsoever. To avoid which, we will take 
any pains, — extremos currit mercator ad Indos^ we will leave no haven, no coast, no 
creek (►f the world unsearched, though it be to the hazard of our lives, we will dive 
to the bottom of the sea, to the bowels of the earth, ^^five, six, seven, eight, nine 
hundred fatiiom deep, tiirough all five zones, and both extremes of heat and cold : 
we will turn parasites and slayes, prostitute ourselves, swear and lie, damn our 
bodies and souls, forsake God, abjure religion, steal, rob, murder, rather than endure 
this insuflerable yoke of poverty, which doth so tyrannise, crucify, and generally 
depress us. 

For look into the world, and you shall see men most part esteemed according to 
their means, and happy as they are rich : ^^Ubique tanti qwsque quantum hahult fmi. 
If he be likely to thrive, and in the way of preferment, who but he ? hi the vulgar 
opinion, if a man be wealthy, no matter how he gets it, of what parentage, how 
qualified, how virtuously endowed, or villanously inclined ; let him be a bawd, a 
gripe, an usurer, a villain, a pagan, a barbarian, a wretch, ^°Lucian's tyrant, "on 
whom you may look with less security than on the sun ;" so that he be rich (and 
liberal withal) he shall be honoured, admired, adored, reverenced, and highly ^' mag- 
nified. " The rich is had in reputation because of his goods," Eccl. x. 31. He shall 
be befriended : "• for riches gather many friends," Prov. xix. 4, — multos numerahit 
am'icos^ all ^"^ happiness ebbs and flows with his money. He shall be accounted a 
gracious lord, a Mecajnas, a benefactor, a wise, discreet, a proper, a valiant, a fortu- 
nate man, of a generous spirit, Pullus Jovis^ et gaUinai JUlus alhce: a hopeful, a good 
man, a virtuous, honest man. Quando ego te Junonlum puerum^ et matris partum 
vere aureum^ as ^^Tully said of Octavianus, while he was adopted Caesar, and an 
heir ^* apparent of so great a monarchy, he was a golden child. All ^' honour, offices, 
applause, grand titles, and turgent epithets are put upon him, omnes omnia bona 
diccre ; all men's eyes are upon him, God bless his good worship, his honour; 
'^ every man speaks well of him, every man presents him, seeks and sues to him for 
his love, favour, and protection, to serve him, belong unto him, every man riseth to 
him, as to Thcmistocles in the Olympics, if he speak, as of Herod, Vox Dei, non 
hominis, the voice of God, not of man. All the graces. Veneres, pleasures, elegances 
attend him, ^" golden fortune accompanies and lodgeth with him; and as to those 
Roman emperors, is placed in his chamber. 

98 "Secura naviget aura, 

Fortunamque suo temperet arbitrio;" 

he may sail as he will himself, and temper his estate at his pleasure, jovial days, 
splendour and magnificence, sweet music, dainty fare, the good things, and fat of the 
land, fine clothes, rich attires, soft beds, down pillows are at his command, all the 
world labours. for him, thousands of artificers are his slaves to drudge for him, run, 
ride, and post for him : ^'^ Divines (for Pythia Philippisat) lawyers, physicians, phi- 
losophers, scholars are his, wholly devote to his service. Every man seeks his 
'°^ acquaintance, his kindred, to match with him, though he be an oaf, a ninny, a 
monster, a goosecap, uxorem ducat Danaen, ' when, and whom he will, limic optant 

generum Rex et Regina he is an excellent ^ match for my son, my daughter, my 

Quicquid calcaverit hie, Rosajietj let him go whither he will, trumpets 



EC Part. 2. Sect. 3. Memb. 3. 86Q,„ein ut difficilem 

ninrbiiiri piieris tradere formidainus. Pint. ^'Liican. 
1. ]. «8 As in the silver mines at Friburgli in Ger- 

many. Fines Mnrison. s^ Euripides. ^^Tom. 4. 

dial, minore periculo Solem quam liunc dofixis oculis 
licet iiitiieri. ^lOiiinis enim res, virtus, fama, decus, 
divina, linmanaqne pnlchris Divitiis parer-t. Hor. Ser. 
I. '2. Sat. 3. Clarns eris, forlis Justus, sapiens, etiam 
lex. Et quicquid viilet. Hor. 9^ Et genus, et formam, 
te2[ina pecunia dnnat. iVloney adds spirits, courage, 
fee. 93 Epist. nit. ad Atticum. *< (Jur young inas- 

er, a line lowardly gentleman, God bless him, and 



hopeful; why? he is heir apparent to the right wor- 
shipful, to the right honourable, &c. 9^0 numin' 
nummi : vobis hunc prajstat honorem. 96 gxinde 
sapere enm omnes dicimns, ac qnisque forlunam habet. 
Plant. Pseud. 97Aurea fortuna, principum cuhiculis 
reponi solita. Julius Capitolinus viia Anto^iini. ^^I'e- 
tronius. asTheologi opulentis adhaeren-t, Jnrisperili 
pecnniosis, literati numiTU)sis, liberalibus artifices. 
lo^MuIti ilium juvenes, multaj petiere pnella^. '"Up. 
may have Danae to wife." '•Dummodo sit r>iv».« 
barbarus, ille plare 



RL-m. 4. Subs. 6. 



Poverty and Pf'ant, Causes. 



213 



sound, bells ring, &c., all happiness attends him, every man is willing to entertain 
him, he sups in ^Apollo wheresoever he comes ; what preparation is made for his 
' entertainment ? fish and fowl, spices and perfumes, all that sea and land affords. 
What cookery, masking, mirth to exhilarate his person ? 



S" Da 'J'leliio, pone ad Treltium, vis frater ah illis 

llibiis ?" 



What dish will your good worship eat of 

6 'dulcia potiia, 

Et (juoscuiique ft-rel ciiltiis tibi fiiiidus honores, 
Ante Lareiii, gust(;» venerabilior Lare dives." 



Sweet apples, and whateVr thy fields afford, 
Before thy Gods be serv'd, let serve thy Lord. 



What sport will your honour have .'' hawking, hunting, fishing, fowling, bulls, bears 
cards, dice, cocks, players, tumblers, fiddlers, jesters, Slc, they are at your good wor- 
ship's command. Fair houses, gardens, orchards, terraces, galleries, cabinets, plea- 
sant walks, delightsome places, they are at hand: ''in aureis Idc^vinum in argente'is. 
adohsccntuloi ad nufum specioscB^ wine, wenches, &r. a Turkish paradise, a heaven 
upon earth. Tiiough he be a silly soft fellow, and scarce have common sense, yet 
if he be borne to fortunes (as I have said) ^jure hcercdifario sapcre jiihctur^ he must 
liave honour and office in his course: ^JYemonisi dives honore digitus (Ambros. 
offic. 21.) none so worthy as himself: he shall have it, atque csto quicquid Sereins 
aut Laheo. Get money enough and command '° kingdoms, provinces, armies, hearts, 
hands, and affections ; tliou shalt have popes, patriarchs to be thy chaplains and 
parasites : thou shalt have (Tamerlane-like) kings to draw thy coach, queens to be 
thy laundresses, emperors thy footstools, build more towns and cities than gre;U 
Alexander, Babel towers, pyramids and mausolean tombs, &c. command heaven and 
earth, and tell the world it is thy vassal, auro emi.tur diadema., argento ccelum jmn- 
ditur^i denarius philosophum conducit^ nummus jus cogit^ oholus literatum pasclt. 
metallum sanitalem conciliate ces arnicas conglutinat. " And therefore not without 
good cause, John de Medicis, that rich Florentine, when he lay upon his death-bed, 
calling his sons, Cosmo and Laurence, before him, amongst other sober sayings, 
repeated this, aniino quieto digredior^ quod vos sanos et divites post me relinquam. 
'"'' It doth me good to think yet, though I be dying, that I shall leave you, my chil- 
dren, sound and rich:" for Vv^ealth sways all. It is not with us, as amongst tho^e 
Lacedemonian senators of Lycurgus in Plutarch, " He preferred that deserved best, 
was most virtuous and worthy of the place, '^not swiftness, or strength, or wealth, 
or friends carried it in those days :" but inter optimos optimus^ infer temjKrantes tent- 
perantissimus^ the most temperate and best. We have no aristocracies but in con- 
templation, all oligarchies, wherein a few rich men domineer, do what they list, and 
are privileged by their greatness. '^They may freely trespass, and do as they please, 
no man dare accuse them, no not so much as mutter against them, there is no notice 
taken of it, they may securely do it, live after their own laws, and for their monev 

get pardons, indulgences, redeem their souls from purgatory and hell itself, 

clausum possidet area Jovem. Let them be epicures, or atheists, libertines, machia- 
velians, (as they often are) ''* "J5/ quamvis perjuris erit^ sine gente^ cruentus^'''' they 
may go to heaven through the eye of a needle, if they will themselves, they may br 
canonised for saints, they shall be '^ honourably interred in mausolean tombs, com- 
mended by poets, registered in histories, have temples and statues erected to their 

names, e manihus illis — nasccritur violce. If he be bountiful in his life, and 

liberal at his death, he shall have one to swear, as he did by Claudius the Emperor 
in Tacitus, he saw his soul go to heaven, and be miserably lamented at his funeral 
Jiiuhubaiarum collegia^ ^r. Trimalcioriis topanta in Petronius recta in ccelum ahii.\ 
went right to heaven: a base quean, '^'•'thou wouldst have scorned once in thy 
misery to have a penny from her ;" and why ? modio numruos metiit^ she measured 
her money by the bushel. These prerogatives do not usually belong to rich meti 



3 Plut. in Lucullo, a rich ciianiber ?a called. * Pniiis 
pane nielior. 5 Jiiv. 8at. 5. ^ Hor. Sat. 5. Iih. 'i. 

' Koiiemiis de Turci.><ef Breileiibach. ** Eiiphorniio. 

• Q,iii pt'cuiiiam habeiit, eluti sunt aniiriis, lofty spirits, 
brave men at arms; all ricli men are generons, courage- 
'•"IS. Arc. '"Nummus ait pro me nnbat (Jornnbia 

Komte. 11 "A diadem is purchased with gold-, silver 

Ot'ens tlie way to heaven ; i)hili)^ophy may be hired for 
4 penny; money controls justice; one obolas satisfies 



I a man of letters; precious metal procures healllt 
wealth attaches friends." '2 iv„m fuit apud niortali'i> 

nllum excelleiitius ceriamen, non inter ccMeres celern 
mo, non inter robustos rcibustissimo, &;c. '3Q,Micii m' 
libet licet. H Hor. Sat. 5. lib. 'i. "* Cum morii ir 

dives coticiirruni undi()ue cives: Pauperis ad furius vix 
est ex minibus unus. le Et modo quid fuit i^'iiosi al 

milii genius tuus, iioluisses de manu ejus nummos ac 
cipere. 



214 



Causrs of Melancholy 



[Part. 1 . Sc 



but lO sucli as are most part seeming rich, let him have but a good "outside, lie car 
ries it, and shall be adored for a god, as '^ Cyrus was amongst the Persians, 6»i sylcn- 
didum apparatum^ for his gay attires; now most men are esteemed according to tiieir 
clothes. In our gullish times, whom you peradventure in modesty would give place 
to, as being deceived by his habit, and presuming him some great worshipful man, 
believe it, if you shall examine his estate, he will likely be proved a serving man of 
no great note, my lady's tailor, his lordship's barber, or some such gull, a Fastidius 
Brisk, Sir Petronel Flash, a mere outside. Only this respect is given him, tha 
wheresoever he comes, he may call for what he will, and take place by reason of his 
outward habit. 

But on the contrary, if he be poor, Prov. xv. 15, "all his days are miserable," he 
is under hatches, dejected, rejected and forsal^en, poor in purse, poor in spirit; ^^prout 
res nobis jluit^ ita et animus se habet ; ^° money gives life and soul. Though he be 
honest, wise, learned, well-deserving, noble by birth, and of excellent good parts ; 
yet in that he is poor, unlikely to rise, come to honour, office, or good means, he is 
contemned, neglected, fruslra sapit, inter literas esurit^ amicus molesfus. ^' " If he 
speak, Avhat babbler is this } Ecclus, his nobility without wealth, is ^-projecta vilior 
algd^ and he not esteemed : nos viles pulli nati infelicibus ovis^ if once poor, we are 
metamorphosed in an instant, base slaves, villains, and vile drudges ; ^ lor to be poor, 
is to be a knave, a fool, a wretch, a wicked, an odious fellow, a common eye-sore, 
say poor and say all ; they are born to labour, to misery, to carry burdens like 
juments, pistwn sfercus comedere with Ulysses' companions, and as Chremilus 
objected in Aristophanes, ^^salern lingere, lick salt, to empty jakes, fay channels, 
^' carry out dirt and dunghills, sweep chimneys, rub horse-heels, &.c. I say nothing 
of Turks, galley-slaves, which are bought ^^and sold like juments, or those African 
negroes, or poor "■ Indian drudges, qui indies hinc inde deferendis oneribus occnm- 
bunt^ nam quod apud nos boves et asini vehnnt^ trahuntj S^c.'^ Id otnne misellis Indis^ 
they are ugly to behold, and though erst spruce, now rusty and squalid, because 
poor, ^^ ijnmundas fortunas ceqv.um est squalorem sequi, it is ordinarily so. '^'■*' Others 
eat to live, but they live to daidge," ^^servilis et misera gens nihil recusare audeJ^ a 
servile generation, that dare refuse no task.-- — ^^^^Heus tu Dromo, cape hoc Jlabellam^ 
ventulum hinc facito dum lavamus^'''' sirrah blow wind upon us while we wash, and 
bid your fellow get him up betimes in the morning, be it fair or foul, he shall run 
fifty miles a-foot to-morrow, to carry me a letter to my mistress, Socia ad pistrinam^ 
Socia shall tarry at home and grind malt all day long, Tristan thresh. Thus are they 
commanded, being indeed some of them as so many footstools for rich men to tread 
on^ blocks for them to get on horseback, or as ^^'''- walls for them to piss on.'' They 
are commonly such people, rude, silly, superstitious idiots, nasty, unclean, lousy^ 
poor, dejected, slavishly humble : and as ^^ Leo Afer observes of the commonalty of 
Africa, naturd viliores sunt., nee opud suos duces majore in precio quum si canes essent : 
^^ base by nature, and no more esteemed than dogs, miseram^ laboriosam, calamito- 
sam vitam agunt^ et inopem^ infcelicem^ rudiores asinis^ut e brut is plane natos dicas : 
no learning, no knowledge, no civility, scarce common sense, nought but barbarism 
amongst them, belluino more vivunt^ neque calceos gestanf, nequc vestes^ like rogues 
and vagabonds, they go barefooted and barelegged, the soles of their feet being as 
hard as horse-hoofs, as ^^Radzivilus observed at Damietta in Egypt, leading a labo- 
rious, miserable, wretched, unhappy life, ^^'"•like beasts and juments, if not worse:" 
(for a ^*^ Spaniard in Incatan, sold three Indian boys for a cheese, and a hundred negrc 
slaves for a horse) their discourse is scurrility, their summum bonum^ a pot of ale. 
There is not any slavery which these villains will not undergo, inter illos plerique 
latrinas evacuant^ alii culinariam curant^ alii stabularios agunt., urinatores^ et id 



1'" He that wears silk, satin, velvet, and pold lace, 
must needs he a gentleman. i" Est sanguis atque 

spirilns pecunia niortalihus. is Euripides. ^oXeno- 
phon. Cyropsd. 1. 8. '^' In tenui rara est facundia 

paiiiio Juv. 22 iior. " more worthless tlian rejected 

weeds." ^3 lOgere est offendere, et indigere scelestiini 
fsse. Sat. Menip. '!'• IMaut act. 4. -^•'Nullum 

tani hiirharuni. lam vile niunusest, <|U(<d non luhentis- 
sitiie ohire velit gens vilissiina. "^''Lausius orat. in 

Hispaiiiain. '^^ Laet descrip. Americai. 28 " Who 
'Jaily faint heneath the burdens they are compelled to 
carry fiom place to place; for they carry and draw 



the loads which oxen and asses formerly used, Ate." 
29Plautus. 30 Leo. Afer. ca. ult. I. i. ednnt non 

ut bene vivant, sed ut fortiter lai)orent. Heinsius, 
3' Munster de rusticis Gernianiie. Cosmog. cap 27. lib. 3. 
32 Ter. Eunuch. ^s Pauper paries factus, quern cani- 

culiu commingant. 3i Lib. 1. ca^ ult. s^Deos 

omnes illis iiifensos diceres: Inm pannosi, famefracti, 
tot assidue nialis afficiuntur, tanquam p-'cora q.uibufl 
splendor ratiouis emortuus. aeperfgrin. Hieros- 

37 Nihil on.nino meliorem vitam degunt, quam fe-<e in 
silvis. jumenta in terris. Leo \fer. =» Bart, ulo 

nieus a Casa. 



Mum. 4. Subs. 6.J Poverty and Wanl^ Causes. 215 

genus simiUa exerccnt., S^c. like those people that dwell in the ^'Alps, chimney- 
sweepers, jakes-farmers, dirt-daubers, vagrant rogues, they labour hard some, and yet 
cannot get clothes to put on, or bread to eat. For what can filthy poverty give else, 
but ''"beggary, fulsome nastiness, squalor, contempt, drudgery, labour, ugliness, hun- 
ger and thirst; pediculorum^ et pulicum numerumf as ^' he well followed it in Aris- 
tophanes, fleas and lice, pro pallio vestem laceram^ ct pro pulvinari lapidem bene 
magnum ad caput,, rags for his raiment, and a stone for his pillow, pro cath^dra^ 
ruptiE caput urncE^ he sits in a broken pitcher, or on a block for a chair, et maluce 
ramos pro panibus comed'it^ he drinks water, and lives on wort leaves, pulse, like a 
hog, or scraps like a dog, ut nunc nobis vita afficitur^ qiiis non putabit insaniain esse^ 
infe licit at emquef as Chremilus concludes his speech, as we poor men live now-a- 
days, who will not take our life to be ^'^ infelicity, misery, and madness ? 

If they be of little better condition than those base villains, hunger-starved beggars 
Wandering rogues, those ordinary slaves, and day-labouring drudges; yet they are 
commonly so preyed upon by "^polling officers for breaking the laws, by their tyran- 
nisirig landlords, so flayed and fleeced by perpetual '*'' exactions, that though they do 
drudge, fare hard, and starve their genius, they cannot live in *^ some countries ; but 
what ihey have is instantly taken from them, the very care they take to live, to be 
drudges, to maintain their poor families, their trouble and anxiety " takes away their 
sleep,'' Sirac. xxxi. 1, it makes them weary of their lives: when they have taken 
all pains, done their utmost and honest endeavours, if they be cast behind by sick- 
ness, or overtaken with years, no man jyities them, hard-hearted and merciless, uncha- 
ritable as they are, they leave them so distressed, to beg, steal, murmur, and ^^ rebel, 
or else starve. The feeling and fear of this misery compelled those old Romans, 
whom Menenius Agrippa pacified, to resist their governors : outlaws, and rebels in 
most places, to take up seditious arms, and in all ages hath caused uproars, murmur 
ings, seditions, rebellions, thefts, murders, mutinies, jars and contentions in every 
commonwealth : grudging, repining, complaining, discoi>tent in each private family, 
because they want means to live according to their callings, bring up their children, 
it breaks their hearts, they cannot do as they would. No greater misery than for a 
lord to have a knight's living, a gentleman a yeoman's, not to be able to live as his birth 
and place require. Poverty and want are generally corrosives to all kinds of men, 
especially to such as have been in good and flourishing estate, are suddenly distressed, 
^" nobly born, liberally brought up, and by some disaster and casualty miserably 
dejected. For the rest, a? they have base fortunes, so have they base minds corre- 
spondent, like beetles, e sfercore orti., e sfercore vlcius,, in stercore deJicium^ as they 
were obscurely born and bred, so they delight in obscenity; they are not thoroughly 
touched with it. Jlngustas animas angusto in pectore versant.'^^ Yet, that which is 
no small cause of their torments, if once they come to be in distress, they are for- 
saken of their fellows, most part neglected, and left unto themselves; as poor 
*^ Terence in Rome was by Scipio, Laelius, and Furius, his great and noble friends. 

" Nil Piihliiis Pcipio prnfiiit, nil ei r,a^lius. nil Fiiriiis, 
Tres per idem tcmpns qui afjitabant nobiles facilliine, 
Fluruin iile opera lie (ionium quidern habuit cotuiuctitiam."5o 

'Tis generally so, Tempora si fuerint nubila^ solus eris., he is left cold and comlbrtless, 
nullas ad amissasibit amicus opes^all flee from him as from a rotten wall, now ready to 
fall on their heads. Prov, xix. 4. " Poverty separates them from their ^' neighbours." 

fri" Duin fortuna favet vulti.in servatis amici, I " Wiiilst fortune favour'ri, friends, you sniil'd on iiic. 

Cum cecidit, turpi vertilis ora fiiga." | But when she fled, a friend I could not see." 

Which is worse yet, if he be poor ^' every man contemns him, insults over him, 
oppresseth him, scoffs at, aggravates his misery. 



390rtelius in Helvetia. Q.ui habitant in Caesia valle 
ut plurinium latoini, in Oscella valle cultrorum fabri 
fuinarii, in Viijetia sordidum genus hominum, quod 
repurpandis camiiiis victuin parat. ■'o | write not 

this anj' ways to upbraid, or scoflT at, or misuse poor 
men, but rather to condole and pity them by express- 
ing, &c. <' Chremilus, act. 4. Plant ■•- Pau- 
perlas durum oiins miseris mortalibiis. 4.1 Vexat 
:ensura coluinbas. -mDcux ace non possunt, et 
sixcinque solvere noliint: Oninibiis est notum quater 
-.Je solvere ttr.Mm. ■'^iScaiidia, Africa, Litiiania 



«» Montaigne, in his Essays, speaks of certain Indians I hominein non novisse 
til fiance. tha« being asked how they liked the coun 



try, wondered how a few rich men could keep so many 
poor men in subjection, that they did not cut their 
throats." *7 Augustas animas animoso in pectore 

versans. ■»**" A narrow breast conceals a narrow 

soul." « Donatus vit. ejus. •'*" Puhlins Scipio, 

Lffilius and Furius, three of the most distiii^'nished 
noblemen at that day in Rome, were of so little service 
to him, that he could scarcely procure a lodixiuir thniu<;h 
their patronace." si prov. xix. 7. " Thouirh he he 

instant, yet they will not." s"-' Petronins. as ^^n 

est qui doleat vicem, ut Petrus Ciiristiim, urant m 



216 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 Sect. 2 

'''"Q.u'itv "A-pit quassata dotniis subsidere, partes 1 " When oncfi the tottering house bepins to shrinlf, 
»n proclinatas onme recurnbit onus." | Thither comes all the weight by an instinct." 

Nay they are odious to their own brethren, and dearest friends, Pro. xix. 7. " His 
brethren hate him if he be poor," ^^omnesvicini oderunt, "his neighbours hate him," 
Pro. xiv. 20, ^omnes me noti ac ignoti deserunt^ as he complained in the comedy, 
friends and strangers, all forsake me. Which is most grievous, poverty makes men 
ridiculous, JVU habet infelix pauperlas durius in se, quam quod ridiculos homines 
facit., they must endure ^'^ jests, taunts, flouts, blows of their betters, and take all in 
good part to get a meal's meat: ^^ magnum jpauperies opprobrium^ jubet quidvis et 
facere et pati. He must turn parasite, jester, fool, cum dcsipienfibus desipere ; saith 
^^ Euripides, slave, villain, drudge to get a poor living, apply himself to each man's 
humours, to win and please, &.C., and be buffeted when he hath all done, as Ulysses 
was by Melanthius ^° in Homer, be reviled, baffled, insulted over, for ^^ pofentiorum 
stultifia perferenda est., and may not so much as mutter against it. He must turn 
rogue and villain ; for as the saying is, JVecessltas cogit ad turpia^ poverty alone 
makes men thieves, rebels, murderers, traitors, assassins, " because of poverty we 
have sinned," Ecclus xxvii. 1, swear and forswear, bear false witness, lie, dissemble, 
anything, as I say, to advantage themselves, and to relieve their necessities : ^^ Culp<B 
scelerisque magistra est^ when a man is driven to his shifts, what will he not do? 

63" si misprum fortiina Sinonem 

Finxit, vanuni etiain niendaceuxjue improba finget " 

ne will betray his father, prince, and country, turn Turk, forsake religion, abjure 
God and all, nulla tarn horrenda prodiJlOj quam illi lucri causa (saitli ^^Leo Afer) 
perpetrare nollnt. ^' Plato, therefore, calls poverty, "thievish, sacrilegious, filthy, 
wicked, and mischievous :" and well he might. For it makes many an upright man 
otherwise, had he not been in want, to take bribes, to be corrupt, to do against his 
conscience, to sell his tongue, heart, hand, &c., to be churlish, hard, unmerciful, 
uncivil, to use indirect means to help his present estate. It makes princes to exact 
upon their subjects, great men tyrannise, landlords oppress, justice mercenary, lawyers 
vultures, physicians harpies, friends importunate, tradesmen liars, honest men thieves, 
devout assassins, great men to prostitute tlieir wives, daughters, and themselves, 
middle sort to repine, commons to mutiny, all to grudge, murmur, and complain. A 
great temptation to all mischief, it compels some miserable wretches to counterfeit 
several diseases, to dismember, make themselves blind, lame, to have a more plausible 
cause to beg, and lose their limbs to recover their present wants. Jodocus Damho- 
derius, a lawyer of Bruges, prax'i rerum criminal, c. 112. hath some notable examples 
of such counterfeit cranks, and every village almost will yield abundant testimonies 
amongst us ; we have dummerers, Abraham men, &c. And that which is the extent 
of misery, it enforceth them through anguish and wearisomeness of their lives, to 
make away themselves ; they had rather be hanged, drowned, &c., than to live with- 
out means. 

I " Much beite/ 'tis to break thy nerk, 

66" In mare CKtiferum, ne te promat appera egeslas, \ Or drown thyself j" the sea, 

Desili, et a celsis corrue Cerne jugi;;." . Than s'lffer irksome poverty ; 

j Go make thyself away." 

A Sybarite of old, as I find it registered in ^'Athenaeus, supping in Phiditiis in Sparta, 
and observing their hard fare, said it was no marvel if the Lacedaemonians were 
valiant men; "for his part, he would rather run upon a sword point (and so would 
any man in his wits,) than live with such base diet, or lead so wretched a life." ^^Jn 
Japoriia, 'tis a common thing to stifle their children if they be poor, or to make an 
abortion, which Aristotle commends. In that civil commonwealth of China, ^^the 
mother strangles her child, if she be not able to bring it up, and had rather lose, thau 
sell it, or have it endure such misery as poor men do. Arnobius, lib. 7, adversus 
gentes^ '°Lactantius, lib. 5. cap. 9. objects as much to those ancient Greeks and 

MOvid. in Triist. 55 Horat. seTcr. Euniichus, | C6 Theognis. 67 Dipnosophist lib. 12. Millies pot jua 

net. 2. 6"Q,uid quod materiam pr.Tbet causan)que j moriturum (si quis sibi mente conslaret) quam tam 

jocandi : Si toca stirdida sit, Juv. Sat. 2 ^^ Hor. viliset wrumnosi victus communionem liabere. 68G},s- 

*9|ir Plia^nis. ooOdyss. 17. «' Idem. e^Mantuan. j per Vilela Jesuita epirft. Japon. lib. «3Mat. Riccius 

'S" Since cruel fortune has made Siuon poor, she has j expcdit. in Sinas lib. I. c. 3. '"Vos Komani pre 

made him vain and mendacious." 64 p^ Africa , creates Alios fens et canibus exponitis, nunc straiigii- 

lib. ). cap. ult. 654. (\,> logibus. furacissima paupi^rta;^, latis vel in saxuiu eliditis, &;c. 
sacriieica, turbis, flagitiosa, omnium malorum opifox. | 



iVTtm. 4. Sub. 6.] Poverty and Want^ Causes. 217 

Romans, " they did expose their children to wild beasts, strangle, or knock out then 
brains against a stone, in such cases." If we may give credit to '' Munster, amongsi 
us Christians in Lithuania, they voluntarily mancipate and sell themselves, theii 
wives and children to rich men, to avoid hunger and beggary; ^^many make away 
themselves in this extremity. Apicius the Roman, when he cast up his accountSv 
and found but 100,000 crowns left, murdered himself for fear he should be famishec 
to death. P. Forestus, in his medicinal observations, hath a memorable example o 
two brotliers of Louvain that, being destitute of means, became both melancholy, 
and in a discontented humour massacred themselves. Another of a merchant, learned, 
wise otherwise and discreet, but out of a deep apprehension he had of a loss at seas, 
would not be persuaded but as '^Ventidius in the poet, he should die a beggar. In a 
word, thus much I may conclude of poor men, that though they have good "^ parts 
they cannot show or make use of them: '^aJ inofid ad virtutem obscpia est via, 'tis 
hard for a poor man to "^^ rise, hand facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus ohstat res 
angusta doraiy " The wisdom of the poor is despised, and his words are not heard."" 
Eccles. vi. 19. His works are rejected, contemned, for the baseness and obscurit)' of 
the author, though laudable and good in themselves, they will not likely take. 

" Nulla pKicere diu, neqiie vivere carniiiia possunt, 
GlucR scribuiitur atqiuB potoribiis." 

" No verses can please men or live long that are written by water-drinkers." I'oor 
men cannot please, their actions, counsels, consultations, projects, are vilified in the 
world's esteem, amittunt consilium in re, which Gnatho long since observed. 
"^ Sapiens crepidas sibi nunquam nee soleas fecit, a wise man never cobbled shoes , 
as he said of old, but how doth he prove it ? I am sure we find it otherwise in our 
days, "'^pruinosis horret faciindia pannis. Homer himself must beg if he want 
means, and as by report sometimes he did ^°" go from door to door, and smg ballads, 
with a company of boys about him." This common misery of theirs must needs 
distract, make them discontent and melancholy, as ordinarily they are, wa); ward, 
peevish, like a weary traveller, for ^^Fames et mora bilem in narcs conciunf, still 
murmuring and repining : Ob inopiam morosi sunt, guibus est male, as Plutarch quotes 
out of Euripides, and that comical poet well seconds, 

8^" Otnnes quibiis res sunt minus secnndte, nescio qiioniodo 
Suspitiosi, ad conturneliarn omnia accipiunt niagis, 
Propter suam imputentiain se credunt negligi." 

•' If they be in adversity, they are more suspicious and apt to mistake : they thwik 
themselves scorned by reason of their misery :" and therefore many generous spirits 
in such cases withdraw themselves from all company, as that comedian ^Terence i.s 
said to have done ; when he perceived himself to be forsaken and poor, he volun- 
tarily banished himself to Stymphalus, a base town in Arcadia, and there miserably 
died. 

84 "ad summam innpiam redactus, 

Itaque e conspectu omnium abiit Grepcice in terram nltimam." 

Neither is it without cause, for we see men commonly respected according to theii 
means, (^'"an dives sit omnes qiicerunf, nemo an bonus) and vilified if they be in bad 
clothes. ^^ Philophaemen the orator was set to cut wood, because he was so homely 
attired, ^'Terentius was placed at the lower end of Cecilius' table, because of his 
homely outside. ^® Dante, that famous Italian poet, by reason his clotlies were but 
mean, could not be admitted to sit down at a feast. Gnatho scorned his old familiar i 
friend because of his apparel, ^^ Homincm video pannis, annisque obsitum, liic egc 
ilium contempsi prce me. King Persius overcome sent a letter to ^°Paulus ^Emilius. 
the Roman general ; Persius P. Consuli. S. but he scorned him any answer, iacite 
exprobrans fortunam suam (saith mine author) upbraiding him with a present fortune. 
"Carolus Pugnax, that great duke of Burgundy, made H. Holland, late duke of 



■"Cosmos. 4. lib. cap. 22. vendunt liberosvictu carentos 
laiiquam pecora interdum et seipsns; lit apiid divites 
Bat trentur cibis. f^ Vel honorum desperatiofio vel 

maiorum pf>rpessione fracti et fatigati, plurcs violentas 
inmus sib- infprtiiit. '^ Hor. " InjfPiiio pote- 

rnin superas volitare per arces : ITt mc pluma levat, sic 
grave uiereit onus. '^sTerent. 'e Hor. Sat. :<. 

il). 1. 77" 'Chey cannot ea.sily rise in the world who 
arc >inclipd by povertv at home." '8 paschaliiis. 

i*: tronius. so Herodotus vita ejus. Scaliger in 

28 



poet. Potentiornm a»des ostratim adiens, aliqnid acci 
piehat, caiiens carmiiia sua, concomitanle enm piiero 
rum choro. 8i piautiis Ampl. '^'■^'rer. Art. 4 Seen 
:?. Adelph. He<rio. ''S Donat. vita ejus. ""Reduce* 
to the qrreatest necessity, he withilrew from the uaze o-* 
the public to the most remote viJIaire in GrHece 
"s Rnripidcs. 86 pintarch. vita ejus " Vit.\ Tei 

S'^Gomesius ib. W. c. 21 de sale. t-STer. Eunuch. Act 
2. Seen. 2. soLiv. dec. 9. I 2 siComineus. 



218 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

Exeter, exiled, run after his horse like a lackey, and would take no notice of hini ; 
^^UJs the common fashion of the world. So that such men as are poor may justly 
be discontent, melancholy, and complain of their present misery, and all may pray 
with ^^ Solomon, ""'Give me, O Lord, neither riches nor poverty; feed me with food 
convenient for me." 

SuBSECT. VII. — ^ heap of other Jlccidents causing Melancholy^ Death of Friends, 

Losses, Sfc. 

In this labyrinth of accidental causes, the farther I wander, the more intricate I 
find the passage, multce ambages, and new causes as so many by-paths offer them 
selves to be discussed : to search out all, were an Herculean work, and fitter foi 
Theseus : I will follow mine intended thread ; and point only at some few of the 
chiefest. 

Death of Friends.] Amongst which, loss and death of friends may challenge a 
first place, multi tristantur, as ^^ Vives well observes, j90si delic'ias., convivia, dies festos, 
many are melancholy after a feast, holiday, merry meeting, or some pleasing sport, 
if they be solitary by chance, left alone to themselves, without employment, sport, 
or want their ordinary companions, some at the departure of friends only whom they 
shall shortly see again, weep and howl, and look after them as a cow lows after her 
calf, or a child takes on that goes to school after holidays. Ut me levdrat tuus 
adventus, sic discessus affiixit, (which ^^Tully writ to Atticus) thy coming was not 
so welcome to me, as ihy departure was harsh. Montanus, consil. 132. makes men- 
tion of a country woman that parting with her friends and native place, became 
grievously melancholy for many years ; and Trallianus of another, so caused for 
the absence of her husband : which is an ordinary passion amongst our good wives 
if their husband tarry out a day longer than his appointed time, or break his hour 
they take on presently with sighs and tears, he is either robbed, or dead, some mis 
chance or other is surely befallen him, they cannot eat, drink, sleep, or be quiet in 
mind, till they see him again. If parting of friends, absence alone can work such 
violent effects, what shall death do, when they must eternally be separated, never in 
this world to meet again .'* This is so grievous a torment for the time, that it takes 
away their appetite, desire of life, extinguisheth all delights, it causeth deep sighs 
and groans, tears, exclamations, 

(" O diilce jfermen matris, o sanguis meus, 

Elieii tepf^ntes, &,c. 6 flos terier.") ^^ 

howling, roaring, many bitter pangs, ^' lamentis gemituque et fcBmineo ululatu Tecta 
freinunt) and by frequent meditation extends so far sometimes, ^^"they think they 
see their dead friends continually in their eyes," ohservantes imagines, as Conciliator 
confesseth he saw his mother's ghost presenting herself still before him. Quod 
nimls miseri volunt, hoc facile credunt, still, still, still, that good father, that good 
son, that good wife, that dear friend runs in their minds : Totiis ani7nus hac una 
cogitatione defixus est, all the year long, as ^^ Pliny complains to Romanus, " me- 
thinks I see Virginius, I hear Virginius, I talk with Virginius, &.c." 

100 "Te sine, vie misero niihi, lilia nijrra videntur, 
Pallentesque rosap, nee diilce rubens hyacinthus, 
Niillos nee niyrlus, nee laurus spiral odores." 

They that are most staid and patient, are so furiously carried headlong by the pas- 
sion of sorrow in this case, that brave discreet men otherwise, oftentimes forget 
themselves, and weep like children many months together, ' " as if that they to 
water would," and will not be comforted. Tbey are gone, they are gone ; wha 
shall I do .? 



' Alistulit alra dies et funere mersit acerbo, 
Q.uis dabit in lachrymas fontein mihi ? quis satis altos 
Accendt'i fremitus, et acerbo verba dolori ? 
Exhaurit pietas oeulos, et hiantia frangit 
Pectora, nee plenos avido sinit edere questus, 
Magna adeo jactura premit," See. \ 



■ Fountains of tears who gives, who lends me groans, 
Deep sighs sufficient to express my moans? 
Mine eyes are dry, my breast in piecL-.. torn. 
My loss so great, I cannot enough mourn." 



9? He that hath 51. per annum coming in more than 
others, scorns him that hath less, and is a better man. 
w Prov. XXX. 8. 31 De anima. cap. de niierore. "» Lib. 
12. epist. 96" Oh sweet offspring;; oh my very blood; 
oh tender flower. &c." »' Vir. 4. /En. "^ Patres 

Qiortuos coram astuntes et filios, &.c. Marcellus Donatus. 



99 Epist. lib. 2. Virginium video audio deftinetntn cogito 
alloquor. "'"Calphurnius Grreeus. " Without ihee 

ah! wretched me, the lillies lose their whiteness, the 
roses become pallid, the hyacinth forgets to b;ush 
neither the myrtle nor the laurel retains its> odctris ' 
1 Chaucer. 



Aem. 4. Subs. 7. Ot/wr Accidents and Grievances. 219 

So Slroza Filius, that elegant Italian poet, in liis Epicedium, bewails his lather's death, 
tie could moderate his passions in other matters, (as he confesseth) but not in this, 
he yields wholly to sorrow, 

" Nunc fateor do terga malis, mens ilia fatiscit, 
Iiidoinitus quondam vi^or et constantia mentis." 

How doth ^Quintilian complain for the loss of his son, to despair almost : Cardan 
lament his only child in his book de libris proprlis^ and elsewhere in many of his 
tracts, ^St. Ambrose his brother's deatli ? an ego possum non cogitare de te, aut sine 
lachrymis cogitare f O amari dies^b Jlehiles nodes., ^x. " Can I ever cease to think 
of thee, and to think with sorrow ? O bitter days, O nights of sorrow," See. Gre- 
gory Nazianzen, that noble Pulcheria ! decorem., S^c.Jlos recens., puUulans., ^c. 
Alexander, a man of most invincible courage, after Hephestion's death, as Curtius 
relates, tridimm jacuit ad moriendum obstinatus^ lay three days together upon the 
ground, obstinate, to die witii him, and would neither eat, drink, nor sleep. The 
woman that communed with Esdras {lib. 2. cap. 10.) when her son fell down dead. 
*''' tied into the field, and would not return into the city, but there resolved to remain, 
neither to eat nor drink, but mourn and fast until she died." " Rachael wept for her 
children, and would not be comforted because they were not." Matt. ii. 18. So did 
Adrian the emperor bewail his Antinous ; Hercules, Hylas ; Orpheus, Eurydice , 
David, Absalom ; (O my dear son Absalom) Austin his mother Monica, Niobe her 
children, insomuch that the "poets feigned her to be turned into a stone, as being 
stupitied through the extremity of grief ^ jEgeas^ signo lugubri Jilii consternatus., 
in mare se prcBcipitatem dedit, impatient of sorrow for his son's death, drowned 
himself Our late physicians are full of such examples. Montanus cow.siZ. 242. ^ had 
a patient troubled with this infirmity, by reason of her husband's death, many years 
together. Trincavellius, /. I.e. 14. hath such another, almost in despair, after his 
"^ mo\heY''s depaitUYe., ut se fer7ne prcBcipitatem daret ; and ready through distraction 
to make away himself: and in his Fifteenth counsel, tells a story of one fifty years 
of age, " that grew desperate upon his mother's death ;" and cured by Fallopius, fell 
many years after into a relapse, by the sudden death of a daughter which he had, 
and could never after be recovered. The fury of this passion is so violent some- 
times, that it daunts whole kingdoms and cities. Vespasian's death was pitifully 
lamented all over the Roman empire, totus orbis lugebat^ saith Aurelius Victor. 
Alexander commanded the battlements of houses to be pulled down, mules and 
horses to have their manes shorn off, and many common soldiers to be slain, to 
accompany his dear Hephestion's death ; which is now practised amongst the Tar- 
tars, when "^a great Cham dieth, ten or twelve thousand must be slain, men and 
horses, all they meet ; and among those the ^ Pagan Indians, their wives and servants 
voluntarily die with them. Leo Decimus was so much bewailed in Rome after his 
departure, that as Jovius gives out, ^° communis salus., publica hilaritas., the common 
safety of all good fellowship, peace, mirth, and plenty died with him, tanquatn eodem 
sepulchro cum Leone condita lugebantur : for it was a golden age whilst he lived, 
"but after his decease an iron season succeeded, barbara vis et fosda vasfitas^ et dira 
malorum omnium incommoda^ wars, plagues, vastity, discontent. When Augustus 
Caesar died, saith Paterculus, orbis ruinam timueramus., we were all afraid, as if hea- 
ven had fallen upon our heads. '^Budaeus records, how that, at Lewis the Twelfth 
his death, tarn subita mutatio., ut qui prius digito coslum attingere videbantur., nunc 
humi derepente serpere., sideratos esse diccres., they that were erst in heaven, upon a 
sudden, as if they had been planet-strucken, lay grovelling on the ground ; 

i3"Concussis ceciilere aniniis, seu frondibus ingens 
Sylva dol^t lapsis" 

they looked like cropped trees. ''*At Nancy in Lormine, when Claudia Valesia, 
Henry the Second French king's sister, and the duke's wife deceased, the temples for 

3 l'ra;fat. lib 6 3 Lib. de obitu Satyri fratris. ejus. " Lib. 4. vitre ejus, auream aitatcnj condideral 

Ovid. Met 5 Plut. vita ejus. ^ Nobilis matrona I ad humani generis salutem quuni nos «tatim nh optimi 



Kn-IanclioliCd ii€( mortem mariti. "^ Ex matris obitu 

ill despi'raticmem incidit. * Mathias a Michou. Boter. 
Ampliitheat. » Lo Verton)an. M. Polus Venetus lib. 
I. cap. 54. pi-rimunt eos quos in via obvios habent, di- 
centes, Ite, el domino nostro regi servite in alia vita. 
Nee tani m h(jminesinsani int.sedinequos, &;c. i" Vita 



principis excissu. vrre ferream paleremur. famem, pes- 
tem, &c. '2 |,ib. 5. de asse. )3 iVlaph. • They be- 

came fallen in feeiin!;s, as the great forest iameiits its 
fallen leaves." "Ortelius Itinerario: ob annum 

integrum a caiitu, tripudiis el saltationibub totacivitua 
abstinere jubeiur. 



220 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1 , bee. 2 



15" >fQn uiii paslos illis egre liiehus 

Frigid.'t (Daphne) boves ad flumina, nulla nee 

amiieiii 
Libavil quadriipes, nee graminis attigit herbam." 



fortv days were all shut up, no prayers nor masses, but in that room where she was 
The senators all seen in black, " and for a twelvemonth's space throughout the city, 
they were forbid to sing or dance.-' 

The swains forgot their sheep, nor near the brink 
Of running waters brought their herds to drink; 
The thirsty eaitie, of themselves, abstained 
From water, and tlieir grassy fare disdain'd." 

How were we affected here in England for our Titus, delicia, liumani generis^ Prince 
Henry's immature death, as if all oiir dearest friends' lives had exhaled with his r 
'^ Scanderbeg's death was not so much lamented in Epirus. In a word, as ^'^he saith 
of Edward the First at the news of Edward of Caernarvon his son's birth, iinmor- 
taliter gavisus^ he was immortally glad, may we say on the contrary of friends' 
deaths, immortaliter gementcs^ M'e are diverse of ms as so many turtles, eternally 
dejected with it. 

There is another sorrow, which arises from the loss of temporal goods and for- 
tunes, which equally ai^icts, and may go hand in hand with the preceding ; loss of 
time, loss of honour, office, of good name, of labour, frustrate hopes, will much 
torment; but in my judgment, there is no torture like unto it, or that sooner pro- 
cureth this malady and mischief: 

i8<* Ploratur lachrymis aniissa pecunia veris :" \ " Lost money is bewailed with grief sincere." 

it WTings true tears from our eyes, many sighs, much sorrow from our hearts, and 
often causes habitual melancholy itself, Guianerius tract. 1 5. 5. repeats this for an 
especial cause : '^"Loss of friends, and loss of goods, make many men melancholy, 



as I have often seen bv continual meditation of such thii 



The same causes 



Arnoldus Villanovanus inculcates, Breviar. I. I.e. 18. ex rerum amissionc^ damno^ 
amicorum morte., «^t. Want alone will make a man mad, to be Sans argent will 
cause a deep and grievous melancholy. Many persons are affected like ^° Irishmen 
in this behalf, who if they have a good scimitar, had rather have a blow on their 
arm, than their weapon hurt : they will sooner lose their life, than their goods : and 
the grief that cometh hence, continueth long (saith ^' Plater) " and out of many dis- 
positions, procureth an habit." ^^Montanus and Frisemelica cured a young man of 
22 years of age, that so became melancholy, ab amissam pecuniam., for a sum of 
money which he had unhappily lost. Sckenkius hath such another story of one 
melancholy, because he overshot himself, and spent his stock in unnecessary build- 
ing. ^^ Roger that rich bishop of Salisbury, exiUus opibus et castris a Rege Stephuno, 
spoiled of his goods by king Stephen, i;/ doloris absorptus., afque in amentiam versus, 
indecentiafecU., through grief ran mad, spoke and did he knew not what. Nodiing 
so familiar, as for men in such cases, through anguish of mind to make away them- 
selves. A poor fellow went to hang himself, (which Ausonius hath elegantly 
expressed in a neat ^^ Epigram) but finding by chance a pot of money, flung away 
the rope, and went merrily home, but he that hid the gold, when he missed it, hanged 
himself with that rope which the other man hadleft, in a discontented humour. 

" At qui condiderat, postquani non reperit auruni, 
Aptavit collo, quern reperit iaqueum." 

Such feral accidents can want and penury produce. Be it by suretyship, shipwreck, 
fire, spoil and pillage of soldiers, or what loss soever, it boots not, it will work the 
like effect, the same desolation in provinces and rities, as well as private persons. 
The Romans were miserably dejected after the battle of Cannae, the men amazed for 
fear, the stupid women tore their hair and cried. The Hungarians, when their king 
Ladislaus and bravest soldiers were slain by the Turks, Luctus publicus, <St. The 
Venetians when their forces vvere overcome by the French king Lewis, the French 
and Spanish kings, pope, emperor, all conspired against them, at Cambray, the French 
herald denounced open war in the s'-nate : Lauredane Venetorum dux., Sfc, and they 
had lost Padua, Brixia, Verona, Forum Julii, their territories in the continent, and 
had now nothing left, but the city of Venice itself, et urbi quoquc ipsi (saith ^^Bem- 
bus) iimendum putarent, and the loss of that was likewise to be feared, tanlus repente 



i^Virg. J6 See Barletius de vita et ob. Scanderbeg. 

It. 13. hist. 17 Mat. Paris. i«Juvenalis. I'JMuIti 
qui res aniat.'is pcrdiderant, ut filios, opes, non speran- 
l^srecupiTiire, i»ropler assiduam talium considerationem 
«jeiamJiulici fiunt, ut ipse vidi. 2'- etanihurstus Hib. 



Hist. 21 Cap. 3. Melancholia semper venil ab jactu- 

ram pecuniae, vicloriie, repulsam, mortem iilieroruni. 
qiiihus longo post tempore animus torquetur, et a dis. 
positionc sit habitus. 2S(j„„sj|_ oti. "-^ Nubrigtiteia 
•■«4 Epig. 22. 26 i^ib. e. Venet. hisl 



Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 221 

dolor omncs tenuity ut nunqiiam^ alias., c^c., they were pitifully plunged, nevci before 
in such laiueutable distress. Anno 1527, when Rome was sacked by Burbonius, the 
common soldiers made sucli spoil, that fair ^" churches were turned to stables, old 
monuments and books made horse-litter, or burned like straw ; relics, costly pictures 
defaced; altars demolished, rich hangings, carpets, &c., trampled in the dirt. "^^ Theii 
wives and loveliest daughters constuprated by every base cullion,as Sejanus' daughter 
was by the hangman in public, before their fathers and husbands' faces. Noblemen's 
children, and of the wealthiest citizens, reserved for princes' beds, were prostitute to 
every common soldier, and kept for concubines ; senators and cardinals themselves 
dragged aloug the streets, and put to exquisite torments, to confess where their 
money was hid ; the rest, murdered on heaps, lay stinking in the streets ; infants' 
brains dashed out before their mothers' eyes. A lamentable sight it was to see so 
goodly a city so suddenly defaced, rich citizens sent a begging to Venice, Naples, 
Ancona, &c., that erst lived in all manner of delights. ^^ " Those proud palaces that 
even now vaunted their tops up to heaven, were dejected as low as hell in an instant." 
Whom will not such misery make discontent .? Terence the poet drowned himst-.lf 
(some say) for the loss of his comedies, which suffered shipwreck. When a pc»or 
man hath made many hungry meals, got together a small sum, which he loseth in 
an instant ; a scholar spent many an hour's study to no purpose, his labours lost, 
&.C., how should it otherwise be } I may conclude with Gregory, femporaUurn 
a?nor^ quantum afficit^ cum licEret possession tantiim quum subtrahitur^ urit doljr; 
riches do not so much exhilarate us with their possession, as they torment us \a (th 
their loss. 

Next to sorrow still 1 may annex such accidents as procure fear; for besides th )se 
terrors which I have ^^ before touched, and many other fears (which are infinite) th^re 
is a superstitious fear, one of the three great causes of fear in Aristotle, commo.ily 
caused by prodigies and dismal accidents, which much trouble many of us. [JVetcio 
quid animus mihi pra:sagi.t mali.) As if a hare cross the way at our going forth; or 
a mouse gnaw our clothes : if they bleed three drops at nose, the salt falls towards 
them, a black spot appear in their nails, &c., with many such, which Delrio Tom. 
2. I. 3. sect. 4. Austin Niphus in his book de Jluguriis. Polydore Virg. l. 3. de 
Prodigiis. Sarisburiensis Polycrat. I. 1. c. 13. discuss at large. They are so much 
affected, that with the very strength of imagination, fear, and the devil's craft, ''"''they 
pull those misfortunes they suspect, upon their own heads, and tliat which tJiey fear 
shall come upon them," as Solomon fortelleth, Prov. x. 24. and Isaiah denounceth 
Ixvi. 4. which if ^' '•'• they could neglect and contemn, would not come to pass, Eorum 
vires nostra resident opinione., nt morbi gravitas cpgrotantium cogitationc., they are 
intended and. remitted, as our opinion is fixed, more or less. N. N. dat pa^nas^ saidx 
^^Crato of such a one, utinain non attraheret : he is punished, and is the cause of it 
^^ himself: 

^^Dum fata fugimus fata stulti incurrimus., the thing that I feared, saith Job, is 
fallen upon me. 

As much we may say of them that are troubled with their fortunes ; or ill desti- 
nies foreseen : multos angit prcescientia raalorum: The foreknowledge of what shall 
come to pass, crucifies many men : foretold by astrologers, or wizards, iratum ob 
coelmn.) be it ill accident, or death itself: which often falls out by God's permission; 
quia dczmonem timent (saith Chrysostom) Deus ideo permittit accidcre. Severus, 
Adrian, Domitian, can testify as much, of whose fear and suspicion, Sueton, Hero- 
dian, and the rest of those writers, tell strange stories in this behalf ^■' Montanus 
consil. 31. hath one example of a young man, exceeding melancholy upon this occa- 
sion. Such fears have still tormented mortal men in all ages, by reason of those 
lying oracles, and juggling priests. ^^ There was a fountain in Greece, near Ceres' 
temple in Achaia, where the event of such diseases was to be known ; ^'A glass let 



"^Templa ornamentis nudata, spoliata, in stabula 
equorutii ei asinorum versa, &c. 111811103 huini concul- 
calcB, pedilas, <k,c. ^'^ In oculis niarilorum dilectissiinie 
tonjiiges ab Hispanoruni lixis constupratEe sunt. Fili.T 
inagnatiiin thuns di'stinataB, &c. ^ajta fastu ante 

unuin mensem turaida civilas, et cacuminihos coclnin 
ptilisare visa, ad inferos u:«que paucis dielius dejecta. 
■Sect. 2. Memb. 4. Subs. 3. fear from ominous acci- 



dents, destinies foretold. ^ Accersiint sibi malum. 

31 Si nf)n observenius, nihil" valent. I'olidor. ^-(jonsii. 
2G. I. 2. 33 Harm watch harm catch. 3^ Geor. Bucha. 
35 Juvenis solicitus de fuluris frustra, factns melanclio. 
licus. 36 Paiisanius in Achaicis lib. 7. Ulii omnium 

eventus dij;noscuntur. Speculum tciiui siispensum funi- 
culo demittunt: et ad Cyaneas petras ad Lycia* fo'i»ce 
&c. 



t2 



222 



Causes of Melancholy. 



l^Part. 1 . Sec. 2, 



dow 1 by a thread, Stc." Amongst those Cyanean rocks at the springs of Lycia, was 
the oracle of Tlirixeus Apollo, ^* where all fortunes were foretold, sickness, health, 
or what they would besides :" so common people have been always deluded with 
future events. At this day .,Metusfufnrornm maxime torquet Sinas^ this foolish fear, 
mightily crucifies them in China: as ^'Matthew Riccius the Jesuit informeth us, in 
his commentaries of those countries, of all nations they are most superstitious, and 
much tormented in this kind, attributing so much to their divinators, ut ipse metvs 
Jidem facial^ that fear itself and conceit, cause it to ^^fall out: If he foretell sickness 
such a day, that very time they will be sick, vi jnetiis afflicti in cpgriludincm caduni , 
and many times (He as it is foretold. A true saying, Timor mortis.^ morte pejor^ the 
fear of death is worse than death itself, and the memory of that sad hour, to some 
fortunate and rich men, " is as bitter as gall," Eccl. xli. 1 . Tnquietam nobis vitam 
facit mortis mctusj a worse plague cannot happen to a man, than to be so troubled 
in his mind ; 'tis trisfe divortium^ a heavy separation, to leave their goods, with so 
much labour got, pleasures of the world, which they have so deliciously enjoyed, 
friends and companions wliom they so dearly loved, all at once. Axicchus the phi- 
losopher was bold and courageous all his life, and gave good precepts de contemnenda 
morte., and against the vanity of the world, to others; but being now ready to die 
himself, he was mightily dejected, hdc luce privahorf his orhahor bonis f^^ he 
lamented like a child, &c. And though Socrates himself was there to comfort him, 
^ibi pristina virtufum jactatio O Axioche f '^ where is all your boasted virtue now, 
my friend V yet he was very timorous and impatient of death, much troubled in his 
mind, Imbellis pavor et impatientia., ^x. '' O Clotho," Megapetus the tyrant in 
Lucian exclaims, now ready to depart, " let me live a while longer. "^ J will give 
thee a thousand talents of gold, and two boles besides, which I took from Cleocritus, 
worth a hundred talents apiece." "Woe's me," "' saith another," what goodly manors 
ihall 1 leave! what fertile fields! what a fine house! what pretty children ! how^ 
many servants ! who shall gather my grapes, my corn ? Must I now die so well 
settled ^ Leave all, so richly and well provided ? Woe's me, what shall I do ?" 
^^Animula vaguJa^ blandula^ qua nunc abibis in loca f 

To these tortures of fear and sorrow, may well be annexed curiosity, that irksome, 
that tyrannising care, nimia soZ/c/Zwrfo, "'^^ superfluous industry about unprofitable 
things, and their qualities," as Thomas defines it : an itching humour or a kind of 
longing to see that which is not to be seen, to do that which ought not to be done, 
to know that ''^ secret which should not be known, to eat of the forbidden fruit. 
We commonly molest and tire ourselves about things unfit and unnecessary, as 
Martha troubled herself to little purpose. Be it in religion, humanity, magic, philo- 
sophy, policy, any action or study, 'tis a needless trouble, a mere torment. For what 
else is school divinity, how many doth it puzzle ^ what fruitless questions about the 
Trinity, resurrection, election, predestination, reprobation, hell-fire, &c., how many 
shall be saved, damned } What else is all superstition, but an endless observation 
of idle ceremonies, traditions .'' What is most of our philosophy but a labyrinth of 
opinions, idle questions, propositions, metaphysical terms } Socrates, therefore, held 
all philobupners, cavillers, and mad men, circa, subtilia Cavillatores pro insanis 
habuit^ palam eos arguens.) saith '^^ Eusebius, because they commonly sought after 
such things qucB nee percipi a nobis neque comprehendi posset., or put case tliey did 
understand, yet they were altogether unprofitable. For what matter is it for us to 
know how high the Pleiades are, how far distant Perseus and Cassiopea from us, 
how deep the sea, &c., we are neither wiser, as he follows it, nor modester, nor 
better, nor richer, nor stronger for the knowledge of it. Quod supra nos nihil ad 
nos, I may say the same of those genethliacal studies, what is astrology but vain 
elections, predictions } all magic, but a troublesome error, a pernicious foppery .'' 
physic, but intricate rules and prescriptions ? philology, but vain criticisms ^ logic, 
needless sophisms.^ metaphysics themselves, but intricate subtilties, and fruitless 
abstractions ? alchemy, but a bundle of errors ? to what end are such great tomes ? 



3' Expedit. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. 3. s^Timendo pra>oc- 
ciipat, quod vital, ultro provocatque quod fugil, gau- 
detque riioeroiis et lubeiis miser fuit. Heinsius Austrinc. 
33" Musi I be deprived of this life,— of those posses- 
sions 7" «Tom 4. dis) 9 CatapU Auri pun mille 



lalenta,niehodietibidatururoproniitto, &;c. ■* Ibidem. 
Hei rnihi qua? relinquenda prsedia? quaiii fertile? apri ! 
&c. *2 Aflrian. *^ Indiistria superriua circa res inu 
liles. ** Flavte secreta Minerva? ut vidcrat Aglauro*. 
Uv. Mel. 2. « Contra Philos. cap. 64. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] Other Accidents and Grievances. T2\\ 

why do we spend so many years in their studies ? Much better to know nothing ai 
all, as those barbarous Indians are wholly ignorant, than as some of us, to be s'^ 
sore vexed about unprofitable toys : stultus labor est ineptiarum^ to build a house, 
without pins, make a rope of sand, to what end ? cui bono 'P He studies on, but as 
the boy told St. Austin, when I have laved the sea dry, thou shalt understand the 
mystery of the Trinity. He makes observations, keeps times and seasons ; and as 
*^Conradus the emperor would not touch his new bride, till an astrologer had told 
him a masculine hour, but with what success ? He travels into Europe, Africa Asia, 
searcheth every creek, sea, city, mountain, gulf, to what end "^ See one promontory 
(said Socrates of old), one mountain, one sea, one river, and see all. An alchemist 
spends his fortunes to find out the pliilosopher's stone forsooth, cure all (hseases, 
make men long-lived, victorious, fortunate, invisible, and beggars himself, misled by 
those seducing impostors (which he shall never attain) to make gold ; an antiquary 
consumes his treasure and time to scrape up a company of old coins, statues, rules, 
edicts, manuscripts, &c., he must know what was done of old in Athens, Rome, 
what lodging, diet, houses they had, and have all the present news at first, though 
never so remote, before all others, what projects, counsels, consultations, &c., quid 
Juno in aure/n insusurret Jovi^ what's now decreed in France, what in Italy : who 
was he, whence comes he, which way, whither goes he, &c. Aristotle must find 
out the motion of Euripus ; Pliny must needs see Vesuvius, but how sped they .'' 
One loseth goods, another his life ; Pyrrhus will conquer Africa first, and then Asia : 
he will be a sole monarch, a second immortal, a third rich ; a fourth commands. 
*''^ Turbine rnagno spes soUcitcE in urbibus errant; we run, ride, take indefatigable 
pams, all up early, down late, striving to get that which we had better be without, 
Ardelion's busy-bodies as we are) it were nmch fitter for us to be quiet, sit still, and 

lake our ease. His sole study is for words, that they be — Lepidce Icxeis com- 

postcB ut tesserul(£ omnes^ not a syllable misplaced, to set out a stramineous subject : 
as thine is about apparel, to follow the fashion, to be terse and polite, 'tis thy sole 
business : both with like profit. His only delight is building, he spends himself to 
get curious pictures, intricate models and plots, another is wholly ceremonious about 
titles, degrees, inscriptions : a third is over-solicitous about his diet, he must have 
such and such exquisite sauces, meat so dressed, so far-fetched, peregrini aeris volu- 
cres^ so rooked, &c., something to provoke thirst, something anon to quench his 
thirst. Thus he redeems his appetite with extraordinary charge to his purse, is sel- 
dom pleased with any meal, whilst a trivial stomach useth all with delight and is 
never offended. Another must have roses in winter, ali.eni tcmporis flores^ snow- 
water m summer, fruits before they can be or are usually ripe, artificial gardens and 
fish-ponds on the tops of houses, all things opposite to the vulgar sort, intricate and 
rare, or else they are nothing worth. So busy, nice, curious wits, make that insup- 
portable in all vocations, trades, actions, employments, which to duller apprehensions 
is not offensive, earnestly seeking that wJiich others so scornfully neglect. Thus 
through our foolish curiosity do we macerate ourselves, tire our souls, and run head- 
long, through our indiscretion, perverse will, and want of government, into many 
needless cares, and troubles, vain expenses, tedious journeys, painful hours ; and 
when ail is done, quorsum hcec f cui bono ? to what end .^ 

48"ivescire velleqiiie Mnjister mnximus 
Docere iion vail, erudita itiscitia est," 

Unfortunate marriage^ Amongst these passions and irksome accidents, unfortu- 
nate marriage may be ranked : a condition of life appointed by God himself in Para- 
''.ise, an honourable and happy estate, and as great a felicity as can befall a man in 
this world, ''^ if the parties can agree as they ought, and live as ^Seneca lived with 
his Paulina ; but if they be unequally matched, or at discord, a greater misery cannot 
be expected, to have a scold, a slut, a harlot, a fool, a fury or a fiend, there can be 
no such plague. Eccles. xxvi. 14, " He that hath her is as if he held a scorpion, 
&c." xxvi. 25, " a wicked wife makes a sorry countenance, a heavy heart, and he had 
rather dwell with a lion than keep house with such a wife." Her ^' properties Jovianus 

*eM!it. Paris. ■•'' Seneca. <« jog, Scaliger in M3"A virtuous woman is the crown of her husbaml." 

Giioaiit. " To profess a disinclination for that know- Prov. xii. 4. " but she," &c. &c. 6o Lib, 17, episl 105. 
ledge which s beyond our reach, is pednntic ignorance." 1 ^^Titiouatur, candclabratur, &c. 



TT^ser m .-^ i-aiuLe^j Ii^j st 



*i24 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. 

Poritaniis hath described at large, Jlnf. dial. Tom. 2, under the name of Euphorbui. 
Or if they be not equal in years, the like mischief happens. Cecilius in AgelUus 
lib. 2. cop.2'S., complains much of an old wife, dtim ejus morli inhio., cgomet. mortuus 
oivo inter vivos^ wliilst I gape after her death, I live a dead man amongst the living, 
or if they dislike upon any occasion, 

5'^" Judge who that are unfortunately wed 
What 'tis to come into a loathed bed." 

The same inconvenience befals women. 



At vos 6 duri iniseram lugete parentes, 

Si fi rro aul laqueo la;va hac ine exsolvere sorte 

Snstineo:" 



Hard hearted parents both lament my fate, 
If self I kill or hang, to ease my state." 



'^A young gentlewoman in Basil was married, saith Felix Plater, ohservaf. /, 1, to an 
ancient man against her will, whom she could not affect; she was continually melan- 
clioly, and pined away for grief; and though her husband did all he could possibly 
to give her content, in a discontented humour at length she hanged herself Many 

«ther stories he relates in this kind. Thus men are plagued with women ; they agahi 
^ith men, when they are of divers humours and conditions; he a spendthrift, she 

paring; one honest, the other dishonest, &.c. Parents many times disquiet their 
children, and they their parents. ^^"A foolish son is an heaviness to his mother." 
Injusta noverca : a stepmother often vexeth a whole family, is matter of repentance, 
exercise of patience, fuel of dissension, which made Cato's son expostulate with his 
father, why he should offer to marry his client Solinius' daughter, a young wench, 
Ciijiis causa novercam induceret; what offence had he done, that he should marry 
again .? 

Unkind, unnatural friends, evil neighbours, bad servants, debts and debates, &c., 
'twas Chilon's sentence, comes ceris alieni et litis est miseria^ misery and usury do 
commonly together ; suretyship is the bane of many families, Sponde., prcesto noxa 
est : " he shall be sore vexed that is surety for a stranger," Prov. xi. 15, '' and he that 
hateth suretyship is sure." Contention, brawling, lawsuits, falling out of neighbours 

and friends. discordia dcmens ( Virg. jEn. 6,) are equal to tlie first, grieve many 

a man, and vex his soul. JVihil sane miserabilius eorum mentibus.) (as "^^Boter holds) 
•' nothing so miserable as such men, full of cares, griefs, anxieties, as if they were 
stabbed with a sharp sword, fear, suspicion, desperation, sorrow, are tlieir ordinary 
companions." Our Welshmen are noted by some of their ^^ own writers, to con- 
sume one another in this kind ; but whosoever they are that use it, these are their 
common symptoms, especially if they be convict or overcome, ^^ cast in a suit 
Arius put out of a bishopric by Eustathius, turned heretic, and lived after discon- 
tented all his life. ^^ Every repulse is of like nature; heu quanta de spe dccidi! Dis- 
grace, infamy, detraction, will almost effect as much, and that a long time after. 
Hipponax, a satirical poet, so vilified and lashed two painters in his iambics, ut amho 
laqueo se sujfocarent^ ^° Pliny saith, both hanged themselves. All oppositions, dan- 
gers, perplexities, discontents, ^' to live in any suspense, are of the same rank: potes 
hoc sub casu diicere somnosf Who can be secure in such cases .? Ill-bestowed bene- 
fits, ingratitude, unthankful friends, much disquiet and molest some. Unkind s])eeches 
trouble as many; uncivil carriage or dogged answers, weak women above the rest, 
if they proceed from their surly husbands, are as bitter as gall, and not to be digested. 
A glassman's wife in Basil became melancholy because her husband said he would 
marry again if she died. " No cut to unkindness," as the saying is, a frown and 
hard speech, ill respect, a brow-beating, or bad look, especially to courtiers, or such 
as attend upon great persons, is present death : Ingenium vullu statque caditque suo^ 
they ebb and flow with their masters' favours. Some persons are at their wits' ends, 
if by chance they overshoot themselves, in their ordinary speeches, or actions, which 
may after turn to their disadvantage or disgrace, or have any secret disclosed. Ronsev^ 
epist. miscel. 2, reports of a gentlewoman 25 years old, that falling foul with one of 



52 Daniel in Rosamund. • saChalinorus lib. 9. de 

repub. Angl. &* Elegans virgo invita cuidam e nos- 

iraiibus nupsit, &c. ^ Prov. ^ De increm. 

url». lib. 3. c. 3. tanquam diro mucrone confossi, hid 
nulla requies, nulla delectatio, solicitudine, gemitu, 
furore, desperatione, timore, taiiquain ad perpetuatu 
a'ri'mnam infeliciter rapti. s'' Humfredus Lluyd 

epist. ad Abrahamum Ortelium. M. Vaughun in his 



Golden Fleece. Litibus et controversiis usque ad om- 
nium bonoriim consumptionem contendunt. s^ Spre- 
tffique injuria formai. "'QuiEque repulsa gravis. 

'OLib. 3(5. c. .5. 6i Nihil ,Tque aniarum, quam diii 

pendere: quidam opquiore animo ferunt \vcve.ciki spein 
suam quani trahi. Se'iera cap. 3. Jib. 2. de L>en. Virf 
Plater obs^rvat. lib. J 



Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] 



Other Accidents and Grievances. 



22 S> 



her gossips, was upbraided with a secret infirmity (no matter what) in p\iblic, and 
so much grieved with it, that she did thereupon solitudiries qumrcrc., omnes ah st 
ahlcgare^ ac tandem in gravissimam incidens ?nelanchoIiam^ contabescere^ forsake all 
company, quite moped, and in a melanciioly humour pine away. Others are as much 
tortured to see themselves rejected, contemned, scorned, disabled, defamed, detracted, 
undervalued, or ^^"left behind their fellows." Lucian brings in Jiltamacles, a philo- 
sopher in his Lapith. convivio^ much discontented that he was not invited amongst 
the rest, expostulating the matter, in a long epistle, with Aristenetus their host 
Praetextatus, a robed gentleman in Plutarch, would not sit down at a feast, because 
he might not sit highest, but went his ways all in a chafe. We see the common 
quarrelings, that are ordinary with us, for taking of the wall, precedency, and the 
like, which though toys in themselves, and things of no moment, yet they cause 
many distempers, much heart-burning amongst us. Notliing pierceth deeper than a 
contempt or disgrace, ^^ especially if they be generous spirits, scarce anything affects 
them more than to be despised or vilified. Crato, consil. 16, /. 2, exemplifies it, and 
common experience confirms it. Of the same nature is oppression, Ecclus. 77, 
'' surely oppression makes a man mad," loss of liberty, which made Brutus venture 
his life, Cato kill himself, and " Tully complain, Omnem hilaritatem in perpctuum 
amisi^ mine heart's broken, I shall never look up, or be merry again, ^^licec jactura 
intolerabilis., to some parties 'tis a most intolerable loss. Banishment a great misery 
as Tyrteus describes it in an epigram of his, 



' Nam miseriim est patria arnissa, laribusque vagari 

Mf'ndiciiin, el tirnida voce ropare cibos: 
Oiniiiliiis invisiis, quncunque accosseiit exul 
Semper erit, semper spretiis egensque jacet," &c. 



" A miserable thing 'tis so to wander, 

And like a l»eg<.'ar for lo wliinc at door, 
Contemn'd of all the world, an exile is. 
Hated, rejected, needy still and poor." 



Polynices in his conference with Jocasta in ^^ Euripides, reckons up five miseries of 
a banisJied man, the least of which alone were enough to deject some pusillanimoiis! 
creatures. Oftentimes a too great feeling of our own infirmities or imperfections of 
body or mind, will shrivel us up ; as if we be long sick : 

•' O beata saiiitas, te pr.Tesente, am<eMiim 
Ver Horil 5;raliis, absqne te nemo beatus:" 

O blessed health ! " thou art above all gold and treasure," Ecclus. xxx. 15, the poor 
man's riches, the rich man's bliss, without thee there can be no happiness : or visited 
with some loathsome disease, offensive to others, or troublesome to ourselves ; as a 
stinking breath, deformity of our limbs, crookedness, loss of an eye, leg, hand, pale- 
ness, leanness, redness, baldness, loss or want of hair, &.C., hie ubijiucre ccE^nt^ diros, 
ictus cordi infert, saith ^' Synesius, he himself troubled not a little oh comes defectum^ 
the loss of hair alone, strikes a cruel stroke to the heart. Acco, an old woman, 
seeing by chance her face in a true glass (for she used false flattering glasses belike at 
other times, as most gentlewomen do,) animl dolore in insaniam delapsa esf^ (Ca^lius 
Rhodiginus Z. 17, c. 2,) ran mad. ^"^Brotheus, the son of Vulcan, because he was 
ridiculous for his imperfections, flung himself into the fire. Lais of Corinth, now 
grown old, gave up her glass to Venus, for she could not abide to look upon it 
^^Qualis sum nolo, qualis eram nequeo. Generally to fair nice pieces, old age and 
foul linen are two most odious things, a torment of torments, they may not abide 
the thought of it. 



' 6 deoriim 

Q.iiisquis haic aiidis, ntinam inter erretn 

Nuda leones, 
Antequam tiirpis macies decentes 
Occiipet nialas, teneriE(]iie sticcus 
Defluat prcedai, speciosa quterro 

Pascere tigres." 



" Hear me, some gracious heavenly power, 
Let lions dire this naked corse devour. 
My cheeks ere hollow wrinkles seize, 
Ere yet their rosy bloom decays : 
While youth yet rolls its vital flood. 
Let tigers friendly riot in my blood " 



To be foul, ugly, and deformed, much better be buried alive. Some are fair but 
barren, and that galls them. " Hannah wept sore, did not eat, and was troubled in 
spirit, and all for her barrenness," 1 Sam. 1. and Gen. 30. Rachel said "in the 
anguish of her soul, give me a child, or I shall die :" another hath too many . one 
was never married, and that's his hell, another is, and that's his plague. Some are 
troubled in that they are obscure ; others by being traduced, slandered, abused, dis- 



62Tiirpe rclinqiii est, Hor, «)Scimus enim gene- 

"•osas naturas, nulla re citius moveri, aut gravins attici 
quain coniemptu ac despicientia 64 A j Atticum 

29 



epist. lib. 12. «sEpist. ad Brutum. ""In I'haenisf^ 
6Mn laudem calvit. ee Ovid. 69 E Cre« lo He 

Car. Lib. 3. Ode. 27 



226 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2. 



grace<l, vilified,, or any way injured : minime miror eos (as he said) qui insanire ccci- 
piunt ex injuria.^ 1 marvel not at all if offences make men mad. Seventeen particular 
causes of anger and offence Aristotle reckons them up, which for brevity's sake 1 
must omit. No tidings troubles one ; ill reports, rumours, bad tidings or news, hard 
hap, ill success, cast in a suit, vain hopes, or hope deferred, another : expectation, 
adeo omnibus in rebus molesla semper est expectation as " Polybius observes ; one is 
too eminent, another too base born, and that alone ^.ortures him as much as the rest : 
one is out of action, company, employment ; anorher overcome and tormented with 
worldly cares, and onerous business. But what ''^tongue can suffice to speak of all? 
Many men catch this malady by eating certain meats, herbs, roots, at unawares ; 
as hea!>ane, nightshade, cicula, mandrakes, Stc. '^^ A company of young men at 
Agrigentum in Sicily, came into a tavern; where after they had freely taken their 
iquor, whether it were the wine itself, or something mixed with it "'tis not yet known, 
'■* but upon a sudden they began to be so troubled m their brains, and their pliantasy 
so erased, that they thought they were in a ship at sea, and now ready to be cast 
away by reason of a tempest. Wherefore to avoid shipwreck and present drowning, 
they flung all the goods in the house out at the windows into the street, or into tl.e 
sea, as they supposed ; thus they continued mad a pretty season, and being brought 
before the magistrate to give an account of this their fact, they told him (not yet 
recovered of their madness) that what was done they did for fear of death, and to 
avoid imminent danger : the spectators were all amazed at this their stupidity, and 
grazed on them still, whilst one of tlie ancientest of the company, in a grave tone^ 
excused himself to the magistrate upon his knees, O viri Tritones^ ego in imo jacui^ 
I beseech your deities, &c. for I was in the bottom of the ship all the while : another 
besought them as so many sea gods to be good unto them, and if ever he and his 
fellows came to land again, '^^ he would build an altar to their service. The magis- 
trate could not sufficiently laugh at this their madness, bid them sleep it out, and so 
went his ways. Many such accidents frequently happen, upon these unknown occa- 
sions. Some are so caused by philters, wandering in the sun, biting of a mad dog, 
a blow on the head, stinging with that kind of spider called tarantula, an ordinary 
thing if we may believe Skenck. /. 6. de Venenis^ in Calabria and Apulia in Italy, 
Cardan, subtil. I. 9. Scaliger exercitat. 185. Their symptoms are merrily described 
by Jovianus Pontanus, Jint. dial, how they dance altogether, and are cured by music. 
^^ Cardan speaks of certain stones, if they be carried about one, which will cause 
melancholy and madness; he calls them unhappy, as an '"^ adamant., selenites.) Sfc. 
" which dry up »he body, increase cares, diminish sleep :" Ctesias in Persicis, makes 
mention of a well in those parts, of which if any man drink, '**'' he is mad for 24 
hours." Some lose their wits by terrible objects (as elsewhere I have more ^^copi- 
ously dilated) and life itself many times, as Hippolitus affrighted by Neptune's sea- 
horses, Athemas by Juno's furies : but these relations are common in all writers. 



60" Hie alias poteram, et plures sijl)noctere cansas, 
Seil jiiiueata vocarit, et Sol incliiiat, Euiiduiu est. 



' Many such causes, much more could I say, 
Rut that for provtMidtr my cattlt^ stay: 
Tile, sun declines, and 1 uiust needs away.' 



These causes if they be considered, and come alone, I do easily yield, can do little 
of themselves, seldom, or apart (an old oak is not felled at a blow) though many 
times they are all sufficient every one : yet if they concur, as often they do, vis 
unit a fortior; et qucB non obsunt singula., mull a nocenf., they may batter a strong con- 
stitution ; as ^'Austin said, "many grains and small sands sink a ship, many small 
drops make a flood," &c., often reiterated ; many dispositions produce an habit. 



'■ Hist. lib. 6. '^ Non mihi si centum linguae sint, 

nraque centum. Omnia causarum percurrere nnmina 
possem. '3Celius I. 17;' cap. 2. '^^ Ita mente exa^i- 
tati sunt, ut in triremi seconstitutosputarent, marique 
vadahundo tempestate jactatos, proinde naufragiuin 
veriti, egestis undique rebus vasa omnia in viam e 
fenestris, seu in mare pra^cipitaruril : postridie. Sec. 
""> Aram vohis servatoribus diis erigemus. 'sLib. de 

geiumis. "(iuae gestatie infelicem et tristein reddmit. 



curas ausent, corpus siccant, somnum minnunt. "^^ Ai 
unum die mente alienatus. '» Part. 1. Sect. 2. Sub- 

sect. X 80 Juven. Sat. 3. t^i Intus besti;e minutae 

multa: necant. Numquid minutissirna sunt grana 
arenai ? st;d si arena auiplius in navem niittatur, merijil 
illam; quam minutiE Lmtta;, pluvitc? et tamen implent 
rtumina, domus ejiciunt, tinienda ergo riiina mullitu- 
dims, si non magnitudiais. 



I 



.M?in. 5. Suljs. 1.] Conlincni, inirard Causes^ ^c. Ill 



MEMB. V. 

SiinsECT. I. — C'Onfincnf, inward., antecedent^ next cr ^ arnd how the Body work:^ on 

the Mind. 

Asa purly hunter, I have hitherto beaten ab t the circuit of the forest of tliis 
microcosm, and followed only those outward ac, .-rntitious causes. I will now break 
into the inner rooms, and rip up the antecedent unmediate causes which are th^-re to 
be found. For as the distraction of the mind, amongst other outward causes and 
perturbations, alters the temperature of the body, so the distraction and distemper 
of the body will cause a distemperature of the soul, and 'tis hard to decide which 
of these two do more harm to tlie other. Plato, Cyprian, and some others, as J 
have formerly said, lay the greatest fault upon the soul, excusing the body- others 
again accusing the body, excuse the soul, as a principal agent. Their reasons are, 
because ^'^•'the manners do follow the temperature of the body," as Galen proves in 
his book of tliat subject, Prosper Caleniiis de Air a hile., Jason Pratensis c. de Mania., 
Lemmus I. 4. c. 16. and many others. And that which Gualter hath commented, 
ho'.ii. 10. in epist. Johannis^ is most true, concupiscence and originals in, inclinations, 
and bad humours, are *^^ radical in every one of us, causing these perturbations, affec- 
tions, and several distempers, offering many times violence unto the soul. " Every 
man is tempted by his own concupiscence (James i. 14), the spirit is willing but the 
flesh is weak, and rebelleth against the spirit," as our ^apostle teacheth us: that 
methinks the soul hath the better plea against the body, which so forcibly inclines 
us, that we cannot resist, JYcc nos ohniti contra.^ nee tendere tontuiii sufficimus. Plow 
the body being material, worketh upon the immaterial soul, by mediation of humours 
and spirits, which participate of both, and ill-disposed organs, Cornelius Agrippa hath 
discoursed lih. 1. de occult. Philos. cap. 63, 64, ()5. Levinus Lemnius lib. I. de 
occult, nat. mir. cap. 12. et 16. et 21. institut. ad opt. vit. Perkins lib. 1. Cases of 
Cons. cap. 12. T. Bright c. 10, 11, 12. "in his treatise of melancholy," for as 
^^ anger, fear, sorrow, obtrectation, emulation, &c. si mentis inlimos recessus occupa- 
rintj saith ^^ Lemnius, corpori quoque infesta sunf^ et illi teterrimos morhos inferun!., 
cause grievous diseases in the body, so bodily diseases affect the soul by consent. 
Now the chiefest causes proceed from the ^" heart, humours, spirits : as they are 
purer, or impurer, so is the mind, and equally suffers, as a lute out of tune, if one 
string or one organ be distempered, all the rest miscarry, ^^ corpus onustum hesternis 
vitiis.^ animum quoque prcEgravat una. The body is domicilium animce., her house, 
abode, and stay, and as a torch gives a better light, a sweeter smell, according to 
the matter it is made of; so doth our soul perform all her actions, better or w\ rse, 
as her organs are disposed ; or as wine savours of the cask wherein it is kept ; the 
soul receives a tincture from the body, through which it works. We sec this in old 
men, children, Europeans; Asians, hot and cold climes; sanguine are merry, melan- 
choly sad, phlegmatic dull, by reason of abundance of those humours, and they 
cannot resist such passions which are inflicted by them. For in this mflrmity of 
human nature, as Melancthon declares, the understanding is so tied to, aii captivated 
by his inferior senses, that without their help he cannot exercise his functions, and 
the will being weakened, hath but a small power to restrain those outvvard parts, but 
suffers herself to be overruled by them ; that 1 must needs conclude with Lemniusf, 
spiritus et humores maximum rwcumentum ohtinent., spirits and humours do most harm 
in *^ troubling the soul. How should a man choose but be choleric and angry, that 
hath his body so clogged with abundance of gross humours ? or melancholy, that is 
so inwardly disposed .'' That thence comes then this malady, madness, apoplexies, 
lethargies, &c. it may not be denied. 

Now this body of ours is most part distempered by some precedent diseases, 
which molest his inward organs and instruments, and so per consequens cause melan- 

8i Mores sequuntur temperaturam corporis. f'SSciti- I itidem morhi aniinam per consensiim, a Isee consort. i 
tiila; latent in corporibus. s4Gal. 5. ^Siciil ex | afficiunt, et quanqiiam ohjecta multos motus tiirhnl.jn- 

anitni affV'Ctionibus corpus latiirnescit : sic ex corporis tos in homine concitet, priEcipua tamen cau»a in conle 
vitiis, et m'^'^bori"" Dleriscpie cniciatibiis aniniiiin vide- et hnmoribirs spiritihiisque cotisistit, &c. i**" Hor 

finis liebetari, Gaienus. "^ Lib. 1. c. 16. »' Corporis i Vide ante. s** Humores pravi mentum ODiiuhilani. 



228 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. S(c. *4 



rholy, according to the consent of the most approved physicians. ^''"This hnmoui 
'as Aviceniia /. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. c. 18. Arnohhis breviar. I. I.e. 18. Jacchinns 
rommenl. ^n 9 Rhasis, c. 15, Montallus, c. 10. Nicholas Piso c. de Melan. <!^t. sup- 
ixjse'i IS begotten by tlie distemp'eraiure of some inward part, innate, or left after 
.me mtlammation, or else included in the blood after an ^' ague, or some other ma- 
ignant disease." This opinion of theirs concurs with that of Galen, I. 3. c. 6. (U 
locis affect. Guianerius gives an instance in one so caused by a quartan ague, and 
Montanus consil. 32. in a young man of twenty-eight years of age, so distempered after 
a quartan, which had molested him five years together; Hildesheim spiceL2. de 
Manld^ relates of a Dutch baron, grievously tormented with melancholy after a long 
^ague: Galen, /. de aira bile., c. 4. puts the plague a cause. Botal(]us in his book 
de luc vener. c. 2. the French pox for a cause, others, phrensy, epilepsy, pnoplexy, 
because those diseases do often degenerate into this. Of suppression of hemorrhoids, 
hffimorogia, or bleeding at the nose, menstruous retentions, (although they deserve 
a larger explication, as being the sole cause of a proper kind of melancholy, in more 
ancient maids, nuns and widows, handled apart by Rodericus a Castro, and Mer- 
catus, as I have elsewhere signified,) or any other evacuation stopped, I have already 
spoken. Only this I will add, that this melancholy which shall be caused by such 
infirmities, deserves to be pitied of all men. and to be respected with a more tender 
compassion, according to Laurentius, as coming from a more inevitable cause. 



SuBSECT. II. — Distemper at lire of particular Parts., causes. 

There is almost no part of the body, which being distempered, doth not cause 
this nialady, as the brain and his parts, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, matrix or womb, 
pylorus, mirache, mesentery, hy})ochondries, meseraic veins ; and in a word, saith 
"■^Arculanus, " there is no part which causeth not melancholy, either because it is 
dust, or doth not expel the superfluity of the nutriment." Savanarola Pract. major, 
rubric. 11. Tract. 6. cap. 1. is of the same opinion, that melancholy is engendered 
in each particular part, and ^^ Crato in consil. 17. lib. 2. Gordonius, who is insta'' 
omnium., lib. med. partic. 2. cap. 19. confirms as much, putting the ^^'^ matter of 
melancholy, sometimes in the stomach, liver, heart, brain, spleen, mirach, hypochon- 
dries, when as the melancholy humour resides there, or the liver is not well cleansed 
from melancholy blood." 

The brain is a familiar and frequent cause, too hot, or too cold, ^ '•' through adust 
blood so caused," as Mercurialis will have it, " within or without the head," the 
brain itself being distempered. Those are most apt to this disease, ^'"that have a 
hot heart and moist brain," which j^lontaltus cap. W. de Melanch. approves out of 
Halyabbas, Rhasis, and Avicenna. Mercurialis consil. 11. assigns the coldness of the 
brain a cause, and Salustius Salvianus ined. lect. I. 2. c. 1. ^^ will have it "arise from 
a cold and dry distemperature of the brain." Piso, Eenedictus Victorius Faventinus, 
will have it proceed from a °^"hot distemperature of the brain;" and '°° Montaltus 
cap. 10. from the brain's heat, scorching the biood. The brain is still distempered 
by himself, or by consent : by himself or his proper affection, as Faventinus calls it, 
' '■'• or by vapours which arise from the other parts, and fume up into the head, alter- 
ing the animal faculties." 

Hildesheim spied. 2. de Mania., thinks it may be caused from a ^'* distemperature 
of the heart; sometimes hot; sometimes cold." A hot liver, and a cold stomach, 
are put for usual causes of melancholy: Mercurialis consil. l\. et consil. 6. consil. 
86. assigns a hot liver and cold stomach for ordinary causes. ''Monavius, in an 



90 Hie humor vel a partis iiitemperie generatur vp) 
leliiiquilur post iiiflaiiiinatioiii'S, vel crassior in venis 
conclusus vel torpidus inalijinain qnalitatem cnntraliit. 
'" Sffipe constat in febre honnnein Melanchcdicuui vel 
post febrem rendi ant aiium morbum. Calida intern- 
peries innata, vel a febre coniracta. ^^Rjiro quis 

tlintiirno inorbo laborat, qui non sit melanchnliciis, 
Mercurialis de affect, capitis lib. 1. c. 10. de Melanc. 
^ Ad nonuni lib^Rhasisad AInnansor. c. Iti. Universa- 
liter a quacunque parte potest fieri tnelancbolicus. Vel 
quia adiiritur, vel quia non expellit superfluitalem ex- 
crcmenti. 94 a Liene, jecinore. utero, et aliis partibus 
oritur. "^ Materia MeJancliolis aliquaiidoin corde, in 



stomacho, hepate, ab hypocondriis, myrache, splene, 
cum il)i rcnianel humor nielancholicus. s" Ex san- 

guiiie adusto, intra vel extra caput. ^' Qui calidum 
cor haheiit, cerebrum huniiduni, facile nielancholici. 
«sSequitur melancholia malam intemperiem frigidam 
et sicram ipsius cerebri. "'JSajpe fit ex calidiore cere- 
bro, aut corpore colligente melancholiam. Piso. '"o Vel 
per propriam affertionem, vel per consensiim, cum 
vapores exiialant in cerebrum. Montall. cap. 14. ^ Au 
ibi gignitur, nielancholicus fumus, aut aliunde veliitur 
alterando animales facultates. 2 Ab intcmperie cordis, 
mode calidiore, modo frigidiore. " Epist, 209. 

Scoltzii. V 



Mcin. 5. Subs. 3.^ Causes of Head-MdancJwIy. 2*29 

t pistle of his to Crato in Scoltzius, is of opinion, that hypochondriacal melancholy 
UiAj proceed from a cold liver ; the question is there discussed. Most acrroe that a 
hot liver is in fault; '*"the liver is the shop of humours, and especially causeth 
melancholy by his hot and dry distemperature. ^The stomach and meseraic veins 
do often concur, by reason of their obstructions, and thence their heat cannot be 
avoided, and many times the matter is so adust and inflamed in those parts, that it 
degenerates into hypochondriacal melancholy." Guianerius c. 2. Tract. 15. holds 
the meseraic veins to be a sufficient ^ cause alone. The spleen concurs to this 
malady, by all their consents, and suppression of hemorrhoids, dum non expurget 
alter a causa lien., saith Montaltus, if it he '^"too cold and dry, and do not purge 
the other parts as it ought," consil. 23. Montanus puts the **" spleen stopped" for a 
great cause. ^ Chvistopherus a Vega reports of his knowledge, that he hath known 
melancholy caused from putre^^ed blood ir. those seed-veins and womb ; '"'•'Arculanus, 
from that menstruous blood turned into melancholys and seed too long detained (as 
I have already declared) by putrefaction or adustion." 

The mesenterium, or midriff, diaphragma, is a cause which the '' Greeks called 
^pLuti because by his inflammation, the mind is much troubled with convulsions 
and dotage. All these, most part, offend by inflammation, corrupting humours and 
spirits, in this non-natural melancholy : for from tliese are engendered fuliginous and 
black spirits. And for that reason ''Montaltus cap. 10. de caus'is melan. will have 
'•'• the efficient cause of melancholy to be hot and dry, not a cold and dry distemper- 
ature, as some hold, from the heat of the brain, roasting the blood, immoderate heat 
of the liver and bowels, and inflammation of the pylorus. And so much the rather, 
because that," as Galen holds, '"•all spices inflame the blood, solitariness, wakmg, 
agues, study, meditation, all which heat : and therefore he concludes that this dis- 
temperature causing adventitious melancholy is not cold and dry, but hot and dry." 
But of this I have sufficiently treated in the matter of melancholy, and hold that this 
may be true in non-natural melancholy, which produceth madness, but not in that 
natural, which is more cold, and being immoderate, produceth a gentle dotage. 
'^ Which opinion Geraldus de Solo maintains in his comment upon Rhasis. 

SuBSECT. III. — Causes of Head-Melancholy. 

After a tedious discourse of the general causes of melancholy, I am now ^^turned 
at last to treat in brief of the tliree particular species, and such causes as properly 
appertain unto them. Although these causes promiscuously concur to each and 
every particular kind, and commonly produce their effects in that part which is most 
ill-disposed, and least able to resist, and so cause all three species, yet many of them 
are proper to some one kind, and seldom found in the rest. As for example, head- 
melancholy is commonly caused by a cold or hot distemperature of the brain, accord- 
ing to Laurentius cap. 5 de melan. but as '^ Hercules de Saxonia contends, from that 
agitation or distemperature of the animal spirits alone. Salust. Salvianus, before 
mentioned, lib. 2. cap. 3. de re med. will have it proceed from cold : but that I take 
of natural melancholy, such as are fools and dote : for as Galen writes lib. 4. de puis. 
8. and Avicenna, '^"a cold and moist brain is an inseparable companion of folly." 
Bui this adventitious melancholy which is here meant, is caused of a hot and dry 
distemperature, as "^ Damascen tiie Arabian lib. 3. cap. 22. thinks, and most writers : 
Altomarus and Piso call it '"'•'an innate burning intemperateness, turning blood and 
choler into melancholy." Both these opinions may stand good, as Bruel maintains, 
and Capivaccius, si cerebrum sit calidius., '^"if the brain be hot, the animal spirits 
will be hot, and thence comes madness; if cold, folly." David Crusius Tlicat. 

* Officiiia hiiinoriiKi hcpar conciiirit, &c. ^ Veulri- &;r,. turn qimd arouiata s;ingiiint;in iiicendiinl, solitudo, 
cuius et venae lueseraiciB conciirrunt, quod life partes viiiilia;, fehris prjpccdeiis, meditatio, &tudiuiu, er )i;cc 
obstriiclffi sunt, <fcc. e Pf:r se sanguiueui adureutes. oniuia calctaciuut, cr<.'o ratuin siit, &.c. i3 Lib. Leap. 

' liieii fri'jidus et siccus c. 13, « Spleu obstructiis. ; 13. de Melaiich. '■* l-ih. 3. Tract, posthutn.de melan. 

8 De arte uied. lih. 3. cap. -24. i" A sansj^uinis putredine '* \ fatuilate inseparatnlis cordiri frisjiditas. i" Ah 

in vasis -seminariis et iiiero, et quandoque a sperniate inlerno caliire assalur. '' InKMiipt-ries innata e.\ i- 

liu reteiito, vel sanguine mensirno in nielanclioliain reus, tlavani bileni acsanguiuHm m uielancholiani co'i- 
versd per putrefactioneni, vel adusJtioneni. "Magirus. verlens. i»Si cenbruni sii calidius. fiet .«piritu.s a:ii- 

Erffo elflcieris causa raeiancholne est calida et sicca r/iales calidior, el diiiriuin niauiucum; si IrigidnT, ftei 
intein|»eries, non lri>.'ida et sicca, quod niiilti opinali fatuitas. 
•unt. oritur ennu a caiore celebri assante sungumeiu, I 

IJ 



23r Causes of MeUindiohj. [Fai't. 1. bee 2 

Diorb. herrn .l. lib. 2. cap. 6. c^e atra bile, grants melancholy to be a disease of np 
inflamecl bniin, but cold notwitlistanding of itself: callda per accidcns^frig'ida per 
sr, hot b)- accident only ; I am of Capivaccius' mind for my part. Now tliis humour, 
according to Salvianns, is sometimes in the substance of the brain, sometimes con- 
tained in the membranes and tunicles that cover the brain, sometimes in the passages 
of the ventricles of the brain, or veins of those ventricles. It follows many times 
'"'^ phrensy, long diseases, agues, long abode in hot places, or under the sun, a blow 
on the head," as Rhasis informeth us : Piso adds solitariness, waking, inflammations 
of tlie liead, proceeding most part ^°from much use of spices, hot wines, hot meats : 
all which Montanus reckons up consil. 22. for a melancholy Jew ; and Heurnius 
repeats cap. 12. dc Mania : hot baths, garlic, onions, saith Guianerius, bad air, cor- 
rupt, much ^' waking, &.C., retention of seed or abundance, stopping of haemori-ogia, 
the midriff misalfected; and according to Tralhanus /. 1. 16. immoderate cares, trou- 
bles, griefs, discontent, study, meditation, and, in a word, the abuse of all those six 
non-natural tilings. Hercules de Saxonia, cap. 16. lib. 1. will have it caused from a 
^cautery, or boil dried up, ••r an issue. Amatus Lusitanus cent. 2. cura. 67. gives 
instance in a fellow that had a hole in his arm, ^^''' after that was healed, ran mad 
and when the wound was open, he was cured again." Trincavellius consil. 13. lib 
1 . liath an example of a melancholy man so caused by overmuch continuance in the 
sun, frequent use of venery, and immoderate exercise : and in his cons. 49. lib. 3. 
from a ^^ headpiece overheated, which caused head-melancholy. Prosper Calenus 
brings in Cardinal Caesius for a pattern of such as are so melancholy by long study 
1 ut examples are infinite. 

Sub SECT. IV. — Causes of Hypochondriacal, or Windy Melancholy. 

Ix repeating of these causes, I must crambem his coctam apponcre, say that again 
which I have formerly said, in applying them to their proper species. Hypochon- 
driacal or flatuous melancholy, is that which the Arabians call myrachial, and is in 
my judgment the most grievous and frequent, though Bruel and Laurentius make j\ 
least dangerous, and not so hard to be known or cured. His causes are inward or 
outward. Inward from divers parts or organs, as midriff, spleen, stomach, liver 
pylorus, womb, diaphragma, meseraic veins, stopping of issues, &.c. Montaltus cap. 
1 5. out of Galen recites, ^^''' heat and obstruction of those meseraic veins, as an 
immediate cause, by which means the passage* of the cliilus to the liver is detained, 
stopped or corrupted, and turned into rumbling and wind." Montanus, consil. 233, 
hath an evident demonstration, Trincavelius another, lib. 1, cap. 12, and Plater a 
third, observat. lib. 1, for a doctor of the law visited with this infirmity, from the 
said obstruction and heat of these meseraic ve^fis, and bowels ; quoniam infer veniri- 
culwn et jecur vencp effervcscunt, the veins are inflamed about the liver and stomach. 
Sometimes those other parts are togetlier misaffected ; and concur to the production 
of tliis malady : a hot liver and cold stonmch, or cold belly : look for instances in 
Hollerius, Victor Trincavelius, consil. 35, /. 3, Ilildesheim Spicel. 2, fol. 132, Sole- 
nander consil. 9, pro cive Lygdimensi, Montanus consil. 229, for the Earl of Mont- 
fort in Germany, 1549, and Frisimelica in the 233 consultation of the said Montanus. 
I. CcEsar Claudinus gives instance of a cold stomach and over-hot liver, almost in 
every consultation, con. 89, for a certain count; and con. 106, for a Polonian baron, 
by r^^ason of heat the blood is inflamed, and gross vapours sent to the heart and 
brain. Mercurialis subscribes to them, cons. 89, ^^"the stomach being misaffected," 
which he calls the king of the belly, because if he be distempered, all the rest suffer 
with him, as being deprived of their nutriment, or fed with bad nourishment, by 
means of which come crudities, obstructions, wind, rumbling, griping, &c. Hercules 
de Saxonia, besides heat, wdl have the weakness of the liver and his obstruction a 
cause, facuUaiem dehilem jecinoris, which he calls the mineral of melancholy. 
Laurentius assigns this reason, because the liver over-hot drawls the meat undigested 

'0 Molancbolia capitis accedit post phreriesim aut I tur. 24 a galea nimis calefacta. 25 Eviiritiir sann^uis 
'niiiratii iiiorain siih sole, aut percussioiiem jfc capite, et veriffi obstrmiiitiir, qniltnsobstructis prohibetiir trau- 
ra[i. i:{. lib. 1. 2oQ,iii biliiint viiia pnttMifnT, et sa?pe | situs Chili ad jecur. corrniiipitur et in rii<jitus et flatus 
s.iiit sub sole. 2i(j„,a. valida^, lariiioris vitii et am- vertitur. sesioniacho la'so robur corporis iniminuitur 

'natuui usus. 2-2 \ cauterio et ulcere exsiccaJo. 23 ^b el reliqua membra alimeiitu orbata, &c 
ilcere curato iiicidit ui iiisaiiiam. api.rto vuluere cura- I 



.J The whole Body. 231 

out of the stomach, and burneth the humours. Montaiius, cons. 244, piuves \\\~t\ 
sometimes a rold Hver may be a cause. Laurentius c. 12,Trincavelius lib. 12, cotisil, 
and Gualter Bruel, seems to lay the greatest fault upon the spleen, that doth not his 
duty in purging the liver as he ought, being too great, or too little, in drawing too 
much blood sometimes to it, and not expelling it, as P. Cnemiandrus in a ^^consulta- 
tion of his noted tumorem Ucni.s., he names it, and the fountain of melancholy. 
Diodes supposed the ground of this kind of melancholy to proceed from the inflam> 
mation of the pylorus, which is the nether mouth of the ventricle. Others assign 
the mesenterium or midriff distempered by heat, the womb misaffected, stopping of 
haemorrhoids, with many such. AH which Laurentius, cap. 12, reduceth to three, 
mesentery, liver, and spleen, from whence he denominates hepatic, splenetic, and 
meseraic melancholy. Outward causes, are bad diet, care, griefs, discontents, and in 
a word all those six non-natural things, as Montanus found by his experience, consil. 
244. Solenander consil. 9, for a citizen of Lyons, in France, gives his reader to 
understand, that he knew this mischief procured by a medicine of cantharides, which 
an unskilful physician ministered his patient to drink ad venerem excitandam. But 
most commonly fear, grief, and some sudden commotion, or perturbation of the mind, 
begin it, in such bodies especially as are ill-disposed. Melancthon, tract. 14, cap. 2, 
de animCi, will have it as common to men, as the mother to women, upon some 
grievous trouble, dislike, passion, or discontent. For as Camerarius records in his 
life, Melancthon himself was much troubled with it, and therefore coukl speak out 
of experience. Montanus, co/ts//. 22, ^jro d.elirantc Jiidceo., confirms it, ^^ grievous 
symptoms of the mind brought him to it. Randololius relates of himself, that being 
one day very intent to write out a pliysician's notes, molested by an occasion, he fell 
into a hypochondriacal fit, to avoid which he drank the decoction of wormwood, and 
was freed. ^'^ Melancthon ('•'being the disease is so troublesome and frequent) holds 
it a most necessary and profitable study, for every man to know the accidents of it, 
and a dangerous thing to be ignorant," and would therefore have all men in some 
sort to understand the causes, symptoms, and cures of it. 

Sub SECT. V. — Causes of Melancholy from the ichole Body. 

As before, the cause of this kind of melancholy is inward or outw^ard. Inuard, 
^"when the liver is apt to engender such a humour, or the spleen weak by nature, 
and not able to discharge his office."" A melancholy temperature, retention of heemor- 
rhoids, monthly issues, bleeding at nose, long diseases, agues, and all those six non 
natural things increase it. But especially ^' bad diet, as Piso thinks, pulse, salt meat, 
shell-fish, cheese, black wine, &c. Mercurialis out of Averroes and Avicenna con- 
demns all herbs : Galen, lib. 3, de loc. affect, cap. 7, especially cabbage. So likewis(; 
fear, sorrow, discontents, &c., but of these before. And thus in brief you have had 
the general and particular causes of melancholy. 

Now go and brag of thy present happiness, whosoever thou art, brag of tliy tem 
perature, of thy good parts, insult, triumph, and boast; thou seest in wliat a brittlt: 
state tliou art, how soon thou mayest be dejected, how many several ways, by bad 
diet, bad air, a small loss, a little sorrow or discontent, an ague, &c.; how many 
sudden accidents may procure thy ruin, what a small tenure of happiness thou hast 
m this life, how weak and silly a crealvm thou art. "• Humble liiyself, therefore, 
under the mighty hand of God," 1 Peter, v. 6, know thyself, acknowledge thy pre- 
sent misery, and make right use of it. Qui stat cideat nc cadat. Thou dost now 
flourish, and hast bona animi, corporis, et fortune, goods of body, mind, and fortune, 
nescis guid scrus secum vesper ferat, ihou knowest not what storms and tempests 
the late evening may bring with it. Be not secure then, '•'• be sober and watch,'^ 
^^fortunam revcrenter habe, if fortunate and rich ; if sick and poor, moderate thyself 
J have said. 

27 (Jjldesheim. 28 Habuit t^seva aniini symptoinata 1 morem, sfilen natiira iinbecillior. Piso, Altomarui» 

qnsp irnpediunt concoctionem, &c. 29 (jgjtatissiinus | Guiaiieriiis. 3i iVlelanchnliain, qn.T, fit a redundatitiji 

morbus (;uin sit, utile ost liiijus visceris accidentia con- | hiiinoris in tnto rorpore, victiis iinpriinis generut i^iif 
sideraio, nee leve periculum liiijus causas m.irbi i^mo- euni liuinort 



'ftiitibijs. ** JiCir aptuni ad generaiidmn tajpiii liu- 



)reui pai'it. sa.\us()nius. 



232 



Symptoms of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 3 



SECT. III. MEMB. I. 

SuBSECT. I. — Symptoms^ or Signs of Melancholy in the Body. 

I'arrhasius, a painter of Athens, amongst those Olynthian captives Phihp oi 
Macedon brought home to sell, ^ bouglit one very old man ; and when he had him 
at Athens, put him to extreme torture and torment, the better by his example tc 
express the pains and passions of his Prometheus, vi^hom he was then about to paint 
1 need not be so barbarous, inhuman, curious, or cruel, for this purpose to torture 
any poor melancholy man, their symptoms are plain, obvious and familiar, there 
needs no such accurate observation or far-fetched object, they delineate themselves, 
they voluntarily betray themselves, they are too frequent in all places, I meet them 
still as I go, they cannot conceal it, their grievances are too well known, I need not 
seek far to describe them. 

Symptoms therefore are either ^ universal or particular, saith Gordonius, lih. med. 
cap. 19, part. 2, to persons, to species ; " some signs are serret, some manifest, some 
in the body, some in the mind, and diversely vary, according to the inward or out- 
ward causes," Cappivaccius : or from stars, according to Jovianus Pontanus, de reb. 
easiest, lih. 10, cap. 13, and celestial influences, or from the humours diversely mixed, 
Ficinus, lib. 1, cap. 4, de sanit. tuendd : as they are hot, cold, natural, unnatural, 
intended, or remitted, so will ^tius have mclancholica deliria multiformia^ diversity 
of melancholy signs. Laurentius ascribes them to their several temperatures, delights, 
natures, inclinations, continuance of time, as they are simple or mixed with other 
diseases, as the causes are divers, so must the signs be, almost infinite, Aitomarus 
cap. 7, art. med. And as wine produceth divers eflfects, or that herb Tortocolla in 
■'° Laurentius, "which makes some laugh, some weep, some sleep, some dance, some 
sing, some howl, some drink. Sec." so doth this our melancholy humour work several 
signs in several parties. 

But to confine them, these general symptoms may be reduced to those of the bodj 
or the mind. Those usual signs appearing in the bodies of such as are melancholy, 
be these cold and dry, or they are hot and dry, as the humour is more or less adust. 
From ^^ these first qualities arise many other second, as that of ^"^ colour, black, 
swarthy, pale, ruddy, &c., some are impense rubric as Montaltus cap. 1 6 observes out 
of Galen, lih. 3, de locis affectis., very red and high coloured. Hippocrates in his 
book ^^de insania et melon, reckons up these signs, that they are ^^ " lean, withered, 
hollow-eyed, look old, wrinkled, harsh, much troubled w^ith wind, and a griping in 
their bellies, or belly-ache, belch often, dry bellies and hard, dejected looks, flaggy 
beards, singing of the ears, vertigo, light-headed, little or no sleep, and that interrupt, 
terrible and fearful dreams," ^^Anna soror., qucs me suspensam insomnia terrentf The 
^ame symptoms are repeated by Melanelius in his book of melancholy collected out 
of Galen, Ruflus, ^tius, by Rhasis, Gordonius, and all the juniors, ■*' continual, sharp, 
and stinking belchings, as if their meat in their stomachs were putrefied, or that they 
had eaten fish, dry bellies, absurd and interrupt dreams, and many fantastical visions 
about their eyes, vertiginous, apt to tremble, and prone to venery." "^^ Some add pal- 
pitation of the heart, cold sweat, as usual symptoms, and a leaping in many parts of 
the body, saltum in multis corporis partibus^ a kind of itching, saith Laurentius, on 
the superficies of the skin, like a flea-biting sometimes. ''^Montaltus cap. 21. puts 
fixed eyes and much twinkling of their eyes for a sign, and so doth Avicenna, oculos 
habentes palpitantes^ trauli-, vehemcnter rubicundi^ <^'C., lib. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap. 18. 
They stut most part, which he took out of Hippocrates' aphorisms. ^^ Rhasis makes 



33 Seneca cont. lib. 10. cont. 5. 3iQ„jE,iam uni- 

versalia, piirticiilariiP, quJednm manifesta, qiufdain in 
corpore, quaedairi in cogitatione el aniino, qiiffidam a 
slellis, qii!B(lani ab humoribiis, qua; ut viiiiini corpus 
vaiie dispnnit, &c. Diversa phaiitasinata pro varietate 
causa; exlernje, iiiteriioe. as Lib. 1. de risu. fol. 17. 

Ad ejus esurn alii sudant, alii voniunt, stent, bibiint, 
saltant, alii rident, tremunt, doriniunt, (fcc. =^« 'J'. 

Bright, cap. '20. a; jvij/rescit hie hun)er aliquando 

supercalefactup, aliquando superfrigefactus. Melanel. 
I Gal. 3« (iiterprete F. Calvo. ssQculihis 

•"xcavantur, venti gigiiuntur circiiin prjpcordia et acidi 
ii»;tiis, sitci fere venires, vertigo, tinnitus auriuni. 



somni pusilli, somriia terribilia et interrupta. « Virjr 
JExi. -ii Assiduffi effique acidie ruclatiories qu^t 

cibum virulentum culentunique nidorem, et si nil t.-Jf 
ingestuin sit, referant ob crudilateni. Ventres hisct 
aridi, soninus pleruinque parens et interruptus, s(unnia 
absurdissinia, turbulenla, corporis tremor, capitis gra 
vedo, strepitus circa aures et visiones ante oculos, aa 
venerem prodigi. ^'^ Altoniarus, Bruel, Piso, Mon- 

taltus. •'3 Freqiicntes habent oculorum nictaiioiics, 

aliqiii tamen fixis oculis plerurnque sunt. *< Cent, 

lib. I. Tract 9. Signa hujus inorbisunt plurimtis sallus, 
soiiitus aurium, capitis gravedo, liugua titubat, ocuii 
excavaatur, &.c. 



Mem. ] . Subs. 2.] Symptoms in the Mind. 283 

' head-ache and a binding heaviness for a principal token, much leaping of vvmd 
about the skin, as well as stutting, or tripping in speech, &c., hollow eyes, gross 
veins, and broad lips." To some too, if they be far gone, mimical gestures are too 
familiar, latghing, grinning, fleering, murmuring, talking to themselves, with strange 
mouths and faces, inarticulate voices, exclamations, Sec. And although they be com- 
monly lean, hirsute, uncheerful in countenance, withered, and not so pleasant to 
behold, by reason of those continual fears, griefs, and vexations, dull, heavy, lazy, 
restless, unapt to go about any business \ yet their memories are most part good, 
they have happy wits, and excellent apprehensions. Their hot and dry brains make 
them they cannot sleep, Ingentes hahent et crehras viglUas (Arteus) mighty and often 
watchings, sometimes waking for a month, a year together. "^Hercules de Saxoniu 
faithfully averreth, that he hath heard his mother swear, she slept not for seven 
months together: Trincavelius, Tom. 2. cons. IG. speaks of (»ne that waked 50 days, 
and Skenkius hath examples of two years, and all without offence. In natural 
actions their appetite is greater than their concoction, multa appetimt., pauca digerun!^ 
as Rhasis hath it, they covet to eat, but cannot digest. And although they '^^'-'^ do eat 
much, yet they are lean, ill-liking," saith Areteus, ""withered and hard, much troubled 
with cosliveness," crudities, oppilations, spitting, belching, &c. Their pulse is rare 
and slow, except it be of the '^'Carotides, which is very strong; but that varies 
according to their intended passions or perturbations, as Struthius hath proved at 
large, Spigmatic(E artis I. 4. c. 13. To say truth, in such chronic diseases the pulse 
is not much to be respected, there being so much superstition in it, as ^^ Crato notes, 
and so many differences in Galen, that he dares say they may not be observed, or 
understood of any man. 

Their urine is most part pale, and low coloured, urina paiica^ acris^ hlJiosa, 
(Areteus), not much in quantity; but this, in my judgment, is all out as uncertain as 
the other, varying so often according to several persons, habits, and other occasions 
not to be respected in chronic diseases. '^^ " Their melancholy excrements in some 
very much, in others little, as the spleen plays his part," and thence proceeds wijid, 
palpitation of the heart, short breath, plenty of humidity in the stomach, heaviness 
of heart and heartache, and intolerable stupidity and dullness of spirits. Tlieir 
excrements or stool hard, black to some and little. If the heart, brain, liver, spleen, 
be misaffected, as usually they are, many inconveniences proceed from them, many 
diseases accompany, as incubus, ^° apoplexy, epilepsy, vertigo, those frequent wakings 
and terrible dreams, ^' intempestive laughing, weeping, sighing, sobbing, bashfulness, 
blushing, trembling, sweating, swooning, &c. ^^ All their senses are troubled, they 
think they see, hear, smell, and touch that which they do not, as shall be proved in 
the following discourse. 

SuBSECT. II. — Symptoms or Signs in the Mind. 

Fear.] Arculanus in 9. Rhdsis ad Almansor. cap. 16. will have these symptoms 
to be iiAfinite, as indeed they are, varying according to the parties, ••' for scarce is there 
one of a t^housand that dotes alike," ^^Laurentius c. 16. Some few of greater note I 
will point at; and amongst the rest, fear and sorrow, which as they are frequent 
causes, so if they persevere long, according to Hippocrates^^ and Galen's aphorisms, 
they are most assured signs, inseparable companions, and characters of melancholy; 
of present melancholy and habituated, saith Montaltus cap. II. and common to them 
all, as the said Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and all Neotencs hold. But as hounds 
many times run away with a false cry, never perceiving themselves to be at a fault, 
so do they. For Diodes of old, (whom Galen confutes,) and amongst the juniors, 
'^Hercules de Saxonia, with Lod. Mercatus cap. 17. 1. 1. de mclan. takes just excep- 
tions, at this aphorism of Hippocrates, 'tis not aiv/ays true, or so generally to be 



^'= In Pantheon cap. de Melancholia. ^ AIvus arida 
nihil dejiciens cibi capaces, nihilominiis tamen cx- 
lenuati sunt. 4? jvjc Piso Inflatio carotidutn, &c. 

•8 Andra^as Dudith Rahamo.ep. lib. 3. Crat. epist. uiiilta 
in piilsihiis ?npersiitio, ansini etinni riicere, tot diff«- 
rentiasqiia; riescrihiintnr a Galeno, neque intellijri a 
%!uoquani nee ohservari posse. ^^T. Briglit. caj). 20. 

•o Post. 40. atat. annum, saitli Jarchinus in 1.5. 9. Kha- 
is. Idem. Mercurialis consil. 66. 'I' Micave us, Tom. 2. 



cons. 17. fiiGordoniiis, modo rident, niodo (lent, 

silent, &c. 62 Fernelius consil. 43. el 45. M inta-' 

mis consil. 230. Galen de locis ati'ectis, lili. 3. cap. <). 
63 Aphnrisni et lib. de Mclan. s^ Lib. 2. cap. 0. de 

locis affect. liinor et !na;stitia, si diulifis persevvreiit, 
&c. 65 Tract, posihutno de M'-lan. edit. Venetiis 

IGiO. per Bolzettain Hibliop. Mihi dilifrentins hanc rem 
consideranti, [)atet quosdaiti esse, qui non laborant 
ma^rore el timore. 



30 u2 



234 Symjptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3 

understood, " fear and sorrow are no common symptoms to all melancholy ; iipop 
ni >ie serious consideration, J find some (saith he) that are not so at all. Some indeed 
are sa*^', and not fearful ; some fearful and not sad ; some neither fearful nor sad ; 
some both." Four kinds he excepts, fanatical persons, such as were Cassandra, 
Nant'v, Nicostrata, Mopsus, Proteus, the Sybils, whom ^^Aristotle confesseth to have 
been deeply melancholy. Baptista Porta seconds him, Physiog. lib. 1, cap. 8, they 
were aird bile perciti: daemoniacal persons, and such as speak strange languages, 
are of tliis rank : some poets, such as laugh always, and think themselves kings, 
cardinals, &c., sanguine they are, pleasantly disposed most part, and so continue. 
^^ Baptista Portia confines fear and sorrow to them that are cold ; but lovers, sybils, 
enthusiasts, he wholly excludes. So that I think I may truly conclude, they are not 
always sad and fearful, but usually so : and that ^^ without a cause, timcnt. de non 
timendis., (Gordonius,) qiiceque viomenfl non sunf^ "although not all alike (saith Alto- 
marus), ^^ yet all likely fear, ^° some with an extraordinary and a mighty fear," Areteus. 
^' " Many fear death, and yet in a contrary humour, make away themselves," Galen, 
lib. 3. de Inc. affec. cap. 7. Some are afraid that heaven will fall on their heads 
some they are damned, or shall be. ^^"I'hey are troubled with scruples of con 
sciences, distrusting God's mercies, think they shall go certainly to hell, the devil will 
have them, and make great lamentation," Jason Pratensis. Fear of devils, death, 
that they shall be so sick, of some such or such disease, ready to tremble at every 
object, they shall die themselves forthwitli, or that some of their dear friends or near 
allies are certainly dead ; imminent danger, loss, disgrace still torment others, &c. ; 
that they are all glass, and therefore will suffer no man to come near them : that 
they are all cork, as light as feathers ; others as heavy as lead ; some are afraid their 
heads will fall off their shoulders, that they have frogs in their bellies, &c. ^^ Mon- 
tanus consll. 23, speaks of one " that durst not walk alone from home, for fear he 
should swoon or die." A second ^^ " fears every man he meets will rob him, quarrel 
with him, or kill him." A third dares not venture to walk alone, for fear he should 
meet the devil, a thief, be sick ; fears all old women as witches, and every black dog 
or cat he sees he suspecteth to be a devil, every person comes near him is malifi- 
ciated, every creature, all intend to hurt him, seek his ruin ; another dares not go 
over a bridge, come near a pool, rock, steep hill, lie in a chamber where cross beams 
are, for fear he be temptfed to hang, drown, or precipitate himself If he be in a 
silent auditory, as at a sermon, he is afraid he shall speak aloud at unawares, some- 
thing indecent, unfit to be said. If he be locked in a close room, he is afraid of 
being stifled for want of air, and still carries biscuit, aquavitae, or some strong waters 
about him, for fear of deliquiums, or being sick ; or if he be in a throng, middle of 
a church, multitude, where he may not well get out, though he sit at ease, he is so 
misaffected. He will freely promise, undertake any business beforehand, but when 
it comes to be performed, he dare not adventure, but fears an infinite number of 
dangers, disasters, &c. Some are ^^" afraid to be burned, or that the ^^ ground will 
sink under them, or ^'^ swallow them quick, or that the king will call them in ques- 
tion for some fact they never did (Rhasis cant.) and that they shall surely be exe- 
cuted." The terror of such a death troubles them, and they fear as much and are 
equally tormented in mind, '^^^ as they that have committed a murder, and are pensive 
without a cause, as if they were now presently to he put to death." Plater, cap. 3 
le mentis alienat. They are afraid of some loss, danger that they shall surely lose 
their lives, goods, and all they have, but why they kr>ow not. Trincavelius, consil. 
13. lib. 1. had a patient that would needs make away himself, for fear of being 
hanged, and could not be persuaded for three years together, but that he had killed 
a man. Plater, observat. lib. 1 . hath two other examples of such as feared to be 
executed without a cause. If tlicy come in a place where a robbery, theft, or p.ny 



5^ °roh. lib. 3. 67 Physiog lib. 1. c. 8. anihus multa 
fri^ida hilis atra, stnlidi et timiiii, at qui caliili, iiige- 
iiiosi. aiiiasii, diviiiosi, spiritu instijraii, &c. s* Orii- 
nes exercfiit rnatus ei tristitia, et sine causa. ^-'Om- 
ne.s tiineiit licet non omnibus idem timetidi modus 
^Etiiis 'J'etral*. lib. '2. sect. c. 9. "o Insenti pavore 

Irepidatit, ^i ^-vjnitj mortem timent, et tamen sibi 

ipsis mortem consciscunt, alii coeii ruinam timent. 
BAfSigit end plena scrupulis couscientia, divitis misc- 



ricordiie diffidentes, Oreo se destinant fceda lamenta- 
tioiie deplorantes. 63 Non ausus eL'redi domj ne 

dt^ficeret. "^Multi da;mones timent, lalroiies, insi- 

dias, Aviceniia. ^a Alii comburi, alii de Rfge, Rhasis, 
6fi Nc terra absorbearitur. Forestus. S7 jve terra 

dehiscat. Gordon. 68 a ii timore mortis timentui 

et mala pratia principuu. 'lutant se aliquid commisisse 
et ad supplicium requiri. 



Mem. 1 . Subs. 2.j Symptoms in the Mind. 235 

such offence hath been done, they presently fear they are su^pec^ed, and many times 
betray themselves without a cause. Lewis XI., the French kin^, suspected every 
man a traitor that came about him, durst trust no officer. Al'd formidolos'i ornnium^ 
alii quoriindam (Fracatorius lib. 2. de Inlelhct.) ^^" some fear all alike, some certain 
men, and cannot endure their companies, are sick in them, or if they be from home." 
Some suspect "^^ treason still, others "• are afraid of their''' dearest and nearest friends." 
[Melanelius e Galeno^ Ruffo^ JEtio,) and dare not be alone in the dark for fear of 
hobgoblins and devils : he suspects everything he hears or sees to be a devil, or 
enchanted, and imagineth a thousand chimeras and visions, which to his thinking he 
certainly sees, bugbears, talks with black men, ghosts, goblins, Stc, '^Omnes se ier- 
rent aurce^ sonus excitat omnts. Another through bashfulness, suspicion, and timo- 
rousness will not be seen abroad, '^''' loves darkness as life, and cannot endure the 
light," or to sit in lightsome places, his hat still in his eyes, he will neither see nor 
be seen by his goodwill, Hippocrates, lib. de Insania et Melancholia. He dare not 
come in company for fear he should be misused, disgraced, overshoot himself in 
gesture or speeches, or be sick; he thinks every man observes him, aims at him, 
derides him, owes him malice. Most part '^^ " t'hey are afraid they are bewitched, 
possessed, or poisoned by their enemies, and sometimes they suspect their nearest 
friends : he thinks something speaks or talks within him, and he belcheth of the 
poison." Christopherus a Vega, lib. 2. cap. 1. had a patient so troubled, that by no 
persuasion or physic he could be reclaimed. Some are afraid that they shall have 
every fearful disease they see others have, hear of, or read, and dare not therefore 
hear or read of any such subject, no not of melancholy itself, lest by applying to 
tiiemselves that which they hear or read, they should aggravate and increase it. If 
they see one possessed, bewitched, an epileptic paroxysm, a man shaking with the 
palsy, or giddy-lieaded, reeling or standing in a dangerous place, &c., for many days 
after it runs in their minds, they are afraid they shall be so too, they are in like dan- 
ger, as Perk. c. 12. sc. 12. well observes in his Cases of Consc. and many times by 
violence of imagination they produce it. They cannot endure to see any terrible 
object, as a monster, a man executed, a carcase, hear the devil named, or any tragical 
relation seen, but they quake for fear, Hecatas somniare sibi videntiir (Lucian) they 
dream of hobgoblins, and may not get it out of their minds a long time after: they 
apply (as I have said) all they hear, see, read, to themselves; as "^ Felix Plater notes 
of some young physicians, that study to cure diseases, catch them themselves, will 
be sick, and appropriate all symptoms they find related of others, to their own per- 
sons. And therefore [quod iterum moneo^ licet nauseam paret lectori^ mala deccm 
potius verba., decies repetita licet abundare^ qirnm unum desiderari) I would advise 
him that is actually melancholy not to read this tract of Symptoms, lest he disquiet 
or make himself for a time worse, and more melancholy than he was before. Gene- 
rally of them all take this, de inanibus semper conqueruntur et timent., saith Aretius; 
they complain of toys, and fear '"^ without a cause, and still think their melancholy 
to be most grievous, none so bad as they are, though it be nothing in respect, yet 
never any man sure was so troubled, or in this sort. As really tormented and per- 
plexed, in as great an agony for toys and trifles (such things as they will after laugh 
at themselves) as if they were most material and essential matters indeed, worthy to 
be feared, and will not l3e satisfied. Pacify them for one, they are instantly troubled 
with some other fear; always afraid of something which they foolishly imagine or 
conceive to themselves, which never peradventure was, never can be, never likely 
will be ; troubled in mind upon every small occasion, unquiet, still complaining, 
grieving, vexing, suspecting, grudging, discontent, and cannot be freed so long as 
melancholy continues. Or if their minds be more quiet for the present, and they 
free from foreign fears, outward accidents, yet their bodies are out of tune, they sus- 
pect some part or other to be amiss, now their head aches, heart, stomach, spleen, 

69 Alius domesticos timet, alius omnes. iEtius. ^u Alii tioiiem se veiieficain suinpsisse pntat, et de hac ructaro 

riment insidias. Aurel. lib. 1. de iiiorb. Cliroii. cap. G. sibi crehio videtur. Idem Moulaltus cap. 21. J3tius lib. 

■' Ille chaiissiiiios, hie omnes hDiuiiieri citra discrimou 2. aX alii, 'i'ralliauus 1. 1. cap. 10. "•'^Oliseivat. 1. 1. 

tirn.et. '^^ Virgil. " [lie in lucem prodire timet, Ciuaiido iis nil nocet, nisi quod mulieiibus melanr.ho 

leriebrasquequiErit, contra, ille calit'ino.'^a fujiit. ''^Q.ui- licis. "6— timeo tameii metusque cai'«aE iiesciui 

am larvas, ot mains spiritus ab inimicis veiifficius et causa est mttus. ileiasius Austriaco. 
incaiitationibus sibi putaut olyeciari, Uippocrale-s, po- 1 



236 



Symptoms of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sect. 3 



&c. IS misarTected, they shall surely have this or that die/.ase; still troubled in body 
mind, or both, and through wind, corrupt fantasy, some accidental distemper, conti- 
nually molested. Yet for all this, as " Jacchinus notes, " in all other things they are 
wise, staid, discreet, and do nothing unbeseeming their dignity, person, or place, this 
foolish, ridiculous, and childish fear excepted ; which so much, so continually tor- 
tures and cruelties their souls, like a barking dog that always bawls, but seldom bites, 
his fear ever molesteth, and so long as melancholy lasteth, cannot be avoided." 

Sorrow is that other character, and inseparable companion, as individual as Saint 
Cosm.us and Damian, fidus ^chates^ as all writers witness, a common symptom, a 
continual, and still without any evident cause, ^^ moerent omnes., et si roges eos rrdderr 
causam^ non possunt: grieving still, but why they cannot tell : Agelasti., mczsti, cogi- 
tahiindi^ they look as if they had newly come forth of Trophonius' den. And though 
they laugh many times, and seem to be extraordinary merry (as they will by fits), 
yet extreme lumpish again in an instant, dull and heavy, semxl et simul., merry and 
sad, but most part sad : '^*Si qua placent^ aheunt; irdmica tenacius hcBrent: sorrow 
sticks by them still continually, gnawing as the vulture did *^°Titius' bowels, and 
they cannot avoid it. No sooner are their eyes open, but after terrible and trouble- 
some dreams their heavy hearts begin to sigh : they are still fretting, chafing, sighing, 
grieving, complaining, finding faults, repining, grudging, weeping, Heautontimorume- 
noi., vexing themselves, ^'disquieted in mind, with restless, unquiet thoughts, discon- 
tent, either for their own, other men's or public aflairs, such as concern them not; 
things past, present, or to come, the remembrance of some disgrace, loss, injury, 
abuses, &c. troubles them now being idle afresh, as if it were new done ; they are 
atfiicted otherwise for some danger, loss, want, shame, misery, that will certainly 
come, as they suspect and mistrust. Lugubris Ate frowns upon them, insomuch that 
Areteus well calls it angorem animi^ a vexation of the mind, a perpetual agony. 
They can hardly, be pleased, or eased, though in other men's opinion most happy, 

go, tarry, run, ride, ^^ post equitem sedet atra cura: they cannot avoid this feral 

plague, let them come in what company they will, ^^haret leteri Jethalis arundo^ as 
to a deer that is struck, whether he run, go, rest with the herd, or alone, this grief 
remains : irresolution, inconstancy, vanity of mind, their fear, torture, care, jealousy, 
suspicion, &c., continues, and they cannot be relieved. So ^ he complained in the 
poet, 



Domum revortor mcestiis, atque animo fere 
Perturbato, atque incerto piae fpgritudine, 
Assido, accurriuit servi : succos detrahunt, 



Video alios festinare, lectos sternere, 
Coeiiam apparare, pro se qiiisque sedulo 
Faciebaiit, quo iliain mihi letiirent miseriam. 



" He came home sorrowful, and troubled in his mind, his servants did all they pos- 
sibly could to please him ; one pulled off" his socks, another made ready his bed, a 
third his supper, all did their utmost endeavours to ease his grief, and exhilarate his 
person, he was profoundly melancholy, he had lost his son, illiid angebat^ that was 
his Cordolium, his pain, his agony which could not be removed." 

Tcedium vUce.] Hence it proceeds many times, that they are weary of their lives, 
and feral thoughts to ofl^er violence to their own persons come into their minds, 
tcEdium vitcc. is a common symptom, tarda Jljiunf., ingrataque tempora^ they are soon 
tired with all things ; they will now tarry, now be gone ; now in bed they will rise, 
now up, then go to bed, now pleased, then again displeased ; now they like, by and 
by dislike all, weary of all, sequitur nunc vivcndi^ nunc moriendi cupido., saith Aure- 
lianus, Ub. 1. cap. 6, but most part ^'^vitam damnant^ discontent, disquieted, perplexed 
upon every light, or no occasion, object : often tempted, I say, to make away them- 
selves : ^ ViDcre nolunt., mori nesciunt : they cannot die, they will not live : they 
complain, weep, lament, and think they lead a most miserable life, never was any 
man so bad, or so before, every poor man they see is most fortunate in respect of 
them, every beggar that comes to the door is happier than they are, they could be 
contented to change lives with them, especially if they be alone, idle, and parted 
from their ordinary company, molested, displeased, or provoked : grief, fear, agony, 
discontent, wearisomeness, laziness, suspicion, or some such passion forcibly seizeth 



"' Cap. 15. in 9. Rhasis, in inultis vidi, priEter rationem 
eeniper aliquid tiinent, in ceteris tainen opiiine se 
gerunt, rieque ali()uid prreler dignitatem coiuinittunt. 
'" Altomarus cap 7. Areteus, triste, sunt. ^aMant. 



Egl. 1. f-oQvid. Met. 4. ''Mnqiiies animuf 

»- Hor. 1. 3. Od. 1. "Dark care rides behind him' 
s3Virg. 84 Mened. Heautonl. Act. 1. so. 1. »5 aIm 
marus. »6 Seneca. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] 



Symptoms in the Mind. 



23: 



on them. Yet by and by when they come in company agam, which tney like, or 
be pleased, siiam sententiam rursus damnanf, et vUce soJatio delcctantur^ as Octavins 
Horatianus observes, llh. 2. cap. 5, they condemn their former mislike, and are well 
pleased to live. And so they continue, till with some fresh discontent they le 
molested again, and then they are weary of their lives, weary of all, they will die, 
and show rather a necessity to live, than a desire. Claudius the emperor, as *^^ Suetou 
describes him, had a spice of this disease, for when he was tormented with the pain 
of his stomach, he had a conceit to make away himself Julius Cassar Claudinus, 
consil. 84. had a Polonian to his patient, so aifected, that tlirough ^'^fear and sorrow, 
with which he was still disquieted, hated his own life, wished for death every 
moment, and to be freed of his misery. Mercurialis another, and another that was 
often minded to despatch himself, and so continued for many years. 

Suspicion., Jealousy ?\ Suspicion, and jealousy, are general symptoms: they are 
commonly distrustful, apt to mistake, ani amplify, /«c;7e irascibiles., ^^ testy, pettish, 
peevish, and ready to snarl upon every "^ small occasion, cum amicissimis^ and with- 
out a cause, datum vel non datum., it will be scandahim acccptum. If they speak in 
jest, he takes it in good earnest. If they be not saluted, 'invited, consulted with, 
called to counsel, Slc, or that any respect, small compliment, or ceremony be omitted, 
they think themselves neglected, and contemned ; for a time that tortures them. If 
two talk together, discourse, whisper, jest, or tell a tale in general, he thinks pre- 
sently they mean him, applies all to himself, de se putat omnia did. Or if they talk 
with him, he is ready to misconstrue every word they speak, and interpret it to the 
worst ; he cannot endure any man to look steadily on him, speak to him almost, 
laugh, jest, or be familiar, or hem, or point, cough, or spit, or make a noise some- 
times, &c. ®' He thinks they laugh or point at him, or do it in disgrace of him, cir- 
cumvent him, contemn him ; every man looks at him, he is pale, red, sweats for 
fear and anger, lest somebody should observe him. He works upon it, and long 
after this false conceit of an abuse troubles him. Montanus consil. 22. gives instance 
in a melancholy Jew, that was Iracundior Adria^ so waspish and suspicious, tam 
facile iratus., that no man could tell how to carry himself in his company. 

Inconstancy.] Inconstant they are in all their actions, vertiginous, restless, unapt 
to resolve of any business, they will and will not, persuaded to and fro upon every 
small occasion, or word spoken : and yet if once they be resolved, obstinate, hard 
to be reconciled. If they abhor, dislike, or distaste, once settled, though to the better 
by odds, by no counsel, or persuasion, to be removed. Yet in most things wavering, 
irresolute, unable to deliberate, through fear,yac/'//n/, et moxfacti pcenitcnt [Jlrcteus) 
avari^ et paulo post prodigi. Now prodigal, and then coveious, they do, and by-and- 
by repent them of that which they have done, so that both ways they are troubled, 
whether they do or do not, want or have, hit or miss, disquieted of all hands, soon 
weary, and still seeking change, restless, I say, fickle, fugitive, they may not abide 
to tarry in one place long. 

92" Romae riis optans, absentem rusticus iirbem 
Tollit ad astra" 

.10 company long, or to persevere in any action or business. 

93" Et similis rcgum pueris, pappare minutum 
Poscit, et iratus mainmse lallare recusal," 

eftsoons pleased, and anon displeased, as a man that's bitten with fleas, or that can 
not sleep turns to and fro in his bed, their restless minds are tossed and vary, they 
nave no patience to read out a book, to play out a game or two, walk a mile, sit 
an hour, &c., erected and dejected in an instant; animated to undertake, and upon a 
word spoken again discouraged. 

Passionate.'] Extreme passionate, Quicquid volunt valde volunt; and what they 
desire, they do most furiously seek ; anxious ever, and very solicitous, distrustful 



8TCap. 31. duo slomachi dolore cnrreptum se, etiam 
de consciscenda morte cogitasse dixit. ^ Luget et 

semper tristatur, solitudinern amat, mortem sibi preca- 
lur, viiam propriam odio habet. 89 Facile in iram 

incidunt. Aret. 9o Ira sine cansa, velocitas irae. 

Savanarola. pract. major, velocitas irag signnni. Avi- 
cenna 1, 3. Fer. 1. Tract. 4. cap. 18. Angor sine causa. 



9iSnspicio, difTidentia, symptomala. Crato Ep. Ju.io 
Alexaiidriiio cons. 185 Scoltzii. ^MJor. "At Rome, 

wishing for the fields, in the country, extojlinij the city 
to the skies." 93 Pers. Sat. 3. "And like the chil- 

dren of nobility, require to eat pofi, and, angry at thi' 
nurse, refuse her to sing lullaby." 



238 



Sijmptoms oj Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 3. 



and timorous, envious, malicious, profuse one while, sparing another, but most part 
covetous, muttering, repining, discontent, and still complaining, grudging, peevish, 
injuriarum tenaccs^ prone to revenge, soon troubled, and most violent in all their 
imaginations, not affable in speech, or apt to vulgar compliment, but surly, dull, sad 
austere; cogUabundl still, very intent, and as ^'*Albertus Durer paints melancholy 
like a sad woman leauing on her arm with fixed looks, neglected habit, &c , helci 
therefore by some proud, soft, sottish, or half-mad, as the Abderites esteemed of 
Democritus : and yet of a deep reach, excellent apprehension, judicious, wise, and 
witty: for J am of that ^^ nobleman^s mind, "Melancholy advanceth men's conceits, 
more than any humour whatsoever," improves their meditations more than any strong 
drink or sack. They are of profound judgment in some things, although in others 
non rede judicant inquieti^ saith Fracastorius, lib. 2. de Intell. And as Arculanus, 
c. 16. in 9. Rhasis., terms it. Judicium pier umquc perversujn^ corruptly cum judicant 
lumesta inhonesfa^ et amicltlam hahent pro inimlcUla : they count honesty dishonesty, 
"riends as enemies, they will abuse their best friends, and dare not offend their ene- 
mies. Cowards most part et ad inferendam Injurlam flmidlssiml., saith Cardan, lib. 8. 
cap. 4. de reruni varlefate : loth to offend, and if they chance to overshoot them- 
selves in word or deed : or any small business or circumstance be omitted, forgotten,^ 
they are miserably tormented, and frame a thousand dangers and inconveniences 
to themselves, ex musca elej)hantem^ if once they conceit it : overjoyed with every 
good rumor, tale, or prosperous event, transported beyond themselves : with every 
small cross again, bad news, misconceived injury, loss, danger, afflicted beyond 
measure, in great axony, perplexed, dejected, asionislied, impatient, utterly undone: 
fearful, suspicious of all. Yet again, many of them desperate hairbrains, rash, care- 
less, fit to be assassins, as being void of all fear and sorrow, according to ^^ Hercules 
de Saxonld., " Most audacious, and such as dare walk alone in the night, through 
deserts and dangerous places, fearing none." 

Amorous?^ "• They are prone to love," and ®'easy to be taken ; Propensl ad amorem 
et excandescentlam [Monlaltus cap. 21.) quickly enamoured, and dote upon all, love 
one dearly, till they see another, and then dote on her, Ei hanc, et hanc, et illam^ et 
omnes. the present moves most, and the last commonly they love best. Yet some 
again Antfrotcs, cannot endure the sight of a woman, abhor the sex, as that same 
melancholy ^^ duke of Muscovy, that was instantly sick, if he came but in sight of 
them ; and that ^^ Anchorite, that fell into a cold palsy, when a woman was brought 
before him. 

Humorous.] Humorous they are beyond all measure, sometimes profusely laughing, 
extraordinarily merry, and then again weeping without a cause, (which is familiar 
with many gentlewomen,) groaning, sighing, pensive, sad, almost distracted, ?nulta 
absurdajlngunt^ et a ratione allena (saith '^Frambesarius), they feign many absurdi- 
ties, vain, void of reason : one supposeth himself to be a dog, cock, bear, horse, 
glass, butter, &c. He is a giant, a dwarf, as strong as an hundred men, a lord, duke, 
prince, &c. And if he be told he hath a stinking breath, a great nose, that he is sick, 
or inclined to such or such a disease, he believes it eftsoons, and peradventure by 
force of imagination will work it out. Many of them are immovable, and fixed in 
their conceits, others vary upon every object, heard or seen. If they see a stage- 
play, they run upon that a week after ; if they hear music, or see dancing, they have 
nought but bag-pipes in their brain : if they see a combat, they are all for anus. ^ If 
abiised, an abuse troubles them long after; if crossed, that cross, &c. Restless in 
their thoughts and actions, continually meditating, Velut cegrl somnla., vance Jingun- 
tur species; more like dreams, than men awake, they fain a company of antic, fantas- 
tical conceits, they have most frivolous thoughts, impossible to be effected ; and 
sometimes think verily they hear and see present before their eyes such phantasms 
or goblins, they fear, suspect, or conceive, they still talk with, and follow them. In 
fine, cogltationes somnlantibus similes., id vigilant., quod alii somniant cogitabundi . 
still, saith Avicenna, they wake, as others dream, and such for the most part are their 



9* III his Dutch work picture. 9^ Howard cap. 7. 

differ. 9« Tract, de mel. cap. 2. Noctii ambulant per 
Bylvas, et loca periculosa, neiniiiem tiinent. »" Facile 
amaiit. Altniri. ^i^Bodine. ■•' lo. Major vitis 

uatruiii fid.'2i)2. Paiilus Ahha*^ Eremita tanta so'itiidiiie, 



perseverat, ut nee vestem, nee vultuni miilieris ferre 
possit, &c. looConsult. lib. 1. 17. Cons. i Generally 
as they are pleased or displeased, so are their contiiiuul 
cognations pleasing or displeasing, 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Symptoms in (he Mind. 239 

imaginations and conceiis, ^absurd, vain, foolish toys, yet they are ''most curious and 
solicitous, continual, el supra modiim^ Rhasis cont. lib. 1. cap. 9. prameditanfur de 
aliqaa re. As serious in a toy, as if it were a most necessary business, ot great 
moment, importance, and still, still, still thinking of it: sctviunt in se, macerating tliem- 
selves. Though they do talk witii you, and seem to be otherwise employed, and to 
your thinking very intent and busy, still that toy runs in their mind, that fear, that 
suspicion, that abuse, tliat jealousy, that agony, that vexation, that cross, that castle 
in the air, that crotchet, that whimsy, that fiction, that pleasant waking dream, what- 
soever it is. JVec interrogant (saith '* Fracastorius) nee interrogans rede respondent 
They do not much heed what you say, their mind is on another matter; ask what 
you will, they do not attend, or much intend that business they are about, but forget 
themselves wiiat they are saying, doing, or should otherwise say or do, whitlier they 
are going, distracted w^ilh tlieir own melancholy thoughts. One laughs upon a 
sudden, another sm.iles to himself, a third frowns, calls, his lips go still, he acts with 
his hand as he walks, &.c. 'Tis proper to all melancholy men, saith ^Mercurialis, 
con. 11. '•'•What conceit they have once entertained, to be most intent, violent, and 
continually about it." Invitas occurrit, do what they may they cannot be rid of 
it, against their wills they must think of it a thousand times over, Pcrpetuo moles- 
iantiir ncc ohlivisci possunt^ they are continually troubled with it, in company, out 
of company; at meat, at exercise, at all times and places, ^non desinunt ea^ quce 
minime volimt^ cogitare^ if it be offensive especially, they cannot forget it, they may 
not rest or sleep for it, but still tormenting themselves, Sysiphi saxum volvunt sibi 
ipsis^ as 'Brunner observes, Perjjctua calamitas et miserabile Jlagellum. 

Bashfulness.] ^Crato, ^Laurentius, and Fernelius, put bashfulness for an ordinary 
symptom, sabrusticus pudor^ or vitiosus pudor^ is a thing which much haunts and tor- 
ments them. If they have been misused, derided, disgraced, chidden, &c., or by any 
perturbation of mind, misaffected, it so far troubles them, that they become quite moped 
many times, and so disheartened, dejected, they dare not come abroad, into strange 
companies especially, or manage their ordinary affairs, so childish, timorous, and bash- 
ful, they can look no man in the face ; some are more disquieted in this kind, some 
less, longer some, others shorter, by fits, &c., though some on the other side (according 
to '° Fracastorius) be inverecundi et pertinaces., impudent and peevish. But most part 
they are very shamefaced, and that makes them with Pet. Blesensis, Christopher Urs- 
^'ick, and many such, to refuse honours, offices, and preferments, which sometimes fall 
into their mouths, they cannot speak, or put forth themselves as others can, tifnor hos^ 
pudor impedit illos^ timorousness and bashfulness hinder their proceedings, they are 
contented with their present estate, unwilling to undertake any office, and therefore 
never likely to rise. For that cause they seldom visit their friends, except some fami- 
liar's : pauciloqid, of few words, and oftentimes wholly silent. " Frambeserius, a 
Frenchman, had two such patients, omnmo taciturnos^ their friends could not get them 
to speak : Rodericus a Fonesca consult, torn. 2. 85. consil. gives instance in a young 
man, of twenty-seven years of age, that was frequently silent, bashful, moped, soli- 
tary, that would not eat his meat, or sleep, and yet again by fits apt to be angry, Stc. 

Solitariness.] Most part they are, as Plater notes, desides., tacitarni., cegre impulsi^ 
nee nisi coacti procedunt., S^'c. they will scarce be compelled to do that wliich concerns 
them, tliough it be for their good, so diffident, so dull, of small or no compliment., 
unsociable, hard to be acquainted with, especially of strangers ; they had rath.er write 
their minds than speak, and above all things love solitariness. Cb voluptalem^ an ol 
limorem soli suntf Are they so solitary for pleasure (one asks) or pain? for both 
yet I rather think for fear and sorrow, &.c. 

J2" Hinc metuunt cupiuntque, dolent fugiuntque, nee I " Hence 'tis they g:rieve and fear, avoiding lijilit, 
auras And shut themselves in prison dark from sight." 

Respiciunt, clausi tenebris, et carcere caeco." | 

As Bellerophon in '^ Homer, 

" Q.ui miser in sylvis mcerens orrabat opacis, I " That wandered in the woo Is sad all alone 

Ipse suum cor edens, honiinum vestigia vitans." | Forsaking men's society, making great nman. * 



20mnes excercent vanae intensaeqne animi cogita- I etiam vel invitis semper occnrrant. sj'niiiusde 

Siones, (N. Piso Bruel) et assiduae. ^Curiosi de rebus I sen. 'Consil. med. pro Hyporhoinlriaco. " Con 

minimis. Areteus. < Lib. 2. de Intell. 5Hoc|sil.43. ^CJap.S. lo Lib. i'. de Intell. 'i Co* 

me anchohcis omnibus proprium, ut quas semel imagi- I suit. 1.5. et 10. lib, 1. « Virg. JRn. G. '^ Iliad, .'i 
QSi jones valde reciperint, non facile rejiciant, sed hae | 



240 



Symptoms of Melancholy. 



Part. 1. Sec. 4, 



They 'Jelight in floo<ii3 and waters, desert places, to walk alone in orchards, gardens?, 
private M^alks, back lanes, averse from company, as Diogenes in his tub, or Timon 
Misanthropus, ''' they abhor all companions at last, even their nearest acqnaintances 
and most familiar friends, for they ha\c; a conceit (I say) every man observes them, 
will deride, laugh to scorn, or misuse them, confining themselves therefore wholly 
to their private houses or chambers, ywo^mn^ homines sine causa (saith Rhasis) et odio 
hahenl., conf. I. I.e. 9. they will diet themselves, feed and live alone. It was one of 
the chiefest reasons why the citizens of Abdera suspected Democritus to be melan- 
choly and mad, because that, as Hippocrates related in his Epistle to Philopoemenes, 
'^''he forsook the city, lived in groves and hollow trees, upon a green bank by a 
brook side, or confluence of waters all day long, and all night." Quce quidem (saith 
he) j)lurimum aira bile vexatis et mclancholicis eveniunt^ deserta frequcntant^ homi- 
numqnc congressum aversanfur; '^ which is an ordinary thing with melancholy men. 
The Egyptians therefore in their hieroglyphics expressed a melancholy man by a 
hare sitting in her form, as being a most timorous and solitary creature, Picrius Hie- 
roglyph. I. 12. But this, and all precedent symptoms, are more or less apparent, as 
the humour is intended or remitted, hardly perceived in some, or not all, most mani- 
fest in others. Childish in some, terrible in others ; to be derided in one, pitied or 
admired in another ; to him by fits, to a second continuate : and howsoever these 
symptoms be common and incident to all persons, yet they are the more remarkable, 
frequent, furious and violent in melancholy me«. To speak in a word, there is 
nothing so vain, absurd, ridiculous, extravagant, impossible, incredible, so monstrous 
a chimaera, so prodigious and strange, '" such as painters and poets durst not attempt, 
which they will not really fear, feign, suspect and imagine unto themselves: and that 
which '^ Lod. Viv. said in a jest of a silly country fellow, that killed his ass for drink- 
ing up the moon, ut lunam mnndo redderet^ you may truly say of them in earnest ; 
they will act, conceive all extremes, contrarieties, and contradictions, and that in in- 
finite varieties. Melancholici plane incredihilia sibi pcrsuadent^ ut vix 07nnibiis scpculis 
duo reperti sint., qui idem imaginaii sint [Erastus de Lamiis)., scarce two of two 
thousand that concur in the same symptoms. The tower of Babel never yielded 
such confusion of tongues, as the chaos of melancholy doth variety of symptoms. 
There is in all melancholy similitudo dissirnilis., like men's faces, a disagreeing like- 
ness still ; and as in a river we swim in the same place, though not in the same 
numerical water; as the same instrument affords several lessons, so the same disease 
yields diversity of symptoms. Which howsoever they be diverse, intricate, and hard 
to be confined, 1 will adventure yet in such a vast confusion and generality to bring 
them into some order ; and so descend to particulars. 

SuBSECT. III. — Particular Symptoms frord the injluence of Stars^ parts of the Body^ 

and Humours. 

Some men have peculiar symptoms, according to their temperament and crisis, 
which they had from the stars and those celestial influences, variety of wits and dis- 
positions, as Anthony Zara contends, .y3/ia^. ingen. sect. 1. memb. 11, 12, 13, \4.plu-> 
rimura irritant infuentice coelestes^ unde ciciitur animi cegritudines et morbi corporum. 
'^One saith, diverse diseases of the body and mind proceed from their influences, 
^°as I have already proved out of Ptolemy, Pontanus, Lemnius, Cardan, and others 
as they are principal significators of manners, diseases, mutually irradiated, or lords 
of the geniture, &c. Ptolomeus in his centiloquy, Hermes, or whosoever else the 
author of that tract, attributes all these symptoms, which are in melancholy men, 
to celestial influences: which opinion MerciiriaUs de affect, lib. cap. 10. rejects; 
but, as I say, ^' Jovianus Pontanus and others stiffly defend. That some are solitary, 
dull, heavy, churlish ; some again blithe, buxom, light, and merry, they ascribe 
wholly to the stars. As if Saturn be predominant in his nativity, and cause melan- 



HSi malum exasperantur, homines odio hahent et 
Bolitaria petunt. i5 Democritus solet noctes et dies 

apud se degere, plerumque autem in speluncis, sub 
amccnis arborum umbris vel in tenebris, et molliljus 
herbis, vel ail aqiiarum crebra et qiiieta fluenta, &c. 
•■'Gaudet tenebris, aliturque dolor. Ps. Ixii. Vigilavi 



et fiictus sum velut nycticorax indomicilio, passer soli 
tarius in templo. i' Et qiioe vix audet fabula, monstra 
parit. '^In cap. 18. I. 10. de civ. dei, Lunam ab 

Asino epotam videns. >« Vel. 1. 4. c. 5. *'Sect, 

2. Meinb. 1. Subs. 4. 'i De reb. cosiest !ib. 10. r. J3 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.J Symptoms of the Slars^ Humours^ 4'C. 241 

choly in his temperature, then ^^he shall be very austere, sullen, churlish, black of 
colour, profound in his cogitations, full of cares, miseries, and discontents, sad and 
fearful, always silent, solitary, still delighting in husbandry, in woods, orchards, gar- 
dens, rivers, ponds, pools, dark walks and close : Cogifationes sunt velle cedificare^ 
edle ar bores plantar e^ agros colere^ Sfc. To catch birds, fishes, Slc. still contriving 
and musing of such matters. If Jupiter domineers, they are more ambitious, still 
meditating of kingdoms, magistracies, offices, honours, or that they are princes, 
}rotentates, and how they would carry themselves, &c. If Mars, they are all for wars, 
lirave combats, monomachies, testy, choleric, harebrain, rash, furious, and violent in 
their actions. They will feign themselves victors, commanders, are passionate and 
satirical in their speeches, great braggers, ruddy of colour. And though they be 
poor in shew, vile and base, yet like Telephus and Peleus in the ^^ poet, Ampullas 
jactant et sesquipedalia verba^ "forget their swelling and gigantic words," their 
mouths are full of myriads, and tetrarchs at their tongues' end. If the sun, they will 
be lords, emperors, in conceit at least, and monarchs, give offices, honours, &c. If 
Venus, they are still courting of their mistresses, and most apt to love, amorously 
given, they seem to hear music, plays, see fine pictures, dancers, merriments, and the 
like. Ever in love, and dote on all they see. Mercurialists are solitary, much in 
contemplation, subtile, poets, philosophers, and musing most part about such umtters. 
If the moon have a hand, they are all for peregrinations, sea voyages, much afiected 
with travels, to discourse, read, meditate of^such things ; wandering in their thoughts, 
diverse, much delighting in waters, to fish,^ fowl, &c. 

But the most immediate symptoms proceed from the temperature itself, and the 
organical parts, as head, liver, spleen, meseraic veins, heart, womb, stomach, &c., 
and most especially from distemperature of spirits (which, as ^'Hercules de Saxonia 
contends, are wholly immaterial), or from the four humours in those seats, whether 
they be hot or cold, natural, unnatural, innate or adventitious, intended or remitted, 
simple or mixed, their diverse mixtures, and several adustions, combinations, which 
may be as diversely varied, as those^^ four first qualities in ^^Clavius, and produce as 
many several symptoms and monstrous fictions as wine doth effect, which as Andreas 
Bachius observes, lib. 3. de vino^ cap. 20. are infinite. Of greater note be these. 

\^ it be natural melancholy, as Lod. Mercatus^ lib. 1. cap. 17. de mclan. T. Bright. 
c. 16. hath largely described, either of the spleen, or of the veins, faulty by excess 
of quantity, or thickness of substance, it is a cold and dry humour, as Montanus 
aflirms, consil. 26. the parties are sad, timorous ^nd fearful. Prosper Calenus, in his 
book de atra bile^ will have them to be more stupid than ordinary, cold, heavy, soli- 
tary, sluggish. Si multam atram hilem et frigidam habent. Hercules de Saxonia, 
c. I9. Z. 7. ^^" holds these that are naturally melancholy, to be of a leaden colour or 
black," and so doth Guianerius, c. 3. tract. 15. and such as think themselves dead 
many times, or that they see, talk with black men, dead men, spirits and goblins 
frequently, if it be in excess. These symptoms vary according to the mixture of 
those four humours adust, which is unnatural melancholy. For as Trallianus hath 
written, cap. 16. /. 7. ^" There is not one cause of this melancholy, nor one 
humour which begets, but divers diversely intermixed, from whence proceeds this 
variety of symptoms:" and those varying again as they are hot or cold. ^°"Cold' 
melancholy (saith Benedic. Vittorius Faventinus pract. mag.) is a cause of dotage, 
and more mild symptoms, if hot or more adust, of more violent passions, and furies." 
Fracastorius, /. 2. de intellect, will have us to consider well of it, ^^'•' with what kind 
of melancholy every one is troubled, for it much avails to know it ; one is enraged 
by fervent heat, another is possessed by sad and cold ; one is fearful, shamefaced ; 
the other impudent and bold; as Ajax, Arma rapit superosque furens in prcElia pas- 
<it: quite mad or tending to madness. JVunc hos^ nunc impetit illos. Bellerophon 
on the other side, solis errat male sanus in agri<i^ wanders alone in the woods; one 
iiespairs, weeps, and is weary of his life, another laughs, &c. All which variety is 

221. de Indagine Goclenius. 23Hor, de art. poet, rens, sed pliires, et alius alitor mntatus, iinde won oiu. 

** Tract. 7. dn Melan. 25 Humidiun, calidiiin, frici- nes eadem gentiunt syintnomata. 29fj„,„or frjiridiia 

dum, siccuin. 2CCom. in I c. Joliannis de Sacro- | delirii causa, humor calidiis furoris. so vinltuin 

bosfo. 27 gj residet tnelanchnlja naturalis, tales I referl qua quisqiie melancholia toneatur, hunc Orvens 

Jiluinbei coloris aut nijrri, stupidi, solitarii. -8 jvon et acceiisa apitat, ilium tristis et frige is o«rupat h 

una melancholioG causa est, nee unus humor vitii pa- I timidi, illi inverecundi, intrepidi, dec. 

31 Y 



242 Symptoms oj Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. 

produced from (. e several degrees of heat and cold, which ^' Hercules d^ Saxonia 
will have wholly proceed from the distemperature of spirits alone, animal especially, 
and those immaterial, the next and immediate causes of melancholy, as they are hoi, 
cold, dry, moist, and from their agitation proceeds that diversity of symptoms, which 
he reckons up, in the ^'^ thirteenth chap, of iiis Tract of Melancholy, and that largely 
through every part. Others will have them come from the diverse adustion of the 
four humours, which in this unnatural melancholy, by corruption of blood, adust 
choler, or melancholy natural, ^^"by excessive distemper of lieat turned, in com- 
parison of the natural, into a sharp lye by force of adustion, cause, according to the 
diversity of their matter, diverse and strange symptoms," which T. Bright reckons 
up in ]iis following chapter. So doth ^* Arculanus, according to the four principal 
humours adust, and many others. 

For example, if it proceed from phlegm, (which is seldom and not so frequently 
as the rest) ^^ it stirs up dull symptoms, and a kind of stupidity, or impassionate 
hurt: they are sleepy, saith ^^ Savanarola, dull, slovv, cold, blockish, ass-like, .^sm/- 
nam melancholiam^ '^^ Melancthon calls ifet"" they are much given to weeping, and 
delight in waters, ponds, pools, rivers, fishing, fowling, Stc.'"' (^Jlrnoldus hreviar. 1. 
cap. 18.) They are ^^pale of colour, slothful, apt to sleep, heavy; ^^much troubled 
with head-ache, continual meditation, and muttering to themselves; they dream of 
waters, '"'that they are in danger of drowning, and fear such things, Rhasis. They 
are fatter than others that are melancholy, of a muddy complexion, apter to spit, 
*' sleep, more troubled with rheum than the rest, and have their eyes still fixed on 
the ground. Such a patient had Hercules de Saxonia, a widow in Venice, that was 
fat and very sleepy still ; Christophorus a Vega another affected in the same sort. 
If it be inveterate; or violent, the symptoms are more evident, they plainly denote 
and are ridiculous to others, in all their gestures, actions, speeches ; imagining im- 
possibilities, as he in Christophorus a Vega, that thought lie was a tun of wine, 
■•^and that Siennois, that resolved within himself not to piss, for fear he should drown 
all the town. 

If it proceed from blood adust, or that there be a mixture of blood in it, "^^ such 
are commonly ruddy of complexion, and high-coloured," accoixling to Salust Salvi- 
anus, and Hercules de Saxonia. And as Savanarola, A^ittorius Faventinus Emper. 
farther adds, ''* " the veins of their eyes be red, as well as their faces." They are 
much inclined to laughter, witty and merry, conceited in discourse, pleasant, if they 
be not far gone, much given to music, dancing, and to be in women's company. 
They meditate wholly on such things, and think '*^" they see or hear plays, dancing, 
and such-like sports (free from all fear and sorrow, as ''^Hercules de Saxonia sup- 
poseth.) If they be more strongly possessed with this kind of melancholy, Arnol- 
dus adds, Brcviar. lib. 1. cap. 18. Like him of Argos in the Poet, that sate laugh- 
ing"^ all day long, as if he had been at a theatre. Such another is mentioned by 
*^ Aristotle, living at Abydos, a town of Asia Minor, that would sit after the same 
fashion, as if he had been upon a stage, and sometimes act himself; now clap his 
hands, and laugh, as if he had been well pleased with the sight. Wolfius relates of 
a country fellow called Brunsellius, subject to this humour, ''^'' that being by chance 
at a sermon, saw a woman fall off from a form half asleep, at which object most of 
the company laughed, but he for his part was so much moved, that for three whole 
days after he did nothing but laugh, by which means he was much weakened, a-id 
worse a long time following." Such a one was old Sophocles, and Democritus him- 
self had hilare delirium.) much in this vein. Laurentius cap. 3. de mclan. thinks this 
kind of melancholy, which is a little adust with some mixture of blood, to be that 
which Aristotle meant, when he said melancholy men of all others are most witty, 



3' Cap. 7. et 8. Traot. de Mel. a^gjgna melancholia 
L'X iiilemperie et ajritatioiie spiritimm sine niaieria. 
S3T. Bright cap. IG. Treat. Mel. 34 Cap. Ki. in 9. 

Khasis. 3^ Bri!,'ht, c. 1(5. 36 Pract. major. Som- 

nians, piger, frigidus. 37 De aniina cap. do humor, 

si a Phlegmate semper in aqnis fere sunt, et circa flu vios 
plorant tnultum. ** Pigra nascitnrei' colore pallido 



renfius. 43Ca. 6. de mel. Si a sanguine, ven it ruhedo 
oculorum et faciei, plurimus risus. <' Venre oculorum 
sunt rtibrte, vide an pracesserit vini ct aromatuni usns, 
et frcjuens balneum, Trallian. lib. 1. 16. an prtecesserit 
mora .sub sole. ^-'Ridet patiens si a sanguine, putat 

so videro choreas, musicam audire. Indos. &c. ■'ecap. 
2. Tract, de Melan. •>' Hor. ep. lib. 2. quidam hand 



et alho. Her. de Saxon. sosavanarola. ^oMuros j ignobilis Argis, &c. ^e [ji,. ,|e reb. mir. «(jiirr: 

cadere in so, uut sub-ner'j timeiit,cum torpiro et seg- ! inter concionandum mulierdormiense subsellio caderet, 
nitic, et fluvios anr.ir.! tales, Alexand. c. 16. lib. 7. I et omnes reliqui qui id viderent, ridereut, Iribus po»l 
♦'Semper fere dormit scr iiolenia c. 16. 1. 7. "Lau- diebus, &,c. 






Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of the. Slars^ Humours^ S^r. 24o 

which causeth many times a (hvine ravishment, and a kind of enthmiasmvs^ which 
stirrelh them up to he excellent philosophers, poets, prophets, &c. Mercurialis, 
consil. 110. ^ives instance in a young man his patient, sanguine melancholy, '°^' of a 
great wit, and excellently learned." 

If it arise from choler adust, they are bold and impudent, and of a more hairbraiL 
disposition, apt to quarrel, and think of such things, battles, combats, and their man- 
hood, furious; impatient in discourse, stiff, irrefragable and prodigious in their tenets; 
and if they be moved, most violent, outrageous, ^' ready to disgrace, provoke any, 
to kill themselves and others ; Arnoldus adds, stark mad by fits, ^^^' they sleep little, 
their urine is subtile and fiery. (Guianerius.) In their fits you shall hear them 
speak all manner of languages, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, that never were taught or 
knew them before." Apponensis in com. in Pro. sec. 30. speaks of a mad woman 
that spake excellent good Latin : and Rhasis knew another, that could prophecy in 
her fit, and fortel things truly to come. ^Guianerius had a patient could make 
Latin verses when the moon was combust, otherwise illiterate. Avicenna and some 
of his adherents will have these symptoms, when they happen, to proceed from the 
devil, and that they are rather demoniaci^ possessed, than mad or melancholy, or 
both together, as Jason Pratensis thinks, Immiscent se mail genii^ &c. but most 
ascribe it to the humour, which opinion Montaltus cop. 21. stiffly maintains, con- 
futing Avicenna and the rest, referring it wholly to the quality and disposition of the 
humour and subject. Cardan de rerum var. lib. 8. cap. 10. holds these men of all 
others fit to be assassins, bold, hardy, fierce, and adventurous, to undertake anything 
b)' reason of their choler adust. ^^" This humour, saith he, prepares them to endure 
death itself, and all manner of torments with invincible courage, and 'tis a M'onder 
to see with what alacrity they will undergo such tortures," ut i^upra nafuram res 
videatur: he ascribes this generosity, fury, or rather stupidity, to this adustion of 
choler and melancholy : but I take these rather to be mad or desperate, than pro- 
perly melancholy ; for commonly this humour so adust and hot, degenerates into 
madness. 

If it come from melancholy itself adust, those men, saith Avicenna, ^^ " are usually 
sad and solitary, and that continually, and in excess, more than ordinarily suspicious 
more fearful, and have long, sore, and most corrupt imaginations ;" cold and black, 
bashful, and so solitary, that as ^^\rnoldus writes, "• they will endure no company, they 
dream of graves still, and dead men, and think themselves bewitched or dead :" if it 
be extreme, they think they hear hideous noises, see and talk ^^"^ with black men, 
and converse familiarly with devils, and such strange chimeras and visions," (Gordo- 
'Mus) or that they are possessed by them, that somebody talks to them, or within 
them. Tales melancholici plerumque dccmoniaci^ Montaltus consil. 26. ex ,/lvicemuL 
Valescus de Taranta had such a woman in cure, ^^" that tliought she had to do with 
the devil :" and Gentilis Fulgosus qucest. 55. writes that he had a melancholy friend 
that ^^" had a black man in the likeness of a soldier" still following him wheresoeve? 
he was. Laurentius cap. 7. hath many stories of such as have thought themselves 
bewitched by their enemies ; and some that would eat no meat as being dead. ^°Anno 
1550 an advocate of Paris fell into such a melancholy fit, that he believed verily he 
was dead, he could not be persuaded otherwise, or to eat or drink, till a kinsman of 
his, a scholar of Bourges, did eat before him dressed like a corse. The story, saith 
Serres, was acted in a comedy before Charles the Ninth. Some think they are 
beasts, wolves, hogs, and cry like dogs, foxes, bray like asses, and low like kine, as 
King Praetus' daughters. ®' Hildesheim spicel. 2. de maida^ hath an example of a 
Dutch baron so affected, and Trincavelius lib. 1. consil. 11. another of a nobleman 
in his country, ^^"that thought he was certainly a beast, and would imitate most oC 

f-ojiivenis et nor. vulgaris eruditionis. "iSi a i a melancholia atlusta, tristes, de sepiilchris somnianl, 

cholera, furibntidi, intfrficiunt, se et alios, piitant sn i timeiit ne fascineiitiir, piitatit se niortuos, aspici no- 
viilere piignas. siUrJna subtilis et igriea, paruin | lurit. 57 Videntiir sihi videre inonachos iii^ros <'t 

doriiiiiiiit. 63 Tract. 15. c. 4. 5^ Ad ha-c perpe- | da?monos, ^'t siispensos et niortuos. s?.^,iavis noctrt 

raiida furore rapti ducuntiir, crnciatus qiio^vis tole- , se cum decrnone coire putavit. ^'-^ Semper fere vidisK? 
rant, el inortem, et furore exacerbaTo aiideiit et ad sup- | militeni nigrum pra^sentein. ^o AnliJony de Vcrdeiir 
plicia plus irritantiir, rnirum est qnaritarn habeant in i ^iQuidam mugitus bouin semuiantur, et pecora se pii 
tormentis patientiam. ^^'faitjg pins cfPteris timent, I tant, nt Prteti filia;. "j y^^o quidam niiigitus honm 

el ciintiiiue tristantur, valde stispiciosi, solitiiditiem di- I et ni^itus asinorum, et aliorum ii.'ijnaliuin vocei 
'igunt, corruptissimashaiMMit iniaginationes, &c. ^gj ; efllingii. 



24 i Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. 

their voices,'* with many such symptoms, which may properly be reduced to tliis 
kind 

If it proceed from the several combinations of these four humours, or spirits. 
Here, de Saxon, adds hot, cold, dry, moist, dark, confused, settled, constringed, as it 
participates of matter, or is without matter, the symptoms are likewise mixed. One 
thinks himself a giant, another a dwarf. One is heavy as lead, another is as light as 
a feather. Marcellus Donatus /. 2. cap.AX. makes mention out of Seneca, of one 
Seiieccio, a rich man, ^^ " that thought himself and everything else he had, great: 
great wife, great horses, could not abide little things, but would have great pots to 
drink in, great hose, and great shoes bigger than his feet." Like her in ^^ Trallianus, 
that supposed she •' could shake all the world with her finger," and was afraid to 
clinch her hand together, lest she should crush the world like an apple in pieces: or 
him in Galen, that thought he was *^^Atlas, and sustained heaven with his shoulders. 
Another thinks himself so little, that he can creep into a mouse-hole : one fears 
heaven will fall on his head : a second is a cock ; and such a one, ^^Guianerius saith 
he saw at Padua, that would clap his hands together and crow. '^'^Another thinks he 
is a nightingale, and therefore sings all the night long ;. another he is all glass, a 
pitcher, and will therefore let nobody come near him, and such a one ^* Laurenlius 
gives out upon his credit, that he knew in France. Christophorus a Vega cap. 3. Jib. 
14. Skenkius and Marcellus Donatus 1.2. cap. 1. have many such examples, and one 
amongst the rest of a baker in Ferrara that thought he was composed of butter, and 
durst not sit in the sun, or come near the fire for fear of being melted : of another 
that thought he was a case of leather, stuffed with wind. Some laugh, weep ; some 
are mad, some dejected, moped, in much agony, some by fits, others continuate, &c. 
Some have a corrupt ear, they think they hear music, or some hideous noise as their 
phantasy conceives, corrupt eyes, some smelling, some one sense, some another. 
^^ Lewis the Eleventh had a conceit everything did stink about him, all the odorife- 
ous perfumes they could get, would not ease him, but still he smelled a filthy stink 
A melancholy French poet in '^Laurentius, being sick of a fever, and troubled with 
waking, by his physicians was appointed to use unguentum populeum to anoint his 
temples; but he so distasted the smell of it, that for many years after, all that came 
near him he iniagined to scent of it, and would let no man talk with him but aloof 
off, or wear any new clothes, because he thought still they smelled of it ; in all other 
things wise and discreet, he would talk sensibly, save only in this. A gentleman in 
Limousin, saith Anthony Verdeur, was persuaded he had but one leg, affrighted by a 
wild boar, that by chance struck him on the leg; he could not be satified his leg 
was sound (in all other things well) until two Franciscans by chance coming that 
way, fully removed him from the conceit. Sed ahunde fabularum audivimus^—' 
enough of story-telling. 



ScBSECT. IV. — Symptoms from Education, Custom, continuance of Time, our Con- 
dition, mixed with other Diseases, by Fits, Inclination, S^c. 

Another great occasion of the variety of these symptoms proceeds from custom, 
discipline, education, and several inclinations, "' " this humour will imprint in melan 
choly men the objects most answerable to their condition of life, and ordinary 
actions, and dispose men according to their several studies and callings." If an 
ambitious man become melancholy, he forthwith thinks he is a king, an emperor, 
a monarch, and walks alone, pleasing himself with a vain hope of some future pre- 
ferment, or present as he supposeth, and withal acts a lord's part, takes upon him to 
be some statesman or magnifico, makes conges, gives entertainment, looks big, &c. 
Francisco Sansovino records of a melancholy man in Cremona, that would not be 
induced to believe but that he was pope, gave pardons, made cardinals, &c. '^Chri.s- 
fophorus a Vega makes mention of another of his acquaintance, that thought he was 
a king, driven from his kingdom, and was very anxious to recover his estate. A 



c3 Omnia magna pntabat, uxorem magnam, grandes 
eijuos, abhorruit' omnia parva, magna pocula, et caicea- 
cnenta pedibiis majora. 64 Lib. j, cap. IG. piilavit 

se lino dicito posse tottim miindiim conterere. esgys- 
tinet tiu.iieris caelum cum Atiante. Alii cceii ruinam 



timent. eecap. 1. Tract. 15. alius se gallum putat 

alius lusciniam. 67'frallianus. t^^^'ap. 7. dt 

mel. 69 Anthony de Verdeur. '"Cap. 7 df. 

mel. 'iLaurentius cap. 6. '* Lib. 3. cap 

14. qui se regem putavit regno expulsum 



M^m. 1. Sub--. 4.] Symptoms Jrom Custom. 24 5 

covetous peison is still conversant about purchasing of lands and tenements, plotting 
in his m'nd how to compass such and such manors, as if he were already lord o{ 
and able to go through with it; all he sees is his, re or s/?e, he hath devoured it in 
hope, or else in conceit esteems it his own : like him in '^^Athenaeus, that thought all 
the ships in the haven to be his own. A lascivious inamorato plots all the day long to 
please his jiiistress, acts and struts, and carries himself as if she were in presence, still 
dreaming of her, as Pamphilus of his Glycerium, or as some do in their morning 
sleep. "^ Marcellus Donatus knew such a gentlewoman in Mantua, called Elionora 
Meliorina, that constantly believed she was married to a king, and ^^'•' would kneel 
down and talk with him, as if he had been there present with his associates ; and 
if she had found by chance a piece of glass in a muck-hill or in the street, she would 
say that it was a jewel sent from her lord and husband." If devout and religious, 
he is all for fasting, prayer, ceremonies, alms, interpretations, visions, prophecies, 
revelations, '® he is inspired by the Holy Ghost, full of the spirit : one while he is 
saved, another while damned, or still troubled in mind for his sins, the devil will 
surely have him, &c. more of these in the third partition of love-melancholy. "A 
scholar's mind is busied about his studies, he applauds himself for that he hatli done, 
or hopes to do, one while fearing to be out in his next exercise, another while con- 
temning all censures; envies one, emulates another; or else with indefatigable pains 
and mechtation, consumes himself So of the rest, all whicli vary according to the 
more remiss and violent impression of the object, or as the humour itself is intended 
or remitted. For some are so gently melancholy, that in all their carriage, and to 
the outward apprehension of others it can hardly be discerned, yet to them an into- 
lerable burden, and not to be endured. "^^Qiicedam occulta qucedam manifesta., some 
signs are manifest and obvious to all at all times, some to few, or seldom, or hardly 
perceived ; let them keep their own council, none will take notice or suspect them. 
''• They do not express in outward show their depraved imaginations," as '^ Hercules 
de Saxonia observes, " but conceal them wholly to themselves, and are very wise 
men, as [ have often seen ; some fear, some do not fear at all, as such as think them- 
selves kings or dead, some have more signs, some fewer, some great, some less, some 
vex, fret, still fear, grieve, lament, suspect, laugh, sing, weep, chafe, &c. by tits (as I 
have said) or more during and permanent." Some dote in one thing, are most child- 
ish, and ridiculous, and to be wondered at in that, and yet for all other matters most 
discreet and wise. To some it is in disposition, to another in habit ; and as they 
write of heat and cold, we may say of this humour, one is melancliollcus ad octo^ a 
second two degrees less, a third half-way. 'Tis superparticular, scsquialtcra^ scsqui- 
fertia^ and superhipartiens tertias, quintas MelancholuB^ dfc. all those geometrical 
proportions are too little to express it. ^°'^ It comes to many by tits, and goes; to 
others it is continuate : many (saith ^' Faventinus) in spring and fall only are mo- 
lested, some once a year, as that Roman ''^ Galen speaks of: ""^ one, at the conjunctioji 
of the moon alone, or some unfortunate aspects, at such and such set hours and 
times, like the sea-tides, to some women when they be with child, as **^ Plater notes, 
never otherwise : to others 'tis settled and fixed ; to one led about and variable still 
by that ignis fatuas of phantasy, like an arthritis or running gout, 'tis here and there, 
and in every joint, always molesting some part or other; or if the body be free, in 
a niyiad of forms exercising the mind. A second once peradventure in his life hath 
a most grievous ht, once in seven years, once in five years, even to the extremity ol 
madness, death, or dotage, and that upon some feral accident or perturbation, terrible 
object, and for a time,- never perhaps so bei'ore, never after. A third is moved upon 
all such troublesome objects, cross fortune, disaster, and violent passions, otherwise 
free, once troubled in three or four years. A fourth, if things be to his mind, or he 
in. action, well pleased, in good company, is most jocund, and of a good complexion: 



''3 Dipiiopophist. lib. Tlirasilaus ptitavit oinries naves 
in Pireuin portuni appellaiites suas esse ^^ Oi- 

hist. Med. inir.ib lib. 2. cap. 1. i^Genibus flexis 

loqui ciuii Jllo voliiit, et aiJstare jam tiiin piitavit, &.v.. 
'^Goriioiiius, quod sir. pioplieta, et itiHatiis a spirilii 
eancto. '' Q.iii foreiisibiis caiisis iiisiidat, nil nisi 

jriesta cogitat, et supplices libellos, alius non nisi ver- 
•iUsfHcil. P. Foiestiis. ■*- Gordoniiis. ■» Verbo 

uon expiiniunt, nee opera, sed alta niente recondnni, 

v2 



et sum viri piudeiilissinii, cpios e(;osa?pe novi,cutii niullt 
suit sine tiiMore, iit tjiii sc rejies el inortuos piilaiit 
plura sii^na quidani habeiit, pauciora, niajora, niiiun.i 
»" I'rallianus, lib. I. hi. alii intervalla quiudani l;ab^'i:i, 
lit etiani con suet a adnii nisi rent, alii in continuo deliri'i 
sunt, &<;. M I'rac. mag. Vere tantum et autuiiinu 

>'2 Lib. de liumeribus a-tt iiiauerius. t" f *- 

mentis alienut. cap. 3. 



246 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Paii. 1. SiC. 5 

if idh-, or alone, a la niort, or carried away wholly with pleasant dreams anJ ».han- 
tasies. but if once crossed and displeased, 

H •• :t(ire cone ipii t nil iii>i tiiste sun ;" | " He will imagine naught save sadness in his heart ;" 

nis coantenance is altered on a sudden, his heart heavy, irksome thoughts crucify his 
^oul, and in an instant he is moped or weary of his life, he will kill himself. A fifth 
complains in his youth, a sixth in his middle age, the last in his old age. 

Generally thus much we may conclude of melancholy ; that it is ^^ most pleasan*. 
at first, I say, mentis grat'isshnus error, ^^ a most delightsome humour, to be alone, 
dwell alone, walk alone, meditate, lie in bed whole days, dreaming awake as it were, 
and frame a tliousand phantastical imaginations unto themselves. They are never 
better pleased than when they are so doing, they are in paradise for the time, and 
cannot well endure to be interrupt; with him in the poet, "' pol me occidistis umici^ 
nan servastis ail f you have undone him, he complains, if you trouble him : tell him 
what inconvenience will follow, what will be the event, all is one, canis ad vomilum, 
^^'tis so pleasant he cannot refrain. He may thus continue peradventure many years 
by reason of a strong temperature, or some mixture of business, which may divert 
his cogitations : but at the last lasa imagination his phantasy is crazed, and now 
habituated to such toys, cannot but work still like a fate, the scene alters upon a 
sudden, fear and sorrow supplant those pleasing thoughts, suspicion, discontent, and 
perpetual anxiety succeed in their places ; so by little and little, by that shoeing-horn 
of idleness, and voluntary solitariness, melancholy this feral fiend is drawn on, ^^ et 
quantum vertice ad auras ^thereas, tantum radice in Tartara tendit, " extending 
up, by its branches, so far towards Heaven, as, by its roots, it does down towards 
Tartarus ;" it was not so delicious at first, as now it is bitter and harsh ; a cankered 
soul macerated with cares and discontents, tedium vitce, impatience, agony, incon- 
stancy, irresolution, precipitate them unto unspeakable miseries. They cannot endure 
company, light, or life itself, some unfit for action, and the like. ^" Their bodies are 
lean and dried up, withered, ugly, their looks harsh, very dull, and their souls tor- 
mented, as they are more or less entangled, as the humour hath been intended, or 
according to the continuance of time they have been troubled. 

To discern all which symptoms the better, ^' Rhasis the Arabian makes three 
degrees of them. The first is^ falsa cogitatio, false conceits and idle thoughts : to 
misconstrue and amplify, aggravating eveiything they conceive or fear; the second 
i^nfalso cogitata loqui, to talk to themselves, or to use inarticulate incondite voices, 
speeches, obsolete gestures, and plainly to utter their minds and conceits of their 
hearts, by their words and actions, as to laugh, weep, to be silent, not to sleep, eat 
their meat, &c. : the third is to put in practice ^^ that which they think or speak. 
Savanarola, Ruh. 11. tract. 8. cap. 1. de cegritudine., confirms as much, ^^"-when he 
begins to express that in words, which he conceives in his heart, or talks idly, or 
goes from one thing to another," which ^^ Gordonius calls nee caput hahentia, nee 
caudam.; C"' having neither head nor tail,") he is in the middle way: ^^^^ but when he 
begins to act it likev/ise, and to put his fopperies in execution, he is then in the extent 
^f melancholy, or madness itself." This progress of melancholy you shall easily 
observe in them that have been so afl^ected, they go smiling to themselves at first, at 
length they laugh out; at first solitary, at last they can endure no company: or if 
they do, they are now dizzards, past sense and shame, quite moped, they care not 
what they say or do, all their actions, words, gestures, are furious or ridiculous. At 
first liis mind is troubled, he doth not attend what is said, if you tell him a tale, he 
cries at last, what said you ? but in the end he mutters to himself, as old women do 
many times, or old men when they s.it alone, upon a sudden they laugh, whoop, 
halloo, or run away, and swear they see or hear players, ^ devils, hobgoblins, ghosts 
i^trike, or strut, &.C., grow humorous in the end; like him in the poet, scepe ducentosy 
siEpe decern servos, ("at one time followed by two hundred servants, 8 1 another only 

" Levinus Leninius, Jason Pratensis, blanda ab initio. I incipit opeiari quce loquitur, in sumnio gradu est. 
^'■"A ino.sl iiareeable mental delusion." s' Hor. i ^Cap. 19. Fartic. '2. Loquitur secu..i et ad alios, ac si 

* Fitcilis deFceiisMs averni. t^Virg. soCorpus vere praesentes. Aug. cap. 11. li. de cura pro mortuiii 

ca.iaverosiiiii. Psa. Ixvii. cariosa est facies mea prie itgri- i gerenda. Kliasis. "oCiuuni res ad lioc devenit, ut 

•udiiie anima; i" Lib. 9, ad Almaiisorem. "^ Prac- , ea quce cogilare ca'perit.ore promat, alque ada permis- 
iH-a niajoie. y^Qnnm ore lin|iiiiur qii;e corde con- ceat, tuni perfecta melancholia est. ^^ jvjeJancHO- 

cipit. (|iniiri suhiro de una re ;id aliud transit, neque | Ileus s(^ videre et audire putat da;mones. Lava^-'r d« 
raiioueui de aliquo reddil, luiic est in medio, at quum , spectris, part. 3. laj). 2. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Sympfoms of Head-Melancholy. 247 

by ten") he will dress himself, and undress, careless at last, grows insensible, stupid, 
or mad. " He howls like a wolf, barks like a dog, and raves like Ajax and Orestes, 
hears music and outcries, which no man else hears. As ^Mie did whom Aniatus 
Lusitanus mentioneth cent. 3, cura. 55, or that woman in ^^ Springer, that spake many 
languages, and said she was possessed : tha^ farmer in '°° Prosper Calenius, V.iat dis- 
puted and discoursed learnedly in philosoph\ iud astronomy, with Alexander Achilles 
his master, at Bologna, in Italy. But of these I have already spoken. 

Who can sufficiently speak of these symptoms, or prescribe rules to cnmprehen : 
them .'' as Echo to the painter in Ausonius, vane quid ajfectas^ &.c., foolish fellow; 
what wilt ? if you must needs paint me, paint a voice, el sim'dem si vis pingere^ j)inge 
sonujfi; if you will describe melancholy, describe a fantastical conceit, a corrupt ima- 
gination, vain thoughts and diflerent, which who can do ? The four and twenty 
letters make no more variety of words in diverse languages, than melancholy con- 
ceits produce diversity of symptoms in several persons. They are irregular, obscure, 
various, so infinite, Proteus himself is not so diverse, you may as well make tlie 
moon a new coat, as a true character of a melancholy man*, as soon find the motion 
of a bird in the air, as the heart of man, a melancholy man. They are so confused, 
I say, diverse, intermixed with other diseases. As the species be confounded (which 
M have showed) so are the symptoms; sometimes with headache, cachexia, dropsy, 
stone ; as you may perceive by those several examples and illustrations, collected by 
^Hildesheim spicel. 2. Mercurialis consil. 1 18. caj). 6 and 11. with headache, epilepsy, 
priapismus. Trincavelius consil. 12. lib. I. consil. 49. with gout: caninus appetitus. 
Montanus consil. 26, &c. 23, 234, 249, with falling-sickness, headache, vertigo, lycan- 
thropia, &c. J. Caesar Claudinus consult. 4. consult. 89 and 116. with gout, agues, 
haemorrhoids, stone, &c., who can distinguish these melancholy symptoms so inter- 
mixed with others, or apply them to their several kinds, confine them into method ? 
'Tis hard I confess, yet 1 have disposed of them as I could, and will descend to par- 
ticularise them according to their species. For hitherto 1 have expatiated in more 
general lists or terms, speaking promiscuously of such ordinary signs, which occur 
amongst writers. Not that they are all to be found in one man, for that were to 
paint a monster or chimera, not a man : but some in one, some in another, and that 
successively or at several times. 

Which I have been the more curious to express and report; not to upbraid any 
miserable man, or by way of derision, (1 rather pity them,) but the better to discern, 
to apply remedies unto them ; and to show that the best and soundest of us all is ir 
great danger; how much we ought to fear our own fickle estates, remember on 
miseries and vanities, examine and humiliate ourselves, seek to God, and call to Him 
for mercy, that needs not look for any rods to scourge ourselves, since we carry 
them in our bowels, and that our souls are in a miserable captivity, if the light of 
grace and heavenly truth doth not shine continually upon us : and by our discretion to 
moderate ourselves, to be more circumspect and wary in the midst of these dangers. 



MEMB. II. 

Sub SECT. I. — Symptoms of Head-Melancholy. 

" If ^ no symptoms appear about the stomach, nor the blood be misafTected, and fear 
and sorrow continue, it is to be thought the brain itself is trou'bled, by reason of a 
melancholy juice bred in it, or otherwise conveyed into it, and that evil juice is from 
the distemperature of the part, or left after some inflammation," thus far Piso. But 
this is not always true, for blood and hypochondries both are often affected even in 
head-melancholy. ** Hercules de Saxonia differs here from the common current of 
writers, putting peculiar signs of head-melancholy, from the sole distemperature of 
spirits in the brain, as they are hot, cold, dry, moist, '^ all without matter from the 

Wieriis, lib. 3. cap. 31. "^.Michael a musian. | rent npn saiijjiii? male affi-ctiis, et adsiirit tiinor »>t hkt's- 

9JlVlalli.-n tiialef. lOoLib. de alra hile. ' Part. 1. I titia.cjrehruiii i|>suiii e.xistimandum est. &c. ' 'rra<:i 

H'jlis.-2 Mf'iiit). -.J. 2 Do; iieiirio, iiielaiicholia ct niaiiia. de mel. cap. 13,&.c. Ex Inteinperie spirituum.et cerebr' 
• Mc.l.olas Pi>»o. Si «iiiua circa veutriculum noii appa- luotu, tenebrositale. 



248 



Symptoms of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sect. 3 



motion alone, and tenebrosity of spirits;" of melancholy which proceeds from 
humours by adustion, he treats apart, with their several symptoms and cures. Tlie 
common signs, if it be by essence in the head, '' are ruddiness of face, high sanguine 
complexion, most part ruhore saturato^'''' ^ one calls it a blueish, and sometimes fuh 
of pimples, with red eyes. Avicenna J. 3, Fen. 2, Tract. 4, c. 18. Duretus and others 
out of Galen, de affect. I. 3, c. 6. ^Hercules de Saxonia to this of redness of face, 
adds " heaviness of the head, fixed and hollow eyes. ' If it proceed from dryness of 
the brain, then their heads will be light, vertiginous, and they most apt to wake, and 
to continue whole months together without sleep. Few excrements in their eyes 
and nostrils, and often bald by reason of excess of dryness," Montaltus adds, c. 17. 
If it proceed from moisture: dulness, drowsiness, headache follows; and as Saiust. 
Salvianus, c. 1, /. 2, out of his own experience found, epileptical, with a multitude 
of humours in the head. They are very bashful, if ruddy, apt to blush, and to be 
red upon all occasions, prasertim si metus accesserit. But the chiefest symptom to 
discern this species, as I have said, is this, that there be no notable signs in the sto- 
mach, hypochondries, or elsewhere, digna^ as ^Montaltus terms them, or of greater 
note, because oftentimes the passions of the stomach concur with them. Wind is 
common to all three species, and is not excluded, only that of the hypochondries is 
"more windy than the rest, saith HoUerius. jEtius tetrab. I. 2, sc. 2, c. 9 and 10, 
maintains the same, '° if there be more signs, and more evident in the head than else- 
>A'iiere, the brain is primarily affected, and prescribes head-melancholy to be cured 
ov meats amongst the rest, void of wind, and good juice, not excluding wind, or 
iA»rrupt blood, even in head-melancholy itself: but these species are often confounded, 
t-.id so are their symptoms, as I have already proved. The symptoms of the mind are 
superfluous and continual cogitations; "''for when the head is heated, it scorcheth 
the blood, and from thence proceed melancholy fumes, which trouble the mind," 
Avicenna. They are very choleric, and soon hot, solitary, sad, often silent, watch- 
ful, discontent, Montaltus, cap. 24. If anything trouble them, they cannot sleep, but 
fret themselves still, till another object mitigate, or time wear it out. They have 
grievous passions, and immoderate perturbations of the mind, fear, sorrow, Stc, yet 
not so continuate, but that they are sometimes merry, apt to profuse laughter, which 
is more to be wondered at, and that by the authority of '^ Galen himself, by reason of 
mixture of blood, prcerubri jocosls delectantur, et irrisores plerumque sunt, if they be 
ruddy, they are delighted in jests, and oftentimes scofTers themselves, conceited : and 
as Rhodericus a Vega comments on that place of Galen, merry, witty, of a pleasant 
disposition, and yet grievously melancholy anon after : omnia dlscunt sine doctore^ 
saith Aretus, they learn without a teacher : and as '^Laurentius supposelh, those feral 
passions and symptoms of sucli as think themselves glass, pitchers, feathers, &.C., 
speak strange languages, a colore cerebri (if it be in excess) from the brain's distem- 
pered heat. 

Sub SECT. II. — Symptoms of windy Hypochondriacal Melancholy. 

^ \n this hypochondriacal or flatuous melancholy, the symptoms are so ambigu- 
ous," saith '^ Crato in a counsel of his for a noblewoman, " that the most exquisite 
physicians cannot determine of the part affected." Matthew Flaccius, consulted 
about a noble matron, confessed as much, that in this malady he with HoUerius, 
Fracastorius, Falopius, and others, being to give their sentence of a party labouring 
of hypochondriacal melancholy, could not find out by the symptoms which part was 
most especially affected ; some said the womb, some heart, some stomach, &.C., and 
therefore Crato, consil. 24. lib. 1. boldly avers, that in this diversity of symptoms, 
which commonly accompany this disease, '^"no physician can truly say what part 



» Fajtp sunt rubcnte et livescente, qiiibus eliarn ali- 
quamlo adsurU pi^'StAae. « Jo. Pantheon, cap. de 

Mt;l. Si cprebrntn pi'irnario afficiatur adsunt capitis 
tfravitas, fixi ocuti, &c. ' Laurent, cap. 5. si a 

ct-rehro ex siccitate, tinn capitis erit levitas, sitis, vigi- 
lia, paur-itas snperfluitatuin in oculis et narilms. f* Si 
nulla iligiia liusio, vt;ntricuio, quoiiiam in hac melan- 
cholia c;i()itis, exijrua noimnnquani venlriculi patlie- 
iiiata coeunt, duo eiijni liaec tiieinbra silii invicein affec- 
•lonein trariBmittuni. ^ Postrenia ma;u[is flatnosa. 

•^Si minus molestiiE circa v^airiculum aut venirem. in 



iis cerehrum primario afficitur, et curare oportet hur'C 
atFectum, per cihos flatus exortes, et honte concoclionis, 
&c. raro cerebrum afficilur sine venlriculo. n gar 

guinem adurit caput calidius.et inde funii melanchnlici 
adusii, animum exa<iitant, i2i^it>. ,ie |,)c. affect, 

cap. G. '3Cap.6. " Hildesh -iin spicel. 1. de 

niel. In Hypochondriaca melancholia adeo amhiiina sunt 
syniploinHta, ut etiam exercitatissimi mndici de lore 
affecto siatuere non possint. 'Sjviedici de loco 

affecto nequeunl statue 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Symptoms of Head-Mdancholy. 249 

is jfTected." Galen lib. 3. de he. affect, reckons up these ordinary symptoms, whi^*.!! 
ail the Neoterics repeat of Diodes; only this fault he finds with him, that he p'>-.* 
not fear and sorrow amongst the other signs. Trincavelius excuseth Diodes, lib. 3. 
consil. 35. because that oftentimes in a strong head and constitution, a generous 
spirit, and a valiant, these symptoms appear not, by reason of his valour and cou- 
rage. '^Hercules de Saxonia (to whom I subscribe) is of the same mind (which I 
have before touched) that fear and sorrow are not general symptoms ; some fear and 
are not sad ; some be sad and fear not ; some neither fear nor grieve. The rest are 
these, beside fear and sorrow, "" sharp belchings, fulsome crudities, heat in the 
bowels, wind and rumbling in the guts, vehement gripings, pain in the belly and 
stomach sometimes, after meat that is hard of concoction, much watering of the 
stomach, and moist spittle, cold sweat, importunus siidor^ unseasonable sweat all over 
the body," as Octavius Horalianus lib. '2. cap. 5. calls it; "-cold joints, indigestion, 
'Hhey cannot endure their own fulsome belchings, continual wind about their hypo- 
chondries, heat and griping in their bowels, prcscordia sursum convelluntur., midriff 
and bowels are pulled up, the veins about their eyes look red, and swell from vapours 
and wind." Their ears sing now and then, vertigo and giddiness come by fits, tur- 
bulent dreams, dryness, leanness, apt they are to sweat upon all occasions, of all 
colours and complexions. Many of them are high-coloured especially after meals, 
which symptom Cardinal Ca^cius was much troubled with, and of wliich he com- 
plained to Prosper Calenus his physician, he could not eat, or drink a cup of wine, 
but he was as red in the face as if he had been at a mayor's feast. That symptom 
alone vexeth many. '^Some again are black, pale, ruddy, sometimes their shoulders 
and shoulder blades ache, there is a leaping all over their bodies, sudden trembling, 
a palpitation of the heart, and that cardiaca passio^ grief in the mouth of the sto- 
mach, which maketh the patient think his heart itself acheth, and sometimes suflb- 
cation, dijjicullas anhelitus, short breath, hard wind, strong pulse, swooning. Mon- 
tanus consil. 55. Trincavelius lib. 3. consil. 36. et 37. Fernelius cons. 43. Fram- 
besarius consult, lib. 1. consil. 17. Hildesheim, Claudinus, &.C., give instance of 
every particular. The peculiar symptoms which properly belong to each part be 
these. If it proceed from the stomach, saith ^° Savanarola, 'tis full of pain wind 
Guianerius adds, vertigo, nausea, much spitting, &c. If from the myrach, a swelling 
and wind in the hypochondries, a loathing, and appetite to vomit, pulling upward 
If from the heart, aching and trembling of it, much heaviness. If from the liver 
there is usually a pain in the right hypochondrie. If from the spleen, hardness and 
grief in the left hypochondrie, a rumbling, much appetite and small digestion, Avi- 
cenna. If from the meseraic veins and liver on the other side, little or no appetite 
Here, de Saxonia. If from the hypochondries, a rumbling inflation, concoction is 
hindered, often belching, &c. And from these crudities, windy vapours ascend up 
to the brain which trouble the imagination, and cause fear, sorrow, dulness, heavi- 
ness, many terrible conceits and chimeras, as Lemnius well observes, /. I.e. 16. "as 
^' a black and thick cloud covers the sun, and intercepts his beams and light, so doth 
this melancholy vapour obnubilate the mind, enforce it to many absurd thoughts and 
imaginations," and compel good, wise, honest, discreet men (arising to the brain 
from the ^Mower parts, "as smoke out of a chimney") to dote, speak, and do that 
which becomes them not, their persons, callings, wisdoms. One by reason of those 
ascending vapours and gripings, rumbling beneath, will not be persuaded but that he 
hath a serpent in his guts, a viper, another frogs. Trallianus relates a story of a 
woman, that imagined she had swallowed ar\ eel, or a sei-pent, and Felix Platerus, 
observat. lib. 1. hath a most memorable example of a countryman of his, that by 
chance, falling into a pit where frogs and frogs-spawn was, and a little of that water 
swallowed, began to suspect that he had likewise swallowed frogs-spawn, and with 
that conceit and fear, his phantasy wrought so far, that he verily thought he had 



'6 Tract, posthiirno de niel. Patavii edit. 1620. per Bo- 
tettum Biltliop. cap. '2. " Acidi ructiis, cruditate?:, 

ftstus in pra;c<ir(liis, flatus, interdutn ventriciili dolores 
vetieiiierites. sdinptnque cil)o concoctu difficili, sputum 
'iiiinidiiin iilqjif^ miiltum sequetur, &c. Hip. lib. de ttiei. 
Galeiiiis, Mf-laiielius e Ruflb et ^tio, Altoiriarus, Pist), 
Montaltiifi, Bniel, Wecker, &c. 's Circa prajcordia 

de assidua in fiatione queruutur, el cuiu sudore totius 

32 



ci..'poris impnrtmio, frigidos articulns s;ppr; patiuntui 
iiidijfestione lahorant, rnctus suos iiisuaves porhorrps 
cunt, viscpnini dolores liabent. i^ IVIontaltus, c. 13 

Wecker, Fiichsius c. 13. Altoniarns c. 7. Laiirentinb 
c. 73. Briifl, Gordon. 20 pract. major: dolor in e( 

et ventosilasi, nausea. 21 Ut aira ilensaque nuhes 

soli effusa, radios et lumen ejus intercipit et offusrat 
sic, etc 2^ Ut fuinus e cainino. 



250 



Symptoms of Melancholy. 



?i<Y\. 1. Sec. 3 



you \g live frogs in his belly, qui vivebant ex alimenlo suo^ that lived by his nourish 
liiei.t, and was so certainly persuaded of it, that for many years afterwards he could 
not be rectified in his conceit : He studied physic seven years together to cure him- 
self, travelled into Italy, France and Germany to confer with the best phy? cians 
aoout it, and A". 1609, asked his counsel amongst the rest; he told him it was wind, 
his conceit,^ &c., but mordicus contradicere., et ore., et scriptis prohare nifebat-./r: no 
saying woitld serve, it was no wind, but real frogs : '' and do you not hear them 
croak ?" Platerus would have deceived him, by putting live frogs into his excre- 
ments; but he, being a physician himself, would not be deceived, vir prude ns a/?«s, 
et. doctus^ a wise and learned man otherwise, a doctor of physic, and after seven 
years' dotage in this kind, a phantasla liberatus est., he was cured. Laurentius and 
Goulart have many such examples, if you be desirous to read them. One commodit)' 
above the rest which are melancholy, these windy flatuous have, lucidia inlervolla., 
their symptoms and pains are not usually so continuate as the rest, but come by 
fits, fear and sorrow, and the rest : yet in another they exf^eed all others ; and that 
is, ^ they are luxurious, incontinent, and prone to venery, by reason of wind, et 
facile amant., et qnamlibet fere amant. (Jason Pratensis) ^"^ Rhasis is of opinion, 
that Venus doth many of them much good ; the other symptoms of the mind be 
common with the rest. 

SuBSECT. III. — Symptoms of Melancholy abounding in the whole body. 

Their bodies that are affected with this universal melancholy are most part black, 
^'^ ^^ the melancholy juice is redundant all over," hirsute they are, and lean, they have 
broad veins, their blood is gross and thick. ^^ " Their spleen is weak," and a liver 
apt to engender the humour; they have kept bad diet, or have had some evacuation 
stopped, as haemorrhoids, or months in women, which ^^ Trallianus, in the cure, 
would have carefully to be inquired, and withal to observe of what complexion the 
party is of, black or red. For as Forrestus and Hollerius contend, if ^^ they be black, 
it proceeds from abundance of natural melancholy ; if it proceed from cares, agony, 
discontents, diet, exercise, &c., they may be as well of any other colour : red, yellow, 
pale, as black, and yet their whole blood corrupt : prcerubri colore scepe sunt tales, 
scBpefavl^ (saith ^^Montaltus cap. 22.) The best way to discern this species, is to 
let them bleed, if the blood be corrupt, thick and black, and they withal free from 
those hypochondriacal symptoms, and not so grievously troubled with them, or those 
of the head, it argues they are melancholy, a toto corpore. The fumes which arise 
from this corrupt blood, disturb the mind, and make them fearful and sorrowful, 
heavy hearted, as the rest, dejected, discontented, solitary, silent, weary of their 
lives, dull and heavy, or merry, &c., and if far gone, that which Apuleius wished to 
his enemy, by way of imprecation, is true in them ; ^° '•'' Dead men's bones, hobgob- 
lins, ghosts are ever in their minds, and meet them stdl in every turn : all the bug- 
bears of the night, and terrors, fairy babes of tombs, and graves are before their eyes, 
and in their thoughts, as to women and children, if they be in the dark alone." If 
they hear, or read, or see any tragical object, it sticks by them, they are afraid of 
death, and yet weary of their lives, in their discontented humours they quarrel with 
all the world, bitterly inveigh, tax satirically, and because they cannot otherwise 
vent their passions or redress w^hat is amiss, as they mean, they will by violent death 
at last be revenged on themselves. 



SuBSECT. IV. — Symptoms of Maids, JVuns., and Widows'' Melancholy. 

Because Lodovicus Mercatus in his second book de muller. affect, cap. 4. and 
Rodericus a Castro de morb. muller. cap. 3. lib. 2. two famous physicians in Spain 



23Hypochondriaci maxime affectarit miro, et niulli 
|)!icalnr coitus in ipsis, eo quod ventositates multipli- 
cantur in h3'poch()n(lriiR, et coitus smpeallevat lias ven- 
tositates. '■^^Qont. lib. 1. tract. 9. 26W?pcker, 
Melaiicholiciis succus toto corpore rerlundans. ^espleii 
natura imbecilior. Montaltus cap. 22.' ^Tj^jb. i. 
cap. J6. Ititerropare coMvenit, an aliqua evacuationis 
retentio obvenerit, viri in hemorrhoid, ninlieriim men- 
stiuis, et vide faciein similiter an sit rubicunda. '•* Na- 



turales nigri acquisiti a toto corpore, strpe rubicundi 
29 Montaltus cap. 22. Piso Ex colore sanffuiuis si iiii 
luias venam, si fiuat niger, &c. 3" Apul. lib. 1. seni 

per obvias species mortuorum quicquid unibrarum est 
uspiaui, quicquid leniurum et larvarum ocuiis suis ag 
gerunt, sibi fitigunt omnia noctium occnrsacu'a, omnia 
bustorum '"ormidamina, omnia sepulchroruin terricula- 
nienta. 



LVlem. 2. Sabs. 4. 



Symptoms of JVom':n''s M^lancliohj. 



25J 



Daniel Sstinertus of Witteiiberg Vih. I. part 2. cap. 13. with others, have v mclisaCed 
in theii- works not long since published, to write two just treatises dc Mtlancliolia 
cirginum., Monialium et Viduarum^ as a particular species of melancholy (which 1 
have already specified) distinct from the rest; ^' (for it much differs from that which 
commonly befalls men and other women, as having one only cause proper to women 
alone) I may not omit in this general survey of njeiancholy symptoms, to set down 
the particular signs of such parties so misaffected. 

The causes are assigned out of Hippocrates, Cleopatra, Moschion, and those old 
GyncBciorum Scrlptorcs., of this feral malady, in more ancient maids, widows, and 
barren women, ob septu?n Iransversum violatum^ saith Mercatus, by reason of the 
midriff or Diaphragnia^ heart and brain offended with those vicious vapours which 
come from menstruous blood, in/lammati.o?ieui arterlcE circa dorsum., Rodericus adds, 
an inflammation of the back, which with the rest is offended by ^^ that fuliginous 
exhalation of corrupt seed, troubling the brain, heart and mind ; the brain, I say, 
not in essence, but by consent, Universa enim hujus ajfectus causa ab utero pendet^ 
el a sanguinis mcnstrui malitia^ for in a word, the whole malady proceeds from that 
inflammation, putridity, black smoky vapours, &c., from thence comes care, sorrow, 
and anxiety, obfuscation of spirits, agony, desperation, and the like, which are in- 
tended or remitted ; si amatorius accesserit ardor., or any other violent object or per- 
tubation of mind. This melancholy may happen to widows, with much care and 
sorrow, as frequently it doth, by reason of a sudden alteration of their accustomed 
course of life, &c. To such as lie in child-bed ob suppressam purgationem; but to 
nuns and more ancient maids, and some barren women for the causes abovesaid, 'tia 
more familiar, crebrius his quam reliquis accidit^ inquit Rodericus^ the rest are not 
altogether excluded. 

Out of these causes Rodericus defines it with Areteus, to be angorem animi., a 
vexation of the mind, a sudden sorrow from a small, light, or no occasion, ''^with 
a kind of still dotage and grief of some part or other, head, heart, breasts, sides, 
back, belly, &c., with much solitariness, weeping, distraction, &c., from which they 
are sometimes suddenly delivered, because it comes and goes by fits, and is not so 
permanent as other melancholy. 

But to leave this brief description, the most ordinary symptoms be these, pulsatio 
juxta dorsum., a beating about the back, which is almost perpetual, the skin is many 
times rough, squalid, especially, as Areteus observes, about the arms, knees, and 
knuckles. The midriff and heart-strings do burn and beat very fearfully, and when 
this vapour or fume is stirred, flieth upward, the heart itself beats, is sore grieved, 
and faints, yiiiiccs siccitatc prcBcluduntur., ut diJJicuLter possit ab uteri strangulatione 
decerni., like fits of the mother, Jihms phrisque nil reddit., aliis exiguum^ acre., bilio- 
sum., lotium Jiavum. They complain many times, saith Mercatus, of a great pain in 
their heads, about their hearts, and hypochondries, and so likewise in their breasts, 
which are often sore, sometimes ready to swoon, their faces are inflamed, and red, 
they are dry, thirsty, suddenly hot, much troubled with wind, cannot sleep, &.c. 
And from hence proceed ferina deliramenta., a brutish kind of dotage, troublesome 
sleep, terrible dreams in the night, subruslicus pudor et verecundia ignava., a foolish 
kind of bashfulness to some, perverse conceits and opinions, ^^ dejection of mind, 
much discontent, preposterous judgment. They are apt to loath, dislike, disdain, to 
be weary of every object, &c., each thing almost is tedious to them, they pine away, 
void of counsel, apt to weep, and tremble, timorous, fearful, sad, and out of all hope 
of better fortunes. They take delight in nothing for the time, but love to be alone 
and solitary, though that do them more harm : and thus they are affected so long as 
this vapour lasteth ; but by-and-by, as pleasant and merry as ever they were in their 
lives, they sing, discourse, and laugh in any good company, upon all occasions, and 



»' Differt enim ab ea quae viris et reliquis ferninis 
co.Mininiitercontirigil, prnpriairi liabens caiisain. 32 £x 
meiistrui sanguinis tetra adcoret cerHbru;n exhalatione, 
vitiatuin semen inentein perlurbal, &c. non jier esseii- 
tiaiii, sed per corisensutu. Animus tntcreiis < i anxius 
Tide malum trahit, et spiritus cerebrum obfuscanlur, 
uee cuncta aujientur, &c. 33(^u,„ tacito delirio ac 

oolore alicujus partis interna!, dorsi, liypnc.iiondrii, cor- 
dis regiouem et universam iiiammaio interdutn occu- 



pantis,&:c. Cutis aliquando squalida. aspera, rugosa, 
pra;cipue cubitis, gcnibus, et digitorum jirticulis, prw- 
corriia ingeiiti stepn torrore cestuant et pulsant, ciimque 
vapor exiiiatus sursum evolat, cor palpitr.l aut premi- 
tur, animus deficit. &;c. S'l Animi d( jectin, pcrvers? 

rerum exisiimatio, prEepostcrutn judicium. Fastidiosr 
languentes, ta;diosoe,consilii inopes, laclirymosa\ timen 
tes, iuoBst;e, cum summa rerum meliorum desperatione 
nulla re deleclantur, solitudinem amant, &.c. 



252 ^byinptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3 

so l>y lits it takes them now and then, except the malady ob inveterate, and then "'tis 
more frequent, vehement, and continiiate. Many of them cannot tell how to express 
themselves in words, or how it holds them, what ails them, you cannot understand 
them, or well tell what to make of their sayings ; so far gone sometimes, so stupi- 
fied and distracted, they think themselves bewitched, they are in despair, aptcB ad 
fietum.^ desperafionem^ dolores 7nammis ct hypocondriis. Mercatus therefore adds, now 
heir breasts, now their hypochondries, belly and sides, then their heart and head 
aches, now heat, then wind, now this, now that offends, they are weary of all ; 
^^and yet will not, cannot again tell how, where or what offends them, though they 
be in great pain, agony, and frequently complain, grieving, sighing, v/eepmg, and dis- 
contented still, sine causa manifestd^ most part, yet I say they will complain, grudge, 
lament, and not be persuaded, but that they are troubled with an evil spirit, which 
is frequent in Germany, saith Rodericus, amongst the common sort : and to such as 
are most grievously affected, (for he makes three degrees of this disease in women,) 
they are in despair, surely forespoken or bewitched, and in extremity of their dotage, 
(weary of their lives,) some of them will attempt to make away themselves. Some 
think they see visions, confer with spirits and devils, they shall surely be damned, 
are afraid of some treachery, imminent danger, and the like, they will not speak, 
make answer to any question, but are almost distracted, mad, or stupid for the time, 
and by fits : and thus it holds them, as they are more or less affected, and as the 
inner humour is intended or remitted, or by outward objects and perturbations aggra- 
vated, solitariness, idleness, &c. 

Many other maladies there are incident to young women, out of that one and 
only cause above specified, many feral diseases. I will not so much as mention 
their names, melancholy alone is the subject of my present discourse, from which 
I will not swerv^e. The several cures of this infirmity, concerning diet, which must 
be very sparing, phlebotomy, physic, internal, external remedies, are at large in great 
variety in ^''Rodericus a Castro, Sennertus,and Mercatus, which whoso will, as occa- 
sion serves, may make use of But the best and surest remedy of all, is to see them well 
placed, and married to good husbands in due time, Jiinc illcE laclirymcp., that is the 
primary cause, and this the ready cure, to give them content to their desires. I write 
not this to patronise any wanton, idle flirt, lascivious or light housewives, which are 
too forward many times, unruly, and apt to cast away themselves on him tliat conies 
next, without all care, counsel, circumspection, and judgment. If religion, good 
discipline, honest education, wholesome exhortation, fair promises, fame and loss of 
good name cannot inhibit and deter such, (which to chaste and sober maids cannot 
choose but avail much,) labour and exercise, strict diet, rigour and threats may more 
opportunely be used, and are able of themselves to qualify and divert an ill-disposed 
temperament. For seldom should you see an hired servant, a poor handmaid, though 
ancient, that is kept hard to her work, and bodily labour, a coarse country wench 
troubled in this kind, but noble virgins, nice gentlewomen, such as are solitary and 
idle, live at ease, lead a life out of action and employment, that fare well, in great 
houses and jovial companies, ill-disposed peradventure of themselves, and not will- 
ing to make any resistance, discontented otherwise, of weak judgment, able bodies, 
and subject to passions, (grandiores virgines^ saith Mercatus, s/eriles et viducE pie- 
rumque melancholiccc^) such for the most part are misaffected, and prone to this dis- 
ease. 1 do not so much pity them that may otherwise be eased, but those alone that 
out of a strong temperament, innate constitution, are violently carried away with 
this torrent of inward humours, and though very modest of themselves, sober, reli- 
gious, virtuous, and well given, (as many so distressed maids are,) yet cannot make 
resistance, these grievances will appear, this malady will take place, and now mani- 
festly show itself, and may not otherwise be helped. But where am I ? Into what 
subject have I rushed ? What have I to do with nuns, maids, virgins, widows ? 1 
am a bachelor myself, and lead a monastic life in a college, ncE ego sane inepfus qui 
hcBC dixerim^ I confess 'tis an indecorum,, and as Pallas a virgin blushed, when Jupiter 

36NoInnt aperirf molesfiamquam patiuntur, sod con- I erisi, &c. Familinres non ciirant, non loquinitiir, now 
qiieniiitiir tameii de. capife. cnrde, inainniis, Sec. In | respondent, &c. et hfpc iiraviora, si, &c. 36(;iiiiiereJi 

piitros fere iiianiaci pmsilire, ac strangulari ;npiunt, let Helleborienium Mathioli sunime '-iiKiat. 
nuMa uraiionis suavitate ad spein salutis recuperandam | 



Mem. 3.] Causes of these Symptoms. 2r)3 

by chance spake of love matters in her presence, and turned away her face ; me re- 
primam., lliough my subject necessarily require it, J will say no mone. 

And yet I must and will say something more, add a word or two in gratlam Vir- 
ginum et Viduarum^ in favour of all such distressed parties, in commiseration ol 
their present estate. And as I cannot choose but condole their mishap that laboui 
of this inhrmity, and are destitute of help in this case, so must I needs inveigh against 
them that are in fault, more than manifest causes, and as bitterly tax those tyrannising 
pseudopoliticians, superstitious orders, rash vows, hard-hearted parents, guardians, 
unnatural friends, allies, (call them how you will,) those careless and stupid over- 
seers, that out of worldly respects, covetousness, supine negligence, their own pri- 
vate ends (cM7?z sibi sit interim bene) can so severely reject, stubbornly neglect, and 
impiously contemn, without all remorse and pity, the tears, sighs, groans, and griev- 
ous miseries of such poor souls comn)itted to their charge. How odious and abomi- 
nable are those superstitious and rash vows of Popish monasteries, so to bind and 
enforce men and women to vow virginity, to lead a single life, against the laws of 
nature, opposite to religion, policy, and humanity, so to starve, to offer violence, to 
suppress the vigour of youth, by rigorous statutes, severe laws, vain persuasions, to 
debar them of that to which by their innate temperature they are so furiously in- 
clined, urgently carried, and sometimes precipitated, even irresistibly led, to the pre- 
judice of their soul's health, and good estate of body and mind : and all for base 
and private respects, to maintain their gross superstition, to enrich themselves and 
their territories as they falsely suppose, by hindering some marriages, that the world 
be not full of beggars, and their parishes pestered with orphans ; stupid politicians ; 
hcECcine fieri fiagitiaf ought these things so to be carried? better marry than burn, 
saith the Apostle, but they are otherwise persuaded. They will by all means quench 
their neighbour's house if it be on fire, but that fire of lust which breaks out into 
such lamentable flames, they will not take notice of, their own bowels oftentimes, flesh 
and blood shall so rage and burn, and they will not see it : miserum est., saith Austin, 
seipsum non jniserescere^ and they are miserable in the meantime that cannot pity them- 
selves, the common good of all, and per consequcns their own estates. For let them but 
consider what fearful maladies, feral diseases, gross inconveniences, come to both sexes 
by this enforced temperance, it troubles me to think of, much more to relate those 
frequent abortions and murdering of infants in their nunneries (read ^"^ Kemnitius and 
others), and notorious fornications, those Spintrias, Tribadas, Ambubeias, &c., those 
rapes, incests, adulteries, mastuprations, sodomies, buggeries of monks and friars. 
See Bale's visitation of abbies, ^^ Mercurialis, Rodericus a Castro, Peter Forestus, 
and divers physicians ; I know their ordinary apologies and excuses for these things, 
sed viderint Politici^ Medixi,, Theologi, I shall more opportunely meet with them 
^^ elsewhere. 

*)" Hli'is vidiiae, aut patromim Virginis htijus, 

Ne me forie putes, verbum non atnpliu? addam." 



MEMB. III. 

Immediate cause of these precedent Symptoms. 

To give some satisfaction to melancholy men that are troubled with these symp- 
toms, a better means in my judgment cannot be taken, than to show them the causes 
whence they proceed ; not from devils as they suppose, or that they are bewitched 
or forsaken of God, hear or see, &c. as many of them think, hut from natural and 
nward causes, that so knowing them, they may better avoid the effects, or at least 
endure them with more patience. The most grievous and common symptoms are 
fear and sorrow, and that without a cause to the wisest and discreetest men, in this 
a)alddy not to be avoided. The reason why they are so, ^tius discusseth at large, 
Tetrabib. 2. 2. in his first problem out of Galen, lib. 2. de causis sympt. 1. For Galen 
imputeth all to the cold that is black, and thinks that the spirits being darkened, and 

3^ Examen cone. Trident, de cfBlibatii sacerd. 38 Cap. I thai widow or tliis virgin. I sliall not add another 
de Satyr, et Priapis. 39 part. 3. se<:t. 2. Memb. 5. word." 



SubL 5 *0" Lest you may imagine that I patronise 



w 



254 



Sijniploms of Melancholy 



[Part. 1 . Sec. 3 



the substance of the brain cloudy and dark, all the objects thereof appear terrible 
and the ^' mind itself, by those dark, obscure, gross fumes, ascending from black 
h'lmours, is in continual darkness, fear, and sorrow; divers terrible monstrous fictions 
111 a thousand shapes and apparitions occur, with violent passions, by which the 
brain and fantasy are troubled and eclipsed. "^ Fracastorius, lib. 2. de intellect. '■ 'will 
have cold to be the cause of fear and sorrow; for such as are cold are ill-disposed 
to mirth, dull, and heavy, by nature solitary, silent; and not for any inward dark- 
ness (as physicians tliink) for many melancholy men dare boldly be, continue, and 
walk in tlie dark, and delight in it:" sohum frigidi tim'idi: if they be hot, they are 
merry; and the more liot, the more furious, and void of fear, as we see in madmen; 
but this reason holds not, for then no melancholy, proceeding from choler adust, 
should fear. ^^Averroes scoffs at Galen for his reasons, and brings five arguments to 
repel them : so doth Here, de Saxonia, Tract, de Mclanch. cap. 3. assigning other 
causes, which are copiously censured and confuted by iElianus Montaltus, cap. 5 
and 6. Lod. Mercatus de Inter, morh. cur. lib. 1. cap. 17. Altomarus, cap. 7. de mel. 
Guianerius, tract. 15. c. 1. Bright cap. 37. Laurentius, cap. 5. Valesius, mcd. cant, 
lib. 5, con. 1. ^^ ••' Distemperature," they conclude, ''makes black juice, blackness 
obscures the spirits, the spirits obscured, cause fear and sorrow." Laurentius, cap. 13. 
supposeth these black fumes offend specially the diaphragma o' midriff, and so per 
conseqiiens the mind, which is obscured as ^^ the sun by a clo>u^ To this opinion of 
Galen, almost all the Greeks and Arabians subscribe, the Latins: new and old, interncB 
tenchrcc ojfuscanl animnni, ut externce nocent pueris^ as children are affrighted in the 
dark, so are melancholy men at all times, '*^as having the inward cause with them, 
and still carrying it about. Which black vapours, whether they proceed from the 
black blood about the heart, as T. W. Jes. thinks in his Treatise of the passions of 
the mind, or stomach, spleen, midriff, or all the misaffected parts together, it boots 
not, they keep the mind in a perpetual dungeon, and oppress it with continual fears, 
anxieties, sorrows, &c. It is an ordinary thing for such as are sound to laugh at this 
dejected pusillanimity, and those other symptoms of melancholy, to make them- 
selves merry with them, and to wonder at such, as toys and trifles, which may be 
resisted and withstood, if they will themselves : but let him that so wouders, con- 
sider with himself, that if a man should tell him on a sudden, some of his especial 
friends were dead, could he choose but grieve.? Or set him upon a steep rock, 
where he should be in danger to be precipitated, could he be secure ? His heart 
would tremble for fear, and his head be giddy. P. Byarus, Tract, de pest, gives 
instance (as I have said) '''"and put case (saith he) in one that walks upon a plank, 
if it lie on the ground, he can safely do it : but if the same plank be laid over some 
deep water, instead of a bridge, he is vehemently moved, and His nothing but his 
imagination, ybr??za cadendi impressa., to which his other members and faculties obey." 
Yea, but you infer, that such men have a just cause to fear, a true object of fear; so 
have melancholy men an inward cause, a perpetual fume and darkness, causing fear, 
grief, suspicion, which they carry with them, an object which cannot be removed ; 
but sticks as close, and is as inseparable as a shadow to a body, and M^ho can expel 
(»r overrun his shadow ? Remove heat of the liver, a cold stomacii, weak spleen : 
remove those adust humours and vapours arising from them, black blood from the 
heart, all outward perturbations, take away the cause, and then bid them not grieve 
nor fear, or be heavy, dull, lumpish, otherwise counsel can do little good ; you may 
as well bid him that is sick of an ague not to be a dry; or him that is wounded not 
to feel pain. 

Suspicion follows fear and sorrow at heels, arising out of the same fountain, so 
thinks ^^ Fracastorius, " that fear is the cause of suspicion, and still they suspect some 
treachery, or some secret machination to be framed against them, still they distrust." 



4' Vapores cr;i.esi et nigri, a venliiciilo in cerebrum 
exiialant. Fel. Platerus. «Calidi hilares, frigidi 

indispogiti ad laetitiain, et ideo solitarii, tacituriii, nor, 
Ob tenehras interiias, nt niedici volunl, sed ob frijins: 
nuiiti indancholici node ambulant intrepidi. -f^ Va- 
pores inilancbolici. spiritibus misti, tenebrarum causae 
Bunt, cap. 1. '1'' lntem|)eries facit succum ni)L,'runi, 

niLTitiei", obsrurat spiritum, obscuratio spiritus facit 
metum et tristiam. ^Ut nubecula Solem otfuscat. 

Constaniinus lib. de melanch. ^s Altomarus c. 7. 



("ausam timoris circnmfert ater humor passionis mate, 
ria, et alVi spiritus perpetuam anitn<e doniicilio offun- 
dunt noctein. ^' Pone es<:'mplum, quod quis potest 

ainbulare super trahem qua; est in via ; sed si sit super 
aquam profundam, loco pontis, non ainbulahit super 
eam.eo quod imaj;inetur in animoet timer, vcliementer, 
forma cadendi impressa, cui obediunt membra omnia 
et facultates reliqute. ^8(,ii,. ». de intellect one. 

Suspiciosi ob timorein et obliquMtn discnr jum, et jeni- 
per inde putant s*bi fieri insidias, Lauren.. 5 



Mem. 3 



Causes of these Sinnvtoms. 



25." 



Restlessness prorooA:? trom the same spring, variety of fumes make them like an»i 
dislike. Solifynness, avoiding of light, that they are weary of tlieir lives, hate in*- 
world, arise from tne j^ame causes, for their spirits and humours are opposite to liglit, 
fear makes them avoiu company, and absent themselves, lest they should be misused, 
hiss,^d at, or ovetsfiooc thsmselves, which still they suspect. They are prone to 
venfci\ bv rpjjsoii of wxAd. Angry, waspish, and fretting still, out of abundance of 
chole*, -vnich iLatiseih vcarfal dreams and violent perturbations to them, both sleep- 
ing ana Avaiiing . Thai they suppose they liave no heads, fly, sink, they are potb. 
glasses, ixo. is wind in their heads. '^^Herc. de Saxonia doth ascribe this to the 
several mcrvions in the animal spirits, " their dilation, contraction, confusion, altera- 
tion, tenebiosity, hot or cold distemperature," excluding all material humours. ^"Fra- 
castorius ''accounts it a thing worthy of inquisition, why they should entertain such 
false conceits, as that they have horns, great noses, that they are birds, beasts," &c., 
why they should think themselves kings, lords, cardinals. For the first, ''Fracasto- 
rius gives two reasons: '♦One is the disposition of the body; the other, the occa- 
sion of the fantasy," as if their eyes be purblind, their ears sing, by reason of some 
cold and rheum, &c. To the second, Laurentius answers, the imagination inwardly 
or outwardly moved, represtuits to the understanding, not enticements only, to favour 
the passion or dislike, but a very intensive pleasure follows the passion or displeasure, 
and the will and reason are captivated by delighting in it. 

Why students and lovers are so often melancholy and mad, the philosopher of 
"'^ Conimbra assigns this reason, " because by a vehement aud continual meditation 
of that wherewith they are aiTected, they fetch up the spirits into the brain, and with 
the heat brought with them, they incend it beyond measure : and the cells of the 
inner senses dissolve their temperature, which being dissolved, they cannot perform 
their offices as they ought." 

Why melancholy men are witty, which Aristotle hath long since maintained in 
his problems ; and that ^^ all learned men, famous philosophers, and lawgivers, ad 
unum fere omnes melcmzhoUci, have still been melancholy, is a problem much con- 
troverted. Jason Pratensis will have it understood of natural melancholy, which 
opinion Melancthon inclines to, in his book de Jlnima^ and Marcdius Ficinus de san. 
tuend. Uh. I. cap. 5. but not simple, for that makes men stupid, heavy, dull, being 
cold and dry, fearful, fools, and goliiary, but mixed with the other humours, phlegm 
only excepted; and they not adust, ''^' but so mixed as that blood be half, with little 
or no adustion, that they be neither loo hot nor too cold. Aponensis, cited by 
Melancthon, thinks it proceeds from meiancholy adust, excluding all natural melan- 
choly as too cold. Laurentius condemns his tenet, because adustion of humours 
makes men mad, as lime burns when water is cast on it. It must be mixed with 
blood, and somewhat adust, and so thai old aphorism of Aristotle may be verified, 
JVaJlum magnum ingenium sine mixturd dement'uE^ no excellent wit without a mix- 
ture of madness. Fracastorius shall decide the controversy, ^^ " phlegmatic are dull : 
sanguine lively, pleasant, acceptable, and merry, but not witty, choleric are too swift 
in motion, and furious, impatient of contemplation, deceitful wits : melancholy men 
have the most excellent wits, but not all; tliis humour may be hot or cold, thick, or 
thin ; if too hot, they are furious and mad : if too cold, dull, stupid, timorous, and 
sad : if temperate, excellent, rather inclining to that extreme of heat, than cold." 
This sentence of his will agree with that of Heraclitus, a dry light makes a wise 
mind, temperate heat and dryness are the chief causes of a good wit; therefore, saith 
^lian, an elephant is the wisest of all brute beasts, because his brain is driest, el oh 
a^rcE bills copiam: this reason Cardan approves, suhtil. 1. 12. .To.Baptista Silvaticus, 
a physician of Milan, .in his first controversy, hath copiously handled this question; 
Rulandus in his problems, Caelius Rhodiginus, lib. 17. Valleriola G'' narrat. med. 



<9'l'ract. d(! mel. cap. 7. Ex dilatione, contrHctione, 
confusioiic, teiiebrositale spiritumn, r.alida, frigida in- 
tenipf-rie, <fcc. ^o Illud iiiqiiisilione digiiiini, cur tain 

falsa recipiant, habere se corima.esse mortuos, nasiitos, 
esse avfs, &.C. ^i j. Dispositio corporis. 2. Occasio 

Imaaiiiatioiiis. 52 [n pro. |i. de coelo. Vehemens 

tt aspidiiJj cogitatio rei erca quani afficitur, spiritiis in 
♦•-«l>rnm evocat. 53 Melancholic) ingeniosi orniies. 



summi viri in artibus et discipliiiis, sive circnni itnpp 
ratoriani aiit reip. di.sciplinain omnes fere melanchilici 
Aristoteles. 5< Adeo niiscentnr, iit sit duplnni san 

guinis ad reliqna dno. ^5 j^jb. ii. de intc^llcctione. 

Pinffdi sunt Minerva phlegmatici: snnsninci nniahilcs 
grati, hilares, at non in^eniosi ; choleric! r< ;,^res iiioi.; 
et ob id contemplationis inipatientes : Melanch"'ici 
solum excellentes. Asc. 



253 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 3. 

iii re. de Saxonia, Tract, posth. de vicl. cap. 3. Lodovicus Mercatus, de inter morh. 
cur. lib. cap. 17. Baptista Porta, Phijsiog. lib. I.e. 13. and many others. 

Weeping, sighing, laughing, itching, trembling, sweating, blushing, hearing and 
seeing strange noises, visions, wind, crudity, are motions of the body, depending 
upon these precedent motions of the mind : neither are tears, affections, but actions 
(as Scaliger holds) ^^'•' the voice of such as are afraid, trembles, because the heart is 
shaken" ( Con'imh. prob. 6. sec. 3. de som.) why they stutter or falter in their speech, 
Mercurialis and Montaltus, ccf/?. 17. give like reasons out of Hippocrates, ^'"dryness, 
which makes the nerves of the tongue torpid." Fast speaking (which is a symptom 
of some few) iEtius will have caused ^^"from abundance of wind, and swiftness of 
imagination : ^^ baldness comi's from excess of dryness," hirsuteness from a dry tern 
perature. The cause of much waking in a dry brain, continual meditation, discon- 
tent, fears and cares, that suffer not the mind to be at rest, incontinency is from wind, 
and a hot liver, JVIontanus, cons. 26. Rumbling in the guts is caused from wind, and 
wind from ill concoction, weakness of natural heat, or a distempered heat and cold ; 
^° Palpitation of the heart from vapours, heaviness and aching from the same cause. 
That the belly is hard, wind is a cause, and of that leaping in many parts. Redness 
of the face, and itching, as if they were flea-bitten, or stung with pismires, from a 
sharp subtile wind. ®' Cold sweat from vapours arising from the hypochondries, 
which pitch upon the skin ; leanness for want of good nourishment. Why their 
appetite is so great, ^^^tius answers : Os ventris frigesat^ cold in those inner parts^ 
cold belly, and hot li^er, causeth crudity, and intention proceeds from perturba- 
tions, ^^ our souls for want of spirits cannot attend exactly to so many intentive 
operations, being exhaust, and overswayed by passion, she cannot consider the 
reasons which may dissuade her from such affections. 

^^Bashfulness and blushing, is a passion proper to men alone, and is not only 
caused for ^^ some shame and ignominy, or that they are guilty unto themselves of 
some foul fact committed, but as ^^ Fracastorius well deterrmines, ob defectum pro- 
prium., el timorem., " from fear, and a conceit of our defects ; the face labours and i.<5 
troubled at his presence that sees our defects, and nature willing to help, sends thither 
heat, heat draws the subtilest blood, and so we blush. They that are bold, arrogant, 
and careless, seldom or never blush, but such as are fearful." Anthonius Lodovicus, 
in his book de pudore^ will have this subtile blood to arise in the face, not so much 
for the reverence of our betters in presence, ^^""but for joy and pleasure, or if any- 
thing at unawares shall pass from us, a sudden accident, occurse, or meeting :" 
(which Disarius m ^^ Macrobius confirms) any object heard or seen, for blind men 
never blush, as Dandinus observes, the night and darkness make men impudent. Or 
that we be staid before our betters, or in company we like not, or if anything molest 
and offend us, erubescentia turns to rubor, blushing to a continuate redness. 
^^ Sometimes the extremity of the ears tingle, and are red, sometimes the whole face, 
Etsi nihil vitiosum commiseris., as Lodovicus holds : though Aristotle is of opinion, 
omnis pudor ex vitio comjnisso., all shame for some offence. But we find otherwise, 
it may as well proceed "^"from fear, from force and inexperience, (so ''Dandinus 
holds) as vice; a hot liver, saith Duretus {notis in Hollerium:) '•'•from a hot brain, 
from wind, the lungs heated, or after drinking of wine, strong drink, perturba- 
tions," &c. 

Laughter what it is, saith "^^Tully, "how caused, where, and so suddenly breaks 
out, that desirous to stay it, we cannot, how it comes to possess and stir our face, 
veins, eyes, countenance, mouth, sides, let Democritus determine." The cause that 
it often af!ects melancholy men so much, is given by Gomesius, lib. 3. de sale genial. 



56Trepi(Jantiurn vox tremula, quia cor quatitiir. et voliiptatem foras exit sanjiuis, aut ob inelioris reve- 
st Ob ariditatciii qua; rediiit nervos lingua; torpidos. reiiliain, aiit oh «jubitiiiii occiirsiim, aiit si quid iiicau- 
6a Incontinentia lingua; ex copia flatuuin, et velocitate tius exciderit. c* Com. in Arist. de aninia. Coeci 
iinaginationis. ^ (jalvities ob ficcitati? oxc<;ssuin. ut piurimutn impndeiites, nox facit inipudeniesi 



*iEtius. «i Lauren, c. 13. 6-Tetrab. 2. ser. '■I 

cap. 10. 63 Ant. Lodovicus prob. lib. 1. sect. 5. de 

airabilariis, ^^ Subrusticus pudor vitiosus pudor. 

65 Ob ignoniiniatn aut turpedineni facti, &;c. «c De 

symp.it Antip cap. \Z. laboral facies ob prresentiam 



'9 Alexander Aplirodisiensis makes all baslifulness a 
virtue, eamque se refert in seipso experiri solitiirii, etsi 
esset admoduni senex. ''"SiEpe post cibmi a|iti ad 

ruboreni, ex potu vini ex timore saipe, et ab liepale ca- 
do, cerebro calido, &c ''iCom. in Arist. de anima. 



ejus qui defectum nostrum videl, •;» nntura quasi openi tarn a ve et inexperientia inam a vitio. -"t He 

latura calorem illuc niittit, calor sanguinem trahit, oratore, q'lid ipse risus, quo p.-ato concitat ;r ut>i eii 
unde rubor, audaces non rubent, &.c. •^Ubtraudium &,c. 



Mem H.[ Causes of these Symptoms. 257 

cap. 18. abundance of pleasant vapours, which, in sanguine melanclioly especiallv, 
break from the lieart, '^'•'antl tickle the midriff, because it is transverse and full of 
nerves : by which titillation the sense being moved, a,nd arteries distended, or pulled, 
the spirits from thence move and possess the sides, veins, countenance, eyes. See 
more in Jossius de r'lsu et Jletu., Vives 3 de Jln'mia. Tears, as Scaliger defines 
proceed from grief and pity, '^ '' or from the heating of a moist brain, for a dry cannot 
weep."" 

That they see and hear so many phantasms, cliimeras, noises, visions, &c. as 
Fienus hath discoursed at large in his book of imagination, and ''' Lavater <ie spectris^ 
part. I. cap. 2. 3. 4. their corrupt phantasy makes them see and hear that which 
indeed is neither heard nor seen. Qui multum jcjunant., aut noctes dueunt i.nsomncs, 
they tiiat much fast, or want sleep, as melanclioly or sick men commonly do, see 
visions, or such as aie weak-sighted, very timorous by nature, mad, distracted, or 
earnestly seek. Sahini quod volant somniant., as the saying is, they dream of tliat 
they desire. Like Sarmiento the Spaniard, who when he was sent to discover the 
straits of Magellan, and confine places, by the Prorex of Peru, standing on the top 
of a hill, AmceiiLSs'unam pJanitiem despicere sihi visus fuit^ ced'tjicia magnifica., quam- 
plurlmos Pagos^ alias Turrcs^ splendida Templa., and brave cities, built like ours in 
Europe, not, saith mine '^ author, that there was any such thing, but that he was 
vanissimus et nim'is credulusj and would fain have had it so. Or as ''' Lod. ]Mercatus 
proves, by reason of inward vapours, and humours from blood, choler, &c. diversely 
mixed, they apprehend and see outwardly, as they suppose, divers images, which 
indeed are not. As they that drink wine think all runs round, when it is in their own 
brain ; so is it with these men, tlie fault and cause is inward, as Galen aflirms, '^ mad 
men and such as are near death, quas extra se vi.dere putant Imagines., intra ocidos 
hahent., 'tis in their brain, which seems to be before them ; the brain as a concave 
glass reflects solid bodies. Senes etiam decrepiti cerebrum hahent concavum ci 
aridum., ut imaginentur se videre (saith ''' Boissardus) quce non sunt^ old men are too 
frequently mistaken and dote in like case : or as he that looketh through a piece of 
red glass, judgeth everything he sees to bo red; corrupt vapours mounting from the 
body to the head, and distilling again from thence to the eyes, when they liave 
mingled themselves with the watery crystal which receiveth the shadows of things 
lo be seen, make all things appear of the same colour, which remains in the humour 
that overspreads our sight, as to melancholy men all is black, to phlegmatic all wliilc, 
&c. Or else as before the organs corrupt by a corrupt phantasy, as Lemnius, Jib. 1. 
cap. 16. well quotes, ^°^' cause a great agitation of spirits, and humours, which wan- 
der to and fro in all the creeks of the brain, and cause such apparitions before their 
eyes." One thinks he reads something written in tlie moon, as Pythagoras is said 
to have done of old, another smells brimstone, hears Cerberus bark : Orestes now 
mad supposed he saw the furies tormenting him, and his mother still ready to run 
upon him — 

81 " O mater obsecro noli mo persequi 

flis fiiriis, as|R'ctii aii!;iiiiieis, liorribilihiis, 
Ecce t'cce mo invadurit, in rue jam ruuril ;" 

but Electra told nim tlius raving in his mad fit, he saw no such sights at all, it was 
but his crazed imagination. 

8-' Q,iiiesce, qiiiesre miser in linteis tuis--, 
Non ceriiis eteiiim quae videre le putas." 

So Pentheus (in Bacchis Euripidis) saw two suns, two Thebes, his brain alone 
was troubled. Sickness is an ordinary cause of such sights. Cardan, subtil. 8. Mens 
cegra lahoribus et jejuniis fracta., facit eos videre., audire., S^c. And. Osiander belield 
strange visions, and Alexander ab Alexandro both, in their sickness, whicli he relates 
de rerum varietal, lib. 8. cap. 44. Albategnius tliat noble Arabian, on his death-bed, 
saw a ship ascending and descending, which Fracastorius records of his friend Bap- 



'3Diapfira<.'ma titillant, quia transversum et nervo- 
sum, quia lilillatione moto sensu alque arteriis dislen- 
tig, spiruiis iiide latera, venas, os, oculos occupant. 
" Ex calefactione humidi cerebri: nam ex sicco lachry- 
•nsp non fluunt. 's Res mirandas irnaginantur: et 

{lutant se videre quK nee vident, nee audiuiit. '« Laet. 
M**. 13. cap. 2. descript. India; Occident. 77 Lib. j. 

ea 17 cap. de mel. 7« insani, et qui morti vicini 

33 w2 



sunt, res quas extra se videre putant, intra oculos ha- 
hent. ^sCap. 10. de Spirit a[)pariti<)ne. *^' Da 
occult. Nat. mirac. bi"() inotlier! I beseech you 
not to persecute me with those horribie-lookiii"; furies. 
See ! see ! they attack, they assault me !" SJ '* Peace ' 
peace! unhappy being, for you do not see wliat you 
think you see." 



2^8 (^Muses of these Symptoms. [Fart. 1. Sec. 3 

tistn Tiniauus. Weak siglit and a vain persuasion withal, may effect as much, and 
Fecond causes coiicurriniri as an oar in water makes a refraction, and seems bigger, 
bended double, &c. The thickness of the air may cause such effects, or any object 
not well-discerned in the dark, fear and phantasy will suspect to be a ghost, a 
devil, kc. ^^Qund nhnis miseri timent., hoc facile credunt^ we are apt to believe, and 
mistake in such cases. Marcellus Donatus, lib. 2. cap. 1. brings in a story out of 
Aristotle, of one Antepharon which likely saw, wheresoever he was, his own image 
in tlie air, as in a glass. Vitellio, lib. 10. perspect. hath such another instance of a 
familiar ac(juaintance of his, that after the want of three or four nights sleep, as he 
was riding by a river side, saw another riding with him, and ushig all such gestures 
as he did, but when more light appeared, it vanished. Eremites and ancliorites have 
frequently such absurd visions, revelations by reason of much fasting, and bad diet, 
many are deceived by legerdemain, as Scot hath well showed in his book of the dis- 
covery of witchcraft, and Cardan, subtil. 1 8. suffites, perfumes, suffumigations, mixed 
candles, perspective glasses, and such natural causes, make men look as if they were 
dead, or with horse-heads, bulPs-horns, and such like brutish shapes, the room full 
of snakes, adders, dark, light, green, red, of all colours, as you may perceive in Bap- 
tista P.orta, Alexis, Albertus, and others, glow-worms, fire-drakes, meteors, Ignis 
faiuus., which Plinius, lib. 2. cap. 37. calls Castor and Pollux, with many such that 
appear in moorish grounds, about cliurch-yards, moist valleys, or where battles have 
been fought, the causes of which read in Goclenius, Velouris, Fickius, kc. such fears 
are often done, to frighten chihh'en with squibs, rotten wood, &.c. to make folks look 
as if they were dead, ^"^solito majores., bigger, lesser, fairer, fouler, ut ast antes sine 
capitibiis videanfnr ; ant toil igniti., aut forma dcimonum., accipe piles canis nigri., <^'c. 
saith Albertus; and so 'tis ordinary to see strange uncouth sights by catoptrics: who 
knows not that if in- a dark room, the light be admitted at one only little hole, and 
a paper or glass put upon it, the sun shining, will represent on the opposite wall all 
such objects as are illuminated by his rays ^ with concave and cylinder glasses, we 
may reflect any shape of men, devils, antics, (as magicians most part do, to gull a 
silly spectator in a dark room), we will ourselves, and that hanging in the air, when 
'tis nothing but such an horrible image as ^'Agrippa demonstrates, placed in another 
room. Roger Bacon of old is said to have represented his own image Malking in 
the air by tliis art, though no such thing appear in his perspectives. But most part 
it is in the brain that deceives them, although I may not deny, but that oftentimes 
the devil deludes them, takes his opportunity to suggest, and represent vain objects 
to melancholy men, and such as are ill affected. To these you may add the knavish 
impostures of jugglers, exorcists, mass-priests, and mountebanks, of whom Roger 
Bacon speaks, &c. de miraculis natures ei artis. cap. 1. ^'^ they can counterfeit tht 
voices of all birds and brute beasts almost, all tones and tunes of men, and speak 
■within their throats, as if they spoke afar off, that they make their auditors believe 
they hear spirits, and are thence much astonished and affrighted with it. Besides, 
those artificial devices to over-hear their confessions, like that whispering place of 
Gloucester" with us, or like the duke's place at Mantua in Italy, where the sound is 
reverberated by a concave w^all ; a reason of which Biancanus in his Echoraetria 
gives, and mathematically demonstrates. 

So that the hearing is as frequently deluded as the sight, from the same causes 
almost, as he that hears bells, will make them sound what he list. "-As the foiVj 
thmketh, so the bell clinketh." Theopliilus in Galen thought he heard music, from 
vapours which made his ears sound, &c. Some are deceived by echoes, some by 
roaring of waters, or concaves and reverberation of air in the ground, hollo\v places 
and walls. '*^At Cadureum, in Aquitaine, words and sentences are repealed by a 
strange echo to the full, or wdiatsoever you shall play upon a musical iistrumtni, 
more distinctly and louder, than they are spoken at first. Some echoes repeat a thing 
spoken seven times, as at Olympus, in Macedonia, as Pliny relates, lib. 36. cap. 15 

•■s Seneca. Q,nod mctuunt nimis, niiiKi!iaiTi amoveri 1 vociim varielateni in ventre el guttuie fnitientes, for- 
po^pa, I'ec tolli piitant. 84gann:uis upup<B cum irielle | inant voces liuinanas a lonjie vel propc, prout voliint 
i;o(,rwsitiis et ceritaurea, &c. Alhertiis. ^sLib. ]. | ac si sptritus cum lioinine loqueretnr, et soiios brutorum 

occ'jii.phiins. Iinperiti homines d.Tiuoniim et umbra- I finjfunl, &c. s; Gloucester calhedr«l. «»Tani 

fu;i) i:iiagines vitlere se putant, (juum nihil sint aliud, dare et articulate audies repetiluui, ul perfectior siJ 
UJiiii siniulachra aninia.- expertia. ^c pythonissa; | Echo quani ipse dixeris. 






Mem. ].] Prognostics of Melancholy. 259 

Some twelve times, as «it Charenton, a village near raris, In France M Delphos, in 
Greece, heretofore was a miraculous echo, and so in many other piaces. Cardan, 
stifdiL L 18, hath wonderful stories of such as have been deluded by these edioes. 
Blancanus the Jesuit, in his Echometria, hath variety of examples, and gives his 
reader full satisfaction of all such sounds by way of demonstration. ^°At Barrey, an 
isle in the Severn mouth, they seem to hear a smith's forge ; so at Lipari, and those 
sulphureous isles, and many such like, which Olaus speaks of in the continent of 
S.'-andia, and those northern countries. Cardan de reruni var. I. 15, c. 84, mentioneth 
a woman, that still supposed she heard tlie devil call her, and speaking to her, she 
was a painter's wife in x\Iilan : and many such illusions and voices, which proceed 
most part from a corrupt nnagiuation. 

Wlience it comes to pass, that they prophesy, speak several languages, talk of 
astronomy, and other unknown sciences to them (of which they have been ever 
io-uoraut) : ^'^ 1 have in brief touched, only this 1 will here add, that Arculanus, Bodin. 
Uh. 3, cap. G, dcEinon. and souie others, ^' hold as a manifest token that such persons 
are possessed with the devil; so doth ^^ Hercules de,Saxonia, and Apponensis, and 
fit only to be cured by a priest. But ^'^Guianerius, ^Wlontaltus, Pomponatius of 
Padua, and Lemnius lib. 2. cap. 2, refer it wholly to the ill-disposition of the 
"^Miumour, and that out of the authority of Aristotle proh. 30. 1, because such symp- 
toms are cured by purging ; and as by the striking of a flint hre is enforced, so by the 
vehement motion of spirits, they do eliccre voces iiiaudUas^ compel strange speeches 
to be spoken : anotlier argument he hath from Plato's rcmhiiscentla^ which all out 
as likely as that which ^'^Marsilius Ficinus speaks of his friend Pierleonus ; by a 
divine kind of infusion he understood the secrets of nature, and tenets of Grecian 
pud barbarian philosophers, before ever he heard of, saw, or read their works : but 
in this I should rather hold with Avicenna and .his associates, that such symptoms 
oroceed from evil spirits, which take all opportunities of humours decayed, or other- 
wise to pervert the soul of man : and besides, the humour itself is Balneum Diabolu 
the devil's bath •, and as Agrippa proves, doth entice him to seize upon them. 



SECT. IV. MEMB. I 

Prognostics of Melancholy 



Prognostics, or signs of things to come, are either good or bad. ll this malady 
be not hereditary, and taken at the beginning, there is good hope of cure, recens 
curationem non hahet dijicilem, saith Avicenna, I. 3, Fen. 1, Tract. 4, c. 18. That 
which is with laughter, of all others is most secure, gentle, and remiss, Hercules de 
Saxonia. ®' " If that evacuation of ha3morrhoids, or varices., which they call the 
water between the skin, shall happen to a melancholy man, his misery is ended,'' 
Hippocrates Jiphor. 6, 11. Galen /. 6, de morhis vulgar, com. 8, confirms the same, 
and to this aphorism of Hippocrates, all the Arabians, new and old Latins subscribe; 
Montaltus c. 25, Hercules de Saxonia, Mercurialis, Viltorius Faventinus, &c. Skcnkius, 
/. I, ohservat. med. c. de Mania., illustrates this aphorism, with an example of one 
Daniel Federer a coppersmith that w'as long melancholy, and in the end mad about 
the 27th year of his age, these varices or water began to arise in his thiglis, and he 
was freed from his madness. Marius the Roman was so cured, some say, though 
with great pain. Skenkius hath some other instances of women that have been 
helped by flowing of their mouths, which before were stopped. That the r)pening 
of the haemorrhoids will do as much for men, all physicians jointly signify, so they 
be voluntary, some say, and not by compulsion. All melancholy are bett(.'r after a 
quartan; ^^Jobertus saith, scarce any man hath that ague twice; but whether it free 



«> BInwinji of bellows, and knockin;.' of hnininers, if 
they apply their ear t.. the cliff. ^ Moiiih. 1. Siih. 

3. of tliis'partition.cap. 16. iii 9. PJiasig. '>^"' siL'iia 

iiemoni.« nulla ?nnt nisi (|iio(i loqiiantur ca qiiK ante 
nesciehant, lit Tenlonicuin aiil aliiid Idioma, <Scc. 
■^Cap. 1-2. tract, de me' ssTra'-t. 15. c. 4. 9<Cap 9. 1 



s^Mira vis concitat humores, ardorqne vehciiieiis m.'ii 
tell) exagilat, qiinin, &c. **■ I'ra'fai lamlilici 

nij'steriis. 9' Si iiielancliolicis hseinorroides supervu- 

nerint varices, vel iit qiiibiisdain i)lacet, aqua intei 
cutejii, solvitur malum. »*<Cap. 10. de quartaiia. 



260 



Prognostics of Melancholy. 



[Fart. 1 . Sec. 4. 



liim from tliis malady, 'tis a question; lor many physicians ascribe all long agues 
lor especial causes, and a quartan ague amongst the rest. "^ Rhasis cont.llb. l.tracU 
*J. "'• When melancholy gets out at the superficies of the skin, or settles breakmg 
out in scabs, leprosy, morphew, or is purged by stools, or by the urine, or that the 
spleen is enlarged, and those varices appear, the disease is dissolved." Guianerius, 
cap. 5, trad. 15, adds dropsy, jaundice, dysentery, leprosy, as good signs, to tliese 
srubs, morphews, and breaking out, and proves it out of the 6th of Hippocrates' 
Aphorisms. 

Evil prognostics on the other part. Inveterata melancholia incur ahilis., if it be 
inveterate, it is '^° incurable, a common axiom, aut dijRculter cnrabilis as they say 
ihat make the best, liardly cured. This Galen witnesseth, /. 3, de loc. affect, cap. 
^3, ^"be it in whom it will, or from what cause soever, it is ever long, wayward, 
tedious, and hard to be cured, if once it be habituated. As Lucian said of the gout, 
she was ^"the queen of diseases, and inexorable," may we say of melancholy. Yet 
Paracelsus will have all diseases whatsoever curable, and laughs at them which think 
otherwise, as T. Erastus par. 3, objects to him ; although in another place, heredi- 
tary diseases he accounts incurable, and by no art to be removed, ^llildesheim 
spicel. 2., de «*eZ. holds it less dangerous if only '*" imagination be hurt, and not 
reason, ^ the gentlest is from blood. Worse from choler adust, but the worst of all 
from melancholy putrefied." ^ Bruel esteems hypochondriacal least dangerous, and 
the other two species (opposite to Galen) hardest to be cured. ''The cure is hard 
in man, but much more difficult in women. And both men and women must take 
notice of that saying of Montanus consil. 230, pro Abate Italo^ ^'-'^ This malady doth 
commonly accompany them to their grave ; physicians may ease, and it may lie 
liid for a time, but they cannot quite cure it, but it v/ill return again more violent 
'»nd sharp than at first, and that upon every small occasion or error :" as in Mer- 
c ury's weather-beaten statue, that was once all over gilt, the open parts were clean, 
yet there was infimbriis aurum, in the chinks a remnant of gold : there will be some 
relics of melancholy lef\ in the purest bodies (if once tainted) not so easily to be 
rooted out. ^ Oftentimes it degenerates into epilepsy, apoplexy, convulsions, and 
blindness: by the authority of Hippocrates and Galen, '°all aver, if once it possess 
the ventricles of the brain, Erambesarius, and Salust. Salvianus adds, if it get into 
the optic nerves, blindness. Mercurialis, consil. 20, had a woman to his patient, 
that from melancholy became epileptic and blind. " If it come from a cold cause, 
or so continue cold, or increase, epilepsy ; convulsions follow, and blindness, or else 
in the end they are moped, sottish, and in all their actions, speeches, and gestures, 
ridiculous. '^ Jf it come from a hot cause, they are more furious, and boisterous, and 
in conclusion mad. Calescentem melancholi ain scepius sequitur mania. '^ If it heat 
and increase, that is the common event, '^^er circuitus., aut semper insanity he is mad 
by fits, or altogether. For as '^ Sennertus contends out of Crato, there is seminarius 
ignis in this humour, the very seeds of fire. If it come from melancholy natural 
udust, and in excess, they are often demoniacal, Montanus. 

"'Seldom this malady procures death, except (which is the greatest, most grievous 
calamity, and the misery ol" all miseries,) they make away themselves, which is a 
frequent thing, and familiar amongst them. 'Tis ''Hippocrates' observation, Galen's 
sentence, Etsi mortem timent., tamen plerumque sibi ipsis mortem consciscunt, I. 3. df. 
locis aff'ec. cap. 7. The doom of all physicians. 'Tis '^ Rabbi Moses' Aphorism, 
the prognosticon of Avicenna, Rhasis, jEtius, Gordonius, Valescus, Altomarus, Salust. 
Salvianus, Capivaccius, Mercatus, Hercules de Saxonia, Piso, Bruel, Fuchsius, all, &c. 



^Ciim sanguis exit per snperficiem el residet melari- 
dinlia pfr ?cal)ieiii, tnorplieain nigratri, vt 1 expiirgatur 
per interior's paries, vel urinani, &c, non erit, &c. 
Fplen rnafrnificaturet. varices apparent. looQuJa jam 
tonvf-'sa in naluram. ' In quocunque sit a qiia- 

ciifniuc causa Uypncoti. praesiTtim, semper est lixiga, 
inorosa, nee facile curari potest. ^ Retina morborum 
el inexorabilis. 3 Onme delirium quod oritur a pau- 
citateceiebri incurahile, FIildeslieim,spicel.2. de mania. 
* Si sola iniajiinatio la-datnr, et non ratio. & Mala a 
saniruine fervente, deterior a bile assata, pessima ab 
atra bile putrefacta. « Dilficilior cura ejus quae fit 

vitio corporis toiius et cerebri. ' Difficilis curatu in 
.T'3. multo diOicilior in fieniinis. " Ad interituin 



plerumque homines comitatur, licet medici levent pie- 
runuiue, taineii nou tollunt uiiqiiam, sed recidet acer- 
bior quain antea minima occasione, aut errore. ** Peri- 
culuui est ne degenereret in Epil<-psiam, Apoplexiam, 
Convulsionem, ccBcitatem. "> Montal. c. 25. J^auren 
tius Nic. Piso. n Her. de Saxonia, Aristotle, Capi- 
vaccius. 12 Fa vent. Humor frjgidus sola delirii causa, 
furoris vero humor calidus. '^ Heurnius calls mad- 

ness sobolem melancholi.-e. i^ Alexander I. 1. c. }K 

15 Lib. 1. part. 2. c. 11. " Montalt. c. 15. Raro nmrs 

aut nunqnam, nisi sibi ipsis iuferaut. •'' Lib. i^ 

Insan. Fabio Calico interprtte. 'SNor.ulli vioJeitla* 
manus sibi inferunt. 



Mem. l.J Prognostics of Melancholy. 201 

i3- Et sa^pe usque adeo mortis formidine vits I "^•"' ^"/"'- <■'•"" ^^^-'^'h;^ /'^rrnr doti, afTrieM 

111 such sort doth the torture aud extremity of his misery torment him, that he cai. 
take no pleasure in his life, but is in a manner enforced to offer violence unto him 
self, to be freed from his present insufferable pains. So some (saith ^*^ Fracas tori us; 
" in fury, but most in despair, sorrow, fear, and out of the anguish and vexation of 
their souls, offer violence to themselves : for their life is unhappy and miserable 
They can take no rest in the night, nor sleep, or if they do slumber, fearful dreams 
astonish them." In the day-time they are affrighted still by some terrible object, and 
torn in pieces with suspicion, fear, sorrow, discontents, cares, shame, anguish, &.c. 
as so many wild horses, that they cannot be quiet an hour, a minute of time, but 
even against their wills they are intent, and still thinking of it, tliey cannot forget it, 
it grinds their souls day and night, they are perpetually tormented, a burden to them- 
selves, as Job was, they can neither eat, drink or sleep. Psal. cvii. 18. ^' Their 
soul abhorreth all meat, and they are brought to death's door, ^' being bound in 
misery and iron :" they ^^ curse their stars with Job, ^^"and day of their birth, and 
wisli for death :" for as Pineda and most interpreters hold, Job was even melancholv 
to despair, and ahuost ^"^ madness itself; they murmur many times against the world, 
friends, allies, all mankind, even against God himself in the bitterness of their pas- 
sion, ^^viaere nolunt^ mori nesclunt, live they will not, die they cannot. And in the 
midst of these squalid, ugly, and such irksonie days, they seek at last, finding no 
comfort, ^^ no remedy in this wretched life, to be eased of all by death. Omnia ap- 
pefunt bonuni^ all creatures seek the best, and for their good as they hope, sub specie^ 
in show at least, vel quia mori pulchrum putant (saith ^^ Hippocrates) vel quia putant 
inde se majoribus ?ualis Uberari^ to be freed as they wisli. Though many times, as 
yEsop's fishes, they leap from the frying-pan into the fire itself, yet tliey hope to be 
eased by this means: and therefore (saith Felix ^^Flaterus) " after many tedious days 
at last, either by drowning, hanging, or some such fearful end," they precipitate or 
make away themselves : "• many lamentable examples are daily seen amongst us :" 
alias ante fores se laqueo suspendit (as Seneca notes), alius se prcEcipitavit a tecto^ 
ne dominuni stomachantem audiret^ alius ne reduceretur a fugaferrum redegit in 
viscera^ "one hangs himself before his own door, — another throws himself from the 
house-top, to avoid his master's anger, — a third, to escape expulsion, plunges a dag- 
ger into his heart," — so many causes there are His amor exitio est, furor his 

love, grief, anger, madness, and shame, &c. 'Tis a common calamity, ^^ a fatal end 
to this disease, they are condemned to a violent death, by a jury of pliysicians, furi- 
ously disposed, carried headlong by their tyrannising wills, enforced by miseries, and 
there remains no more to such persons, if that heavenly Physician, by his assisting 
grace and mercy alone do not prevent, (for no human persuasion or art can helj)) 
but to be their own butchers, and execute themselves. Socrates his cicuta^ Lucretia's 
dagger, Timon's halter, are yet to be had; Cato's knife, and Nero's sword are left 
behind them, as so many fatal engines, bequeathed to posterity, and will be used to 
the world's end, by such distressed souls : so intolerable, insufferable, grievous, and 
violent is their pain, ^so unspeakable and continuate. One day of grief is an hun- 
dred years, as Cardan observes : 'Tis carnificina hominum^ angor animi^ as well saith 
Aretpus, a plague of the soul, the cramp and convulsion of the soul, an epitome of 
hell ; and if there be a hell upon earth, it is to be found in a melancholy man's 
heart. 

" For that deep torture may he call'd an liell, 
Wlieii jrioru is felt, than one iialli power to tell." 

Yea, that which scoffing Lucian said of the gout in jest, 1 may truly affn-m of melan- 
choly in earnest. 

19 I^ucret. I. :J. 20 Lib. 2. de intell. saspe mortem sihi Horat. I, -J. c. .5. 2: i,,i). d^ jnsania. Sicsicjnvut 

consciscnnt ob timorem el tristitiain Iwiiio vita;afiiecti , ire per umbras. 2e(j;,p. 'A. de mentis alienat. ma-s!) 

ol» furorem et des^perationem. Est enim infera, &c. j degunt, dum landeni mortem ()uam timent, susjiendia 
Erjro sic perpetuo afilictati vitam oderunt, se pra!ci[)i- ant submersione, aut ali<|ua alia vi, nt multa Irist.a 
taut, liis mails carituri ant inlerficiunt se, ant taletpjid I exempla vidimus. 29 \ Ionian ns in 9. lUiasis, c. lb 

conimittnnt. 21 psal. cvii. 10. 22 j,,!, xxxiii. | cavendnm ne ex alto se pra'cipiient aut alias l.'fdant 

'sjob vi. a 24 Vi doloris et trislitiic ad insaniam I 3*0 omnium opinionilins incciiritaliile malum. Liiciaii. 

tiene redactj^. 23gp,ieca. 26 |ti salutis sua: IMnrtesque mille. mille dum vivit iieces gerit, perilque 

dei-peraliuiie proponunt sibi mortis desioerium, Oct. | lieinsius Ausinacu. 



20 2 



Prognostics of Melancholy. 



[P.iri. I Sec. -i 



■pCKt. 



21 " O • riste nonien . o diis odibile 

Mt l;iii(-li(ili,i lacrymosa, Cncj'ti filia, 

Til 'J'ariari spectihiis opacis edita 

Hrimly^ iitero qiiaiti iVIe^ara suo tiilit. 

El alt iil\'ril)iis aliiit, ciii(|ue parviilcB 

Aniaruleiitiiiii in os lac Alecto di'dit, 

Oiiuies ahdiniiialiilern le dceiriones? 

rnidiixtic III liicitm exitio inortaliuin. 

Noil Jiipiier ft'iit tale teluin fiilniiiiis, 

Nun ulla sic procella s.evii secjuoris, 

Non iiu|)etii()si taiita vis est tuiMnis. 

All asptros siistiiipo tnorsus Cerheri ? \ 

Niiiii vims Lkludiuu membra mea depascitur? I 

Ant tunica sanie tiiicta Nessi sanguinis? 

lllacryniahile ct iminedicabile malum lioc." 

No torture of body like unto it, Siculi non 
strappadoes, hot irons, Phalaris' bulls, 

3-" Nec ira deum taiitiim, nee tela, nee hostis, I 

Q.uantnm sola noccs aiiimis iliapsa." 



" O sad and odious name ! a name so fell. 
Is this of inelanclioly, brat of liell. 
There born in liellish darkness doth it dweu. 
The Furies brou>rJit it up, Mej^ara's teat, 
Ab'Cto gave it bitter milk to eat. 
And all conspir'd a bane to imrtal men, 
Et paulo To bring this devil out of that black den. 



Jiipitei's thunderbolt, not storm at sea. 

Nor wliirl-uind doili our hearts so much dismay 

What? am I bit by that fierce Cerberus? 

Or stung by 3- serpent so pestiferous? 

Or put on shirt that's dipt in Ncssiis" blood? 

My pain's past cure ; physic can do no good." 



invcnere tyranni majus tormentmn, no 



Jove's wrath, no'r devils can 

Do so much harm to tli' soul of man. 



All fears, griefs, suspicions, discontents, inibonites, insuavities are swallowed up, and 
drowned in tliis Euripus, this Irish sea, this ocean of misery, as so many small 
brooks; \\s coagulam omnium cBrumnarum: which ^' Ammianus applied to his dis- 
tressed Palladius. I say of our melancholy man, he is the cream of human adver- 
sity, the ^^ quintessence, and upshot ; all other diseases whatsoever, are but flea- 
bitings to melancholy in extent: 'Tis the pith of them all, '^ Hospiiium est. calami- 
talis j quid verbis opus est? 

"Quamcunque n.alam rem qua^ris, iUic reperies:" I "What need niore words ? 'tis calamities inn, 
* ' *^ I VA^heie seek for any mischief, 'tis within ;' 

and a melancholy man is that true Prometheus, which is bound to Caucasus ; the 
true Titius, whose bowels are still by a vulture devoured (as poets feign) for so doth 
'*' Lilius Geraldus interpret it, of anxieties, and those griping cares, and so ought it to 
be understood. In all other maladies, we seek for help, if a leg or an arm ache, 
through any distemperature or wound, or that we have an ordinary disease, above 
all things "v^ hatsoever, we desire help and health, a present recovery, if by any means 
possible it may be procured ; we will freely part with all our other fortunes, sub- 
stance, endure any misery, drink bitter potions, swallow those distasteful pills, sufler 
our joints to be seared, to be cut off, anything for future health : so sweet, so dear, 
so precious above all other things in this world is life : 'tis that we chiefly desire, 
long life and happy days, ^^ multos da Jupiter annos^ increase of years all men wish ; 
but to a melanclioly man, nothing so tedious, nothing so odious ; that which they 
so carefully seek to preserve ^^he abhors, he alone; so intolerable are his pains; 
some make a question, graviores 7norhi corporis an animi^ whether the diseases of 
tlie body or mind be more grievous, but there is no comparison, no doubt to be made 
of it, multd enim scevior Jongeque est airocior animi^ quam corporis cruciatus [Lem. 
I. 1. c. 12.) tiie diseases of tlie mind are far more grievous. — Totum hie pro vulnere 
corpus., body and soul is misaffected here, but the soul especially. So Cardan testifies 
de rerum var. lib. 8. 40. ^"Maximus Tyrius a Platonist, and Plutarch, have made 
just volumes to prove it. '^^Dics adimit cegritudinem hominibus^ in other diseases 
there is some liope likely, b"t these unhappy men are born to misery, past all hope 
of recovery, incurably sick, the longer they live the worse they are, and death alone 
must ease them. 

Another doubt is made by some philosophers, whether it be lawful for a man in 
such extremity of pain and grief, to make away himself: and how these men that 
so do are to be censured. The Platonists approve of it, that it is lawful in such 
cases, and upon a necessity; Plolinus /. de beatitud. c. 7. and Socrates himself de- 
fends it, in Plato's Pha3don, " if any man labour of an incurable disease, he may 
despatch himself, if it be to his good." Epicurus and his followers, the cynics and 
btoics in general affirm it, Epictetus and '^^ Seneca amongst the rest, quamcmique veram 
esse viam ad libertatem., any way is allowable that leads to liberty, ''^"let iis give 
God thanks, that no man is compelled to live against his will;" ^^qiiid ad hmiinem 



3' Regina morborum cni famulantur omnes et obedi- 
int. Cardan. 3'^ Eheu qiiis iiitiis Scorpio, &c. 

Seneca Act. 4. Here. O Et. ssSiliiis Ualicus. 

••^ liib. 29. ^'•> Hie omnis imbotiitas et insiiavitas 

consistit, ut Tertnlliani verbis utar, orat. ad. martvr. 
S" Plniitiis. •■'7 Vit. H.Tculis. Sf-Persius. 39Ci,ji,] 

es- misi'iius in vha. quam velle mori ? Seneca. •"> Tom. 



2. Libello, an graviores passiones, <fec. 4i Ter. 

12 Patet e.xitiis; si pugnare non vultis, lii st fugere ; quia 
vos tenet invitos ? De provid. cap. 8. '•^ Agamus 

Deo gratias, quod nemo iiivitus in vita leiieri pnlesl 
" Epist. -JG. Seneca et de sacra. 2. cap. 15. et Epiat 
70 et 12. 



Mem. l.J Prognostics of Melancholy. 263 

claustrn. career^ cusiodlaf libcrum osfuan hahel^ death is always reaciyand at hand. 
Vides ilium prcccipUc/n lociim^ illud Jlumcn^ dost thoii see that steep place, that river, 
that pit, that tree, there's liberty at hand, effugia servitutls et doloris sun!^ as that 
Laconiau lad cast himself headlong [non scrviam aiehat jpiier) to be freed of hi.j 
misery : every vein in thy body, if these be nimis opcrosi exiliis^ will set thee free, 
quid lua refcrt finem facias an accipias f tliere's no necessity for a man to live in 
miseiy. Malum est ntccssitati vivere ; sed in necessitate vivere. necessitas nulla esL 
Ignavus qui sine causa moritur^ et stultus qui cum dolore vivit^ Jdern epi. 58. Where- 
fore hath our mother the earth brought out poisons, saith *'" Pliny, in so great a 
quantity, but that men in distress might make away themselves? which kings of old 
hdd ever in a readiness, ad incerta fortunce vencnum suh cusfode promptum. Livy 
writes, and executioners always at hand. Speusippes being sick was met by Dio- 
genes, and carried on his slaves' shoulders, he made his moan to the philosopher; 
but I pity thee not, quoth Diogenes, qui cum talis vivere sustines^ thou mayst be 
freed when thou wilt, meaning by death. "'^Seneca therefore commends Cato, Dido, 
and Lucretia, for their generous courage in so doing, and others that voluntarily die^ 
to avoid a greater mischief, to free themselves from misery, to save their lionour, or 
vindicate their good name, as Cleopatra did, as Sophonisba, Syphax's wife did, Han- 
nibal did, as Junius Brutus, as Vibius Virus, and those Campanian senators in Livy 
(Dec. S. ///;. G.) to escape the Roman tyranny, that poisoned themselves. Themis- 
tocles drank bull's blood, rather than he would fight against his country, and Demos- 
thenes chose rather to drink poison, Publius Crassi filius., Censorius and Plancus, 
those heroical Romans to make away themselves, than to fall into their enemies' 
hands. How many myriads besides in all ages might I remember, qui sihi Irthum 
Insontes peppercre nianu^ ^t. ■*' Rhasis in the Maccabees is magnified for it, Sam- 
son's death approved. So did Saul and Jonas sin, and many worthy men and women, 
quorum memoria celehratur in Ecclesia^ saith "'^Leminchus, for killing themselves to 
save their chastity and honour, when Rome was taken, as Austin instances, I. I. de 
Civit. Dei, cap. 16. Jerom vindicateth the same in lonam et Jlmhrose^ I. 3. de vir- 
ginitate commendeth Pelagia for so doing. Eusebius, lib. S. cap. 15. admires a 
Roman matron for the same fact to save herself from the lust of Maxentius the 
Tyrant. Adelhelmus, abbot of Malmesbury, calls them Beatas virgines qucc sic^ &,c. 
Titus Pomponius Atticus, that wise, discreet., renowned Roman senator, Tully's dear 
friend, when he had been long sick, as he supposed, of an incurable (hsease, vitam- 
que produceret ad augendos dolores^ sine spe salulis.) was resolved voluntarily by 
famine to despatch himself to be rid of his pain; and when as Agrippa, and the rest 
of his weeping friends earnestly besought him, osculanfes ohsecrarent no id quod 
natura cogeret., ipse acceleraret., not to ofler violence to himself, " with a settled 
resolution he desired again they would approve of his good intent, and not seek to 
dehort him from it:" and so constantly cYieiU precesque enrum taciturna sua. ohslina- 
tione dcpresslt. Even so did Corellhis Rufus, another grave senator, by the relation 
of Plinius Secundus, ejnst. lib. 1. episf. 12. famish himself to death; pedibus corrcptus 
cum incredibiles cruciafus et indignissima torment a pateretur., a cibis omnino absti- 
nuit;*^ neither he nor Hispilla his wife could divert him, but destinatus mori obstinate 
magis^ &c. die he would, and die he did. So did Lycurgus, Aristotle, Zeno, Chry- 
sippus, Empedocles, with myriads, &.c. In wars for a man to run rashly upon 
imminent danger, and present death, is accounted valour and magnanimity, ^° to be 
the cause of his own, and many a thousand's ruin besides, to commit wilfiil murdf;r 
in a manner, of himself and others, is a glorious thing, and he shall be crowned for 
it. The ^' Massegatpe in former times, ^^ Barbiccians, and I know not what nations 
besides, did stifle their old men, after seventy years, to free them from those griev- 
ances incident to that age. So did the inhabitants of the island of Choa, because 
their air was pure and good, and the people generally long lived, antevertebant fatum 
suum^ p-r'nisquam manci forent., aut imbccillitas acccdcrct^ papaverc vel cicufa., with 
p'»ppy or hemlock they prevented death. Sir Thomas More in his Utopia commends 



*5Lib. 2. rap. 83. Terr;' Mintcr nostri nii><Tta. | tionai tortures, ho abstMiiicd Croin food alt(t:;othf r. 
*<■■ Epist. 'J4. 71. 22. 4" M;'.^ 1 \. 42. 4h viiidi- I so as amoiij;st Turks aiirl others. si Bohemiis d*. 

ftjitio Apoc. lil). ^Q'' piiiditis thai lie would he des- monbiis <;ent. "iflliaii. lib 4. cap. 1. oiiuiea 71) 

lined to iiidure cxcruciaii:ig pqui of the feet, and addi- j amiuui egressos intcrticiunt. 



264 



Prognostics of Melanclioly. 



Tart. 1. Sect. 4 



voluntary death, if he bo a'tln aut aids violestus^ troublesome to nimself or others. 
^'^^'^ especially if to live be a torment to him,) let him free himself with his owr 
hands from this tedious life, as from a prison, or suffer himself to be freed by others.^ 
^^ And 'tis the same tenet which Laertius relates of Zeno, of old, Juste sapiens sih 
mortem conscisclt^ si in acerbis dolorihus versetur, membrorum mutUaiione aut morbu'' 
agre curandis^ and which Plato 9. de legibus approves, if old age, poverty, igno 
aiiny, &c. oppress, and which Fabius expresseth in effect. [PrcEfa.t. 7. Institut.) 
JSTemo nisi sua culpa diu dolet. It is an ordinary thing in China, (saith Mat. Riccius 
the Jesuit,) ^^^'if they be in despair of better fortunes, or tired ^nd tortured with 
misery, to bereave themselves of life, and many times, to spite their enemies th 
more, to hang at their door." Tacitus the historian, Plutarch the philosopher, muc 
approve a voluntary departure, and Aust. de civ. Dei, J. I.e. 29. defends a violen 
death, so that it be undert-aken in a good cause, nemo sic mortuus, qui non fuerat 
aliquando morifurus; quid autem interest., quo mortis genere vita ista Jiniatur., quandd 
die cuijinitur., iterum mori non cogitur? Sfc. ^^ no man so voluntarily dies, hui volens 
nolens., he must die at last, and our life is subject to innumerable casualties, who 
knows when they may happen, utrum satius est imam perpcti moriendo., an omnes 
timere vivendo, ^' rather suffer one, than fear all. '•'• Death is better than a bitter life," 
Eccl. XXX. 17. ^^and a harder choice to live in fear, than by once dying, to be freed 
from all. Theombrotus Ambraciotes persuaded 1 know not how many hundreds of 
his auditors, by a luculent. oration he made of the miseries of this, and happiness of 
that other life, to precipitate themselves. And having read Plato's divine tract de 
anima., for example's sake led the way first. That neat epigram of Callimachus will 
tell you as much, 

59" Jamqiie vale Soli cum diceret Ambrociotes, 
III Stygios fertiir desilnisse lacus. 
Morte niliil dignuin passus: sed forte Platonis 
Divinj exiinuiii de iiece legil opus." 

^ Calenus and his Indians hated of old to die a natural death : the Circumcellians 
and Donalists, loathing life, compelled others to make them away, with many such : 
*^' but these are false and pagan positions, profane stoical paradoxes, wicked exam 
"^les, it boots not what heathen philosophers determine in this kind, they are impious 
abominable, and upon a wrong ground. "• No evil is to be done that good may comt 
of it ;" reclamat Christus, reclamat Scriptura., God, and all good men are ^^ agains- 
it : He that stabs another, can kill his body ; but he that stabs himself, kills his own 
soul. ^^ Male meretur, qui dat mendico, quod edat; nam et illud quod dat, pent; et 
illi producit vitam ad miseriam: he that gives a beggar an alms (as that comical poet 
said) doth ill, because he doth but prolong his miseries. But Lactantius I. 6. c. 7. 
de vero cultu., calls it a detestable opinion, and fully confutes it, lib. 3. de sap. cap. 
18. and S.Austin, ep. 52. ad Macedonium.fCap.6l. ad Dulcitium Tribunum: so doth 
Hierom to Marcella of Blesilla's death, JVon recipio talcs animas, ^-c, he calls such 
men martyres stultce Piiilosophice: so doth Cyprian de duplici martyrio; Si qui sic 
moriantur., aut injirmitas, aut ambitio., aut dementia cogit eos; 'tis mere madness so 
to do, ^^ furore est ne moriare mori. To this effect writes Arist. 3. Ethic. Lipsius 
Manuduc. ad Stoicam PiiilosophicEm lib. 3. dissertat. 23. but it needs no confuta- 
tion. This only let me add, that in some cases, those "^^hard censures of such as 
offer violence to their own persons, or in some desperate fit to others, which some- 
times they do, by stabbing, slashing, &c. are to be mitigated, as in such as are n)ad, 
beside themselves for the time, or found to have been long melancholy, and that in 



53 Lib. Si. Praesertim quum tormentum ei vita sit, 
bona spe fretus, act-rba vita velut a ca ice re se eximat, 
Vfi ab aliis eximi sua voluiitate paliatur. 64 Nam 

(|iiis amphoram exsiccaris foeceiii exorberet (Seneca 
epist. 58.) quis iu poeiiHS et risum vivert^t? stiilti est- 
nianere iu vita cum sit miser. ^5 Expedit. ad Siiias 

i. J. c. 9. Vel boiiorum desperatione, vel maloruni per- 
pessione fracti et fagitati, vel maiius violeiitas sibi in- 
fHruiit vel ut iiiimicis siiis JEcre faciant, &c. ^^c^jVo 

one ever died in Uiis way, wlio would not have died 
S'lme lime or other; but what does it signify how life 
• iseif may be ended, sincn he who conies to the end is 
•lot obliged to die a second time?" ^7 go did An- 

thony, Galba, Vitelliiis, Olho, Aristotle him.eelf, &n:. 
Ajax in despair; L'leopatia to save her honour. °« In- 
• -.'ijus deligitur d i vivere quam in tiinore lot morborum 



semel inorien<io, nullum deinceps formidare. "^S"^<\nd 
now when Ambrociotes was bidding farewell to the 
light of day, and ai)out to cast himself into the Stygian 
pool, although he had not been guilty of any crime that 
nierited death: but, perhaps, he had read that divine 
work of Plato upon Death." fioCurtiiis I. 115. 

Gi La()ueus praecisiis, cont. J. 1. 5. qiiidam naufragio 
facto, amissis tribus liberis, el uxore, suspendit se 
pra;cidit illi quidam ex pra'tereuntibus laqueiim : A li 
berato reus fit maleficii. Seneca. 62«!ee Lipsius 

Manuduc. nd Stoicam philosophiam lib. 3. dissert. 2-2 
D. Kings 14. Lect. on Jonas. D. Abbot's (j Lect. on the 
.same prophet. 63 piautus. 6* Martial. »«As 

to be buried out of Christian burial with a stake. Idcn*. 
Plato 9. de legibus. vult separatim sepeliri, qui siui j; 
sis mortem consciscunt, &c. lose their goods. &c 



Mem. l.j 



Prognostics oj Melancholy: 



265 



extremity, they know not what they do, deprived of reason, judgment, all, ^^as y 
ship that is void of a pilot, must needs impinge upon the next rock or sands, and 
suffer shipwreck. ^^ P. Foresius hath a story of two melancholy brethren, that made 
away themselves, and for so foul a fact, were accordingly censured to be infamously 
buried, as in such cases they use : to terrify others, as it did the Milesian virgins of 
old ; but upon farther examination of their misery and madness, the censure was 
^^ revoked, and they were solemnly interred, as Saul was by David, 2 Sam. ii. 4. and 
Seneca well adviseth, Irascere interfecior'i^ sed miserere interfecti; be justly offended 
with him as he was a murderer, but pity him now as a dead man. Thus of their 
goods and bodies we can dispose ; but what shall become of their souls, God alone 
can tell; his mercy may come inter ponte?n et fontem^ inter gladium et juguliim^ 
betwixt the bridge and the brook, the knife and the throat. Quod cuiquam contigitj 
quivis potest: Who knows how he may be tempted ? It is his case, it may be thine: 
^^ Quce sua sors hodie est^ eras fore vestra potest. We ought not to be so rash and 
rigorous in our censures, as some are ; charity will judge and hope the best : God 
be merciful unto us all. 



66 Navis dfstitiita nauclero, in terribilem aliqiiem 
ecopuluin impiugit, 6' Observat. ^tisenecii 

f.raci 1. I. 8. c. 4. Lex, Homicida in se insepultus ahji- 
ciutur, contradicitur ; Eo quod afferre sibi inanus coac- 



tns sit assidiiis malis ; summam infielicitatem sjanri u" 
hoc removit, quod existiiiiabat Jicerc mi«**Jr inori, 
69 Buclianan. Elcg. lib. 



34 



( 266) 



THE 



SYNOPSIS Of THE SECOND PARTITION, 



Cure of 

melancholy 
is either 



T Sect. 2. 
Dietetical, 
which con- 
sists in re- 
forr.iing 
thiose six 
non-natural 
things, as in 



{ Unlawful 

means 
I forbidden, 



(Sect. 1. 
General 
to all, 
which 
contains 



Lawful 
means, 
which are 



( Particular to the three distinct species. 



• Memb. 

I 1. From the devil, magicians, witches, &c., by charms, 

I spells, incantations, images, &c. 

<| Quest. 1. Whether they can cure this, or other such 

like diseases ? 
Quest. 2. Whether, if they can so cure, it be lawful 

to seek to them for help ] 

2. Immediately from God, a Jove principiuin, by 
prayer, &c. 

3. Quest. 1. Whother saints and their relics can help 
this infirmity 1 

Quest 2. Whether it be lawful in this case to sue to 
them for aid. 
[ Subsect. 

I 1. Physician, in whom is required science, 
confidence, honesty, &o. 

2. Patient; in whom is required obedi- 
ence, constancy, willingness, patience, con- 
fidence, bounty, &c., not to practise on 
himself. 

3. Physic, fDietetical T 
which < Pharmaceutical ^ 

consists of I^Chirurgicai U 



4. Medi- 
ately by 
Nature 
which 
concerns 
and 
works by 



Matter 
and qua- 
lity. 
1. Subs. 



TDiet rec- 
1 tified. 
I 1. Memb. 



rSuch m^ats as are easy of digestion, well-dressed, hot, 
sod, <Vc., young, moist, of good nourishment, <kc. 
Bread of pure wheat, well-baked. 
Water clear from the fountain. 
Wine and drink not too strong, &c. 

r Mountain birds, partridge, pheasant, quails, 
< &c. 

,Hen, capon, mutton, veal, kid, rabbit, Sec. 
That live in gravelly waters, a? pike, perch, 
trout, sea-fish, solid, white, &;c. 
I Borage, bugloss, balm, succory, endive, violets, 
[^ in broth, not raw, &c. 
J Raisins of the sun, apples corrected for wnid. 



Flesh 



Fish 



Herbs 



2. Quan- 
tity. 



{Ai se 
nol 
of 



Fruits 

and roots. | oranges, &c., parsnips, potatoes, &c. 
^.t seasonable and unusual times of repast, in good order, 
not before the first be concocted, sparing, not overmuch 
one dieih. 
Rectification of retention and evacuation, as costiveness, venery, bleeding at nose, 
months stopped, baths, &c. 

Air recti- cNaturally in the choice and site of our country, dwelling-place, to 
I be hot end moist, light, wholesome, pleasant, &c. 
j Artificially, by often change of air, avoiding winds, fogs, tempests, 
I. opening windows, perfumes, &c. 

rOf body and mind, but moderate, as hawking, hunting, 
shooting, bowling, fishing, fowling, walking in fair fields, g 
{ tennis, bar. 

I Of mind, as chess, cards, tables, &c., to see plays, masks, (Sec. 
[ studies, business, all honest recreations. 
5. Rectification of waking and terrible dreams, &c. 
I 6. Rectification of passions and perturbations of the mind. — 



3. 

fied, with a 
digression of 
the air 



4. E; 



riding, 
illeries, 



From 
I himself 



Synopsis of the Second P xrl'dion. 

[SuLseci. 

] 1. By using all good means of help, confessing to a t 

) Avoiding all occasions of his infirmity. 

I. Not giving way to passions, but resisting to his ut- 



&c. 



it. 



McTKb. 6. 
Passions 
and pertur- 
bations of 
the mind 
rectified. 



from his 
friends. 



2. Uy fair and foul means, counsel, comfort, good persuasion, witty 

devices, fictions, and, if it be possible, to satisfy his mind 

3. Music of all sorts aptly applied 

4. Mirth and merry comjoany. 



(31emb. 

1. General discontents and grievances satisfied. 

2. Particular discontents, as deformity of bo<'y, sick- 

ness, baseness of birth, &c. 

3. Poverty and want, such calamities ^nd adver- 

sities. 

4. Against servitude, loss of liberty, imprisonment, 

banishment, &c. 

5. Against vain fears, sorrows for death of friends, or 

otherwise. 

6. Against envy, livor, hatred, malice, emulation, 

ambition, and self-love, &c. 

7. Against repulses, abuses, injuries, contempts, dis- 

graces, contumelies, slanders, and scoffs, &c. 

8. Against all other grievous and ordinary symptoms 

of this disease of melancholy. 



Sect. 3. 
A consola- 
tory digres- 
sion, con- 
taining re- 
medies to all 
discontents 
and passions 
of the mind. 



r r 



Sect. 4. 
Pharmaceu- 
tics, or Phy- 
sic which 
cureth with 
medicines, 
with a di- 
gression of 
this kind of 
physic, is 
either 
Memh. 1. 
Subseci. 1. 



f Simples 
altering 
melan- 
choly, 
with a di- 
gression 
of exotic 
simples. 
2. Subs. 



Com- 
pounds 
altering 
melan- 
choly, 
with a di- 
gression 
of com- 

I pounds. 

^ 1. Subs. 



fTo the heart ; borage, bugloss, scorzonera, &c. 
To the head ; balm, hops, nenuphar, &c. 
Herbs, I Liver ; eupatory, artemisia. &c. 

3. Subs. \ Stomach ; wormwood, centaury, pennyroyal. 
Spleen ; ceterache, ash, tamarisk. 
To purify the blood; endive, succory, &c. 
Against wind ; origan, fennel, aniseed, &c. 

4. Precious stones ; as snaragdes, chelidonies, &c. Minerals; 

as gold, &c. 



r ^ 



fluid 



con- 
sisting. 



r Wines; as of helleoore, bugloss, ta- 



marisk, &c. 
Syrups of borage, bugloss, hops, epi. 
thyme, endive, succory, &c. 

r Conserves of violets, maidenhair, borage, 



bugloss, roses, <Sr.c. 
Confections ; treacle, mithridate, ecleg- 
mes or linctures. 



=■ 


or 




solid, as 




those 




aroma- i 




tical 




confec- 


or 


tions. 




. 



hot 



cold 



I 

fDiambra, dianthos. 

Diarnargaritum calidum. 
< Diamoscum dulce. 

Electuarium de gemrnis. 

Laetificans Galeni et Rhasis 

Diamargaritum frigidum. 
Diarrhodon alibatis. 
[DiacoroUi, diacodium with their tables. 



Purging 
Particular to the three distinct species 



(^ Condites of all sorts, &c. 

foils of camomile, violets, roses, <Src. 
Out- Ointments, alablastritum, populeum, &c. 

wardly ■{ Liniments, })lasters, cerotes, cataplasms, frontala, 
used, as I fomentations, epilhymes, sacks, bags, odora 

(^ ments, posies, &c. 



268 



Medicines 
purging 
melan- 
choly, are 
either 
Mcrnh. %. 



\ Simples 
purging 
melan- 
choly. 



3. Subs. 
Com- 
pounds 
purging 
meian- 
.choly. 



Synopsis of the Second Partition. 

ij'j'^ ,' 'Asrabecca, laurel, white hellebore, scilla, or sea-onion, 

^ ./ I antimony, tobacco, 
as vomits. J •' 

More gentle ; as senna, epithyme, polipody, mirobalanes, 
fumitory, &c. 



or 

Down- 
ward. 
2. Subs. 



Stronger; aloes, lapis A rmenus, lapis lazuli, black helle- 
bore. 



Superior 
parts 



Mouth 



I r Liquid, as potions, julef)s, syrups, wine of 

^ hellebore, bugloss, &c. 

I ! Solid, as lapis Armenus, and lazuli, pills 

^ I of Indae, pills of fumitory, &c. 

o Electuaries, diasena, confection of hamech, 

"^ L hierologladium, &c. 

Not swallowed, as gargarisms, masticatories. 
&c. 



Nostrils, sneezing powders, odoraments, perfumes, &c. 



Inferior parts, as clysters strong and weak, and suppositories of Casti 
I. lian soap, honey boiled, &c. 



n Chirurgical physic, 
which consists of Memb. 3. 



[Phlebotomy, to all parts almost, and all the distinct species. 

With knife, horseleeches. 
I Cupping-glasses. 

I Cauteries, and searing with hot irons, boring. 
I Dropax and sinapismus. 
tissues to several parts, and upon several occasions. 



SI? Sect. 5. 
Cure of 
head-melan- 
choly. 
Mfmb. 1, 



1. Subsect. 
Moderate diet, meat of good juice, moistening, easy of digestion. 
Good air. 

Sleep more than ordinary. 

Excrements daily to be voided by art or nature. 
Exercise of body and mind not too violent, or too remiss, passions of the mind, and 

perturbations to be avoided. 

2. Blood-letting, if there be need, or that the blood be corrupt, in the arm, fore- 
head, &c., or with cupping-glasses. 



Preparatives; as syrup of borage, bugloss, epithyme, hops, with 
their distilled waters, &c. 



3. Prepara- 
tives and 
purgers. 



4. Averters. 



5. Cordials, 
resolvers, 
hinderers. 



Purgers; as Montanus, and Matthiolus helleborismus, Quercetanus, 
syrup of hellebore, extract of hellebore, pulvis Hali, antimony 
prepared, Riilandi aqua mirabilis ,• which are used, if gentler 
medicines will not take place, with Arnoldus, virmrn buglossa- 
tum, senna, cassia, mirobalanes, auruni pofabile, or before 
Hamech, Pil. Indae, Hiera. Pil. de lap. Armeno, lazuli. 

r Cardan's nettles, frictions, clysters, suppositories, sneezings, masti- 
catories, nasals, cupping-glasses. 

I To open the haemorrhoids with horseleeches, to apply horse- 
leeches to the forehead without scarification, to the shoulders, 
thighs. 
Issues, boring, cauteries, hot irons in the suturo of the crown 



'A cup of wine or strong drink. 

Bezars stone, amber, spice. 

Conserves of borage, bugloss, roses, fumitory. 
I Confection of alchermes. 
I Eleduarium Is^tijicans Galeni et Rhash, «^c. 
V Diumargaritum frig, diaboraginaium, ^r. 



Synopsis of the Srrond Partition. 



209 



6. Correctors 

of accidents, 

Us, 



fOdoraments of roses, violets. 
Irrigations of the head, with the decoctions of n}mphea, lettuce 

mallows, &c. 
Epithymes, ointments, bags to the heart. 
Fomentations of oil for the belly. 

Baths of sweet water, in which were sod mallows, violets, roses 
water-lilies, borage flowers, ramsheads, &c. 

Poppy, nymphea, lettuce, roses, purs- 
lane, henbane, mandrake, night- 
shade, opium, «&c. 
f Liquid, as syrups of poppy, verbasco, 
I violets, roses. 

<; Solid, as requies Nicholai, Phi- 
^ ^ j Ionium, Rotnaniitn, Laudanum 

^ - { , [ Faracelsi. 

poppy, violets, roses, mandrake, 



Inwardly 
taken. 



Simples 



Com- 
pounds. 



Outward- 
Uy used, as 



S^ 2. Memb. 
Cure of me- 
'ancholy over 
the body. 

r 



W Cure 
of hypo- 
chondria- 
cal or 
wirjdy 
melan- 
choly. 
3. Mem 6. 
I 



Oil of nymphea, 

nutmegs. 
Odoraments of vinegar, rose-water, opium. 
Frontals of rose-cake, rose-vinegar, nutmeg. 
J Ointments, alablastritum, unguentum populeum, 

simple or mixed with opium. 
Irrigations of the head, feet, sponges, music, mur 

mur and noise of waters. 
Frictions of the head and outward parts, sacculi 

of henbane, wormwood at his pillow, &c. 

Against terrible dreams ; not to sup late, or eat peas, cabbage, 
venison, meats heavy of digestion, use balm, hart's-tongue, &c. 
[Against ruddiness and blushing, inward and outward remedies. 
fDiet, preparatives, purges, averters, cordials, correctors, as before. 
! Phlebotomy in this kind more necessary, and more frequent. 

1 To correct and cleanse the blood with fumitory, senna, succory, dandelion 
L endive, &c. 
Subsed. 
Phlebotomy, if need require. 
Diet, preparatives, averters, cordials, purgers, as before, saving that t'ney must not be 

so vehement. 
Use of pennyroyal, wormwood, centaury sod, which alone hath cured many. 
To provoke urine with aniseed, daucus, asarum, &c., and stools, if need be, by clysters 

and suppositories. 
To respect the spleen, stomach, liver, hypochondries. 
To use treacle now and then in winter. 
To vomit after meals sometimes, if it be inveterate. 

fGalanga, gentian, enula, angelica, calamus 
aromaticus, zedoary, china, condite gin- 
ger, &c. 
(Pennyroyal, rue, calamint, bay leaves, and 
berries, scordium, bethany, lavender, camo- 
I mile, centaury, wormwood, cummin, broom, 
[ orange pills. 
Saffron, cinnamon, mace, nutmeg, pepper, 

musk, zedoary with wine, &c. 
Aniseed, fennel-seed, ammi, cary, cummin, 
nettle, bays, parsley, grana, paradisi. 
"^ j-Dianisum, diagalanga, diaciminum, diacalaminfhes, elec- 
§ J tuarium de baccis lauri, benedicta laxativa, &c. puivis 
^1 carminativus, and puivis descrip. Antidotario Fioren- 
ss [ tino, aromaticum, rosatum, Mithridate. 
Outwardly used, as cupping-glasses to the hypochondries without scarifi- 
cation, oil of camomile, rue, aniseed, their decoctions, <fec. 



2. To ex- 
pel wind. 



Inwardly 
taken. 




x2 



C^vo) 



THE SECOND PARTITION. 

THE CURE OF MELANCHOLY. 



THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, SUBSECTION. 



Unlawful Cures rejected. 

TNV ITERATE Melancholy, howsoever it may seem to be a continuale, inexora- 
-L ble disease, hard to be cured, accompanying them to their graves, most part, as 
' Montantis observes, yet many times it may be helped, even that which is most vio- 
lent, or at least, according to tlie same ^author, "it may be mitigated and much 
eased." JVil desjperandum. It may be hard to cure, but not impossible for him that 
is most grievously affected, if he but willing to be helped. 

Upon this good hope I will proceed, using the same method in the cure, which 1 
have formerly used in the rehearsing of the causes; first general, then particular; 
and those according to their several species. Of these cures some be lawful, some 
again unlawful, which though frequent, familiar, and often used, yet justly censured, 
and to be controverted. As first, whether by these diabolical means, which are com- 
monly practised by the devil and his ministers, sorcerers, witches, magicians, &c.. 
by spells, cabilistical words, charms, characters, images, anmlets, ligatures, philters, 
incantations, &c., this disease and the like may be cured ? and if they may, whethei 
it be lawful to make use of them, those magnetical cures, or for our good to seek 
after such means in any case ? The first, wlieiher they can do any such cures, is 
questioned amongst many writers, some afilrming, some denying. Valesius, conl. 
med. lib. 5. cap. 6. Malleus Maleficor. Heurnius, Z. 3. pracf. med. cap. 28. Caelius 
lih. 1(). c. 16. Delrio Tom. 3. Wierus lib. 2. de prcestig. dcam. Libanius Lavater de 
sped. part. 2. cap. 7. Holbrenner the Lutheran in Pistorium, Polydor Virg. I. I. de 
prodig. Tandlerus, Lemnius, (Hippocrates and Avicenna amongst the rest) deny 
that spirits or devils have any power over us, and refer all with Pomponatius of 
Padua to natural causes and humours. Of the otiier opinion are Bodinus Dcimona- 
manfice.) lib. 3, cap. 2. Arnoldus, Maicellus Empyricus, I. Pistorius, Paracelsus Jlpodix. 
Magic. Agrippa lib. 2. de occult. Philos. cap. 30. GO. 71. 72. et I. 3, c. 23, et 10. M^r- 
cilius Ficinus de vit. cobIH. compar. cap. 13. 15. 18. 21. ^x. Galeottus dc promiscua 
doct. cap. 24. Jovianus Pontanus Tom. 2. Plin. lib. 28, c. 2. Strabo, lib. 15. Geog. 
Leo Suavius : Goclenius de ung. armar. Oswoldus Crollius, I^rnestus Burgiavius. 
Dr. Flud, &c. Cardan de subt. brings many proofs out of Ars Notoria, and Solo- 
mon's decayed works, old Hermes, Artefius, Costaben Luca, Picatrix, &c. that such 
cures may be done. They can make fire it shall not burn, fetch back thieves or 
stolen goods, show their absent faces in a glass, make serpents lie still, stanch blood, 
salve gouts, epilepsies, biting of mad dogs, tooth-ache, melanciioly, et omnia mundi 
mala.) make men immortal, young again as the ^ Spanish marquess is said to have 
done by one of his slaves, and some, which jugglers in "China maintain still (as 

^Consil. 2:1.5. pro Alibate Ifalo. ^(jonsil. 2^. aiit I ad 40. aHaos |)osseiil prodiicere vitatn. cur ion id cen. 

nirabitiir, aul certe riiiniis afficietiir, si vnlel. 3 Vide tmn? p\ ad ceiituiu, cur iioii ad inille? * Hivt, Chi 

Keiiatuii) Mort-v Aniiiiad. in scholaiii Salernit, c. 3H. si | iieiisurn. 



iVlem. l.j 



Patient. 



271 



Tragaltius writes) that they can do by their extraordinary skill in physic, ana some 
of our modern chemists by their strange limbecks, by their spells, pbilosopiier's 
stones and charms. ^''Many doubt," saith Nicholas Taurellus, '•'•whether the devil 
can cure such diseases he hath not made, and some flatly deny it, howsoever com- 
mon experience confirms to our astonisliment, that magicians can work such feats, 
and that the devil without impediment can penetrate through all the parts of our 
bodies, and cure snch maladies by means to us unknown." Daneus in his tract de 
Soriiarlls subscribes to this of Taurellus ; Erasius de lamiis^ maintaineth as much 
and so do most divines, out of their excellent knowledge and long experience they 
can commit ^agcntes cum patienllbus^ colli gere semina rerum., eaqm malerice appli- 
care., as Austin infers de Civ. Dei el de Trinit. lib. 3. cap. 7. ct 8. they can work stu- 
pendous and admirable conclusions ; we see the effects only, but not the causes of 
them. Nothing so familiar as to hear of such cures. Sorcerers are too common ; 
cunning men, wizards, and white-witches, as they call them, in every village, which 
if they be sought unto, will help almost all infirmities of body and mind, Servatores 
in Latin, and they have commonly St. Catherine's wheel printed in the roof of their 
mouth, or in some other part about them, resistunt incantaloruvi prccstigiis., ("Bois- 
sardus writes) ?)iorbos a sagis motos propulsant,, Sfc.^ that to doubt of it any longer, 
^••'or not to believe, were to run into that other sceptical extreme of incredulity," 
saith Taurellus. Leo Sauvius in his comment upon Paracelsus seems to make it an 
art, which ought to be approved; Pistorius and others stifHy maintain the use of 
charms, words, characters, &c. Jlrs vera est., sed pauci artifices rcperiimlur ; the art 
is true, but there be but a few that have skill in it. Marcellius Donatus lib. 2. de 'hist, 
mir. cap. 1. proves out of Josephus' eight books of antiquities, that ^'•'Solomon so 
cured all the diseases of the mind by spells, charms, and drove away devils, and that 
Eleazer did as much before Vespasian." Langius in his med. epist. holds Jupiter 
Menecrates, that did so many slupendous cures in his time, to have used this art, 
and that he was no other than a magician. Many famous cures are daily done in 
this kind, the devil is an expert physician, as Godelman calls him, lib. 1. cap. 18 
and God permits oftentimes these witches and magicians to produce such effects, 
as Lavater cap. 3. lib. 8. part. 3. cap. 1. Polid. Virg. lib. 1. de prodigiis^ Delrio and 
others admit. Such cures may be done, and as Paracels. Tom. 4. de morb. ament. stiffly 
maintains, '° they cannot otherwise be cured but by spells, seals, and spiritual 
physic." " Arnoldus, lib. de sigilUs.) sets down the making of them, so doth Rulandus 
and many others. 

Hoc posito., they can effect such cures, the main question is, whetlier it be lawful 
in a desperate case to crave their help, or ask a wizard's advice. 'Tis a common 
practice of some men to go first to a witch, and then to a physician, if one cannot 
the other shall, Flcctere si ncqueant superos Jlch^ronta movebunt. '^'•' It matters not," 
^aith Paracelsus, " whether it be God or the devil, angels, or unclean spirits cure 
liim, so that he be eased." If a man fall into a ditch, as he prosecutes it, what mat- 
ter is it wliether a friend or an enemy help him out ? and if I be troubled with such 
a malady, what care J whether the devil himself, or any of his ministers by God's 
permission, redeem me ? He calls a "'magician, God's minister and his vicar, apply- 
ing that of vos esfis da profanely to them, for which he is lashed by T. Erastus 
part, i-.fol. 45. And elsewhere he encourageth his patients to have a good faith, 
'""a strong imagination, and they shall find the eifacts : let divines say to the con- 
trary what they will." He proves and contends tiiat many diseases cannot otherwise 
be cured. Incanlatione ortt incantatione curari debent ; if they be caused by incan- 
tation, '^ they must be cured by incantation. Constantinus Vtb. 4. approves of such 
remedies : Bartolus the lawyer, Peter Jj^rodius reriim Judic. lib. 3. tit. 7. Salicetus 
Godefridus, with others of that sect, allow of them ; modd sint ad sanitatem qiice a 



sAlii duhitant an d.Tinon pos-:it morbos curare qiios 
noil fecil, alii ne^'aiit, spd qiioiiiliana experietilia con- 
firiiiat, ina^'os magno ruultormn stiipore iiiorbos curare, 
sineulas corporis parte citra iiiipediineiitiiiii peniieare, 
el nieiJiis nobis ijinotis curare. ^^jjeiitia cum 

patienlibiis conjugniit 'Cap. 11. de Servat. ''Hiec 
aiii ri'ff'iit, s(;(i vereor ne diim nolumiis esse croduli, 
vitiiini iKMi etfuiiiairius iiicredulitatis. ** Referl Soio- 
nionem iiieiilis niorhos rurasse, el dieniones a1)ci;i.<se 
ipscs carminibu.s. nuod e coram Vespasiano lecit Elea- 



zar. loSpirituales niorbi .^piritualiter curari debent. 

" Sii:iIIuin ex auio peculiari ad Melancholiam, &c. 
'-Lib. 1. de occult. Philos. nihil ref.'rt an Dens? an Dia- 
bolus, angf.'li an immundi spiritu.«! ajuro opem ferant, 
morbus curetur. '3 Maf:us minister et Vicarius Di'i. 

'4 Utere forti imaffinationeet exfierieriseffectum, dicani 
in adversum quicquid vnluiit Tlietilojii. lii Idem 

Plinius conteiidit qiiosdam esse morbos qui incanta 
tionibus solum curentur. 



272 



C/ure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 1 



magisjiunf^ scciis non, so they be for the parties good, or not at all. But these men 
are confuted by Remigius, Bodinus, dcsm. lib. 3. cap 2. Godelmanus lib. 1. cap. 8, 
VVierus, Delrio lib. 6. qucest. 2. Tom. 3. mag. inquis. Erastus de Lamiis; all our 
'"divines, schoolmen, and such as write cases of conscience are against it, the scripture 
itself absolutely forbids it as a mortal sin, Levit. cap. xviii. xix. xx. Deut. xviii. &c. 
Rom. viii. 19. "Evil is not to be done, that good may come of it." Much better it 
were for such patients that are so troubled, to endure a little misery in this life, tlian 
fo hazard their souls' health for ever, and as Delrio counselleth, '^ " much better die, 
than be so cured." Some take upon them to expel devils by natural remedies, and 
magical exorcisms, which they seem to approve out of the practice of the primitive 
church, as that above cited of Josephus, Eleazer, Iraeneus, TertuUian, Austin. Euse- 
bius makes mention of such, and magic itself hath been publicly professed in somr 
universities, as of old in Salamanca in Spain, and Cracow in Polan(l : but condemned 
anno 1318, by the chancellor and university of '^ Paris. Our pontifical writers retain 
many of these adjurations and forms of exorcisms still in the church ; besides those 
in baptism used, they exorcise meats, and such as are possessed, as they hold, in 
Christ's name. Read Hieron. Mengus cap. 3. Pet. Tyreus, part. 3. cap. 8. what exor- 
cisms they prescribe, besides those ordinary means of '^^' fire suffumigations, lights, 
cutting the air with swords," cap. 57. herbs, odours : of which Tostatus treats, 2. Reg. 
cap. 16. qucpst 43, you shall find many vain and frivolous superstitious forms of 
exorcisms among them, not to be tolerated, or endured. 



MEMB. II. 

Lawful Cures., first from God. 

Being so clearly evinced, as it is, all unlawful cures are to be refused, it remains 
to treat of such as are to be admitted, and those are commonly such which God hath 
appointed, ^°by virtue of stones, herbs, plants, meats, &c. and the like, which are 
prepared and applied to our use, by art and industry of physicians, who are the dis- 
pensers of such treasures for our good, and to be ^' " honoured for necessities' sake," 
God's intermediate ministers, to whom in our infirmities we are to seek for help. 
Yet not so that we rely too much, or wholly upon them : a Jove principium., wc 
must first begin with ^^ prayer, and then use physic; not one without the other, but 
both together. To pray alone, and reject ordinary means, is to do like him in 
iEsop, that when his cart was stalled, lay flat on his back, and cried aloud help Her- 
cules, but that was to little purpose, except as his friend advised him, rofis tute ipse 
annitaris, he whipped his horses withal, and put his shoulder to the wheel. God 
works by means, as Christ cured the bhnd man with clay and spittle : " Orandum 
est ui sit mens sana in corpore sano.''"' As we must pray for health of body and 
mind, so we must use our utmost endeavours to preserve and continue it. Some 
kind of devils are not cast out but by fasting and prayer, and both necessarily re- 
quired, not one without the other. For all the physic we can use, art, excellent 
industry, is to no purpose without calling upon God, nil juvat immensos Cratero 
promittere monies: it is in vain to seek for help, run, ride, except God bless us. 

24Non domiis el fundus, iion ORris acerviis et auri 
^groto possunt d(»iTiir)o deducere febres." 
25 ••With liouse, with land, with money, and with gold, 



23 " nori Siculi dapes 

Diilcem elaborabunt saporem, 
Non aniinuni cytheraeve cantiis. 



The master's fever will not he conlroll'd.' 



We must use our prayer and physic both together : and so no doubt but our prayers 
will be available, and our physic take effect. 'Tis that Hezekiah practised, 2 King. 
XX. Luke the Evangelist: and which we are enjoined, Coloss. iv. not the patient 
only, but the physician himself. Hippocrates, a heathen, required this in a good 
ractitioner, and so did Galen, lib. de Plat, et Hipp. dog. Ub.9. cap. 15. and in that 



'6Q.iii talihus credunt, aut ad eorum domo? euntes, 
ant siiis rioniibns introdiicnnt, ant interrogant, sr.iant 
se fidem Christianam et baptistnuni proRvaricasse, et 
Apostatas es^se. Austin de superstit. observ. noc pacfo 
a Deo deficitnr ad diabolnm, P. Mart. i' Mori 

prirstat qnairi supcrsiitiose sanari, Disqiiis. inag. I. 'i.e. 
2. sect. 1. quajst. 1. Tom. 3. isp. Lumbanl. i^Siif- 
fitus, gladioruni ictus, &c. 20 The Lord hath created 



medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not ab- 
hor them, Ecclus. xx.xviii. 4. 21 iviy son fail not in 
thy sickness, but pray unto the Lord, and lie will make 
thee whole, Ecclus xxxviii. !>. 22 h,,,; omne prin- 
cipinm, hue refer exitum. Hor. 3. carm. Od.G. 2! Musir. 
and fine fare can do no good. ^^ liar \ 1. op. 3 
25SintCrDBsi et Crassi licet, non hos Pactolus aureas 
undas agens erioiet unauam e miseriis. 



Mem. 2.1 



Cure of Melancholy. 



273 



tract of his, an mores seqiiantur temp. cor. ca. 11. 'tis a rule which he doth inculcate 
'^and many others. Hyperius in liis first book de sacr. script, led. speaking of tha 
happiness and good success which all physicians desire and hope for in their cures, 
^' tells them that it is not to be expected, except with a true faith they call upon God, 
and teach their patients to do the like." The council of Lateran, Canon 22 decreed 
they should do so : the fathers of the church have still advised as much : whatso- 
ever thou takest in hand (saith ^"^ Gregory) let God be of thy counsel, consult with 
him ; that healeth those that are broken in heart, (Psal. cxlvii. 3.) and bindeth up 
their sores." Otlierwise as the prophet Jeremiah, cap. xlvi. 1 1. denounced to Egypt, 
In vain siialt thou use many medicines, for thou shalt have no health. It is the 
same counsel which ^''^ Comineus that politic historiographer gives to all christian 
princes, upon occasion of that unhappy overthrow of Charles Duke of Burgundy, 
by means of which he was extremely melancholy, and sick to death : insomuch that 
neither physic nor persuasion could do him any good, perceiving his preposterous 
error belike, adviseth all great men in such cases, ^° " to pray first to God with all 
submission and penitency, to confess their sins, and then to use physic." The very 
same fault it was, which tiie prophet reprehends in Asa king of Judah, that he relied 
more on physic than on God, and by all means would have liim to amend it. And 
'tis a fit caution to be observed of all other sorts of men. Tiie prophet David was 
so observant of this precept, that in his greatest misery and vexation of mind, he 
put this rule first in practice. Psal. Ixxvii. 3. " When I am in heaviness, I will 
think on God." Psal. Ixxxvi. 4. '^ Comfort the soul of thy servant, for unto thee I 
lift up my soul :" and verse 7. "■ In the day of trouble will I call upon thee, for thou 
hearest me." Psal. liv. 1. "Save me, O God, by thy name," &c. Psal. Ixxxii. psal. 
XX. And 'tis the common practice of all good men, Psal. cvii. 13. "when their 
heart was humbled with heaviness, they cried to the Lord in their troubles, and he 
delivered them from their distress." And they have found good success in so doing, 
as David confesseth, Psal. xxx. 12. " Thou hast turned my mourning into joy, thou 
hast loosed my sackcloth, and girded me with gladness." Therefore he adviseth all 
others to do the like, Psal. xxxi, 24. "All ye that trust in the Lord, be strong, and 
he shall establish your heart." It is reported by ^' Suidas, speaking of Hezekiah, 
that there was a great book of old, of King Solomon's writing, which contaiiu'd 
medicines for all manner of diseases, and lay open still as they came into the temple : 
but Hezekiah king of Jerusalem, caused it to be taken away, because it made the 
people secure, to neglect their duty in calling and relying upon God, out of a con- 
fidence on those remedies. ^^ Minutius that worthy consul of Rome in an oration 
he made to his soldiers, was much offended with them, and taxed their ignorance, 
that in their misery called more on him than upon God. A general fault it is ail 
over the world, and Minutius's speech concerns us all, we rely more on physic, and 
seek oftener to physicians, than to God himself As much faulty are they that pre- 
scribe, as they that ask, respecting wholly their gain, and trusting more to their ordi- 
nary receipts and medicines many times, than to him that made them. I would wish 
all patients in this behalf, in the midst of their melancholy, to remember that of 
Siracides, Ecc. i. 11. and 12. "The fear of the Lord is glory and gladness, and re- 
joicing. The fear of the Lord maketh a merry heart, and giveth gladness, and joy, 
and long life :" and all such as prescribe physic, to begin in nomine Dei., as '^^ Mesne 
did, to imitate Lsebius a Fonte Eugubinus, that in all his consultations, still concludes 
with a prayer for the good success of his business ; and to remember that of Creto 
one of their predecessors, /t/o-e avariiiam., et sine oralione et bwocatione Dei nihil 
facias^ avoid covetousness, and do nothing without invocation upon God. 



2«Scientia de Deo debet in medico infixa esse, Mesne 
Arabs. Saiiat oinsies laiiguores Ueus. For you sljall 
pray to your Lord, that he would prosper that which is 
given for ease, and then use physic for the prolonging 
of life, Kcclus. xxxviii 4. 27 (j,),i,es optani quandani 
\r. niediciiia f;elicitatem, sed hanc iion est quod exjiec- 
tont, nisi deum vera tide invocent, atque iE;;ros siiniii- 
tei ad ardentein vocalionem excitent. ssijeniuius e 
Gresor. exhor. ad vitam opt. instit. cap. 48. Qiiicqiiid 
ineditaris aggredi aut perficere. Deuin in consiliiun 
adhiheto. 29Commentar. lib. 7. ob infelicem pug- 

lain qontristatus, in ajgritudinem incidit, ita ut a me- 

35 



dicis curari non posset. ^°ln his animi tnalis priti- 

ceps imprimis ad Deiiin preceiur, et peccatis vemam 
exoret, iiule ad mediciiiam, &c. si Grcir. Tholoss. To 
2. I. 2H. c. 7- Syntax. In vestihulo templi Solomon, libei 
remediorum cujusque morbi fuit, quern revulsit Ezeclii 
as, quod populus neglecto Deo nee invocato, saiiitatcm 
inde peteret. ** Livius I. 2;{. Strepunt aurcs clar>io. 

ribus plorantium sociorum, sjupius nos quam deorum 
invocantium opem. ^ Rulandus adjungil optimau 

oraiionem ad finem Enipyricorum. Mercuria'is consil 
25. ita concludit. Montarius passim, &c. el plures alii 



274 



f^nre of J\hlancholij. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 1, 



MEMB. III. 

Whether it he lawful to seek to Saints for Aid in this Disease. 

TnA.T we must pray to God, no man doubts; but whether we should pray to 
saints in such cases, or whether they can do us any good, it may be lawfully con- 
troverted. Whether their images, shrines, relics, consecrated things, holy water, 
medals, benedictions, those divine amulets, holy exorcisms, and the sign of the cross, 
be available in this disease i The papists on the one side stiffly maintaisi how many 
melancholy, mad, demoniacal persons are daily cured at St. Anthony's Church in 
Padua, at St. Vitus' in Germany, by our Lady of Loretto in Italy, our Lady of Sicheni 
in the Low Countries: ^^Qucb et ccBcis lumen^ cegris salutem^ mortids vitam^ clandi^ 
gressum reddit^ oranes morhos corporis^ onimi^ curat, et in ipsos dcemones imjierium 
exercct; she cures halt, lame, blind, all diseases of body and mind, and commands 
the devil himself, saith Lipsius. '•'■ twenty-five thousand in a day come thither," ^'"quis 
nisi numen in ilium locum sic indurit; who brought them } in aurihus,in oculis om- 
nium, gesta, novce novitia; new news lately done, our eyes and ears are full of her 
cures, and who can relate them all } They have a proper saint almost for every 
peculiar infirmity : for poison, gouts, agues, Petronella : St. Romanus for such as are 
possessed \ Valentine for the falling sickness ; St. Vitus for madmen, &c. and as of 
old ^'^ Pliny reckons up Gods for all diseases, [Fchri finum dicatwn est) Lilius Giral- 
(lus repeats many of her ceremonies : all affections of the mind were heretofore 
accounted gods,^' love, and sorrow, virtue, honour, liberty, contumely, impudency, 
had their temples, tempests, seasons, Crepitus Ventris, dea Vacuna, dea Cloacina, 
there was a goddess of idleness, a goddess of the draught, or jakes, Prema, Pre- 
munda, Priapus, bawdy gods, and gods for all ^^ offices. Varro reckons up 30,000 
gods : Lucian makes Podagra the gout a goddess, and assigns her priests and minis- 
ters : and melancholy comes not behind; for as Austin mentioneth, lib. 4. de Civil. 
Dji, cap. 9. there was of old Jlngerona dea., and she had her chapel and feasts, to 
whom (saith ^^Macrobins) they did offer sacrifice yearly, that she might be pacified 
as well as the rest. 'Tis no new thing, you see this of papists ; and in my judg- 
ment, that old doting Lipsius might have fitter dedicated his ''^ pen after all his labours, 
to this our goddess of melancholy, than to his Virgo Halensis., and been her chap- 
lain, it would have become him better : but he, poor man, thought no harm in that 
which he did, and will not be persuaded but that he doth well, he hath so many 
patrons, and honourable precedents in the like kind, that justify as much, as eagerly, 
and more than he there saith of his lady and mistress : read but superstitious Coster 
and Gretser's Tract de Cruce., Laur. Arcturus Fanteus dc Invoc. Sanct. Bellarmine, 
Delrio dis. mag. Tom. 3. /. 6. qucBst. 2. sect. 3. Greg. Tolosanus Tom. 2. lib, 8. cap. 
24. Syntax. Strozius Cicogna lib. 4. cap. 9. Tyreus, Hieronymus Mengus, and you 
•shall find infinite examples of cures done in this kind, by holy waters, relics, crosses, 
icxorcisms, amulets, images, consecrated beads, &c. Barradius the Jesuit boldly gives 
it out, that Christ's countenance, and the Virgin Mary's, would cure melancholy, if 
one had looked steadfastly on them. P. Morales the Spaniard in his book de pulch. 
Jes. et Mar. confirms the same out of Carthusianus, and I know not whom, that it 
•.was a common proverb in those days, for such as were troubled in mind to say, 
:eamus ad. videndum filium Marine., let us see the son of Mary, as they now do post 
:to St. Anthony's in Padua, or to St. Hilary's at Poictiers in France. "*' In a closet of 
tliat church, there is at this day St. Hilary's bed to be seen, " to which they bring all 
the madmen in the country, and after some prayers and other ceremonies, they lay 
• them down there to sleep, and so they recover." It is an ordinary thing in those 
parts, to send all their madmen to St. Hilary's cradle. They say the like of St. 
Tubery in ''^another place. Giraldus Cambrensis Itin. Camb. c. 1. tells strange stories 
of St. Ciricius' staff, that would cure this and all other diseases. Others say as much 



3< Lipsius. sscap. 26. as I,ib. 2. cap. 7. de 

Ofo Morbisqiie in genera descriptis deos reperimus. 
»'Sel(len prolog, cap. .1. de diis Sj'ris. Rofiniis. 3*^ See 
JJlii Giialili syntagma de diis, &c. s^ 12Cal. Janiiarii 
ferias celubrant, ut angores et animi soliciludip^s pro- 



pitiata depellat. ^o llanc divrc pennam conserravi. 

Lipsius. *' Jodocus Sincenis itin. Gallia". 1617. Hik. 
uientP captos deducunt, et slalis orationihns, sacrisaup 
peractis, in iiliim lectutn dorniituni ponunt, &c. '^ Ir 
Gallia Narboncnsi. 



Mein. :?.] Patient. 275 

(as '•^Hos] inian observes) of tlie three kings of Clogne; their name? writ ten in 
parchmeni, and hung about a patient's neck, with. the sijrn of thp cross, will produce 
like effects. Read Lipomannus, or that golden legend o)^ Jacob ua ae Voraginfi^ yop 
shall have infinite stories, or those new relations of our "Jesuits in Japan and China 
of Mat. Riccius, Acosta, Loyola, Xaverius's life, &lc. Jasper Belga, a Jesuit, cured a 
mad woman by hanging St. John's gospel about her neck, and many such. Holy 
water did as much in Japan, &c. Nothing so familiar in their works, as such ex- 
amples 

But we on the other side seek to God alone. We say with David, Psal. xlvi. 1. 
" God is our hope and strength, and help in trouble, ready to be found." For their 
catalogue of examples, we make no other answer, but that they are false fictions, or 
diabolical illusions, counterfeit miracles. We cannot deny but that it is an ordinary 
thing on St. Anthony's day in Padua, to bring diverse madmen and demoniacal per- 
sons to be cured : yet we make a doubt whether such parties be so affected indeed, 
but prepared by their priests, by certain ointments and drams, to cozen the common- 
alty, as ""^ Hildesheim well saith ; tiie like is commonly practised in Bohemia as 
Mathiolus gives us to understand in his preface to his comment upon Dioscorides, 
But we need not run so far for examples in this kind, we have a just volume pub- 
lished at home to this purpose. ''^''' A declaration of egregious popish impostures, to 
withdraw the hearts of religious men under the pretence of casting out of devils, 
practised by Father Edmunds, alias Weston, a Jesuit, and divers Romish priests, his 
wicked associates, with the several parties' names, confessions, examinations, &c. 
which were pretended to be possessed." But these are ordinary tricks only to get 
opinion and money, mere impostures, .^sculapius of old, that counterfeit God, did 
as many famous cures; his temple (as'^'Strabo relates) was daily full of patients, 
and as many several tables, inscriptions, pendants, donories, 8tc. to be seen in his 
church, as at this day our Lady of Loretto's in Italy. Jt was a custom long since, 

" siispetidisse ^lotenti 

Vestiineiila maris deo." «» Hor. Od. 1. lib. 5. Od. 

To do the like, in former times they were seduced and deluded as they are now. 
'Tis the same devil still, called heretofore Apollo, Mars, Neptune, Venus, ^scula- 
pius, &c. as ■^^ Lactantius lib. 2. de orig. erroris, c. 17. observes. The same Jupiter 
and those bad angels are now worshipped and adored by the name of St. Sebastian, 
Barbara, &c. Christopher and George are come in their places. Our lady succeeds 
Venus (as they use her in many offices), the rest are otherwise supplied, as ^"Lavater 
writes, and so they are deluded. ^' "And God often winks at these impostures, be- 
cause they forsake his word, and betake themselves to the devil, as they do that seek- 
after holy water, crosses," &c. Wierus, lib. 4. cap. 3. What can these men plead 
for themselves more than those heathen gods, the same cures done by both, the 
same spirit that seduceth ; but read more of the Pagan god's effects in Austin de 
Civitate Dei., I. 10. cap. 6. and of ^Esculapius especially in Cicogna I. 8. cap. 8. or 
put case they could help, why should we rather seek to them, than to Christ him- 
self, since that he so kindly invites us unto him, "• Come unto me all ye that are 
heavy laden, and I will ease you," Mat. xi. and we know that there is one God, 
" one Mediator between God and man, Jesus Christ, (1 Tim. ii. 5) who gave himself 
a ransom for all men. We know that we have an ^^ advocate with the Father, Jesus 
Christ (1 Joh. ii. 1.) that there is no other name under heaven, by which we can be 
saved, but by his," who is always ready to hear us, and sits at the right hand of 
God, and from °^ whom we can have no repulse, solas vult^ solus potest., curat uni- 
versos tanquam singulos., et ^^ unumquemque nostrum et solum., we are all as one to 
him, he cares for us all as one, and why should we tlien seek to any other but 
to him. - 

43Lib.de orig. Ft-storum. Collo suspensa et perj:a- garments to the deity of the deep." -is Mali nn 

menu iiiscripta, cum sigiio crncis, &c. ^* E-m. Acosta 
com. rerum in Orieiite gest. a societal. Jesu, Anno 
15ti8. Epist. Gonsalvi Fcrnaiidis, Anno loliO. e Japo- 
r.ia. <5 Spicel. de morbis dsmoniacis, sic a sacrifi- 

cnlis parati uiiguentis Magicis corpori illitis, nt stiilta; 
nlebeciilffi persuadeant tales curari a Sancto Antonio. 
reprinted at iiondon 4'° by J. Roberts. It)ll5. ^Gr.'g. 
lib. 8. Ciijus fanum legrotanlium multiluiiino refertum, 

yndiqiiaque et labellis pendentiltus, in qnibiis sanali | -3 Bernard. '-'•Austin 

iiiguores eraul iiiscripii. *» 'To offer the sailors 



sumpseriint olirn noineii Jovis, Jiinonis, Apollinis, &,< 
qiios Gentiles deos credtLiiit, nunc S. Sebasti.ini, ('ar- 
bariB, (Sec. nomen habent. et aliorum. ^"^ I'art. J. 

cap. y. de spi'ct Veneri substitnunt Virgiiiem Mariani 
^1 Ad hrec ludibria Deus connivet frcqnenti^r, ubi relicto 
verho Dei, ad Satanam curritur, qnales hi sunt, qin 
aqiiaiu luslralcm crucem, Sec. IwbriCiE fidei hominibis 
offernnt. ^^Cbarior est ipsis homo quam f>ibi, I'aul. 



276 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 1 



MEMB. IV. 

SuBSECT. I. — Physician^ Patient, Physic. 

Of tliose diverse gifts which our apostle Paul saith God hath bestowed on man, 
this of physic is not the least, but most necessary, and especially conducing to the 
good of mankind. Next therefore to God in all our extremities (" for of the most 
high Cometh healing," Ecclus. xxxviii. 2.) we must seek to, and rely upon the Phy- 
sician, ^^ who is Manus Dei., saith Hierophilus, and to whom he hath given know- 
ledge, tliat he might be glorified in his wondrous works. "With such doih he heal 
men, and take away their pains," Ecclus. xxxviii. 6. 7. " when thou hast need of 
him, let him not go from thee. The hour may come that their enterprises may have 
good success," ver. 13. It is not therefore to be doubted, that if we seek a physician 
•as we ought, we may be eased of our infirmities, such a one I mean as is sufficient, 
and worthily so called ; for there be many mountebanks, quacksalvers, empirics, in 
every street almost, and in every village, that take upon them this name, make this 
noble and profitable art to be evil spoken of and contemned, by reason of these base 
and illiterate artificers : but such a physician 1 speak of, as is approved, learned, skil- 
ful, honest, &.C., of whose duty Wecker, ./2?2//(x. cap. 2 et Syntax, med. Crato. Julius 
Alexandrinus medic. Heurnius prax. med. lib. 3. cap. 1 . 3^c. treat at large. For this 
particular disease, him that shall take upon him to cure it, ^^ Paracelsus will have to 
be a magician, a chemist, a philosopher, an astrologer ; Thurnesserus, Severinus the 
Dane, and some other of his f<:>llowers, require as much : " many of them cannot be 
cured but by magic." ^"^ Paracelsus is so stiff for those chemical medicines, tjiat in 
his cures he will admit almost of no other physic, deriding in the mean time Hippo- 
crates, Galen, and all their followers : but magic, and all such remedies I have 
already censured, and shall speak of chemistry ^' elsewhere. Astrology is required 
by many famous physicians, by Ficinus, Crato, Fernelius ; ^^ doubted of, and exploded 
by others : I will not take upon me to decide the controversy myself, Johannes 
Hossurtus, Thomas Boderius, and Maginus in the preface to his mathematical physic, 
sliall determine for me. Many physicians explode astrology in physic (saith he), 
tliere is no use of it, unam arlem ac quasi temerarium inseclanfur., ac gloriam sihi 
ab ejus imperitia., aucupari: but I will reprove physicians by physicians, that defend 
and profess it, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicen. &c., that count them butchers without it, 
homicidas medicos Jistrologice. ignaros, Sfc. Paracelsus goes farther, and will have 
his physician '*° predestinated to this man's cure, tliis malady; and time of cure, the 
scheme of each geniture inspected, gathering of herbs, of administering astrologically 
observed ; in which Thurnesserus and some iatromathematical professors, are too 
superstitious in my judgment. ^'Hellebore will help, but not alway, not given by 
every physician, &c." but these men are too peremptory and self-conceited as I think. 
But what do I do, interposing in that which is beyond my reach ? A blind man 
cannot judge of colours, nor I peradventure of these things. Only thus much J 
would require, honesty in every physician, that he be not over-careless or covetous, 
harpy-like to make a prey of his patient ; Carnificis namque est (as ^^ Wecker notes) 
inter ipsos cruciatus ingens precium exposcere, as a hungry chirurgeon often produces 
and wire-draws his cure, so long as there is any hope of pay, '•'• JVon missura cutem., 
nisi plena cruoris hirudo.''''^'^ Many of them, to get a fee, will give physic to every 
one that comes, when there is no cause, and they do so irritare silentem morbum^ 
as ^^ Heurnius complains, stir up a silent disease, as it often falleth out, which by 
good counsel, good advice alone, might have been happily composed, or by rectifica- 
tion of those six non-natural things otherwise cured. This is JVaturce bellum inferre, 
to oppugn nature, and to make a strong body weak. Arnoldus in his 8 and 1 1 
Aphorisms gives cautions against, and expressly forbiddeth it. ^^"A wise physician 



55 Ecclus. xxxviii. In the sight of great men he shall 
he in admiration. as Tom. 4. Tract. 3. de niorbis 

amentiiini, horum multi non nisi a Magis ciirandi et 
Astrologis, quoniam origo ejus a coelis petenda est. 
6-' Lih. de Podagra. ^ Sect. 5. '' Langius. 

J. CcBsar Claudinus consult. «> prsedestinatiim ad 

hunc curandum. *' Helleborus curat, sed quod ao 

fjmni daius medico vanurn est. e* Anlid. gen. lib 3 



cap. 2. 63 " Tlie leech never releases the skin until 

he is filled with blood." 64Quod sa>pe evenit, lib. 3. 

cap. 1. cum non sit necessitas. Frustra fatigant reine- 
diis fEgnis, qui victus ratione curari possunt, Heurnius. 
65 Modest us et sapiens medicus, nun(iuam properabit ad 
pharmacum, nisi cogente necessitate, 41 Aphor. prudetis 
et pius medicus cibis prius niedicinal quam medictiiid 
puris m'"r*":m cxpeilere sataf.i:. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 2.] 



Fati.ent. 



"Ill 



will not give physic, but upon necessity, and first try medicinal diet, before he pro- 
ceed to medicinal cure." ^ In another place he laughs those men to scorn, that tliinl* 
longis synipls expugnare dcemones et anlmi phantasmata^ they can purge fantastica 
imaginations and the devil by physic. Another caution is, that they proceed upon 
good grounds, if so be there be need of physic, and not mistake the disease ; they 
are often deceived by the ^^ similitude of symptoms, saith Heurnius, and I could give 
instance in many consultations, wherein they have prescribed opposite physic. 
Sometimes they go too perfunctorily to work, in not prescribing a just ^* course of 
physic : To stir up the humour, and not to purge it, doth often more harm than 
good. Montanus consi.l. 30. inveighs against such perturbations, " that purge to the 
halves, tire nature, and molest the body to no purpose." 'Tis a crabbed humour to 
purge, and as Laurentius calls this disease, the reproach of physicians : Bessardus^ 
■^lagellum medicorum^ their lash ; and for that cause, more carefully to be respected. 
Though the patient be averse, saith Laurentius, desire help, and refuse it again, though 
he neglect his own health, it behoves a good physician not to leave him helpless. 
But most part they offend in that other extreme, thoy prescribe too much physic, 
and tire out their bodies with continual potions, to no purpose. Julius tetrahib. 2. 
2. ser. cap. 90. will have them by all means therefore *^^^'to give some respite to 
nature," to leave off now and then ; and Laelius a Fonte Eugubinus in his consulta- 
tions, found it (as he there witnesseth) often verified by experience, '°"that after a 
deal of physic to no purpose, left to themselves, they have recovered." 'Tis that 
which Nic. Piso, Donatus Altomarus, still inculcate, dare requiem natura^ to give 
nature rest. 



Subs EOT. II. — 'Concerning the Patient. 

When these precedent cautions are accurately kept, and that we have now got a 
skilful, an honest physician to our mind, if his patient will not be conformable, and 
content to be ruled by him, all his endeavours will come to no good end. Many 
things are necessarily to be observed and continued on the patient's behalf: First 
that he be not too niggardly miserable of his purse, or think it too much he bestows 
upon himself, and to save charges endanger his health. The Abderites, when they 
sent for '^' Hippocrates, promised him what reward he would, '^^'' all the gold they had, 
if all the city were gold he should have it." Naaman the Syrian, when he went into 
Israel to Elisha to be cured of his leprosy, took with him ten talents of silver, six 
thousand pieces of gold, and ten changes of raiment, (2 Kings v. 5.) Another thing 
is, that out of bashfulness he do not conceal his grief; if aught trouble his mind, let 
him freely disclose it, '■'-Sfulforum incurata pudor malus ulcera celat ;" by that means 
he procures to himself much mischief, and runs into a greater inconvenience : he 
must be willing to be cured, and earnestly desire it. Pars sanifatisvclle sanar ..juil, 
(Seneca). 'Tis a part of his cure to wish his own health, and not to defer it too long 



'3"Q,iii blandiendn dulcp niitrivit malum, 
Soro recusal fene quod subiit juguni." 

~'* " Hellebnruni frustra cum jam cutis aegra tuniebit, 
Poscentes videas ; venienti occurrite murbo." 



' He tliat by cliprishing a mischief dnth provoke, 
Too late at last refusetli to cast off his yoke," 

' When The skin swells, to seek it to appease 
With hellebore, is vain ; meet your disease." 



By this means many times, or through their ignorance in not taking notice of their 
grievance and danger of it, contempt, supine negligence, extenuation, wretchednesg 
and peevishness ; they undo themselves. The citizens, I know not of what city now 
when rumour was brought their enemies were coming, could not abide to hear it 
and when the plague begins in many places and they certainly know it, they com 
mand silence and hush it up ; but after they see their foes now marching to theii 
gates, and ready to surprise them, they begin to fortify and resist when 'tis too late: 
when the sickness breaks out and can be no longer concealed, then they lament theii 
supine negligence: 'tis no otherwise with these men. And often out of prejudice, a 
loathing, and distaste of physic, they had rather die, or do worse, than take any of 



*■* Brev. 1. c. IP. ^' Similitudo s<fpe bonis medicis 

inip)nit. fif'Ciui melancholicis pra'i)eiit reniedia riori 

satis valida Louuiores uiorbi iinprimis solertiam merlici 
[lostuiaiit et fidelitatem, qui enim tumultuario hos trac- 
ant, vires absque ullocoinmodo liediint et fr.\tii;unt, &c. 
»*i\atura; .■eij'isBJoneui dare oportel. 'Tlerique 



hoc inorbo mediciua nihil profecisse visi sunt, et sib 
demissi iiivaluerunt. ■<' Alideritatii ep. Uippoc, 

^2 Q,uic(]uifl auri apiid nos est, libeiuer perso'veii'is, 
eliamsi tola urbs nostra auruni csset. iJ-jeneo. 

'1 1'er. 3. Sat. 



278 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 1, 



it. "Barbarous immanity ('^ Melanctlion terms it) and folly \o be deplored, st:> t(^ 
<ontei\(n the precepts of health, good remedies, and voluntarily to pull death, aiul 
many maladies upon their own heads." Though many again are in that othei 
fixtreme too profuse, suspicious, and jealous of their health, too apt to take physic 
on every small occasion, to aggravate every slender passion, imperfection, impedi- 
ment : if their finger do but ache, run, ride, send for a physician, as many gentlewo- 
men do, that are sick, without a cause, even when they will themselves, apon every 
icy or small discontent, and when he comes, they make it worse than it is, by ampli- 
f) ing that which is not. '^Hier. Cappivaccius sets it down as a common fault of all 
'• melancholy persons to say their s3nTiptoms are greater than they are, to help them- 
selves." And which "^ Mercurialis notes, comd. 53. " to be more troublesome to their 
physicians, than other ordinary patients, that they may have change of physic." 

A third thing to be required in a patient, is confidence, to be of good cheer, and 
have sure hope tliat his physician can help him. "^Damascen the Arabian requires 
likewise in the physician himself, that he be confident he can cure him, otherwise his 
physic will not be effectual, and promise withal that he will certainly help him, make 
him believe so at least. "^^Galeottus gives this reason, because the fV>rm of health is 
contained in the physician's mind, and as Galen holds ^°'' confidence and hope to be 
more good than physic," he cures most in whom most are confident. Axiocus sick 
almost to death, at the very sight of Socrates recovered his former health. Paracelsus 
assigns it for an only cause, why Hippocrates was so fortunate in his cures, not for 
any extraordinary skill he had; ^' but '' because the common people had a most strong 
conceit of his worth." To this of confidence we may add perseverance, obedience, 
and constancy, not to change his physician, or dislike him upon every toy; for he 
that so doth (saith ^^ Janus Damascen) "or consults with many, falls into many 
errors; or tnat useth many medicines." It was a chief caveat of ^''Seneca to his 
friend Lucilius, that he should not alter his physician, or prescribed physic : " No- 
thing hinders .lealth more ; a wound can never be cured, that hath several plasters." 
Crato consil. 186. taxeth all melancholy persons of this fault: ^*"'Tis proper to 
them, if things fall not out to their mind, and that they have not present ease, to 
seek another and another;" (as they do commonly that have sore eyes) twenty-one 
after another, and they still promise all to cure them, try a thousand remedies ; and by 
this means they increase their malady, make it most dangerous and difficult to be cured. 
Tliey try many (saith ^^ JVIontanus) and profit by none :" and for this cause, consil. 24. 
he enjoins his patient before he take him in hand, ^"perseverance and sufferance, 
for in such a small time no great matter can be effected, and upon that condition he 
will administer physic, otherwise all his endeavour and counsel would be to small 
purpose." And in his 31 . counsel for a notable matron, he tells her, " " if she will be 
cured, she must be of a most abiding patience, faithful obedience, and singular per- 
severance ; if she remit, or despair, she can expect or hope for no good success." 
Consil. 230. for an Jtalian Abbot, he makes it one of the greatest reasons why this 
disease is so incurable, ^^" because the parties are so restless, and impatient, and will 
therefore have him that intends to be eased, ^^ to take physic, not for a month, a year, 
but to apply himself to their prescriptions all the days of his life." Last of all, it is 
required that the patient be not too bold to practise upon himself, without an approved 
physician's consent, or to try conclusions, if he read a receipt in a book; for so. 
many grossly mistake, and do themselves more harm than good. Tiiat which is 
conducing to one man, in one case, the same time is opposite to another. ^°An ass 



■'sDeariima. Barbara tamen immanitatp, et deplo- 
raruia iiiscilia cnnletiimiiit pnecepta saiiitatis mortem 
Hi iiKirljds ultro accersunt. '"' Consul. J73. e Scoltzio 

Mi'lanch. ^.grorum hoc fere propriiim est, ut ^raviora 
(licant esse symptomata, qiiam revera sunt. '^ Melan 
itinlici plerumque medicis sunt niolesti, ut alia aliis 
adjutijrant. "sQportet infirmo imprimere salutem, 

iitcuijque proirittere, etsi ipse desperet. Nullum niedi- 
cainentum efficax, nisi medicus etiani fuerit fortis ima 
^riiiationis. '» De i)romisc. doct. caj). 15. Quoniam 

sriiMtHtis formam aniuii rnoiiiri continent. w'Ppes et 
(ontidenlia, plus valent quam medicina. s) Fselicior 

»n medicina ol, fidem Ethnirornm. p2 Aphoris. 8i). 

AZ<zir qui plurimos consulit medicos, plerumque ir 
srrorom siii'Milxrum cadit. 63 Nihil ita sanitatej' 



impedit, ac remediorum creltra mntatio, nee venit vul- 
nus ad cicatricem in quo diversa medicamenta tentan- 
lur. s^MeianchoJicorum proprium, quum ex eorum 

arbitrio non fit subila iiiutatio in melius, aiterare 
medicos qui quidvis, &c. Consil. 31. Diirn ad varia 

se conferunt, nnllo prosnnt. s6 [mprimis hoc statuere 
oportet, reqniri perseverantiam.et tolerantiam. Exiguo 
enim tempore nihil ex. &c. 87 >?) eurari vnlt. opus 

est perlinaoi perseverantia, fideli obedientia, el pa- 
tientia singnlari, si tiedet ant desperet, nullum hihebit 
effi'clum. " ^«.^<:ritudine amittunt patienti<<\i, et 

iinle rnorbi incurabiles. 89 >jon ad menser,i an! 

annum, sed opportet toto vitPB curricu'o curationi ope 
ram dare. aoCanierarius emb. 55 cent. 2. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 3.] Patient. 279 

and a mule went laden over a brook, the one with salt, the oihei with wool : the 
mule's pack was wet by chance, the salt melted, his burden the lighter, and he thereby 
much eased' he told the ass, who, thinking to speed as well, wet his pack likewise 
at the next vvater, but it was much the heavier, he quite tired. So one thing may 
be good and bad to several parties, upon diverse occasions. " Many things (saith 
^' Penottus) are written in our books, which seem to the reader to be excellent reme- 
dies, but they that make use of them are often deceived, and take for physic poison."" 
I remember in Valleriola's observations, a story of one John Baptist a Neapolitan, 
that fmding by chance a pamplilet in Italian, written in praise of hellebore, would 
needs adventure on himself, and took one dram for one scruple, and had not he been 
sent for, the poor fellow had poisoned himself. From whence he concludes out of 
Damascenus 2 ef. 3. Aphoris. " ^^ that without exquisite knowledge, to work out of 
books is most dangerous: hovy unsavoury a thing it is to believe writers, and take 
upon trust, as this patient perceived by his own peril." 1 could recite such another 
example of mine own knowledge, of a friend of mine, that finding a receipt in Bras- 
sivola, would needs take hellebore in substance, and try it on his own person; but 
had not some of his familiars come to visit him by chance, he had by his indiscre- 
tion hazarded himself: many such I have observed. These are those ordinary cau- 
tions, which I should think fit to be noted, and he that shall keep them, as ^'^Mon- 
tanus saith, shall surely be much eased, if not thoroughly cured. 

SuBSECT. III. — Concerning Physic. 

Physic itself in the last place is to be considered; "for the Lord hath created 
medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them." Ecclus. xxxviii. 4. 
ver. 8. " of such doth the apothecary make a confection, &.c." Of these medicines 
there be diverse and infinite kinds, plants, metals, animals, &c., and those of several 
natures, some good for one, hurtful to another : some noxious in themselves, cor- 
rected by art, very wholesome and good, simples, mixed, &c., and therefore left to 
b? managed by discreet and skilful physicians, and thence applied to man's use. To 

his purpose they have invented njethod, and several rules of art, to put these reme- 
dies in order, for their particular ends. Physic (as Hippocrates defines it) is nought 
else but ''^"addition and subtraction;" and as it is required in all other diseases, so 
in this of melancholy it ought to be most accurate, it being (as ^^ Mercurial is acknow- 
ledgeth) so common an affection in these our times, and therefore fit to be understood. 
Several prescripts and methods I find in several men, some take upon them to cure 
all maladies with one medicine, severally applied, as that Panacea Jliiriuti polabile^ 
so much controverted in these days, Herha solis., Sfc. Paracelsus reduceth all dis- 
eases to four principal heads, to whom Severinus, Ravelascus, Leo Suavius, and 
others adhere and imitate : those are leprosy, gout, dropsy, falling-sickness. To 
which they reduce the rest ; as to leprosy, ulcers, itches, furfurs, scabs, &c. To 
gout, stone, cholic, toothache, headache, &c. To dropsy, agues, jaundice, cachexia, 
&c. To the falling-sickness, belong palsy, vertigo, cramps, convulsions, incubus, 
apoplexy, &c. ^^" If any of these four principal be cured (saith Ravelascus) all tl;e 
inferior are cured," and the same remedies commonly serve : but this is too general, 
and by some contradicted : for this peculiar disease of melancholy, of which I am 
now to speak, I find several cures, several methods and prescripts, They tiiat intend 
the practic cure of melancholy, saith Duretus in his notes to Ilollerius, set down 
nine peculiar scopes or ends ; Savanarola prescribes seven especial canons, yl^lianus 
Montaltus cap. 26. Faventinus in his empirics, Hercules de Saxonia, &c., have their 
several injunctions and rules, all tending to one end. The ordinary is threefold, 
which I mean to follow. Atatr'/yrtx^, Pharmacentica^ and Chirurgica., diet, or living, 
apothecary, chirurgery, which Wecker, Crato, Guianerius, &c., and most, prescribe ; 

>f which I will insist, and speak in their order. 



* Prsefat. de nar. med. In libellis qus viilgo versari- 
::;r apiui liter.ilos, incautiores inulta lefiiiiiC a qiiibus 
iif-'^ipiuntur, exiitiia illis, sed jiortenlnsuni h',n<riinil v°- 
neuiiiii. a^Opcrnri ex lihiiH, filisque ci guituni -^t 

solerti iiijrenio, poricnlosiiin est. Unde inonemur, quaiii 
insipidiiin scriplis auctorihutJ credere, '^iiod hie snn di- 
J><-it periculo. "sconsil 23. liicc oj/uiia si luo i 



ordine decet, egerit, vel curabitur, vel certe tniniis affi- 
cietur, a-i Fuclisiiis cap. 2. lib. 1. ^^liipract. 

nu'd. b-pc afTectio iiostris feniporihiis freqiieiilisisima 
a-rj {uu.ii;n5 peitiiiet ad nos hujns curatioiicm iiitolli 
pere. »6 Si aliquis iioruiii morljorum, suiuinus sa- 

natur, ^ariantur oiniics itiferiore.s. 



280 



Cure of Melancholy. 



iPart. 2. Sec. 2 



Sub SECT. I. — i)/ei rectified in substance. 

JjuzT.^iai^frjfLxrj.v ictus, or living, according to ^^Fuchsius and others, comprehends 
hose Six non-natural things, which I have before specified, are especial causes, and 
Deing lectified, a sole or chief part of the cure. ®® Johannes Arculanus, cap. 16. in 
9. Rhasis., accounts the rectifying of these six a sufficient cure. Guianerius, tract, 
1 5, cap. 9. calls them, propriam et pri?nam curam^ the principal cure : so doth Mon- 
tanus, Crato, Mercurialis, Altomarus, &c., first to be tried, Lemnius, instit. cap. 22, 
names them the hinges of our health, ^^no hope of " recovery without them. Reine- 
rus Solenander, in his seventh consultation for a Spanish young gentlewoman, that 
was so melancholy she abhorred all company, and- would not sit at table with her 
familiar friends, prescribes this physic above the rest, '""no good to be done without 
it. 'Aretus, lib. 1 . cap. 7. an old physician, is of opinion, that this is enough of itself, 
if the party be not too far gone in sickness. ^ Crato, in a consultation of his for a 
noble patient, tells him plainly, that if his highness will keep but a good diet, he 
will warrant him his former health. ^ Montanus, consih 27. for a nobleman of France, 
admonisheth his lordship to be most circumspect in his diet, or else all his other 
physic will '^ be to small purpose. The same injunction [ find verbatim in J. Ccesar 
Claudinus.) Respon. 34. Scoltzii.) consil. 183. TralUaniis., cap. IG. lib. 1. Lcelius a 
fonte JEiUgiihinus often brags, that he hath done more cures in this kind by rectifi- 
cation of diet, than all other physic besides. So that in a word 1 may say to most 
melancholy men, as the fox said to the weasel, that could not get out of the garner, 
Macra cavum repetes., quern macra subisti^" the six non-natural things caused it, and 
they must cure it. Which howsoever J treat of, as proper to the meridian of melan- 
clioly, yet nevertheless, that which is here said with him in ^Tully, though writ 
especially for the gopd of his friends at Tarentum and Sicily, yet it will generally 
serve ^ most other diseases, and help them likewise, if it be observed. 

Of these six non-natural things, the first is diet, properly so called, which consists 
in meat and drink, in which we must consider substance, quantity, quality, and that 
opposite to the precedent. In substance, such meats are generally commended, which 
are ^'* moist, easy of digestion, and not apt to engender wind, not fried, nor roasted, 
but sod (saith Valescus, Altomarus, Piso, &c.) hot and moist, and of good nourish- 
ment;" Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2. admits roast meat, ^ if the burned and scorched 
superficies^ the brown we call it, be pared off. Salvianus, lib. 2. cap. 1. cries out on 
3old ai d dry meats ; '° young flesh and tender is approved, as of kid, rabbits, chickens, 
veal, mutton, capons, hens, partridge, pheasant, quails, and all mountain birds, which 
are so familiar in some parts of Africa, and in Italy, and as " Dubliniiis reports, the 
common food of boors and clowns in Palestine. Galen takes exception ai mutton, 
but without question he means that rammy mutton, which is in Turkey and A^ia 
Minor, which have those great fleshy tails, of forty-eight pounds weight, as Verto- 
mannus witnesseth, 'navig. lib. 2. cap. 5. The lean of fat meat is best, and all man- 
ner of broths, and pottage, with borage, lettuce, and such wholesome herbs are ex- 
ceiient good, especially of a cock boiled ; all spoon meat. Arabians commend brains, 
but '^ Laurentius, c. 8. excepts against them, and so do many others; '^eggs are justi- 
fied as a nutritive wholesome meat, butter and oil may pass, but with some limita- 
tion ; so *^ Crjto confines it, and " to some men sparingly at set times, or in sauce," 



w Instit. cap. 8. sect. 1. Victus nomine non tarn cibus 
et potiis, sed aer, e.\ercitaiio,soinnus, vi^'ilia.et reliqiise 
res sex non-naturales contiiienmr. ^^Sufficit ple- 

"runwiue regimen rerum sex non-naturalium. -^ Et 

in his potissijna sanitas consistit. '"o Nihil hie 

afrenduni sine exqiiisita vivendi ratione, &g. > Si 

lecens malum sit ad prislinum habitiim recuperandum, 
alia medela iion est opus. ^Oonsil. 99. lib. 2. si 

celsitudo tua, rectam victus rationem, &.c. » Moneo 

Domine, ut sis prudens ad viclum. sine quo cfftera re- 
media frustra adliibentur. « Omnia remcdia irrita 
ct vana sine liis. 'Novistis me plerosque ita labnrantes, 
viclu potius quam medicamentis curassc. »"When 
you are again lean, seek an exit through that liole by 



which lean you entered," « i. de finibus Tarentinia 

et Siculis. t Modo non multuni elongentiir. 'Lib, 
]. de melan. cap. 7. Calidus et humidus cibus comroctu 
facilis, flatus exortes, elixi non assi, neque sibi frixi 
smt. 9gi interna taiituui pulpa devorf-iur, non su- 

perficies torrida ab igne. lo Bene nutrit^ntes cibi, 

tenella astas multuin valet, carnes non virosfp, nee pin- 
gues, 11 Hcedoper. peregr. Hierosol. i^Inimica 

stomacho. '^Not fried or buttered, but potched. 

i^Consii. 16. Non improbatur butyruni et oleum, si 
tamen plus quain par sit, non profundatur; .eaccliari et 
niellis usus, utililer ad ciborum condimp"ta compro 
balur 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1 



Diet rectified. 



281 



and so sugar and honey are approved. '^ All sharp and sour sauces must be avoided 
and spices, or at least seldom used : and so saffron sometimes in broth may be tole 
rated ; but these things may be more freely used, as the temperature of the party if 
hot or cold, or as he shall find inconvenience by them. The thinnest, whitest 
smallest wine is best, not thick, nor strong; and so of beer, the middling is fittest 
Bread of good wheat, pure, well purged from the bran is preferred ; Laurentius, cap. 
8. would have it kneaded with rain water, if it may be gotten. 

Water.] Pure, thin, liglit water by all means use, of good smell and taste, like to 
the air in sight, such as is soon hot, soon cold, and which Hippocrates so much 
approves, if at least it may be had. Rain water is purest, so that it fall not down in 
great drops, and be used forthwith, for it quickly putrefies. Next to it fountain 
water that riseth in the east, and runneth eastwa-d, from a quick running spring, from 
flinty, chalky, gravelly grounds : and the longer a river runneth, it is commonly the 
purest, though many springs do yield tlie best water at their fountains. The waters 
in hotter countries, as in Turkey, Persia, India, within the tropics, are frequently 
purer than ours in the north, more subtile, thin, and ligliter, as our merchants observe, 
by four ounces in a pound, pleasanter to drink, as good as our beer, and some of 
them, as Choaspis in Persia, preferred by the Persian kings, before wine itself. 

is"Clitorio quicuiique sitini de fonte levarit 
u Viiia fuj^it gauiletqiie iiieris abstemiiis undis." 

Many rivers I deny not are muddy still, white, thick, like those in China, Nile in 
Egypt, Tiber at Rome, but after they be settled two or three days, defecate and clear, 
very conmiodious, useful and good. Many make use of deep wells, as of old in the 
Holy Land, lakes, cisterns, when they cannot be better provided ; to fetch it in carts 
or gone, ^hs, as in Venice, or camels' backs, as at Cairo in Egypt, '^ Radzivilius ob- 
served 8000 camels daily there, employed about that business ; some keep it in 
trunks, as in the East [ndies, made four square with descending steps, and 'tis not 
amiss, for I would not have any one so nice as tJiat Grecian Calls, sister to Nice- 
pliorus, emperor of Constantinople, and '^married to Dominitus Silvius, duke of 
Venice, that out of incredible wantonness, communi aqua uti nolebat^ would use no 
vulgar water; but she died tantd (saith mine author) fcBtidissimi pur is copia., of so 
fulsome a disease, that Jio water could wash her clean. '^ Plato would not have a 
traveller lodge in a city that is not governed by laws, or hath not a quick stream 
running by it; illud enim animum^ hoc corrumpit valetudinem^ one corrupts the body, 
the other the mind. But this is more than needs, too much curiosity is naught, in 
time of necessity any water is allowed. Howsoever, pure water is best, and which 
(as Pindarus holds) is better than gold ; an especial ornament it is, and '' very com- 
modious to a city (according to ^''Vegetius) when fresh springs are included within 
the walls," as at Corinth, in the midst of the town almost, there was arx allissima 
scatensfonlibus^ a goodly mount full of fresh water springs : " if nature afford them 
not they must be had by art." It is a wonder to read of those ^' stupend aqueducts, 
and infinite cost hath been bestowed in Rome of old, Constantinople, Carthage, Alex- 
andria, and such populous cities, to convey good and wholesome waters : read 
^^ Frontiniis^ Lipsius de admir. ~'^PUnius^ lib. 3. cap. 11. Strabo in his Geogr. That 
aqueduct of Claudius was most eminent, fetched upon arches fifteen miles, every 
arch 109 feet high: they had fourteen such other aqueducts, besides lakes and cis- 
terns, 700 as I take it; ^* every house had private pipes and channels to serve them 
for their use. Peter Gillius, in his accurate description of Constantinople, speaks 
of an old cistern which he went down to see, 336 feet long, 180 feet broad, built ol 
marble, covered over with arch-work, and sustained by 330 pillars, VI feet asunder 
and in eleven rows, to contain sweet water. Infinite cost in ciianneh and cisterns 
from Nilus to Alexandria, hath been formerly bestowed, to the admiration of thesv 
times ; ^' their cisterns so curiously cemented and composed, that a beholder woult 



>'Mi rcurinlis consil. 88. acerba omnia evitantur 
560vid. Met. lib. 15 " Whoever has allayed his thirst 
with tlie water of the Clitoriiis, avoids wine, and ab- 
Btennous .iel);;hts in pure water only" " Pregr. Hier. 
^"^The Dukes of Venice were then permitted tc marrv. 
» IJe Legibus. 20 Lib. 4. cap. 10. Ma? la urbis 

Ulilitas cum perennes fontes muris iiicludunlui, quod si 



natura non praestat, effondiendi, <fcc. 21 Qpera gi^an- 
turn dicit aliqiiis. 22 De aqua^duct. '^scurlius 

Fons a qiiadragesimo lapide in nrbein opere arcuato 
perductiis. Plin. ?.&. 15. aiQua-que domus Rornu) 

fistulas habebat et canales, &,c. ^s i^jb. 2. ca. 20. Sod 
a Meggen ';ap. 15. p;.'eg. Hier. IJelionius. 



36 



y2 



282 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



*ake them to be all of one stone : when the foundation is laid, and cistern made, 
their house is half built. That Segovian aqueduct in Spain, is much wandered at in 
these days, ^^ upon three rows of pillars, one above another, conveying swest water 
to every house : but each city almost is full of such aqueducts. Amongst the rest 
^'^ he is eternally to be commended, that brought that new stream to the north side 
of London at his own charge: and Mr. Olho Nicholson, founder of our waler-works 
and elegant conduit in Oxford. So much have all times attributed to this element, 
to be conveniently provided of it : although Galen hath taken exceptions at such 
waters, wJiich run through leaden pipes, ob cerussam quce in lis generalur^ for that 
unctuous ceruse, which causetb dysenteries and fluxes ; ^®yet as Alsarius Crucius of 
Genua well answers, it is opposite to common experience. If that were true, most 
of our Italian cities, Montpelier in France, with infinite others, would hnd this in- 
convenience, but there is no such matter. For private families, in what sort they 
should furnish themselves, let them consult with P. Crescentius, de Agric. I. I.e. 4, 
Pamphilius Hirelacus, and the rest. 

Amongst fishes, those are most allowed of, that live in gravelly or sandy waters, 
pikes, perch, trout, gudgeon, smelts, flounders, &c. Hippoliliis Salvianus takes 
exception at carp ; but I dare boldly say with ^^ Dubravius, it is an excellent meat, 
if it come not from ^° muddy pools, that it retain not an unsavoury taste. Erinacius 
Marinus is much commended by Oribatius, ^tius, and most of our late writers. 

^' Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2. censures all manner of fruits, as subject to putrefaction, 
yet tolerable at sometimes, after meals, at second course, they keep down vapours, 
and have their use. Sweet fruits are best, as sweet cherries, plums, sweet apples, 
pear-mains, and pippins, which Laurentius extols, as having a peculiar property 
against this disease, and Plater magnifies, omnibus modis appropriala conveniunf., but 
they must be corrected for their windiness : ripe grapes are good, and raisins of the 
sun, musk-melons well corrected, and sparingly used. Figs are allowed, and almonds 
blanched. Trallianus discommends figs, ^^ Salvianus olives and capers, which ^^ others 
especially like of, and so of pistick nuts. Montaniis and Mercurialis out of Aven 
zoar, admit peaches, ^^ pears, and apples baked after meals, only corrected with sugar, 
and aniseed, or fennel-seed, and so they may be profitably taken, because they 
strengthen the stomach, and keep down vapours. The like may be said of preserved 
cherries, plums, marn.alade of plums, quinces, &c., but not to drink after them. 
^ Pomegranates, lemons, oranges are tolerated, if they be not too sharp. 

'^Crato will admit of no herbs, but borage, bugloss, endive, fennel, aniseed, baum ; 
Callenius and Arnoldus tolerate lettuce, spinage, beets, &c. The same Crato will 
allow no roots at all to be eaten. Some approve of potatoes, parsnips, but all cor- 
rected for wind. No raw salads ; but as Laurentius prescribes, in broths ; and so 
Crato commends many of them : or to use borage, hops, baum, steeped in their 
ordinary drink. ^^Avenzoar magnifies the juice of a pomegranate, if it be sweet, and 
especially rose water, which he would have to be used in every dish, wiiich they put 
in practice in those hot countries, about Damascus, where (if we may believe the 
relations of Vertomannus) many hogsheads of rose water are to be sold in the market 
at once, it is in so great request with them. 

SuBSECT. II. — Diet rectified in quantity. 

Man alone, saith ^* Cardan, eats and drinks without appetite, and useth all his 
pleasure without necessity, animcE vitio., and thence come many inconveniences unto 
him. For there is no meat whatsoever, thougli otherwise wholesome and good, but 
if unseasonably taken, or immoderately used, more than the stomach can well bear, 
it will engender crudity, and do much harm. Therefore ^^ Crato adviseth his patient 



26Cypr. Echoviiis delit. Hisp. Aqua profluetis inde in 
otnties fere doinos ducitur, in puteisqiKiquc a;stivo teiri- 
pore frigidissiina couservatur. 27s,r Hnjjli Middle- 

ton, Baronet. 28 De quasilis iiied. cent. (bl. WbA. 

29 De piscibus lib. habent oinnes in lautitiis, niodo non 
sint e carioso loco. so d^ pise. c. '2. 1. 7. Phirimuni 

praestat ad ntilitatem et jucuiMlitateni. Idem Triiliia- 
nus lib. 1. c. l(i. pisces petrosi, et inolles came. 3i £tsi 
oinnes [intredini sunt obnoxii, iibi secnndis niensis, in- 
ceptrt jam priore.devorentnr.conimodi succi prosiini.qni 
*«lc(!dine sdnt pra'diti, Ut dnlcia cerasa, poma, &.c. 

?jt». 2. cap. J. 33 Montanus consil. 24. s*" i'yra 



qua; graio sunt sapore, cocta mala, ponia tosta, et sac 
cliaro, vel anisi semine conspersa, utilitcr statini a 
prandio vel a coena sumi possunt, eo quod ventriculum 
roborent et vapores caput petentes reprii'iant. Mont. 
3''Punica mala auiantia commode pi^rmittiiiitur n«odo 
non sint austera et acida. seoiera omnia pr;rter 

horaginem, buslos-sum, intybum, feniculuni, itiniitm, 
meli.«sum vitari debent. :" Mercurialis pract. .\l»^d. 

s« \j\\>. 2. de com. Solus liom-) edit bil'itcMie, dec 
39Consil. 21. 18. si plus ingerata quam par est < t v»iii 
triculiis tolerare posset, nocet, et cruditaJiis a<-»ieral 
&c. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2. 



Diet rzct'ijicd. 



2S3 



lo eat but twice a day, and tliat at liis set meals, by no means to eat without an 
appetite, or upon a full stomach, and to put seven hours' dilTerence between dinner 
and supper. Which rule if we did observe in our colleges, it would be much better 
for our healths : but custom, that tyrant, so prevails, tliat contrary to all good ordei 
and rules of physic, we scarce admit of five. If after seven hours' tarrying he shall 
have no stomach, let him defer his meal, or eat very little at his ordinary time of 
repast. This very counsel was given by Prosper Calenus to Cardinal CiEsius, labour- 
ing of this disease ; and ^° Platerus prescribes it to a patient of his, to be most 
severely kept. Guianerius admits of three meals a day, but Montanus, cawsiZ. 23. jpro. 
Ab. Italo^ ties him precisely to two. And as he must not eat overmuch, so he may 
not absolutely fast ; for as Celsus contends, lib. 1 . Jacch'mus 1 5. m 9. Rhasis^ ■*' rej)le- 
lion and inanition may both do harm in two contrary extremes. Moreover, that 
which he doth eat, must be well ^^ chewed, and not hastily gobbled, for that causeth 
crudity and wind ; and by all means to eat no more than he can well digest. " Some 
think (^saith "^Trincavelius, lib. 11. cap. 29. de cur and. part, hum.) the more they eat 
the more they nourisii themselves :" eat and live, as the proverb is, '' not knowing 
that only repairs man, winch is well concocted, not that which is devoured." Melan- 
choly men most part have good '^'^ appetites, but ill digestion, and for that cause they 
must be sure to rise with an appetite; and that which Socrates and Disarius the 
physicians in "'^Macrobius so much require, St. Ilierom enjoins Rusticus to eat and 
drink no more than will ^^ satisfy hunger and thirst. "^Lessius, the Jesuit, holds 
twelve, thirteen, or fourteen ounces, or in our northern countries, sixteen at most, 
(for all students, weaklings, and such as lead an idle sedentary life) of meat, bread. 
&.C., a fit proportion for a whole day, and as much or little more of drink. Nothing 
pesters the body and mind sooner than to be still fed, to eat and ingurgitate beyond 
all measure, as many do. ""^ " By overmuch eating and continual feasts they stide 
nature, and choke up themselves ; which, had they lived coarsely, or like galley 
slaves been tied to an oar, might have happily prolonged many fair years." 

A great inconvenience comes by variety of dishes, which causeth the precedent 
distemperature, ''^'■'•than which (saith Avicenna) nothing is worse; to feed on diver- 
sity of meats, or overmuch," Sertorius-like, in lucem ccEnare^ and as commonly thev 
do in Muscovy and Iceland, to prolong their meals all day long, or all night. Our 
northern countries offend especially in this, and we in this island (^ampiiter viventes 
in prandiis et coBnis., as ^"Polydore notes) are most liberal feeders, but to our own' 
hurt. '"^Pcrsicos odi puer apparatus: '^Excess of meat breedeth sickness, and glut- 
tony causeth choleric diseases : by surfeiting many perish, but he that dieteth him- 
self prolongeth his life," Ecclus. xxxvii. 29, 30. We account it a great glory for a 
man to have his table daily furnished with variety of meats : but hear the physician, 
he pulls thee by the ear as thou sittest, and telleth thee, ^^" that nothing can be more 
noxious to thy health than such variety and plenty." Temperance is a bridle of 
gold, and he that can use it aright, ""^ego non summis viris co/nparv^ sed si.miUinium 
Deo judico^ is liker a God than a man : for as it will transform a beast to a man 
again, so will it make a man a God. To preserve thine honour, health, and to avoid 
therefore all those inflations, torments, obstructions, crudities, and diseases that come 
by a full diet, the best way is to ^^ feed sparingly of one or two dishes at most, to 
have ventrem bene moraium^ as Seneca calls it, ^^^'to choose one of many, and to 
feed on that alone," as Crato adviseth his patient. The same counsel '"^ Prosper 
Calenus gives to Cardinal Caesius, to use a moderate and simple diet : and thougli 
his table be jovially furnished by reason of his state and guests, yet for his own part 



400l)sorvat. lih. 1. Assuescat bis in die cibos, sumere, 
certa semper hora. *' No plus iiigeral caveiitluin 

q'lam veiitriculus fe.rre potest, seinpKrque siiryat a 
nieiisa non satiir. ^Siquidem qui semirnaiisuiii 

velociler iiiaeruiit cibuin, ventriculo lal)orein inf<;r'jiit, 
t.-t Haliis iiiaximos nromoveal, Crato. ^ «Q,iiidain 

iiiaxiine cniiiederi' Iiituiitur, putantes ea ratione se vires 
r(:t'ectarus; ignoratites, iioii ea qiuu iiigerunt posse 
vires reticere, sed qua; probe coiicoquiiiit. •'^ iVIulta 

aiipetiiiit, paiica (ligoniiil. ^a^^.aunial. lih. 7. caii. 4. 
*•■ VI>)dir.iis et leiiiperatiis cibus vx carni et aiiimzE iililis 
e».t. -i? Hypiasticoti rej;. 14. 16. uncia; per diem suf- 

ficii.\t, ^oiriputato pane, came ovis, vel aliis obsoiiiis, 
«i ti,\jc'um vel puulo plures uiiciu; pruliis •i'* Idem 



reg.27. Plures in domibus snis brevi tempore pascentes 
extin>,Mjuulur, qui si triremibus vincti fuissenl, aut 
gregario pane pasti, sani ei incoiunies in longanj a-ia- 
tem vitam prorogassent. ■'oiVihil diterius quaui 

divorsa nutrientia simul adjuiigere, et comedendi tem- 
pus prorogare. •'» Lib. I. iiist. " Hnr ad lib. 5. 

ode ult. o2(;jjh()rum varietato et copia in eadcm 

niensa nihil nocentius honiini ad lutem, Fr. Valeriola, 
observ. I. ii. cap. (5. saTuI, orat. pro M. .Vlarcel. 

='•» Niillu.s cibiliri suniere debet, nisi stornncl. 'is sit vacuum 
Gordon, lib. nied. I. I. c. 11. ' ^^ E iniiltis eduiiig 

ununi cliiie, relicti^qiie c.Tteris. ex eoconiede. '"' ' ,. 

de atra bile Siuipb^.Y sit cibus et non varius: qe «,J 
licet dmnitati lu ^' ob convivas difficile videatur, &.«■ 



284 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



to sing.e mit some one savoury dish and feed on it. The same is inculcated by 
" Crato, consll. 9. I. 2. to a noble personage affected with this grievance, he would 
have his highness to dine or sup alone, without all his honourable attendance and 
courtly company, with a private friend or so, ^^a dish or two, a cup of Rhenish wine, 
&c. Montanus, consil. 24. for a noble matron enjoins her one dish, and by nc 
means to drink between meals. The like, consil. 229. or not to eat till he be an 
hungry, which rule Berengarius did most strictly observe, as Hilbertu^, Ccnomecensis 
Eplsc. writes in his life. 

"ciii non fuit unquain 

Ante sitiiii potiis, nee cibus ante famem," 

and which all temperate men do constantly keep. It is a frequent solemnity still 
used with us, when friends meet, to go to the alehouse or tavern, they are not soci- 
able otherwise : and if they visit one another's houses, they must both eat and drink. 
1 reprehend it not moderately used ; but to some men nothing can be more offensive; 
they had better, I speak it with Saint ^^ Ambrose, pour so much water in their shoes. 

It much avails likewise to keep good order in our diet, *^°'' to eat liquid things 
first, broths, fish, and such meats as are sooner corrupted in the stomach ; harder 
meats of digestion must come last." Crato would have the supper less than the 
dinner, which Cardan, Cont?'adict. lib. 1. Tract. 5. contradict. 18. disallows, and that 
by the authority of Galen. 7. art. curat, cap. 6. and for four reasons he will have the 
supper biggest : I have read many treatises to this purpose, I know not how it may 
concern some few sick men, but for my part generally for all, I should subscribe to 
that custom of the Romans, to make a sparing dinner, and a liberal supper; all 
their preparation and invitation was still at supper, no mention of dinner. Many 
reasons I could give, but when all is said pro and con., ^' Cardan's rule is best, to keep 
that we are accustomed unto, though it be naught, and to follow our disposition and 
appetite in "some things is not amiss; to eat sometimes of a dish which is hurtful, 
if we have an extraordinary liking to it. Alexander Severus loved hares and apples 
above all other meats, as ^^ Lampridus relates in his life : one pope pork, another 
peacock, &c.; what harm came of it .^ I conclude our own experience is the best 
physician; that diet which is most propitious to one, is often pernicious to anothei, 
such is the variety of palates, humours, and temperatures, let every man observe, and 
be a law unto himself Tiberius, in ^^ Tacitus, did laugh at all such, that thirty 
years of age would ask counsel of others concerning matters of diet ; I say the 
same. 

These few rules of diet he that keeps, shall surely hnd great ease and speedy 
remedy by it. It is a wonder to relate that prodigious temperance of some hermits, 
anchorites, and fathers of the church : he that shall but read their lives, written by 
llierom, Athanasius, Slc, how abstemious heathens have been in this kind, those 
Curii and Fabritii, those old philosophers, as Pliny records, lib. 11. Xenophon, lib. 
1. de vit. Socrat. Emperors and kings, as Nicephorus relates, Eccles. hist. lib. 18. 
cap. 8. of Mauritius, Ludovicus Pius, &c., and that admirable ®^ example of Ludovicus 
Cornarus, a patrician of Venice, cannot but admire them. This have they done 
voluntarily and in health ; what shall these private men do that are visited with sick- 
ness, and necessarily '^^ enjoined to recover, and continue their health .'' It is a hard 
thing to observe a strict diet, e/, qui medice vivit^ inisere vivit^''^ as the saying is, 
quale hoc ipsum erit vivere^ his si 'privatus fuerisf as good be buried, as so much 
debarred of his appetite ; excessit medicina malum., the physic is more troublesome 
than the disease, so he complained in the poet, so thou thinkest : yet he that loves 
himself will easily endure this little misery, to avoid a greater inconvenience ; e 
malis minimum., better do this than do worse. And as ^'' Tully holds, '^ better be a 
temperate old man than a lascivious youth. 'Tis the only sweet thing (whicli lie 



s^Celsitudo tiia prandeat sola, ahsque apparatii aiili- 
co, coiitentus sit illnstrissiinus princeps liiiobiis taiitiim 
ferciilis, vinnque Rlienatio solum in 'iieiisa iitatur. 
6«s!eniper intra satietateni a men?a recedat, uiin ferculo, 
contentus. cuiji,. ,ie Hel. et Jejiinio. Multo me- 

lius jn terrain viria fudisi^es. MCraio. Miiitiim 

r'-ferl i:()M iannrare ()iii rilti priores, &c. liqiiida pra-ce- 
dam caniinm jura. i)isces, friictus, &c. ("ocna lirovior 
Mt prandiu. <>' Tract, ti. tuntradic.t. 1. lib. I. t^^gupL-r 



omnia qiiotidiannm leporem habuit, et jiomis indulsit. 
63 Annal. 6. Ridere solebat eos, qui post HO. retatis an- 
num, ad co<rnoscenda cnrpori suo noxia vel utilia, ali- 
ciijiis consilii iiidifrerent. «'' A Lessio edit. ]fil4, 

es^syptii olim omnes morbos curabant vomitu et jt^jn- 
nio. Bohemus lib. 1. cap 5. ^6" He who livei 

medically lives miserably." '^ Cat. Major : Melinr 

conditio seni.^ viventisex iirocscripto artis niedicaj.ouufcj 
adolescentis luxuriosi. 



Mem. 2. J Retention and Evacuation reclijied. 885 

adviseth) so to moderate ourselves, that we may have senecfutem in juventutr., et in 
juventute senectutem, be youthful in our old age, staid in our vouth, discreet and 
temperate in both. 



MEMB. II. 

Retention and Evacuation rectified. 

I HAVE declared in the causes what harm costiveness hath done in procuring- this 
disease ; if it be so noxious, the opposite must needs be good, or mean at least, as 
indjed it is, and to this cure necessarily required ; maximc conducit., saitli Montaltus 
cap. 27. it very much avails. ^^Altomarus, cap. 7, " commends walking in a morn- 
ing, into some fair green pleasant fields, but by all means first, by art or nature, he 
will have these ordinary excrements evacuated." Piso calls it, Beneficium ventris, 
the benefit, help or pleasure of the belly, for it doth much ease it. Laurentius, cap. 
8, Crato, consil. 21. /. 2. prescribes it once a day at least: where nature is defective, 
art must supply, by those lenitive electuaries, suppositories, condite prunes, turpen- 
tine, clysters, as shall be shown. Prosper Calenus, lib. de atra hik., commends 
clysters in hypochondriacal melancholy, still to be used as occasion serves; ^^ Peter 
Cnemander in a consultation of his pro hypocondriaco^ will have his patient continu- 
ally loose, and to that end sets down there many forms of potions and clysters. 
Mercurialis, consil. 88. if this benefit come not of its own accord, prescribes '° clys- 
ters in the first place : so doth Montanus, consil. 24. consil. 31 et 229. he commends 
turpentine to that purpose : the same he ingeminates, consil. 2.30. for an Italian abbot. 
'Tis very good to wash his hands and face often, to shift his clothes, to have fair 
linen about him, to be decently and comely attired, for sordes vitiant.^ nastiness de- 
files and dejects any man that is so voluntarily, or compelled by want, it dulleth the 
spirits. 

Baths are either artificial or natural, both have their special uses in this malady, 
and as '^'Alexander supposeth, lib. 1. cap. 16. yield as speedy a remedy as any other 
physic whatsoever, ^tius would have them daily used, assidua balnea., Tetra. 2. 
sect. 2. c. 9. Galen cracks how many several cures he hath performed in this kind 
by use of baths alone, and Rufus pills, moistening them which are otherwise dry. 
Rhasis makes it a principal cure, Tota cura sit in humectando., to bathe and after- 
wards anoint with oil. Jason Pratensis, Laurentius, cap. 8. and Montanus set down 
their peculiar forms of artificial baths. Crato, consil. 17. lib. 2. commends mallows, 
camomile, violets, borage to be boiled in it, and sometimes fair water alone, and in 
his following counsel. Balneum aqucB dulcis solum scepissime profuisse compertum 
habemus. So doth Fuchsius, lib. 1. cap. 33. Frisimelica., 2. consil. 42. in Trincavelius. 
Some beside herbs prescribe a ram's head and other things to be boiled. '^Fernelius, 
consil. 44. will have them used ten or twelve days together; to which he must enter 
fasting, and so continue in a temperate heat, and after that frictions all over the body. 
Lelius iEgubinus, consil. 142. and Christoph. iErerus, in a consultation of bis, hold 
once or twice a week sufficient to bathe, the "^" water to be warm, not hot, for fear 
of sweating." Felix Plater, observ. lib. 1. for a melancholy lawyer, '^^"wiil have 
lotions of the head still joined to these baths, with a ley wherein capital herbs have 
been boiled." ^^ Laurentius speaks of baths of milk, which I find approved by many 
others. And still after bath, the body to be anointed with oil of bitter almonds, ol' 
violets, new or fresh butter^ '"^ capon's grease, especially the backbone, and then 
lotions of the head, embrocations, &c. These kinds of baths have been in formei 
times much frequented, and diversely varied, and are still in general use in those 
eastern countries. The Romans had their public baths very sumptuous and stupend. 



6s Debet per amrena exerceri, et loca viridia, excretis 
orins arte vel natiira alvi excrementis. ^^ Hildeslieim 
./picel. 2. (le mel. Prinium omnium operam dabis lit sin- 
gulis diebiis habeas beneficium ventris, semper caveniio 
ne alvus sit diutius astricla. '"Si non sponte, clis- 

teribus pnrgetur. ''i Balneorum usus dulcium, siquid 



iliud.ipsis opitulatur. Credo hasr, diri cum aliquajac- \ ''sAut atungia pulli, Piso 



tantia, iiiqiiit Montanus consil. SC). ^a [p quilius 

jejunus diu sedeat eo tempore, ne sudorem excitent aut 
irianifestum tcporem, sed quadam n-frifreratione hu- 
mectent. '3 Aqua non sit calida, sed tepida, ne 

sudor sequatur. ">* Lotiones capitis ex lixivio, ir 

quo herbas capitales coxeriiit. '^Cap. 8. de mel 



|?b' 



286 



Cure of Mdancliohj. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



as those of Antoninus and Dioclesian. Plin. 36. saith there were an infinite number 
ol them m Rome, and mightily frequented ; some bathed seven times a day, as Com- 
modus the emperor is reported to have done ; usually twice a day, and they were 
after anointed with most cosily ointments : rich women bathed theniselves in milk, 
some in the milk of five hundred she-asses at once : we have many ruins of such 
baths found in this island, amongst those parietines and rubbish of old Roman towns. 
Lipsius, de mag. Urh. Rom. I. 3, c. 8, Rosinus. Scot of Antwerp, and other antiquaries, 
tell strange stories of their baths. Gillius, I. 4. cap. idt. Topogr. Constant, reckons 
up 155 public "'baths in Constantinople, of fair building; they are still '^frequented 
in that city by the Turks of all sorts, men and women, and all over Greece, and 
those hot countries ; to absterge belike that fulsomeness of sweat, to which they are 
there subject. '^Busbequius, in his epistles, is very copious in describing the manner 
of them, how their women go covered, a maid following with a box of ointment to 
rub them. The richer sort have private baths in their houses; the poorer go to the 
common, and are generally so curious in this behalf, that they will not eat nor drink 
until they have bathed, before and after meals some, ^°"and will not make water 
(but they will wash their hands) or go to stool.*" Leo Afer. I. 3. makes mention of 
one hundred several baths at Fez in Africa, most sumptuous, and such as have great 
revenues belonging to them. Buxtorf. cap. 14, Synagog. Jud. speaks of many cere- 
monies amongst the Jews in this kind ; they are verj'- superstitious in their baths, 
especially women. 

Natural baths are praised by some, discommended by others ; but it is in a divers 
respect. ^' Marcus, de Oddis in Hip. affect, consulted about baths, condemns them 
for the heat of the liver, because they dry too fast; and yet by and by, ^^in another 
counsel for the same disease, he approves them becau-se they cleanse by reason of 
the sulphur, and would have their water to be drunk. Areteus, c. 7. commends alum 
baths above the rest; and ^^ Mercurialis, consil. 88. those of Lucca in that hypochon- 
driacal passion. "He would have his patient tarry there fifteen days together, and 
drink tlie water of them, and to be bucketed, or have the water poured on his head. 
John Eaptista, Sylvaticus conf. 6L commends all the baths m Italy, and drinking of 
their ^vater, whether they be iron, alum, sulphur; so doth ^^ Hercules de Saxonia 
But in that they cause sweat and dry so much, he confines himself to hypochon- 
driacal melancholy alone, excepting that of the head and the other. Trincavelius, 
consil. 14. lib. 1. refers those '^Porrectan baths before the rest, because of the mix- 
ture of brass, iron, alum, and consil. 35. I. 3. for a melancholy lawyer, and consil. 36. 
in tnat hypochondriacal passion, the '^^ baths of Aquaria, and 36. consil. the drinking 
of them. Frisimelica, consulted amongst the rest in Trincavelius, consil. 42. lib. 2. 
prefers the waters of ^^Apona before all artificial baths whatsoever in this disease, and 
would have one nine years afli3Cted v/ith hypochondriacal passions fly to them as to 
a ^^holy anchor. Of the same mind is Trincavelius himself there, and yet both put 
a hot liver in the same party for a cause, and send him to the waters of St. Helen, 
which are much hotter. Montanus, consil. 230. magnifies the '^^Chalderinian baths, 
and consil 237. et 239. he exhorteth to the same, but with this caution, ^°"that the 
liver be outwardly anointed with some coolers that it be not overheated." But these 
baths must be warily frequented by melancholy persons, or if used, to such as are 
very cold of themselves, for as Gabelius concludes of all Dutch baths, and especially 
of those of Baden, ""they are good for all cold diseases, ^'naught for choleric, hot 
and dry, and all infirmities proceeding of choler, inflammations of the spleen and 
liver." Our English baths, as they are hot, must needs incur the same censure : but 
D. Turner of old.^ and D. Jones have written at large of them. Of cold baths J find 
little or no mention in any physician, some speak against them : ^^ Cardan alone o\it 



" Thermte. Nympheae. 's Sandes lib. 1. saith, that 

women go twice a week to the baths at least. '9 Epist. 3. 
M> Nee alviim exceriiunt, quin aqiiain secum portent 
qua partes obsca^nas lavent. Busbf-quius ep. 3. Lejr. 
Turcia;. **' Hildesheirn speciel. 2. de niel. Hypocon. 

Bi non adesset jocoris caliditas, Thernias laiidarem, 
et si non niiiiia hiiinoris exsircatio esset nietuenda. 
e^Fol. 141. fc3 Thernias Lticenses adcat, ibiqiie aquas 
v'jus ppr 15. dies poiet, el calidaruni aquarum slilliridiis 
turn capit turn vftntriculiini de more subjiciat. si in 
r»anth. sa^xquae porrectanje. se AquiE Aquaria?. 



8' Ad aquas Aponenses velut ad sacram anchoram con- 
fugiat. 88jnh. Baubiniis. li. 3. c. 14. hist, admir 

Fontis Bollenses in ducat. Wittemberg lauilat aquas 
Bollenses ad meiancholicos niorbos, niteroreni, (■a>cina- 
lionein, aliaque animi patlieniata &'•> Balnea Glial 

derina. so Hepar externe iinjiatur ne calefiat. 

91 Nocent calidis et siccis, cholericis, et omnibus niorbis 
ex cholera, hepatis, splenisque atfectionibus. ^"^ Lib. 
de aqua. Q,ui breve hoe vitae curriculum cupiunt sani 
transifiore, frijjidis aq«is sa'pe lavare debeiit, nullixtat 
rum sit incongrua, calidis imprimis utilis. 



ij/eni. 2.1 



Retention and Eoacuation rectified 



287 



nf Agathinus " commends bathing in fresh rivers, and cold waters, and advisetli all 
such as mean to live long to use it, for it agrees with all ages and complexions, and 
is most profitable ■ for hot temperatures." As for sweating, urine, blood-letting by 
ha3mrods, or otherwise, I shall elsewhere more opportunely speak of them. 

Immoderate Venus in excess, as it is a cause, or in defect ; so moderately used to 
some parlies an only help, a present remedy. Peter Forestus calls it aptissimum 
remedium^ a most apposite remedy, ^^'•'' remitting anger, and reason, that was other 
wise bound." Avicenna Fen. 3. 20. Oribasius mcd. collect, lib. 6. caj). 37. contend 
out of RufTus and others, ^^"that many madmen, melancholy, and labouring of the 
falling sickness, have been cured by this alone." Montaltus cap. 27. de melan. will 
have it drive away sorrow, and all illusions of the brain, to purge the heart and brain 
from ill smokes and vapours that offend them: ®^"and if it be omitted," as Valescus 
supposeth, "it makes the mind sad, the body dull and heavy." Many other incon- 
veniences are reckoned up by Mercatus, and by Rodericus a Castro, in their tracts 
de melanchoUd virgirmm et monialium ; oh semlnis retentioncm sc^viunt sa^pe monialcs 
ct virgines., but as Platerus adds, si niibant sanantur^ they rave single, and pine away, 
much discontent, but marriage mends all. Marcellus Donatus lib. 2. vied. /list. cap. 1. 
tells a story to confirm this out of Alexander Benedictus, of a maid that was mad, 
ob menses inhibitos^ cum in ojficinam mcritoriam incidisset^ a quindcccm viris eadem 
nocte compressa^ mensitim largo profliiuio., quod pluribtis annis ante consliterat^ non 
sine magno pudore mane menti restituta discessit. But this must be warily under- 
stood, for as Arnoldus objects, lib. 1. breviar. 18. cap. Quid coitus ad mclancholicum 
succuvif What aflinity liave these two .^ ^''"except it be manifest that superabun- 
dance of seed, or fulness of blood be a cause, or that love, or an extraordinary desire 
of Venus, have gone before," or that as Lod. Mercatus excepts, they be very flatuous, 
and have been otherwise accustomed unto it. Montaltus cap. 27. will not allow of 
moderate Venus to such as have the gout, palsy, epilepsy, melancholy, except they 
be very lusty, and full of blood. ^^Lodovicus Antonius lib. med. miscel. in his chapter 
of Venus, forbids it utterly to all wrestlers, ditchers, labouring men, &c. ^^Ficinus 
and ''^Marsilius Cognatus puts Venus one of the five mortal enemies of a student: 
" it consumes the spirits, and weakeneth the brain." Halyabbas the Arabian, 5. Thcor. 
cap. 3G. and Jason Pralensis make it the fountain of most diseases, '°°'^ but most per- 
nicious to them who are cold and dry:" a melancholy man must not meddle witli it, 
but in some cases. Plutarch in his book de san. tuend. accounts of it as one of the 
three principal signs and preservers of health, temperance in this kind : ' " to rise 
with an appetite, to be ready to work, and abstain from venery," tria saluberrima^ 
are three most healthful things. We see their opposites how pernicious they are to 
mankind, as to all otlier creatures they bring death, and many feral diseases : Immo- 
dicis brevis est (Etas et rara senectus. Aristotle gives instance in sparrows, which are 
parum vivaces ob salacitattm^ "^ short lived because of their salacity, wiiich is very 
frequent, as Scoppius in Priapiis will better inform you. The extremes being both 
bad, ^ the mechum is to be kept, which cannot easily be determined. Some are better 
able to sustain, such as are hot and moist, phlegmatic, as Hippocrates insinuateth, 
some strong and lusty, well fed like * Hercules, ^ Prooulus the emperor, lusty Lau- 
rence, ^ prost ibulum fccminxE Messalina the empress, that by philters, and such kind 
of lascivious meats, use all means to ''enable themselves : and brag of it in the end, 
confodi multas enim., occidi vera paucas per ventrem vidisti^ as that Spanish ^Celes- 
tina merrily said : others impotent, of a cold and dry constitution, cannot sustain 
those gymnics without great hurt done to their own bodies, of which number (tliougli 
they be very prone to it) are melancholy men for the most part. 



93 Solvit Venus rationis vim iinpeditam, ingentfis iras 
remittit, &,c. ^^IVluni coniitiales, inelancholici, 

insani, hiijtis iisii solo sanati. '•'^Si otriittatur coitus, 
contristat, et pluriinuin gravat corpus et animum. 
98 Nisi certo c(»nstet nimium semen ant sangninem 
causam esse, aut anjor pra-cesserit, ant, &c. «' Atli- 

leti.", Arthriticis, podagricis nocet, nee opportuna pro- 
dest, nisi fortibus et qui multo sanguine abundant. 
Mem Scalig(;r exorc. 269. Turcis ideo luctatorihus pro- 
hibitum. 9s De sanit tuend. lib. 1. a^Lib. 1. 
«a. 7. c.xhaurit enim spiritus animumque debilitat. 
.00 Fiigiiiis et siccis corporibus inimicissima. > Vesci 
intn sat'etateai, impigrum esse ad laborem. vital** 



semen conservare. 2\Tequitia est qui-e te non sinit 

esse seiiem. 3 vide IMontauum, I'et. Godefriduin, 

Amorum lib. 2. cap. G. curiosum ile his, nam et nume- 
rum de finite Talimudistis, unicuiqje sciaiis assignari 
suum tempus, &c. ■'Thespiadas gcnuit 6 Vide 

Lampririium vit. ejus4. « Et lassata viris. &c. * Vid. 
Mizald. cent. 8. 11. Lemnium lib 2. cap. Hi. (.'atullum 
ad Ipsiphilam, &,c. Ovid. Eleg. lib. ',i. et (i. &.c. quod 
itinera una nocte confecissent, tot coronas liidicro dco 
piita Triphallo, Marsine, Herniie, Priapo donarent. Cm. 
gemiis tibi mentulam coroiiis, <Stc. * Pc^ruoboscodid 

Gasii. Barthii. 



2S8 



Care of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



MEMB. III. 

Air rectified. With a digression of the Air. 

As a long-winged hawk, when he is first wliistled off the fist, mounts aloft, and 
'or his pleasure f'etcheth many a circuit in the air, still soaring higher and higher, 
ill he be come to his full pitch, and in the end when the game is sprung, comes 
jown amain, and stoops upon a sudden : so will I, having now come at last into 
liese ample fields of air, wherein I may freely expatiate and exercise myself for my 
■ecreation, awhile rove, wander round about the world, mount aloft to those ethereal 
)rbs and celestial spheres, and so descend to my former elements again. \\\ which 
progress I will first see whether that relation of the friar of ^Oxford be true, con- 
cerning those nortliern parts under the Pole (if I meet ohiter with the wandering 
Tew, Elias Aitifex, or Lucian's Icaromenippus., they shall be my guides) whetlier 
>here be such 4. Euripes, and a great rock of loadstones, which may cause the 
leedle in the compass still to bend that way, and what should be the true cause of 
he variation of the compass, '°is it a magnetical rock, or the pole-star, as Cardan 
.vill ; or some other star in the bear, as Marsilius Ficinus ; or a magnetical meridian, as 
Ivlaurolicus ; Vel situs in vend terra;., as Agricola; or the nearness of the next continent, 
as Cabeus will ; or some other cause, as Scaliger, Cortesius, Conimbricenses, Peregri- 
nus contend ; why at the Azor«^.s it looks directly north, otherwise not t In the 
Mediterranean or Levant (as some observe) it varies 7. grad. by and by 12. and then 
22. In the Baltic Seas, near Rasceburg in Finland, the needle runs round, if any 
>hips come that way, though " Martin Ridley write otherwise, that the needle near 
the Pole will hardly be forced from his direction. 'Tis fit to be inquired whether 
certain rules may be made of it, as I i. grad. Lond. variat. alibi 30. &.c. and that 
which is more prodigious, the variation varies in the same place, now taken accu- 
rately, 'tis so much after a few years quite altered from that it was : till we have 
better intelligence, let our Dr. Gilbert, and Nicholas '^Cabeus the Jesuit, that have 
both written great volumes of this subject, satisfy these inquisitors. Whether the 
sea be open and navigable by the Pole arctic, and which is the likeliest way, that of 
Bartison the Hollander, under the Pole itself, which for some reasons I hold best : 
or by Fretum Davis, or Nova Zembla. Whether '^Hudson's discovery be true of a 
new found ocean, any likelihood of Button's Bay in 50. degrees, Ilubberd's Mope in 
60. that of at ultra near Sir Thomas Roe's welcome in Northwest Fox, being that 
the sea ebbs and flows constantly there 15. foot in 12. hours, as our '"'nevv cards 
inform us that California is not a cape, but an island, and the west winds make the 
neap tides equal to the spring, or that there be any probability to pass by the straits 
of Anian to China, by the promontory of Tabin. If there be, I shall soon perceive 
whether '^ Marcus Polus the Venetian's narration be true or false, of that great city 
of Quinsay and Cambalu ; whether there be any such places, or that as '® Matth. 
Riccius the Jesuit hath written, China and Cataia be all one, the greiat Cham of Tar- 
tary and the king of China be the same; Xuntain and Quinsay, and the city of 
Cambalu be that new Peking, or such a wall 400 leagues long to part Chma from 
Tartary : whether ''' Presbyter John be in Asia or Africa ; M. Polus Venetus puts him 
in Asia, '**the most received opinion is, that he is emperor of the Abyssines, which 
of old was Ethiopia, now Nubia, under the equator in Africa. Whether '^Guinea 
be an island or part of the continent, or that hungry ^° Spaniard's discovery of Terra 
Australis Incognita.) or Magellanica., be as true as that of Mercurius Britannius., or 
his of Utopia., or his of Lucinia. And yet in likelihood it may be so, for without 
all question it being extended from the tropic of Capricorn to the circle Antarctic, 
and lying as it doth in the temperate zone, cannot choose but yield in time some 
flourishing kingdoms to succeeding ages, as America did unto the Spaniards. Shouten 
and Le Meir have done well in the discovery of the Straits of Magellan, in finding 



sNich. dfi Lynna, cited by Meicator in his map. 
w IWons Sloto. Some call it the highest hill in the \V(irlii, 
next 'J'eneriffe in the Canaries, Lat. ^*1. ^Cap. -20. 

in his Treatise of Magnetic Bodies. "» Lege lib 1. 

c.'ip, 23. et 24. de mauiietica philosophia, et lib. 3. cap. 
«. 13 1C12. " M. Brigs, his map, and Northwest 



Foi". isLib. 2. ca. 64. de nob. civitat. Quinsay, et 

cap. 10. de Cambalu. '^Lib. 4. exped.ad Sinas, ca. 

3. et lib. 5 c. 18. " M. Polus in .^sia Pre* b. Joli. 

meminit lib. 2. cap. 30. i« Alluaresius et alii. 

I'J l.al. 10. Gr. Ausl. ^OFerdinando de Q,uii- Anno 

mm. 



Mem. 3.1 Digression of Jlir. 289 



"ft 

a more convenient passage to Mare pacijicum: methinks some of our modern argo- 
nauts sliould prosecute tlie rest. As 1 go by Madagascar, I would see that great 
bird ^'ruck, that can carry a man and horse or an elephant, with that Arabian plnenix 
described by "Adricomius ; see the pelicans of Egypt, those Scythian gryplies in 
Asia : and afterwards in Africa examine the fountains of Nilus, whether Hero 
dotus, ^^ Seneca, Plin. lib. 5. cap. 9. Strabo. lib. 5. give a true cause of his 
annvU flowing, -^Pagaphetta discourse rightly of it, or of Niger and Senegal , 
examine Cardan, ^^Scaliger's reasons, and the rest. Is it from those Etesian 
winds, or melting of snow in the mountains under the equator (for Jordan 
yearly overflows when the snow melts in Mount Libanus), or from those great 
dropping perpetual showers which are so frequent to the inhabitants within the 
tropics, when the sun is vertical, and cause such vast inundations in Senegal, Marag- 
nan, Oronoco and the rest of those great rivers in Zona Torrida, which have all 
commonly the same passions at set times : and by good husbandry and policy here- 
after no doubt may come to be as populous, as well tilled, as fruitful, as Egypt itself 
or Cauchinthina ? I would observe all those motions of the sea, and from what 
cause they proceed, from the moon (as the vulgar hold) or earth's motion, which 
Galileus, in the fourth dialogue of his system of the world, so eagerly proves, and 
firmly demonstrates; or winds, as ^^some will. Wliy in that quiet ocean of Zur, in 
mari pacijlco^ it is scarce perceived, in our British seas most violent, in the Mediter- 
ranean and Red Sea so vehement, irregular, and diverse .? Why the current in that 
Atlantic Ocean should still be in some places from, in some again towards the north, 
and why they come sooner than go ? and so from Moabar to Madagascar in that 
Indian Ocean, the merchants come in three weeks, as ^'^Scaliger discusseth, they 
return scarce in three months, with the same or like winds : the continual current is 
from east to v/est. Whether Mount Athos, Pelion, Olympus, Ossa, Caucasus, Atlas, 
be so high as Pliny, Solinus, Mela relate, above clouds, meteors, ubi nee aura nee 
vcnti spiranU (insomuch that they that ascend die suddenly very often, the air is so 
subtile,) 1250 paces high, according to that measure of Dicearchus, or 78 miles per- 
pendicularly high, as Jacobus Mazonius, sec. 3. et 4. expounding that place of Aris- 
totle about Caucasus ; and as ^^ Blancanus the Jesuit contends out of Clavius and 
Nonius demonstrations de CrepuscuUs: or rather 32 stadiums, as the most received 
opinion is ; or 4 miles, which the height of no mountain doth perpendicularly 
exceed, and is equal to the greatest depths of the sea, which is, as Scaliger holds, 
1580 paces, Exer. 38, others 100 paces. I would see those inner parts of America, 
whether there be any such great city of Manoa, or Eldorado, in that golden empire, 
where the highways are as much beaten (one reports) as between Madrid and Vala- 
dolid in Spain; or any such Amazons as he relates, or gigantic Patagones in Chica; 
with that miraculous mountain ^^Ybouyapab in the Northern Brasil, cujus jugunt 
slernifur in amoenissimam planitiem., Sfc. or that of Pariacacca so high elevated in 
Peru. '^The peak of Teneriflfe how high it is .^ 70 miles, or 50 as Patricius holds, 
or 9 as Snellius demonstrates in his Eratosthenes : see that strange ^' Cirknickzerksey 
lake in Carniola, whose waters gush so fast out of the ground, that they will over- 
take a swift horseman, and by and by with as incredible celerity are supped up : 
which Lazius and Wernerus make an argument of the Argonauts sailing under 
ground. And that vast den or hole called ^'Esmellen in Muscovia, qucB visitur hor- 
riendo hiatu, Sfc. which if anything casually fall in, makes such a roaring noise, that 
no thunder, or ordnance, or warlike engine can make the like; such another is Gil- 
ber's Cave in Lapland, with many the like. I would examine the Caspian Sea, and 
see where and how it exonerates itself, after it hath taken in Volga, Juxares, Oxus,. 
and those great rivers ; at the mouth of Oby, or where .'' What vent the Mexican 
lake hath, the Titicacan in Peru, or that circular pool in the vale of Terapeia, of which 
Acosta /. 3. c. 16. hot in a cold country, the spring of which boils up in the middle 

2iAlariiin pennre continent in longitudine 12. passn?, I qiiinta privationis sexta contrarictatis. Patritiiis saith 

filephantem in siihliine t(.llere potest. I'olus I. 3. c. 40. 52 miles in lieifrht. *» Lib. de explicalione loco 

M L.i!). 2. Uescript. terrse sanclaj. 23 jvatur. (lua-sl. rum Mathem. Aristot. ^aj^aet. lib. 17. cap. 18. 

lib. 4. cap. 2. 24 i.jh. de reg. Conjio. 25E.\ercit. dnscrip. occid. Ind. -o Luge alii vocant. 3(;eor. 

47. -6See M. Carpenter's Geography, lib. 2. cap. G. Wernerus, A<]iiai lanta celerilate erumpunt et ah.vor 

ft Bern. Teltsins lib. de man. 27 Exercit. 52. de bentur, nt expedite eqiiiti adituni intercludanl. •'* Dois- 

inai is motn causie investigandae : prima reciprocalionis, sardus de Magis cap. de Pilapiis. 
secuiida vaiietatis, tenia celeritatis quarta cessationis, 

37 Z 



290 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[I^art. 2. Sect. 2 



ivventy foot square, and hath no vent but exhalation : and that ot Mare mortuum in 
Palestine, of Thrasymene, at Peruziuin in Italy : the Mediterranean itself. For from 
the ocean, at the Straits of Gibraltar, there is a perpetual current into the Levant, and 
so likewise by the Thracian Bosphorus out of the Euxine or Black Sea, besides all 
those great rivers of Nile, Po, Rhone, &c. how is this water consumed, by the sun 
or otherwise ? I would find out with Trajan the fountains of Danube, of Ganges, 
Oxus, see those Egyptian pyramids, Trajan's bridge, Grotto de Sybilla^ Lucullus's 
fish-ponds, the temple of Nidrose, &.c. And, if I could, observe what becomes of 
swallows, storks, cranes, cuckoos, nightingales, redstarts, and many other kind of 
singing birds, water-fowls, hawks, &.c. some of them are only seen in summer, some 
in winter; some are observed in the ^^ snow, and at no other times, each have their 
seasons. In winter not a bird is in Muscovy to be found, but at the spring in al) 
instant the woods and hedges are full of them, saith ^^ Herbastein : how comes it to 
pass ? Do they sleep in winter, like Gesner's Alpine mice ; or do they lie hid (as 
'^Olaus affirms) "in the bottom of lakes and rivers, spi.riium confinentes? often so 
found by fishermen in Poland and Scandia, two togeuier, mouth to mouth, wing to 
wing; and when the sprmg comes they revive again, or if they be brought into a 
stove, or to the fire-side." Or do they follow the sun, as Peter Martyr legat Baby- 
lonica I. 2. manifestly convicts, out of his own knowledge ; for when he was ambas- 
sador in Egypt, he saw swallows, Spanish kites, ^^ and many such other European 
birds, in December and January very familiarly flying, and in great abundance, about 
Alexandria, ubt JloridcE tunc arbores ac viridarla. Or lie they hid in caves, rocks, 
and hollow trees, as most think, in deep tin-mines or sea-cliffs, as ^' Mr. Care w gives 
out } I conclude of them all, for my part, as ^^Munster doth of cranes and storks ; 
whence they come, whither they go, incompertum adhuc\ as yet we know not. We 
see them here, some in summer, some in winter; "their coming and going is sure 
in the night: in the plains of Asia (saith he) the storks meet on sucii a set day, he 
that comes last is torn in pieces, and so they get them gone." Many strange places, 
Isthmi, Euripi, Chersonesi, creeks, havens, promontories, straits, hkes, baths, rocks, 
mountains, places, and fields, where cities have been ruined or swallowed, battles 
fought, creatures, sea-monsters, remora, &.c. minerals, vegetals. Zoophytes were fit 
to be considered in such an expedition, and amongst the rest that of ^^ Harbastein 
his Tartar lamb, "^^ Hector Boethius goosebearing tree in the orchards, to which Car- 
dan lib. 7. cap. 36. de rerum varietat. subscribes : "*' Vertomannus wonderful palm, 
that ''^fly in Hispaniola, that shines like a torch in the night, that one may well see 
to write; those spherical stones in Cuba which nature hath so made, and those like 
birds, beasts, fishes, crowns, swords, saws, pots, &c usually found in the metal mines 
in Saxony about Mansfield, and in Poland near Nokow and Pallukie, as ''^Munster 
and others relate. Many rare creatures and novelties each part of the world affords : 
amongst the rest, I would know for a certain whether there be any such men, as Leo 
Suavius, in his comment on Paracelsus de sanit. tuend. and *'' Gaguinus records in his 
description of Muscovy, " that in Lucomoria, a province in Russia, lie fast asleep as 
dead all winter, from the 27 of November, like frogs and swallows, benumbed with 
cold, but about the 24 of April in the spring they revive again, and go about their 
business." I would examine that demonstration of Alexander Picolomineus, whe- 
ther the earth's superficies be bigger than the seas : or that of Archimedes be true, 
the superficies of all water is even ? Search the depth, and see that variety of sea- 
monsters and fishes, mermaids, sea-men, horses, &c. which it alFords. Or whether 
that be true which Jordanus Brunus scoffs at, that if God did not detain it, the sea 



^ In campis Lovicen. solum visuntur in nive, el ubi^- 
kia:n vere, ctsiate, autunino se occultant. Heim<'S 
Polit. 1. 1. Jul. Belliiis. 34giatiin ineunte vere 

sylvoe slrepuut eorum cantilf-nis. Muscovit. comment. 
»'' Imnierguiit se Huminibus, lacubusque per hyeniem 
totam, &.C. 3fiCaeterasque volucres Pontumliyeme 

nfiveniente e nostris regioiiibus Europeis transvolantes. 
"■' Survey of Cornwall. **Porro ciconwB quonam 

e loco veniaiit, quo se cnnferant, inconipertum adhuc, 
agnien venientium, descendentium, ut gruum veuisse 
eeriiiuius, nocturnis opinor te.u|X)ribu8. In patentihus 
Asia? campis certo die congregant se, earn qua; novis- 
*«'ne advtuit lacerant, indc avolant. Cosmog. 1.4 c. 



12C. sa Comment. Muscov. ■»<> Hist, Scot. 1 1. 

41 Vertomannus 1. 5. c. 16. mentioneth a tree tbat bears 
fruits to eat, wood to burn, hark to make ropes, wine 
and water to drink, oil and sugar, and leaves as tiles to 
cover bouses, fiowers, for clothes, (fee. •'■^ Animal 

iufectum Cusino, ut quis legere vel scribere possit sine 
alterius ope lumiriis. «Cosmog. lib. I. cap. 4;i5 et 

lib. 3 cap. 1, liahenr ollas a natura formatas e terra 
extracl.as, similes illis a figulis fuclis, coronas, pisces, 
aves, et omnes animantiuin sjiecies. ■»> Lfl solent 

liirundines et rantE pra; frig(j'is magnitudine mori. e) 
postea redeunte vere'24. Ap lis reviviscere. 



Mem. 3.1 



Disressinn of Air 



291 



would overflow the earth by reason of his higher site, and wliich .losepniis Blancanits 
the Jesuit in his interpretation on those mathematical places of Aristotle, foolishly 
fears, and in a just tract proves by many circumstances, that in time the sea will 
waste away the land, and all the globe of the earth shall be covered with waters; 
risiim tcnealis amlcif what the sea takes away in one place it adds in another. 
Methinks he might rather suspect the sea should in time be filled by land, trees grow 
up, carcasses, Sec, that all-devouring fire, omnia devorans et consumens^ will soonc-r 
cover and dry up the vast ocean with sand and ashes. I would examine the true 
seat of that terrestrial '''paradise, and where Ophir was whence Solomon did fetch 
his gold : from Peruana, which some suppose, or that Aurea Chersonesus, as Domi- 
nicus Niger, Arias Montanus, Goropius, and others will. I would censure all Pliny's, 
Solinus', Strabo's, Sir John Mandeville's, Olaus Magnus', Marcus Polus' lies, correct 
those errors in navigation, reform cosmographical charts, and rectify longitudes, if it 
were possible ; not by the compass, as some dream, with Mark Ridley in his treatise 
of niagnetical bodies, cap. 43. for as Cabeus magnet philos. lib. 3. cap. 4. fully 
resolves, there is no hope thence, yet I would observe some better means to find 
them out. 

I would have a convenient place to go down with Orpheus, Ulysses, Hercules, 
*^Lucian's Menippus, at St. Patrick's purgatory, at Trophonius' den, Hecla in Iceland, 
Miivd in Sicily, to descend and see what is done in the bowels of the earth : do stones 
and metaJs grow there still .? how come fir trees to be ''''digged out from tops of hdls, 
as in our mosses, and marshes all over Europe ? How come they to dig up fisii 
bones, shells, beams, ironworks, many fathoms under ground, and anchors in moun- 
tains far remote from all seas.? ''^Anno 1460 at Bern in Switzerland 50 fathom deep 
a ship was digged out of a mountain, where they got metal ore, in which were 48 
carcasses of men, with other merchandise. That sucli things are ordinarily found 
in tops of hills, Aristotle insinuates in his meteors, ^^ Pomponius Mela in his first 
book, c. de JS'umldia^ and familiarly in the Alps, saith ^"Blancanus the Jesuit, the like 
is to be seen : came this from earthquakes, or from Noah's flood, as Christians sup- 
pose, or is there a vicissitude of sea and land, as Anaximenes held of old, the moun- 
tains of Thessaly would become seas, and seas again mountains } The whole world 
belike should be new moulded, when it seemed good to those all-commanding 
powers, and turned inside out, as we do haycocks in harvest, top to bottom, or bot- 
tom to top : or as we turn apples to the fire, move the world upon his centre ; that 
which i.s under the poles now, should be translated to the equinoctial, and that which 
is under the torrid zone to the circle arctic and antarctic another while, and so be 
reciprocally warmed by the sun : or if the worlds be infinite, and every fixed star a 
sun, with his compassing planets (as Brunus and Campanella conclude) cast three or 
four worlds into one ; or else of one world make three or four new, as it shall seem 
to them best. To proceed, if the earth be 21,500 miles in ^'compass, its diameter 
is 7,000 from us to our antipodes, and what shall be comprehended in all that space.'* 
What is the centre of the earth .? is it pure element only, as Aristotle decrees, inha- 
bited (as " Paracelsus thinks) with creatures, v/hose chaos is the earth : or with 
fairies, as the woods and waters (according to him) are with nymphs, or as tlie air 
with spirits } Dionisiodorus, a mathematician in ^^ Pliny, that sent a letter, ad supcros 
after he was dead, from the centre of the earth, to signify what distance the same 
centre was from the superficies of the same, viz. 42,000 stadiums, might have done 
well to have satisfied all these doubts. Or is it the place of hell, as Virgil in his 
iEnides, Plato, Lucian, Dante, and others poetically describe it, and as many of our 
divines think .'' In good earnest, Anthony Rusca, one of the society of that Anibro" 
sian Coll'^ge, in Milan, in his great volume de Inferno, lib. 1. cap. 47. is stiff in d)i« 
tenet, 'ti? a corporeal fire tow, cap. 5. /. 2. as he there disputes. "Whatsoever philo- 
sophers "^rite (saith ^ Surius) there be certain mouths of hell, and places appointed 



•*5Vifi. Pererimn in C(>n. Cor. a Lapide, et alios. 
<«In Necyotnantia Tom. -2. ^7 Pracastoriiis lib. <1e 

%imp. Gf^or-rins Mtrnla lib. de inpin. Julius Rilliiis, &r. 
"Simlenis, Orteliiis, Brachiis centiitn isiibtcrra rcpcrta 
est, in qua qiiadraginta octo cadaveia iiierant, An- 
chorae. >fec. ■'g pj.sces et conchae in montibus rep(^- 

rinr-«<.r. soLib. de locis Mathemat. Aristot. 5i Or 
j»l.nii, us Pairicius Iwids, which Austin, Lactaniius, 



and some others, Iieki of old as round as a trencher. 
'•>' Li. (!<■ Zilpliia et Pijimeis, they penetrate the e.«rth H4 
we do the air. 63 ijh. 2. c. 112. ^j Common tar. 

ad annum 15:i7. Quicquid liicuni, Philosophi. qtiaifl.^Mi 
sunt 'J'artari ostia, et loea puniendis animis destinata. 
ut Hecla mons,&c. ubi mortuorum spiritus vi.-suntur, &c 
voluit Deus extare lalia loca, ut d-scant mo'*alos 



•292 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 

!or the punishment of men's sonls, as at Hecla in Iceland, where the ghosts of dead 
men are familiarly seen, and sometimes talk with the living- ; God would have siicli 
visible places, that mortal men might be certainly informed, that there be such pun- 
ishments after death, and learn hence to fear God." Kranzius Dan. lust. lib. 2. cap 
24. subscribes to this opinion of Surius, so doth Colerus cap. 12. lib. de immortal 
animcB (out of the authority belike of St. Gregory, Durand, and the rest of the school- 
men, who derive as much from /Etna in Sicily, Lipari, Hiera, and those sulphureous 
vulcanian islands) making Terra del Fuego, and those frequent volcanoes in Amox 
rica, of which Acosta lib. 3. cap. 24. that fearful mount Hecklebirg in Norway, an 
especial argument to prove it, ^^'•'' where lamentable screeches and bowlings are con- 
tinually heard, which strike a terror to the auditors ; fiery chariots are commonly 
seen to bring in the souls of men in the likeness of crows, and devils ordinarily go 
in and out." Such another proof is that place near the Pyramids in Egypt, by Cairo, 
as well to confirm this as the resurrection, mentioned by ^"^ Kornmannus mirac. mart. 
lib. 1. cap. 38. Camerarius oper. sue. cap. 37. Bredenbachius pereg. ter. sancf. and 
some others, "where once a year dead bodies arise about March, and walk, after 
awhile hide themselves again : thousands of peoj)le come yearly to see them." But 
these and such like testimonies others reject, as fables, illusions of spirits, and they 
will have no such local known place, more than Styx or Phlegethon, Pluto's court, 
or that poetical Infernus^ where Homer's soul was seen hanging on a tree, &c., to 
which they ferried over in Charon's boat, or went down at Hermione in Greece, com- 
pendiaria ad Infernos via^ which is the shortest cut, quia nullum a mortuis naulum 
eo loci exposcunt^ (saith ^"Gerbelius) and besides there were no fees to be paid. Well 
then, is it hell, or purgatory, as Bellarmine : or Limhus pairum^ as Gallucius will, 
and as Rusca will (for they have made maps of it) ^^ or Ignatius parler .'* Virgil, 
sometimes bishop of Saltburg (as Aventinus Anno. 745 relates) by Bonifacius bishop 
of 3Ientz was tberefore called in question, because he held antipodes (which they 
made a doubt whether Christ died for) and so by that means took away the seat of 
hell, or so contracted it, that it could bear no proportion to heaven, and contradicted 
that opinion of Austin, Basil, Lactantius that held the earth round as a trencher 
(whom Acosta and common experience more largely confute) but not as a ball; and 
Jerusalem where Christ died the middle of it; or Delos, as the fabulous Greeks 
feigned : because when Jupiter let two eagles loose, to fly from the world's ends east 
and west, they met at Delos. But that scruple of Bonifacius is now quite taken 
away by our latter divines : Franciscus Ribera, in cap. 14. Jipocalyps. will have hell 
a material and local fire in the centre of the earth, 200 Italian miles in diameter, as 

he defines it out of those words, Exivi.t sanguis de terra per stadia milk sex- 

centa^ Sfc. But Lessius lib. 13. de moribus divinis^ cap. 24. will have this local hell 
far less, one Dutch mile in diameter, all filled with fire and brimstone : because, as 
he there demonstrates, that space, cubically multiplied, will make a sphere able to 
hold eight hundred thousand millions of damned bodies (allowing each body six foot 
square) which wiL a'jLindantly suffice ; Cum cerium sit., inquit., facta subductione., non 
fuiuros centies mille millionrs damnandoruni. But if it be no* material fire (as Sco- 
Thomas, Bonaventure, Soncinas, Voscius, and others argue) it may be there or else- 
where, as Keckerman disputes System. Tlieol. for sure somewhere it is, certum est 
alicubi^ etsi defnitus circulus non assignetur. I will end the controversy in ^'^ Aus- 
tin's words, "Better doubt of things concealed, than to contend about uncertainties, 
where Abraham's bosom is, and hell fire :" ^'^Vix a mansiietis., a contentiosis nunquam 
invenitur; scarce the meek, the contentious shall never find. If it be solid earth. 
'tis the fountain of metals, waters, which by his innate temper turns air into water, 
which springs up in several chinks, to moisten the earth's superficies., and that in a 
tenfold proportion (as Aristotle holds) or else these fountains come directly from the 
sea, by ^' secret passages, and so made fresh again, by running through the bowels 
of the earth ; and are either thick, thin, hot, cold, as the matter or minerals are by 
which they pass ; or as Peter Martyr Ocean. Decad. lib. 9. and some others hold, 



s.iUhi miserabilps ejiilantiiim voces aiidiiiiitnr, qui 
audiloribiis horrorem iiiciitiunt hand vulgarem, &,c. 
MEx sfpiilchris apparent mense Martin, et rursiis sub 
tai-ram se abscoiidiint, &c. 6? Descript. Gr.Tc. lib. 6. 

de Pelop. 6« Conclave Ignalii. 69 Melius dubi- 



tare de occultis, qiiam litigare de incertis, nbi flarnma 
inferni, &c. fioSee Dr. Reynold.s pra;lect. 55. in Apoc 
61 As they come from the sea, so they return to the sea 
again by secret passages, as in all likelihood the Caspian 
Sea veuts itself into llie Eutine or ocean. 



Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 293 

Torn ^^abimdance of rain that falls, or from that ambient heat and cold, which alters 
that inward heat, and so per consequens the generation of waters. Or else it may be 
full of wind, or a sulphnreous innate lire, as our meteorologists inform us, which 
sometimes breaking out, causeth tiiose horrible earthquakes, which are so frequent 
•n these days in Japan, China, and oftentimes swallow up whole cities. Let Lucian's 
Menippus consult with or ask of Tiresias, if you will not believe philosophers, he 
shall clear all your doubts when he makes a second voyage. 

In the mean time let us consider of that which is sub dlo^ and find out a true cause, 
if it be '"•ossible, of such accidents, meteors, alterations, as happen above ground. 
Whence proceed that variety of manners, and a distinct character (as it were) to 
several nations ? Some are wise, subtile, witty ; others dull, sad and heavy ; some 
big, some little, as TuUy de Fato, Plato in Timaeo, Vegetius and Bodine prove at 
large, method, cap. 5. some soft, and some hardy, barbarous, civil, black, dun, white, 
is it from the air, from the soil, influence of stars, or some other secret cause } Why 
doth Africa breed so many venomous beasts, Ireland none .^ Athens, owls, Crete 
none ? "^ Why liath Daulis and Thebes no swallows (so Pausanius informeth us) 
as well as the rest of Greece, ^^ Ithaca no hares, Pontus asses, Scythia swine ? whence 
comes tills variety of complexions, colours, plants, birds, beasts, ^^ metals, peculiar 
almost to every place .'* Why so many thousand strange birds and beasts proper to 
America alone, as Acosta demands lib. 4. cap. 36. were they created in the six days, 
or ever in Noah's ark ? if tiiere, why are they not dispersed and found in other 
countries ? It is a thing (saith he) hath long held me in suspense ; no Greek, Latin, 
Hebrew ever heard of them before, and yet as differing from our European animals, 
as an egg and a chestnut : and which is more, kine, horses, sheep, Sec, till the 
Spaniards brought them, were never heard of in those parts } How comes it to 
\ ass, that in the same site, in one latitude, to such as are Pericaci^ there should be 
such difference of soil, complexion, colour, metal, air, Stc. The Spaniards are 
white, and so are Italians, when as the inhabitants about ^ Caput boncR spei are 
blackamores, and yet both alike distant from the equator : nay, they tiiat dwell in the 
same parallel line with these negroes, as about the Straits of Magellan, are white 
coloured, and yet some in Presbyter John's country in ^Ethiopia are dun ; they in 
Zeilan and Malabar parallel with them again black : Manamotapa in Africa, and St. 
Thomas Isle are extreme hot, both under the line, coal black their inhabitants, 
whereas in Peru they are quite opposite in colour, very temperate, or rather cold, 
and yet both alike elevated. Moscow in 53. degrees of latitude extreme cold, as 
those northern countries usually are, having one perpetual hard frost all winter long; 
and in 52. deg. lat. sometiiues hard frost and snow all summer, as Button's Bay, &.C., 
or by fits ; and yet ^' England near the same latitude, and Ireland, very moist, warm, 
and more temperate in winter than Spain, Italy, or France. Is it the sea that causeth 
this difference, and the air that comes from it : Why then is *^^ Ister so cold near the 
Euxine, Pontus, Bithynia, and all Thrace ; frigldas rcglones Maginus calls them, 
and yet their latitude is but 42. which should be hot : ^''Q^uevira, or Nova Albion in 
America, bordering on the sea, was so cold in July, that our '° Englishmen could 
hardly endure it. At Noremberga in 45. lat. all the sea is frozen ice, and yet in a 
more southern latitude than ours. New England, and the island of Cambrial Col- 
chos, which that noble gentleman Mr. Vauglian, or Orpheus junior, describes in his 
Golden Fleece, is in the same latitude with little Britain in France, and yet their 
winter begins not till January, tiieir spring till May ; which searcii he accounts 
worthy of an astrologer : is this from the easterly winds, or melting of ice and snow 
dissolved within the circle arctic ; or that the air being thick, is longer before it be 
warm by the sunbeams, and once heated like an oven will keep itself from cold > 



62 Seneca (|iiait:t. Iil». cap. 3, 4, 5, G, 7, 8, 9, 10. 11, 1'2. (ie 
caiisis aquarum peipetuis. ^^[\\ iis ncc ()ull()s liiniii- 
dines exciudiiiit, neque, &c. " Tli. Raveiiiias lib. 

le vit. hum. praerojr. ca. nil. «fi At diiilo in Peru. 

Plus anri quain terra; fodilur in aiirifodinis. 6" Atl 

».'a[)ul bnnie spei incolai sunt ni<;(,'rriiiii ; Si sol causa. 

ur iioti Hispani el Itali a;que rsiiiri. in eadem I.Miludiiie, 
•eque (lislanles ali ^quatnre, lii ad Aus.rmr.:, illi ad 
lioreani ? qui suh Preshytero Jolian. hatti'.'irit sultfusci 
tint in Zeilan et JVIalahar nifrri, asqne dislantes alt 

fiiuatore, eodemque cceli paralleio: sed hoc magis mi- 

z2 



rari t^nis possit, in tota America nusipiam niirros invo- 
niri, propter pmcos in loco (iuareno illis dicto : qnro 
liujiis coloris causa etficiens, coilive an terra; qualitas, 
an soli proprieias, aut ipsornm hominutn innata ratio, 
aut omnia? Orleliiis in .'\frica Tlieat. «' Iie<.'i<i 

quocunque anui tempore lemperatissima. Ortel. Miil- 
tas Gallia; et Ilalia; Ketiiones, molli topore, et benigna 
qnadam teinperie prorsusi antecellil, Jovi. ** Lat. 4.'» 
Uaiiubii. ewauevira lat. 40. '"InSirFra 

Drakes voyage. 



294 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 

Our cline; biT^tl lice, '^' Hungary and Irtiand male audiunl in this kind ; con. o to 
the Azores, \>y a secret virtue of that air they are instantly consumed, and all ou: 
European vern.in almost, saith Orteiius. i^gypt is watered with Nilus not far froni 
the sea, and yet there it seldom or never rains : Rhodes, an island of the same 
nature, yields not a cloud, and yet our islands ever dropp^.ig and inclining to rain. 
The Atlantic Ocean is still subject to storms, but in Del Zur, or Mare pacijico^ sel- 
dom or Jiever any. Is it from tropic stars, apertlo portarum, in the dodecotemories 
or constellations, the moon's mansions, such aspects of planets, such winds, or dis- 
solving air, or thick air, which causeth this and the like differences of heat and cold? 
Bodin relates of a Portugal ambassador, that coming from ^^ Lisbon to ^^ Dantzic in 
Spruce, found greater heat there than at any time at home. Don Garcia de Sylva, 
legate to Philip III., king of Spain, residing at Ispahan in Persia, 1619, in his letter 
to the Marquess of Bedmar, makes mention of greater cold in Ispahan, whose lat. is 
31. gr. than ever he felt in Spain, or any part of Europe. The torrid zone was by 
our predecessors held to be uninhabitable, but by our modern travellers found to be 
most temperate, bedewed with frequent rains, and moistening showers, the breeze and 
cooling blasts in some parts, as "* Acosta describes, most pleasant and fertile. Arica 
in Cliili is by report one of the sweetest places that ever the sun shined on, Olympus 
ttrrcB^ a heaven on earth : how incomparably do some extol Mexico in Nova His- 
pania, Peru, Brazil, &c., in some again hard, dry, sandy, barren, a very desert, and 
still in the same latitude. Many times we find great diversity of air in the same 
■'^country, by reason of the site to seas, hills or dales, want of water, nature of soil, 
and the like : as in Spain Arragon is aspcra et sicca^ harsh and evil inhabited ; Estre- 
madura is dry, sandy, barren most part, extreme hot by reason of his plains; Anda- 
lusia another paradise; Valencia a most pleasant air, and continually green; so is it 
about "^Granada, on the one side fertile plains, on the other, continual snow to be 
seen all summer long on the hill tops. That their houses in the Alps are three quar- 
ters of the year covered with snow, who knows not } That Teneriffe is so cold at 
the top, extreme hot at the bottom : Mons Atlas in Africa, Libanus in Palestine, with 
many such, tantos inter ardores fidos nivibus^ '^Tacitus calls them, and Radzivilus 
episL 'Z.fol. 27. yields it to be far hotter there than in any part of Italy: 'tis true; 
but they are highly elevated, near the middle region, and therefore cold, ob paucam 
solarium radiorum rcfractionem^ as Serrarius answers, com. in. 3. cap. Josua quasi. 5, 
Jlbulensis qucBst. 37. In the heat of summer, in the king's palace in Escurial, the 
air is most temperate, by reason of a cold blast wJiich comes from the snowy moun- 
tains of Sierra de Cadarama hard by, when as in Toledo it is very hot : so in all 
otlier countries. The causes of these alterations are commonly by reason of their 
nearness (I say) to tlie middle region; but this diversity of air, in places equally 
situated, elevated and distant from the pole, can hardly be satisfied with that diversity 
of plants, birds, beasts, which is so familiar with us : with Indians, everywhere, the 
sun is equally distant, the same vertical stars, the same irradiations of planets, as- 
pects like, the same nearness of seas, the same superficies, the same soil, or not much 
different. Under the equator itself, amongst the Sierras, Andes, Lanos, as Plerrera, 
Laet, and ''^ Acosta contend, there is tarn mirabilis et inopinata variefas^ such variety 
of weather, ut meritb exerceat ingcnia^ that no philosophy can yet find out the true 
cause of it. When I consider how temperate it is in one place, saith ''^ Acosta, Avilh- 
in the tropic of Capricorn, as about Laplata, and yet hard by at Potosi, in that same 
altitude, mountainous alike, extreme cold ; extreme hot in Brazil, &.c. Hic ego, 
sdith Acosta, philosopliiam Aristotelis meteorologicam vehementer irrisi, cum, (^-c, 
when the sun comes nearest to them, they have great tempests, storms, thunder and 
lightning, great store of rain, snow, and the foulest weather: when the sun is ver- 
tical, their rivers overflow, the morning fair and hot, noon-day cold and moist: all 
Vv'hich is opposite to us. How comes it to pass.'' Scaliger jDoe/ices I. 3. c. 16. dis- 
courselh thus of this subject. How comes, or wherefore is this temeraria sideruni 
4ispositio, th,s rash placing of stars, or as Epicurus will, fortuita, or accidental r 



71 Laiisius or.it. rontra Hungaros. '2 Lisbon lat. | betwijct Liojje nnd Ajax not far distant, dt^scripi. R^lj,'. 

3P. " iJaiitzic lat 54. •< De nat. novi orbis lib. I ■'«Mat.'iii. Uuadiis. '• [list. lib. 5. '"^ lAU II 

1. cap, 9. Suavissiiiiiis oinniiiin locus, &c. ^5 Tlie cap. 7- "" l-ib. 2. ca|». 5). Cur. Potosi et If \ln, u bt-ii 

juiii^: vaiieiv uf uiailier Loii. Guicciaidiiic observes 1 in taui teiiui intcivallo, utraijue iiionl osa, <Sir. 



Mem. 3.] 



Digression of Jllr. 



295 



Why are some big, some little, why are they so confusedly, unequally silui ted in 
the heavens, and set so mucii out of order? In all other things nature is ecjiial, |iic»- 
porlionabie, and constant; there he juslce dimensiones^ el prudcns partiuni Jispositio. 
as in the fabric of man, his eyes, ears, nose, face, members are correspondent, cur 
non idem cvclo opere onmium pulcherrifuo? Why are the heavens so irregular, nc(/ur 
paribus molibus^ neqiie paribus intervallis^ whence is this difference ? Dioersos (he 
concludes) ejjicere locorum Genios^ to make diversity of countries, soils, manners, 
customs, characters, and constitutions among us, ut quantum vicinia ad charitatem 
addaf^ sidera distrahant ad pernicicm^ and so by this means fuoiov el montc dislhicli 
sum dissiniiles^ the same places almost shall be distinguished in manners. Rut this 
reason is weak and most insufficient. Tlie fixed stars are removed since Ptolemy's 
time 26. gr. from the first of Aries, and if the earth be immovable, as their site varies 
so should countries vary, and diverse alterations would follow. But this we per- 
ceive not; as in TuUy's trnie with us in Britain, ccelum visu. fmdum^ el in quo facile 
generan'ur nubes^ (^t., 'tis so still. Wherefore Bodine Theal. nat. lib. 2. and some 
others, will have all these alterations and effects immediately to proceed from those 
genii, spirits, angels, which rule and domineer in several places ; they cause storms, 
thunder, lightning, earthquakes, ruins, tempests, great winds, floods, &c., tlie phi- 
'osophers of Conimbra, will refer this diversity to the influence of that empvrean 
heaven : for some say the eccentricity of the sun is come nearer to tlie earth than in 
Ptolemy's time, the virtue therefore of all the vegetals is decayed, ^" men grow less, 
&.C. There are that observe new motions of the heavens, new siavs^palaiitia sidera^ 
comets, clouds, call them what you will, like those Medicean, Burbonian, Austrian 
planets, lately detected, which do not decay, but come and go, rise higher and lower, 
hide and show themselves amongst the fixed stars, amongst the planets, above and 
beneath the moon, at set times, now nearer, now farther off, together, asunder; as 
he that plays upon a sackbut by pulling it up and down alters his tones and tunes, 
do they their stations and places, though to us undiscerned ; and from those motions 
proceed (as they conceive) diverse alterations. Clavius conjectures othervvise, but 
they be but conjectures. About Damascus in Coeli-Syria is a ^' Paradise, by reason 
of tlie plenty of waters, in promplu causa est^ and the deserts of Arabia barren, be- 
cause of rocks, rolling seas of sands, and dry mountains quod inaquosa (saith Adri- 
comius) mont.es habens asperos^ saxosos^ prcscipites^i horroris el mortis speciem prcc se 
ferent.es^ '* uninhabitable therefore of men, bii'ds, beasts, void of all green trees, plants, 
and fruits, a vast rocky horrid wilderness, which by no art can be manui-ed, 'tis evi- 
dent." Bohemia is cold, for that it lies all along to the north. But why should it 
be so hot in Egypt, or there never rain.? Why should those "^^etesian and north- 
eastern winds blow continually and constantly so long together, in some places, al 
set times, one way still, in the dog-days only : h« re perpetual drought, there drop- 
ping showers; here foggy mists, there a pleasant air ; hei*e ^^ terrible thunder and 
lightning at such set seasons, here frozen seas all the year, there open in the same 
latitude, to the rest no such thing, nay quite opposite is to be found .'' Sometimes (as 
in *^^Peru) on the one side of the mountains it is hot, on the other cold, here snow, 
there wind, with infinite such. Fromundus in his Meteors will excuse or solve all 
this by the sun's motion, but when there is such diversity to such as Periceci^ or very 
near site, how can that position hold .? 

Who can give a reason of this diversity of meteors, that it should rain '"stones, 
frogs, mice, &c. Kats, which they call Lcmmer in Norway, and are manifestly ob- 
served (as '"^ Munster writes) by the inhabitants, to descend and fall with some feci, 
lent showers, and like so many locusts, consume all that is green. Leo Afer s])caks 
as much of locusts, about Fez in Barbary there be infinite swarms in their fields upon 
a sudden: so at Aries in France, 1553, the like happened by the same mischief all 
their gi'ass and fruits were devoured, magna incolarwii admiratione ct consfprnalione 
(as Valeriola obser. med. lib. 1. obser. 1. relates) ceelum subitb obumbrabant^ 6^'c. he 
concludes, **^it could not be from natural causes, they cannot imagine whence they- 



so'iYria malos homines nunc eclucat atque piisillns. 
Bi Nav. I. 1. c. 5. h2Strabo. ^3 As under the 

equator ill many parts, showers here at sucli a time, 
winds at sncli atime, the Brise they call it. " Ferd. 
C("-lesius. lib. Novus orbis inscripl. fc6 Lapidatum est. 



Livie. '•fiCosiiin;.'. lib. 4. rap. 2-2. FJa? tiMiipestaii- 

bi's decidunte nnbibiis fa^culeiitis, (lcpascinitiin(iie iiinrti 
locuj^toriiin omnia viriMitia. t?' fjoit. G<iii.il. .An \ 

terra sursum rapiuiilur a solo iterumtiue cum piiiviij' 
.....n,.;.^;t.. ..•..■■ 7 ...... 



prajcipitantur ? iScc. 



296 



Cure of Melanchoty. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



ijome, but from heaven. Are these and such creatures, corn, \voo<!, stones, worms, 
wool, blood, &c. lifted up hito the middle region by the sunbeams, as ^^ Baracellus 
the physician disputes, and thence let fall with showers, or tliere engendered } '^ Cor- 
nelius Gemma is of that opinion, they are there conceived by celestial influences : 
others suppose they are immediately from God, or prodigies raised by art and 
illusions of spirits, which are princes of the air ; to whom Bodin. lib. 2. TJieaf. 
JVat. subscribes. Jn fine, of meteors in general, Aristotle's reasons are exploded bv 
Bernardinus Telesius, by Paracelsus his principles confuted, and other causes 
assigned, sal, sulphur, mercury, in which his disciples are so expert, that they can 
alter elements, and separate at their pleasure, make perpetual motions, not as Cardan, 
Tasneir, Peregrinus, by some magnetical virtue, but by mixture of elements; imitate 
friiunder, like Salmoneus, snow, hail, the sea's ebbing and flowing, give life to crea- 
tures (as they say) without generation, and what not ? P. Nonius Saluciensis and 
Kepler take upon them to demonstrate that no meteors, clouds, fogs, ^° vapours, arise 
higher than flfty or eighty rniles, and all the rest to be purer air or element of fire : 
.which ^' Cardan, ^^Tycho, and ^'^John Pena manifestly confute by refractions, and 
many other arguments, there is no such element of fire at all. If, as Tyclio proves, the 
moon be distant from us fifty and sixty semi-diameters of the earth : and as Peter No- 
nius will have it, the air be so august, what proportion is there betwixt tlie other three 
elements and it? To what use serves it .^ Is it full of spirits which inhabit it, as 
the Paracelsians and Platonists hold, the higher the more noble, ^^ full of birds, or a 
mere vacuum to no purpose } It is much controverted between Tyclio Brahe and 
Christopher Rotman, the landgrave of Hesse's mathematician, in their astronomical 
epistles, whether it be the same Diaphanum^ clearness, matter of air and heavens, or 
two distinct essences ? Christopher Rotman, John Pena, Jor Janus Brunus, with 
many other late mathematicians, contend it is the same and one matter throughout, 
saving that the higher still the purer it is, and more subtile ; as they find by expe- 
rience in the top of some hills in ^'America ; if a man ascend, he faints instantly for 
want of thicker air to refrigerate the heart. Acosta, /. 3. c. 9. calls this mountain 
Periacaca in Peru ; it makes men cast and vomit, he saith, that climb it, as some 
other of those Andes do in the deserts of Chili for five hundred miles together, and 
for extremity of cold to lose their fingers and toes. Tycho will have two distinct 
matters of heaven and air ; but to say truth, with some small qualification, they have 
one and the self-same opinion about the essence and matter of heavens ; that it is 
hot hard and impenetrable, as peripatetics hold, transparent, of a quinta essentia^ 
®®"but that it is penetrable and soft as the air itself is, and that the planets move in 
it, as birxls in the air, fishes in the sea." This they prove by motion of comets, and 
otherwise (though Claremontius in his Antilycho stifily opposes), which are not 
generated, as Aristotle teacheth, in the aerial region, of a hot and dry exhalation, 
and so consumed : but as Anaxagoras and Democritus held of old, of a celestial 
matter: and as ^^ Tycho, ^^Eliseus, Rceslin, Thaddeus, Haggesius, Pena, Rotman, 
Fracastorius, demonstrate by their progress, parallaxes, refractions, motions of the 
planets, which interfere and cut one another's orbs, now higher, and then lowc^r, 
as cf amongst the rest, which sometimes, as ^^ Kepler confirms by his own, and 
Tycho's accurate observations, comes nearer the earth than the O^ and is again eft- 
soons aloft in Jupiter's orb ; and "^° other sufficient reasons, far above the moon : 
exploding in the meantime that element of fire, those fictitious first watery movers, 
those heavens I mean above the firmament, which Delrio, Lodovicus Iinola, Patri- 
cius, and many of the father's affirm ; those monstrous orbs of eccentrics, and 
Ecccntre Epicycles deserenles. Which howsoever Ptolemy, Alhasen, Vitellio, Pur- 
bachius, Maginus, Clavius, and many of their associates, stifily maintain to be real 
orbs, eccentric, concentric, circles sequant, &c. are absurd and ridiculous. For who 



«'Tain (iHiinosus proventiis in nmurales causas re- 
ft^rri vix potest. «» Cnsmofr. c. <>. soCanlati 

saith v.tiioms rise 288 miles from the earth, Eratosthe- 
nes 4*^ miles. 8i De subtil. 1. 2. ^^ In proj2;\ iniias. 
Ki PriEfal. ad Euclid. Catop. 9^ Maiiucodiatie, birds 
that live continually in the air, and are never seen on 
sround but dead: See Ulysses Alderovand. Ornitlnd. 
i?cal. exerc. rap. 229. 95 Laet. descrip. Auier. 
»6 Episi. lib. 1. p. 83. Ex quibus constat iiec diversa 



aeris et jetheris diaphana esse, nee refractiones aiiiinric. 
quam a crasso aere causari— Non dura aut inipervia. 
sed liquida,suhtilis, niotuique Planet a ruiu facil^cedeiis- 
'■>'' In Progymn. lib. 2. e,\einpl.quiuque. '*'■ In 'I'lieoriS 
nova Met. ccDiestium 1578. ^^ Epit. Astron. lib. 4. 

'W Multa sane hiuc cousequuntur absurda, et si nihil 
aliud, tot CometcE in rethere animadverri, q'li nulliua 
orbis ductuin comitantur, id ipsum sufficicnter refciiuii.' 
Tycho astr. epist. pajie 107. 



Mein. 3.] Digression of Air. 297 

iS so mad to think that there should be so many circles, like subordinate wheels ii» 
d clock, all impenetrable and hard, as they feign, add and subtract at their pleasure. 
Maginus makes eleven heavens, subdivided into tlieir orbs and circles, and all too 
little to serve those particular appearances : Fracastorius, seventy-two homocentrics ; 
Tycho Brahe, Nicholas Ramerus, Heliseus Raeslin, have peculiar hypotheses of their 
own inventions ] and they be but inventions, as most of them acknowledge, as we 
admit of equators, tropics, colures, circles arctic and antarctic, for doctrine's sake 
(though Ramus thinks them all unnecessary), they will have them supposed only 
for method and order. Tycho hath feigned I know not how many subdivisions of 
epicycles in epicycles, &c., to calculate and express the moon's motion : but when 
all is done, as a supposition, and no otherwise ; not (as he holds) hard, impenetra- 
ble, subtile, transparent. Sec, or making music, as Pythagoras maintained of old, and 
Robert Constantine of late, but still, quiet, liquid, open, &c. 

If the heavens then be penetrable, as these men deliver, and no lets, it were not 
amiss in this aerial progress, to make wings and fly up, which that Turk in Busbe- 
quius made his fellow-citizens in Constantinople believe he would perform : and 
some new-fangled wits, methinks, should some time or other find out: or if that may 
not be, yet wilii a Galileo's glass, or Icaronienippus' wings in Lucian, command the 
spheres and heavens, and see what is done amongst them. Whether there be gene- 
ration and corruption, as some think, by reason of etherial comets, that in Cassiopea, 
1572, that in Cygno, 1600, that in Sagittarius, 1604, and many like, which by no 
means Jul. Caesar la Galla, that Italian philosopher, in his physical disputation with 
Galileis de phenomenis in orhe lunop., cap. 9. will admit : or that they were created 
ab initio., and show themselves at set times . and as ^ Helisaeus Roeslin contends, have 
poles, axle-trees, circles of their own, and regular motions. For, nan pereunt, sed 
minuuntur et rfi5;?arew^, '^ Blancanus holds they come and go by fits, casting their 
tails still from the sun : some of them, as a burning-glass, projects the sunbeams 
from it ; though not always neither : for sometimes a comet casts his tail from Venus, 
as Tycho observes. And as '' Helisaeus Roeslin of some others, from the moon, with 
little stars about them ad sluporem aslronomoru?n ; cum multis aliis in C(lIo miracu- 
lis^ all which argue with those Medicean, Austrian, and Burbonian siars, that the 
heaven of the planets is indistinct, pure, and open, in which the planets move certis 
legibus ac metis. Examine likewise.! An calum sit color alum f Whether the stars 
be of that bigness, distance, as astronomers relate, so many in ^ number, 1026, or 
1725, as J. Bayerus ; or as some Rabbins, 29,000 myriads; or as Galileo discovers 
by his glasses, infinite, and that via lactea., a confused light of small stars, like so 
many nails in a door: or all in a row, like those 12,000 isles of the Maldives in the 
Indian ocean } Whether the least visible star in the eighth sphere be eighteen times 
bigger than the earth; and as Tycho calculates, 14,000 semi-diameters distant from 
it .'' Whether they be thicker parts of the orbs, as Aristotle delivers : or so many 
habitable worlds,, as Democritus ? Whether they have light of their own, or 
from the sun, or give Hght round, as Patritius discourseth .^ An ceque distent a 
centra mundi? Whether light be of their essence ; and that light be a substance 
or an accident ? Whether they be hot by themselves, or by accident cause heat } 
Whether there be such a precession of the equinoxes as Copernicus holds, or 
that the eighth sphere move .? An bene philosophentur., R. Bacon and J. Dee, 
Aphorism, de mull ipli cat ione specierum ? Whether there be any such images 
ascendhig with each degree of the zodiac in the east, as Aliacensis feigns ? An 
aqua super coelumf as Patritius and the schoolmen will, a crystalline ^ watery heaven, 
which is ' certainly to be understood of that in the mi(ldle region } for otherwise, if 
at Noah's flood the water came from thence, it must be above a hundred years fall- 
ing down to us, as ^some calculate. Besides, .y^/i /erra sit animataf which some so 
confidently believe, with Orpheus, Hermes, Averroes, from which all other souls of 
men, beasts, devils, plants, fishes, &c. are derived, and into which again, after some 
-evohitions, as Plato in his Timeus, Plotinus in his Enneades more largely discuss. 



' In Theoricis plaiietarum, tliree above llie firma- 
.neiit, u liicli all wise men reject. 2 'fheor, nova 

r/jtlest. Meteor. 3 L,ib. de lahrica mundi. * Lib. 

Ue Coi'ieti.< 6 An sit cru.\ ct nubecula in coelis ad 

38 



Poliini Antarcticiim. quod ex Cort^alio referl Patritius. 
«Gill)eriu!> Ori<:anus. 'See tliis discussed in Sir 

Walter Ualeishs history, in Zanch. ad Casnmn. ><V.d. 
Froniunduui ue Meieoris, lib.J. artic.5. el Lansberj,MUin 



298 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 

ihcy .etiirn (see Chalcidius and Bennius, Plato's commentators), as all philosophical 
matttr, inmatcriam prlmam. Keplerus, Patritus, and some other Neoterics, have in 
part n^vived this opinion. And that every star in heaven hath a soul, angel or intel- 
ligence to animate or move it, &c. Or to omit all smaller controversies, as matters 
ol" less moment, and examine that main paradox, of the earth's motion, now so much 
in question : Aristarchus Samius, Pythagoras maintained it of old, Democritus and 
many oi their scliolars, Didacus Astunica, Anthony Fascarinus, a Carmelite, and some 
other commentators, will have Job to insinuate as much, cap. 9. ver. 4. Qvi com- 
i.iocet ierrani de loco suo^ &.C., and that this one place of scripture makes more for 
the earth's motion than all the other prove against it ; whom Pineda confutes most 
contradict. Howsoever, it is revived since by Copernicus, not as a truth, but a sup- 
position, as he himself confesseth in the preface to pope Nicholas, but now main- 
tained in good earnest by ^ Calcagninus, Telesius, Kepler, Rotman, Gilbert, Digges, 
Galileo, Campanella, and especially by '° Lansbergius, naturce., ralioni., et verita/i con- 
sentaneum^ by Origanus, and some *' others of his followers. For if the earth be 
the centre of the world, stand still, and the heavens move, as the most received 
'^opinion is, which they call inordinatam cobU disposHionem^ though stiliiy main- 
tained by Tycho, Ptolemeus, and their adherents, quis ille furor f &c. what fury is 
that, saiih '^Dr. Gilbert, satis animose^ as Cabeus notes, that shall drive the lieavens 
about with such incomprehensible celerity in twenty-four hours, when as every point 
of the firmament, and in the equator, must needs move (so '^ Clavius calculates) 
176,060 in one 246di part of an hour, and an arrow out of a bow must go seven 
times about tlie earth, whilst a man can say an Ave Maria, if it keep the same space, 
or compass the earth 1884 times in an hour, which is supra humanam cogitatioiiem. 
beyond human conceit : ocyor et jaculo^ et veritos., cBquante sagitta. A man could not 
ride so much ground, going 40 miles a day, in 2904 years, as the firmament goes in 
23 hours : or so much in 203 years, as the firmament in one minute : quod incredi- 
bile videtur: and the '^pole-star, which to our thinking scarce movelh out of his 
place, goeth a bigger circuit than the sun, whose diameter is much larger than the 
diameter of the heaven of the sun, and 20,000 semi-diameters of the earth from us, 
with the rest of the fixed stars, as Tycho proves. To avoid therefore these impos- 
sibilities, they ascribe a triple motion to ihe earth, the sun immovable in the centre 
of the whole world, the earth centre of the moon, alone, above 9 and 5, beneath 
I2, "iit S'l (or as '^Origanus and others will, one single motion to the earth, still placed 
in the centre of the world, which is more probable) a single motion to the firma- 
ment, which moves in 30 or 26 thousand years; and so the planets, Saturn in 30 
years absolves his sole and proper motion, Jupiter in 12, Mars in 3, &c. and so solve 
all appearances better than any way whatsoever : calculate all motions, be they in 
longum or latum.f direct, stationary, retrograde, ascent or descent, without epicycles, 
intricate eccentrics, Slc. reel ins commodiusque per unicimi motu.m terrce., saith Lansber- 
gius, much more certain than by those. Alphonsine, or any such tables, which are 
grounded from those other suppositions. And 'tis true they say, according to optic 
principles, the visible appearances of the planets do so indeed answer to their mag- 
nitudes and orbs, and come nearest to mathematical observations and precedent cal- 
culations, there is no repugnancy to physical axioms, because no penetration of orbs; 
but then between the sphere of Saturn and the firmament, there is such an incredible 
and vast '' space or distance (7,000,000 semi-diameters of the earth, as Tycho cal- 
culates) void of stars: and besides, they do so enhance the bigness of the stars, 
enlarge their circuit, to solve those ordinary objections of parallaxes and retrograda- 
tions of the fixed stars, that alteration of the poles, elevation in several places or 
latitude of cities here on earth (for, say they, if a man's eye were in the firmament, 
he should not at all discern that great annual motion of the earth, but it would still 
appear punclum indlvisiblle, and seem to be fixed in one place, of the same bigness) 
that it is quite opposite to reason, to natural philosophy, and all out as absurd as 
disproportional (so some will) as prodigiou's, as that of the sun's swift motion of 



9 Peculiar! lihello. 
Midd^jbergi WMl 
Mr. Car|jeiitei's Gengr. 



luConimerit. in nioitum toiroe 
11 Peculiac Jibeil'-. ''^See 

iif) 1. Uampanplla et 



Origamis praef. Epiiciner. wiiere St'.riplnrf' p'.accs 
4flsw«red. ^'^ De Mngunla. i^Coiwiiieiit. in 2 



!»V 



Jo. de Sacr. Bosc. i5 Dist. ;?, j-r La 

Foio. ispijef. Kphein. i' VVhicli may le full 

of planeis, perhaps, u^ us unseen, as those al>n'i» Ju;-*- 
ter, &;c. 



^^^m. ?,.] Digression of Air. 209 

liravens. But hoc posito^ to grant this their tenet of the earth's motion : if the earth 
move, It is a planet, and shines to them in the moon, and to the otljer planetary in- 
habitants, as the moon and they do to us upon the earth : but shine she dotii, as 
Galileo, "^Kepler, and otiiers prove, and then per conseqiiens^ the rest of the planets 
are inhabited, as well as the moon, which he grants in his dissertation with Galileo's 
.VunciiLS Sidcreus^ '"'■'that there be Jovial and Saturn inhabitants," &c., and those 
several planets have their several moons about them, as the earth hath hers, as Galileo 
haih already evinced by his glasses : ^°four about Jupiter, two about Saturn (thouorh 
Sitiiis the Florentine, Fortuniiis Licetus, and Jul. Ciiesar le Galla cavil at it) yet Kep- 
ler, the emp^^ror's mathematician, conlirms out of his experience, that he saw as much 
by tiie same help, and more about Mars, Venus, and the rest they hope to find out, 
peradventiire even amongst the fixed stars, which Brunus and Brutius have already 
averred. Then (I say) the earth and they be planets alike, moved about the sun, 
the common centre of the world alike, and it may be those two green children 
which -' Nubrigensis speaks of in his time, that fell from heaven, came from thence; 
and that famous stone that fell from heaven in Aristotle's time, olymp. 84, anno 
*erlio^ ad Ca.pucE Fliicnta^ recorded by Laertius and others, or Ancile or buckler m 
Duma's time, recorded by Festus. We may likewise insert with Campanella and 
Brunus, t!iat which Pythagoras, Aristarchus, Samius, Heraclitus, Epicurus, Melissus, 
Democritus, Leucippus maintained in their ages, there be ^Mnhnite worlds, and infi- 
nite earths or systems, in infmito cBlhcre., which "Eusebius collects out of their 
tenets, because infinite stars and planets like unto this of ours, which some stick not 
still to maintain and publicly defend, spcrabimdiis expecfo imiumcrahiliuni mundoruni 
in cclcrnitate per afnhulalionon^ Sfc. [JYic. Hill. Londinensis philos. Epicur.) For if 
the firmament be of such an incomparable bigness, as these Copernical giants will 
have it, infinitum, aut injinito proximum., so vast and full of innumerable stars, as 
being infinite in extent, one above another, some higher, some lower, soiue 
nearer, some farther off, and so far asunder, and those so huge and great, inso- 
much that if the whole sphere of Saturn, and all that is included in it, totiun aggre- 
gatum (as Fromundus of Louvain in his tract, r/e inimobiUtate terras argues) evehaftir 
inter Stellas, videri a nobis nan poterat, lam immanis est distantia inter tellurern et 
fixas, sed instar puncti, ^t. If our v/orld be small in respect, why may we not 
suppose a plurality of worlds, those infinite stars visible in the firmament to be so 
many suns, with particular fixed centres ; to have likewise their subordinate planets, 
as the sun hath his dancing still round him? which Cardinal Cusanus, Walkarinus, 
Brunus, and some others have held, and some still maintain, Animcs Jlristotelisnio 
innutritcE, et minatis speeulationibiis assuetce, secus forsan, (Sfc. Though they seem 
close to us, they are infinitely distant, and so per consequens, tliere are infinite 
habitable worlds: what hinders.? Why should not an infinite cause (as God is) 
produce infinite efl^ects .'* as Nic. Hill. Democrit. philos. disputes: Kepler (1 confess)' 
will by no means admit of Brunus's infinite worlds, or that the fixed stars should be 
so many suns, with their compassing planets, yet the said ^'^ Kepler between jest and 
earnest in his perspectives, lunar geography, ^^ et somnio sno, dissertat. cum nunc, 
sider. seems in part to agree with this, and partly to contradict; for the planets, he 
yields them to be inhabited, he doubts of the stars ; and so doth Tycho in his astro- 
nomical epistles, out of a consideration of their vastity and greatness, break out into 
some such like speeches, that he will never believe those great and iuige bodies were 
made to no other use tlian this that we perceive, to illuminate the earth, a point 
insensible in respect of the whole. But who shall dwell in these vast bodies, earths, 
worlds, 2*^ "if they be inhabited.'* rational creatures.?" as Kepler demands, "or have 

i«Luna circiimterrestiis J'laneta qnuin sit, consenla- | the help of a irlass night fe^t lonji. 21 Reriini Aiigl. 

tiiMim (St esse in Luna viveiites cnaturas, et singulis I. 1. c. iJ? de viiitlib is pueris. ^2 hifiiiiti alii muiidi 

Planetarain jilobis sui serviunt circulJitores, ex qua j vei ut Hruiius, icrr.e hiiic nostra) similes. "'■> Lihro 

consi(lt?r;iti()ne, de eorimi iiicolis sumrna prohabililcile 
concliidiiiKis, quod et Tyclioiii Hraheo. e sola considcra- 
fione vastitatis eorum visum fuit. Kepi, dissert, cum 
HUM. iid. f. -i'.l. '«'l'euiperare noil possum qiiin ex 

inventis tiiis hoc moneam, veii non altsimile, non tarn 
ill Luna, sed etiain in Jove, et veli(inis Planetis iiicolas 
esse. Kep!. fo. 2i). Si non sint accohi! in Jovis jjloho, 
qui notent aiUnirHiidam hanc, varietatem oculis, cui 
bono quiituor illi Planetn) Jovein circumcursitant ? 
auSoiiie of those above Jupiter 1 have seen myself by 



Cont. phtlos. cap. ilO. 21 Kepler fol. 2. dissert, (iuid 

inipedit qiiin credamns ex his initiis, |)lures alios muii- 
dos detej.'endos, v>l (ut Democrito placuit) iiifinitos? 
2' Lejre .soiiiiiium Kepleri (^lit. I{>.i5. '•^"Q.uid i^'itur 

inqiiies, si sint in ca>lo pliires iilobi, similes iiostrce tej- 
Inns, an cum illis certabinius, quis mcliorem iiiuiidi 
plajiaiii teiieat? Si noliiliores illorum !.'lol)i, nos non 
sumus creaturarum rationalinm iiobilissimi : quomodc 
itritur ouima propter homineiu? quomodo nos doiuiD 
operum Dei 1 Kepler, fol. JiU. 



oOO Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect. 2. 

they souls to be saved } or do they inhabit a better part of the world than we do ? 
Are we or they lords of the world .'' And how are all things made for man r" Dif- 
ficile est nodum hunc expcdire^ eb quod nondum omnia qu<z hue pertinent, explorala 
habemus: 'tis hard to determine : this only he proves, that we are in prcecipuo niimdi 
sinu^i in the best place, best world, nearest the heart of the sun. ^^ Thomas Campa- 
nella, a Calabrian monk, in his second hookde sensii rerum^cap. 4, subscribes to this 
of Kepler ; that they are inhabited he certainly supposelb but with what kind of 
creatures he cannot say, he labours to prove it by all means : and that there are 
hifinite worlds, having made an apology for Galileo, and dedicates this tenet of his 
to Cardinal Cajetanus. Others freely speak, mutter, and would persuade the world 
(as '^^ Marinus Marcenus complains) that our modern divines are too severe and rigid 
against mathematicians ; ignorant and peevish, in not admitting their true demonstra- 
tions and certain observations, that they tyrannise over art, science, and all philoso- 
phy, in suppressing their labours (saith Pomponatiiis), forbidding them to write, to 
speak a truth, all to maintain their superstition, and for their profit's sake. As for 
those places of Scripture which oppugn it, they will have spoken ad captum vulgi^ 
and if rightly understood, and favourably interpreted, not at all against it; and as 
Otho Gasman, Astrol. cap. 1. part. 1. notes, many great divines, besides Porphyrins, 
Proclus, Simplicius, and those heathen philosophers, doctrind ct cetate venerandi^ 
Mosis Genesin mundanam popularis nescio cujus ruditatis., qiicE longa ahsit a vera 
Philosophorum eruditionCj insimulant: for Moses makes mention but of two pla- 
nets, O and vi, no four elements, kc. Read more on him, in ^^Grossius and .Junius. 
But to proceed, these and such like insolent and bold attempts, prodigious paradoxes, 
inferences must needs follow, if it once be granted, which Rotman, Kepler, Gilbert, Dig- 
geus, Origanus, Galileo, and others, maintain of the earth's motion, that 'tis a planet, 
and shines as the moon doth, which contains in it ^"'•^ both land and sea as the moon 
doth :" for so they find by their glasses that Maculce in facie Lunce^ " the brighter 
parts are earth, the dusky sea," which Thales, Plutarch, and Pythagoras formerly 
taught : and manife&lly discern hills and dales, and such like concavities, if we may 
subscribe to and believe Galileo's observations. But to avoid these paradoxes of the 
earth's motion (which the Church of Rome hath lately ^' condemned as heretical, as 
appears by Blancanus and Fromundus"'s writings) our latter matiiematicians have 
rolled all the stones that may bestirred : and to solve all appearances and objections, 
have invented new hypotheses, and fabricated new systems of the world, out of their 
own Dedalaean heads. F'racastorius will have the earth stand still, as before; and 
to avoid that supposition of eccentrics and epicycles, he hath coined seventy-two 
homocentrics, to solve all appearances. Nicholas Ramerus will have the earth the 
centre of the world, but movable, and the eighth sphere immovable, the five upper 
planets to move about the sun, the sun and moon about the earth. Of which orbs 
Tycho Brahe puts the earth the centre immovable, the stars immovable, the rest with 
Ramerus, the planets without orbs to wander in the air, keep time and distance, true 
motion, according to that virtue which God hath given them, ^^Helisceus Rceslin 
censureth both, with Copernicus (whose hypothesis de terrce motu, Philippus Lans- 
bergius hath lately vindicated, and demonstrated with solid arguments in a just 
volume, Jansonius Caesius ^^ hath illustrated in a sphere.) The said Johannes Lans- 
bergius, 16,33, hath since defended his assertion against all the cavils and calumnies 
of Fromundus his Anti-Aristarchus, Baptista Morinus, and Petrus Bartholinus : Fro- 
mundus, 1(534, hath written against him again, J. Rosseus of Aberdeen, &c. (sound 
drums and trumpets) whilst Rceslin (I say) censures all, and Ptolemeus himself as 
insufiicient : one offends against natural philosophy, another against optic principles.^ 
a third against mathematical, as not answering to astronomical observations : one 
puis a great space between Saturn's orb and the eighth sphere, another too narrow.- 
In his own hypothesis he makes the earth as before the universal centre, tiie sun to 
the five upper planets, to the eighth sphere he ascribes diurnal motion, eccentrics, and 
epicycles to the seven planets, which hath been formerly exploded ; and so, Bum 

■i'- Franckfort. quarto J6'20. ibid. 40. 1622. 2j Prre- I 2i»Theat. Biblico. 3" His arjruinenlis plane salisA?. 

far. ill C(.iiiiiieiil. in Genesin. Modo suadent Theolo- I cipti, do inaculas in Luna esse niaria, do lucidas partes 
jjos, suiuiiia ii.'M(>rali()ne versnri, veras scieiilias admit- | esse terrain. Kepler, fol. Ifi. 3i Anr>o. 1616. 

lere nclie, et tyrannidi^ni exercere, ill eos falsis dogma- 32 in Hypotlies. de mundj. Edit. 1597. =^ Lugduut 

libus.suneroliiionibus.etreligioneCatholica detineant. | 1633. 



Mein. 3.] Digression of Jlir. 301 

vitanf stnUi vifia in confraria curninf^^^ as a tinker slops one hole anti makes two, 
he corrects them, and doth worse iumself: reforms some, and mars all. In the 
mean time, the world is tossed in a blanket amongst them, they hoist the earth np 
and down like a ball, make it stand and go at their pleasures : one saith the sun 
stands, another he moves; a third comes in, taking them all at rebound, and lest 
there should any paradox be wanting, he ''^ rinds certain spots and clouds in the sun^ 
by the lieip of glasses, which multiply (saith Keplerus) a thing seen a tliousand 
times bigger in plnno^ and makes it come thirty-two times nearer to the eye of the 
beholder: but see the demonstration of this glass in ^^Tarde, by means of which, 
the sun must turn round upon his own centre, or they about the sun. Fabricius 
puts only three, and those in the sun: Apelles 15, and those without the sun, float- 
ing like the Cyanean Isles in the Euxine sea. ^' Tarde, the Frenchman, hatli 
observed thirty-three, and those neither spots nor clouds, as Galileo, Epist. ad Val- 
serum^ supposelh, but planets concentric with the sun, and not far from liim with 
regular motions. ^^Christopher Shemer, a German Suisser Jesuit, Ursicd Rosa^ 
divides them inmacidas et facidas^mid will have them to be fixed in Solis superficie : 
and to absolve their periodical and regular motion in twenty-seven or twenty-eight 
days, holding withal the rotation of the sun upon his centre; and all are so confi- 
dent, that they have made schemes and tables of their motions. The ^^ Hollander, 
in his dissertatiuncula cum Jlpelle^ censures all; and thus they disagree amongst 
themselves, old and new, irreconcileable in their opinions; thus Aristarclius, thus 
Hipparchus, thus Ptolemeus, thus Albateginus, thus Alfraganus, thus Tycho, thus 
Ramerus, thus Roeslinus, thus Fracastorius, thus Copernicus and his adherents, thus 
Clavius and Maginus, &c., with their followers, vary and determine of these celestial 
orbs and bodies : and so whilst these men contend about tiie sun and moon, like the 
philosophers in Lucian, it is to be feared, the sun and moon will hide themselves, and 
be as much offended as ''°she was with those, and send another messenger to Jupiter, 
by some new-fangled Icaromenippus, to make an end of all those curious controver- 
sies, and scatter them abroad. 

But why should the sun and moon be angry, or take exceptions at mathematicians 
and philosophers .'' when as the like measure is offered unto God himself, by a com- 
pany of tlieologasters : they are not contented to see the sun and moon, measure 
their site and biggest distance in a glass, calculate their motions, or visit the moon in 
a poetical fiction, or a dream, as he saith, ^^Jludax f acinus et memorahile nunc in- 
cipiam^ neque hoc sc2CuIo usurpafum prius^ quid in Lunce regno hdc node gestum sit 
exponam^ et quo nemo unquam nisi somniando pervenit^ ''^but he and Menippus: or as 
^'^ Peter Cuneus, Bonn fide agam^ nihil eorum qucs scriplurus sum^ verum esse scitofc^ 
4'c. quce nee fact a^ nee futura sunt^ dicam^ '^^sfili tantum et ingenii causa^ not in jest, 
but in good earnest these gigantical Cyclops will transcend spheres, heaven, stars, 
into that Empyrean heaven; soar higher yet, and see what God himself doth. The 
Jewish Talmudists take upon them to determine how God spends his whole time, 
sometimes playing with Leviathan, sometimes overseeing the world, &c., like Lucian's 
Tupiter, that spent much of the year in painting butterflies' wings, and seeing who 
offered sacrifice; telling the hours when it should rain, how much snow should fall 
in sucli a place, which way the wind should stand in Greece, which way in Africa. 
In the Turks' Alcoran, Mahomet is taken up to heaven, upon a Pegasus sent on pur- 
pose for him, as he lay in bed with his wife, and after some conference with God is 
set on ground again. The pagans paint him and mangle him after a thousand fashions; 
our heretics, schismatics, and some schoolmen, come not far behind : some paint him 
in the habit of an old man, and make maps of heaven, number the angels, tell their 
several ^^ names, offices : some deny God and his providence, some take his office 
out of his hands, will ^^ bind and loose in heaven, release, pardon, forgive, and be 

34" Whilst these blockheads avoid one fault, they fall 1 edit. 1(^08. '»2" [ shall now enter upon a bold and 

into its opposite." 3^ Jo. Fabritius de maculis in sole, memorable exploit ; one never before attempted in this 
Witen. Ifill. 86 In Biirboniis sideribns. 3' Lib. a<ie. I shall explain this night's transactions in the 



de Burboniis sid. Stellae sunt erraticte, qure propriis 
orbibus feruntnr, non lonce a Sole dissitis, sed juxta 
Solem. art Braccini fol. IGoO. lib. 4. cap. 52. 55. 5;>. &c. 
29 Lusdun. Bat. An. J(il2. ^ Ne se subducant, et 

relicta statione decessum parent, ut curiositatis fiivem 
facia"* 41 Hercules tuam fidem Satyra Menip. 

2 A 



kiuiidom of the moon, a place where no one has yet 
arrived, save in his dreams." «Sardi venales Satyr 
Menip. An. 1(51-2. <' Pnteani Conius sic incipit, or 

as Lipj-.ius Satyre in a dream. ^''Tritcmius. 1 de '■ 

secnn<lis. ^cThey have fetched 'J'rajanns' soul oin 

of hell, and canonise for saints whom Ihey list 



302 



Cure of Melancholy. 



(Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



quarter-master with him : some call his Godhead in question, his power, ana attri- 
butes, his mercy, justice, providence : they will know with '^^ Cecilius, why ^ood and 
bad are punished tog'ether, war, fires, plagues, infest all alike, why wicked men 
flourish, good are poor, in prison, sick, and ill at ease. Why doth he sufl^er so nmch 
mischief and evil to be done, if he be ■*' able to help ? why doth he not assist good, 
or resist bad, reform our wills, if he be not the author of sin, and let such enormities 
be committed, unworthy of his knowledge, wisdom, government, mercy, and provi- 
dence, why lets he all things be done by fortune and chance .'' Others as prodigiously 
inquire after his omnipotency, an possit plures similes creare dcos? an ex scarahceo 
deum? 4t., et quo demum metis sacrijiculi? Some, by visions and revelations, take 
upon them to be familiar with God, and to be of privy council with him ; they will 
tell how many, and who shall be saved, when the world shall come to an end, what 
year, what month, and whatsoever else God hath reserved unto himself, and to his 
angels. Some again, curious fantastics, will know more than this, and inquire with 
*^ Epicurus, what God did before the world was made ? was he idle ? Where did he 
bide.? What did he make the world of? why did he then make it, and not before? 
If he made it new, or to have an em]^ how is he unchangeable, infinite, &.c. Some 
will dispute, cavil, and object, as Julian did of old, whom Cyril confutes, as Simon 
Magus is feigned to do, in that ''^ dialogue betwixt him and Peter: and Ammonius 
the philosopher, in that dialogical disputation with Zacharias the Christian. If God 
be infinitely and only good, why should he alter or destroy the world? if he con- 
found that which is good, how shall himself continue good ? If he pull it down 
because evil, how shall he be free from the evil tUat made it evil ? &c., with many 
such absurd and brain-sick questions, intricacies, froth of human wit, and excrements 
of curiosity, &c., which, as our Saviour told his inquisitive disciples, are not fit for 
them to know. But hoo ! I am now gone quite out of sight, 1 am almost giddy with 
roving about: I could have ranged farther yet; but I am an infant, and not ^°able to 
dive into these profundities, or sound these depths; not able to understand, much 
less to discuss. I leave the contemplation of these things to stronger wits, that have 
better ability, and happier leisure to wade into such philosophical mysteries ; for 
put case I were as able as willing, yet what can one man do ? I will conclude with 
^'Scaliger, JVequaguam nos homines sumus^ sed partes hominis^ ex omnibus aliquid fieri 
potest^ idque non magnum; ex singulis fere nihil. Besides (as Nazianzen hath it) 
Dens latere nos multa voluit ; and with Seneca, cap. 35. de Cometis., Quid mirarnur 
lam rara mundi spenfacula non teneri certis legibus^ nondum intelligif multce sunt 
gentes quce. tantum de facie sciunt coelum., veniet^ tempus fortasse^ quo ista qua nunc 
latent in lucem dies extrahat longioris cp.vi diligentia, una cBtas non siifficit^ pos- 
teri^ <^-c., when God sees his time, he will reveal these mysteries to mortal men, and 
show that to some few at last, which he hath concealed so long. For I am of ^^ his 
mind, that Columbus did not find out America by chance, but God directed him at 
that time to discover it : it was contingent to him, but necessary to God ; he reveals 
and conceals to whom and when he will. And which ^^ one said of history and 
records of former times, "God in his providence, to check our presumptuous inqui- 
sition, wraps up all things in uncertainty, bars us from long antiquity, and bounds 
our search within the compass of some few ages :" many good things are lost, which 
our predecessors made use of, as Pancirola will better inform you ; many new things 
are daily invented, to the public good; so kingdoms, men, and knowledge ebb and 
flow, are hid and revealed, and when you have all done, as the Preacher concluded, 
JVihil est sub sole novum (nothing new under the sun.) But my melancholy spaniel's 
quest, my game is sprung, and I must suddenly come down and follow. 

Jason Pratensis, in his book dc morbis capitis., and chapter of Melancholy, hath 
these words out of Galen, ^^ " Let them come to me to know what meat and drink 



*^\n MinuJius, sine delectii tempestates tangunt loca 
sar.ra ct profana, bonoruin et iiialorum fata, juxta, niillo 
online res fiiint, soluta legilms fortuna dominatiir. 
4" Vel mains vt-l iinpotens, qui peccatnm pennittit, &c. 
unde hit'C siiperstitio ? ^s Quid fecit Deus ante mnri- 

riunri creaturn ? uhi vixit oiiosiis k sun suhjecto, &.c. 
<B Lib. 3. recojr. Pet. cap. 3. Peter answers by the simile 
of an egg shell, which is cunningly made, yet of iieces- 
■ily to be bmken ; so is the world, &c. that the excellent 



state of heaven might be made manifst. sout me 

pluma levat, sic grave mergit onus. si Exercit. 184. 

^2 Laet. descrii>. oc('id. [ndiiE. ^3 j)aniel principio his- 
lorife. 64Veniant ad me audituri quo escitlento 

quo item pociilento uti debeant, et pra^ler alimeitnm 
ipsum, ()otuniqne ventos ipsos docebo, item aeri'i iim.ii- 
entis temperiem, insiiper regiones quas eligero. quaa 
vitare tx usu sit. 



Mem. 3.] Digression of Jlir. 303 

they shall use. and besides that, I will teach them what temper of ambient air 
they sliall make choice of, what wind, what countries they shall clioose, and what 
avoid." Out of which lines of his, thus much we may gather, that to tliis cure oi" 
melancholy, amongst other things, the rectification of air is necessarily required. 
This is performed, either in reforming natural or artificial air. Natural is that which 
is in our election to choose or avoid : and 'tis either general, to countries, provinces; 
particular, to cities, towns, villages, or private houses. What harm those extremi- 
ties of heyit or cold do in this malady, J have formerly shown : the mechuin nuist 
needs be good, where the air is temperate, serene, quiet, free Irom bogs, fens, mists, 
all manner of putrefaction, contagious and filihy noisome smells. The "Egyptians 
by all geograpliers are commended to be hilarcs, a conceited and merry nation 
which 1 can ascribe to no other cause than tlie serenity of their air. Thev that live 
in the Orcades are registered by ^^ Hector Boethius and ^' Cardan, to be of fair com- 
plexion, long-lived, most healthful, free from all manner of infirmities of body and 
mind, by reason of a sharp purifying air, which comes from the sea. The Boeotians 
in Greece were dull and heavy, crassi Boeoti^ by reason of a foggy air in which they 
lived, ^^Bceotwn in crasso jurares aere natuiii, Attica most acute, pleasant, and refined. 
The clime changes not so much custon^is, manners, wits (as Aristotle Polil. lib. 6. 
cap. 4. Vegetius, Plato, Bodine, method, hist. cap. 5. hath proved at large) as consti- 
tutions of their bodies, and temperature itself. In all particular provinces we see it 
confirmed by experience, as the air is, so are the inhabitants, dull, heavy, witty, sub- 
tle, neat, cleanly, clownish, sick, and sound. Jn ^^ Perigord in France the air is 
subtle, healthful, seldom any plague or contagious disease, but hilly and barren : the 
liien sound, nimble, and lusty ; but in some parts of Guienne, full of moors ami 
marshes, the people dull, heavy, and subject to many infirmities. Who sees not a 
great (hlference between Surrey, Sussex, and Komney Marsh, the wolds in Lincoln- 
shire and the fens. He thereJore that loves his health, if his ability will give him 
leave, must often shift places, and make choice of such as are wholesome, pleasant, 
and convenient : there is nothing better than change of air in this malady, and gene- 
rally for health to wander up and down, as those ''° Tartari ZamoJhenscs, that live 
in hordes, and take opportunity of times, places, seasons. The kings of Persia had 
their summer and winter houses; in winter at Sardis, in summer at Siisa; now at 
Persepolis, then at Pasargada. Cyrus lived seven cold months at Babylon, three at 
Susa, two at Ecbatana, saith ^' Xenophon, and had by that means a perpetual spring. 
The great Turk sojourns sometimes at Constantinople, sometimes at Adrianople, &c. 
The kings of Spain have their Escurial in heat of summer, ^^ Madrid for a wholesome 
seat, Valladolid a pleasant site, &c., variety of secessus as all princes and great men 
have, and their several progresses to this purpose. Lucullus4he Roman had his house 
at Rome, at Baiog, &.c. ^^ When Cn. Pompeius, Marcus Cicero (saith Plutarch) and 
many noble men in the summer came to see him, at supper Pompeius jested with 
him, that it was an elegant and pleasant village, full of windows, galleries, and all 
offices fit for a summer house ; but in his judgment very unfit for winter : Lucullus 
made answer that the lord of the house had wit like a crane, that changetli her 
country with the season ; he had other houses furnished, and built for that purpose, 
all out as commodious as this. So Tully had his Tusculan, Plinius ids Lauretan 
village, and every gentleman of any fashion in our times hath tlie like. The *"* bisliop 
of Exeter had fourteen several houses all furnished, in times past. Jn Italy, thougb 
they bide in cities in winter, which is more gentleman-like, all the summer they come 
abroad to their country-houses, to recreate themselves. Our gentry in England live 
most part in the country (except it be some few castles) building still in bottoms 
(saith ^^ Jovius) or near woods, corona arhoriiiu virentium; you shall know a village 
by a tuft of trees at or about it, to avoid those strong winds wherewitii the island is 
infested, and cold winter blasts. Some discommend moated houses, as unwhole- 
some ; so Camden saith of ^^ Ew-elme, that it was therefore unfrequented, ob stagni 

5» Leo Afer, Maginiis, &,c. 60Lib, i. Scot. hist. | inultiqiie nobiles viri L. Luciillum a-stivo tempore con- 

^ Lit). 1. de rer. var. &« Horat. ssMaginiis. i venissent, Pompeius inter ccEiiaiii (liim familiariter jw 

•0 Haiioiius tie Tartaric. ei Cyrop^d. li. 8. perpeluum catus est, earn villain im|)riiiiis sibi sumpluoSHiii, ei 
iiide ver. G^Tlie air so clear, it never breeds the elej;anlem videri, lencslris, porticibus, &c. 6i(j(„{. 

pla^'ue. 63Leaiider Albertus in Campania, e Plu- wii- vita Jo. Voysye al. liarman. 8"Descript. Brit 

iarcbu vita Luculli. Cum Cn. Pompeius, Marcus Cicero, |«oin Oxfordsliire. 



304 Cure of Mthndioly. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. 

vicmi haHtus, and all such places as be near lakes or rivers. But I am of opinion 
that these inconveniences will be mitigated, or easily corrected by good fires, as 
'"one reports of Venice, that graveoleniia and fog of the moors is suflicienlly quali- 
fied by those innumerable smokes. Nay more, ''^Thomas Philol. Ravennas, a great 
physician, contends that the Venetians are generally longer-lived than any city in 
Europe, and live many of them 120 years. But it is not water simply that so much 
offends, as the slime and noisome smells that accompany such overflowed places, 
which is but at some few seasons after a flood, and is sufficiently recompensed with 
sweet smells and aspects in summer, Ver pinget vario gemmanfia praia colore^ and 
many other commodities of pleasure and profit; or else may be corrected by the 
site, if it be somewhat remote from the water, as Lindley, ^^ Orion super vionlem^ 
'° Drayton, or a little more elevated, though nearer, as '"Caucut, '^Amington, '^Poles- 
worth, '"^ Weddington (to insist in such places best to me known, upon the river of 
Anker, in Warwickshire, '^^Swarston, and '^^Drakesly upon Trent). Or howsoever 
they be unseasonable in winter, or at some times, they have their good use in sum- 
mer. If so be that their means be so slender as they may not admit of any such 
variety, but must determine once for all, and make one house serve each season, I 
know no men that have given better rules in this behalf than our husbandry writers. 
■'Cato and Columella prescribe a good house to stand by a navigable river, good 
highways, near some city, and in a good soil, but that is more for commodity than 
health. 

The best soil commonly yields the worst air, a dry sandy plat is fittest to build 
upon, and such as is rather hilly than plain, full of downs, a Cotswold country, as 
being most commodious for hawking, hunting, wood, waters, and all manner of 
pleasures. Perigord in France is barren, yet by reason of the excellency of the 
air, and such pleasures that it affords, much inhabited by the nobility; as Nurem- 
berg in Germany, Toledo in Spain. Our countryman Tusser will tell us so much, 
that the fieldone is for profit, the woodland for pleasure and health ; the one com- 
monly a deep clay, therefore noisome in winter, and subject to bad highways : the 
other a dry sand. Provision may be had elsewhere, and our towns are generally 
bigger in the woodland than the fieldone, more frequent and populous, and gentle- 
men more delight to dwell in such places. Sutton Coldfield in Warwickshire 
(where I was once a grammar scholar), may be a sufficient witness, wdiich stands. 
as Camden notes, loco ingrato et sferili^ but in an excellent air, and full of all 
manner of pleasures. '^ Wadley in Berkshire is situate in a vale, though not so 
fertile a soil as some vales afford, yet a most commodious site, wholesome, in a 
dehcious air, a rich and pleasant seat. So Segrave in Leicestershire (which town 
'^ I am now bound to remember) is situated in a champaign, at the e(]ge of the 
wolds, and more barren than the villages about it, yet no place likely yields a better 
air. And he that built that fair house, ^°Wollerton in Nottinghamshire, is much to 
be commended (tiiough the tract be sandy and barren about it) for making choice 
of such a place. Constantine, lib. 2. cap. de JigrlcuU. praiseth mountains, hilly, 
steep places, above the rest by the seaside, and such as look toward the **' north upon 
some great river, as ^^ Farmack in Derbyshire, on the Trent, environed with hills, 
open only to the north, like Mount Edgecombe in Cornwall, which Mr. ^^Carew so 
much admires for an excellent seat : such is the general site of Bohemia : serenal 
Boreas., the north wind clarifies, ^'^ " but near lakes or marshes, in holes, obscure 
places, or to the south and west, he utterly disproves," those w inds are unwhole- 
some, putrefying, and make men subject to diseases. The best building for health, 
according to him, is in "^''•high places, and in an excellent prospect," like that of 
Cuddeston in Oxfordshire (wfiich place 1 must honoris ergo mention) is lately and 
fairly '^ built in a good air, good prospect, good soil, both for profit and pleasure, not 

' Leaiuier Albertus. escap. 21. de vit. liom. prorojr. i Lord Berkley. so Sir Francis VVilloiighby. si Mon 
«The possession of Robert Bradshaw, Esq. 'o of tani et Maritimi saliibriores, acclives et ad Boream 

George Purefey, Esq. "I'l'lie possession of William { ream vergentes. MTlie dwelling of Sir 'l"o. Burdel. 

Purefey, Esq. '2 The seat of Sir John Reppington, ' Knight, Baronet, ^s [„ his Survey of Cornwall, 



Kt. ■'S Sir Henry Goodieres, lately deceased. "^'fhe 
dwelling house of Hum. Adderley, Esq. '^Sir John 

Harpar's, lately deceased. '^ gjr George Greselies, 

Kt. ■'' Lil>. 1. cap. 2. '«'The seat of G. Purefey, 

Esq. ■'*' For I am now incumbent of that rectory, 

presented thereto by my right honourable patron, the 



book 2. **^ Prope paludes stagna, et loca concava, 

vel ad Anslrum, vel ad Occidentem inclinatie, donius 
sunt morbosa;. Oportel iiritnr ad sanitatem do 

mus in altioribus redificare, et ad speculationcm. t^BRy 
John Bancroft, Dr. of Divinity, my quondam tutor in 
Christ-church, 0.\on now the Rif^ht Reverend Lord 



Mem. 3.] J3ir rectified. 306 

so easily to be inatched. P. Ciescentius, in his Vih. \.de Agrlc. cap. 5. is very 
copious in this subject, how a house should be wholesomely sited, in a ^ood coas>. 
good air, wind, &c., Varro de re rust. lib. 1. cap. 12. " forbids lakes and rivers, marsliy 
and manured grounds, they cause a bad air, gross (diseases, hard to be cured : ^'^'•'if 
it be so that he cannot help it, better (as he adviseth) sell thy house and land than 
lose thine health." He that respects not this in choosing of his seat, or building his 
house, is menfe captus^ mad, ^^Cato saith, " and his dwelling next to hell itself," 
according to Columella : he commends, in conclusion, the middle of a hill, upon a 
descent, Baptista, Porta VillcR., lib. 1. cap. 22. censures Varro, Cato, Columella, and 
those ancient rustics, approving many things, disallowing some, and will by all means 
have the front of a house stand to the south, which how it may be good in Italy and 
hotter climes, I know not, in our northern countries I am sure it is best: Stephanus, 
a Frenchman, ^r<^f/?o rustic. lib. 1. cap. 4. subscribes to this, approving especially 
the descent of a hill south or south-east, with trees to the north, so that it be vvell 
watered ; a condition in all sites which must not be omitted, as Herbastein incul- 
cates, lib. 1. Julius Cassar Claudinus, a physician, consult. 24, for a nobleman in 
Poland, melancholy given, adviseth him to dwell in a house inclining to the ^east, 
and ^' by all means to provide the air be clear and sweet; which Montanus, consiU 
229, counselleth the earl of Monfort, his patient, to inhabit a pleasant house, and in 
a good air. If it be so the natural site may not be altered of our city, town, village, 
yet by artificial means it may be helped. In hot countries, therefore, they make the 
streets of their cities very narrow, all over Spain, Africa, Italy, Greece, and many 
cities of France, in Languedoc especially, and Provence, those southern parts : Mont- 
pelier, the habitation and university of physicians, is so built, with high houses, 
narrow streets, to divert the sun's scalding rays, which Tacitus commends, lib. 15. 
Anna.t.., as most agreeing to their health, ^^ '' because the height of buildings, and 
narrowness of streets, keep away the sunbeams." Some cities use galleries, oi 
arched cloisters towards the street, as Damascus, Bologna, Padua, Berne in Switzer- 
land, Westchester with us, as well to avoid tempests, as the sun's scorching heat. 
They build on high hills, in hot countries, for more air ; or to the seaside, as Baiae, 
Naples, &c. In our northern countries we are opposite, we commend straight, 
broad, open, fair streets, as most befitting and agreeing to our clime. We build in 
bottoms for warmth : and that site of Mitylene in the island of Lesbos, in the iEgean 
sea, which Vitruvius so much discommends, magnificently built with fair houses, 
sed imprudenter posltam., unadvisedly sited, because it lay along to the south, and 
when the south wind blew, the people were all sick, would make an excellent site 
in our northern climes. 

Of that artificial site of houses I have sufficiently discoursed : if the plan of the 
dwelling may not be altered, yet there is much in choice of such a chamber or room, 
in opportune opening and shutting of windows, excluding foreign air and winds, and 
walking abroad at convenient times. ^^ Crato, a German, commends east and south 
site (disallowing cold air and northern winds in this case, rainy weather and misty 
days), free from putrefaction, fens, bogs, and muck-hills. If the air be such, open 
no windows, come not abroad. Montanus will have his patient not to ^* stir at all, 
if the wind be big or tempestuous, as most part in March it is with us ; or in cloudy, 
lowering, dark days, as in November, which we commonly call the black month ; 
or stormy, let the wind stand how it will, consil. 27. and 30. he must not ^^"'^ open 
a casement in bad weather," or in a boisterous season, consil. 299, he especially for- 
bids us to open windows to a south wind. The best sites for chamber windows, in 
my judgment, are north, east, south, and which is the worst, west. Levinus Lem- 
nius, lib. 3. cap. 3. dc occult, nat. mir. attributes so much to air, and rectifying of 
wind and windows, that he holds it alone sufl^cient to make a man sick or well ; to 
alter body and mind. ^^"A clear air cheers up the spirits, exhilarates the mind; a 



Bishop Oxon, who built this house for himself ami his 
successors. *" Hyeine erit veheineiiter frigida, el 

{estate non salubris: paludes eiiini faciutil crassum 
aerein. et difticiles morhos. es Vendas quot assiiius 

possis, et si tiequeas, relinquas. tiu ^jt,. ]. cap. 2. 

in Oreo habita. ao Aurora tnusis arnica, Vitriiv. 

*'iEdes Orietiteui spectantes vir nobillissinuis, iiihalu- 
Iftt, et curet ut sit aer clarus, lucidus, odoriferus. Eligal 



39 3a3 



hahitationetn optimo aere jucundain. s'lQ.uoiiiaui 

angusliai iiineruni et alliludo tectorum, nou p.riiide 
Soils calorem aduiittit. 'JSCorjsil. 21. li. 2. Frigi- 

dus aer, nubilosus, dcnsus. vilandus, a^que ac veriti sep- 
tcMitrioiiales, &.C. 'J^Corisil. 24. «5 Fenestra u» 

non aperiat. 9«r)iscutit Sol horrornrn crassi spiri- 

tus, m.'nleni exhilaral, noa eiiiin tani corpora, quani e\ 
aniuii iiiutalioiiein inde subeuat, pro coel- n veatoruiii 



ao6 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2 



til irk. black, misty, tempestuous, contracts, overthrows." Great heed is therefore to 
be taken at what times we walk, how we place our windows, liglits, and houses, 
how we let in or exclude this ambient air. The Egyptians, to avoid immoderate 
heat, make their windows on the top of the house like chimneys, with two tunnels to 
draw a thorough air. In Spain they commonly make great opposite windows without 
glass, still shutting those which are next to the sun : so likewise in Turkey and Italy 
(Venice excepted, which brags of her stately glazed palaces) they use paper windows 
lo like purpose ; and lie, sub dio^ in the top of their flat-roofed houses, so sh^eping 
under the canopy of heaven. In some parts of ^^ Italy they have windmills, to draw 
a cooHng air out of hollow caves, and disperse the same through all the chambers 
of their palaces, to refresh them ; as at Costoza, the house of Caesareo Trento, a 
gentleman of Vicenza, and elsewhere. Many excellent means are invented to cor- 
rect nature by art. If none of these courses help, the best way is to make artificial 
air, wiiich howsoever is profitable and good, still to be made hot and moist, and to 
be seasoned with sweet perfumes, ^^ pleasant and lightsome as it may be ; to have 
roses, violets, and sweet-smelling flowers ever in their windows, posies in their 
hand. Laurentius commends water-lilies, a vessel of warm water to evaporate in the 
room, which will make a more delightful perfume, if there be added orange-flowers, 
pills of citrons, rosemary, cloves, bays, rosewater, rose-vinegar, benzoin, laudanum, 
styrax, and such like gums, which make a pleasant and acceptable perfume. ^^ Bes- 
sardus Bisantinus prefers the smoke of juniper to melancholy persons, which is in 
great request with us at Oxford, to sweeten our chambers. '°°Guianerius prescribes 
the air to be moistened with water, and sweet herbs boiled in it, vine, and sallow 
(eaves, Stc, ' to besprinkle the ground and posts with rose-water, rose-vinegar, which 
Avicenna much approves. Of colours it is good to behold green, red, yellow, and 
white, and by all means to have light enough, with windows in the day, wax candles 
in the night, neat chambers, good fires in winter, merry companions ; for though 
melancholy persons love to be dark and alone, yet darkness is a great increaser of 
the humour. 

Although our ordinary air be good by nature or art, yet it is not amiss, as I have 
said, still to alter it ; no better physic for a melancholy man than change of air, and 
variety of places, to travel abroad and see fashions. ^Leo Afer speaks of many of 
his countrymen so cured, without all other physic : amongst the negroes, '• there is 
such an excellent air, that if any of them be sick elsewhere, and brought thither, he 
is instantly recovered, of which he was often an eye-witness." ^ Lipsius, Zuinger. 
and some others, add as much of ordinary travel. No man, saith Lipsius, in an 
epistle to Phil. Lanoius, a noble friend of his, now ready to make a voyage, "*" can 
be such a stock or stone, whom that pleasant speculation of countries, cities, towns, 
rivers, will not affect." ^ Seneca the philosopher was infinitely taken with the sight 
of Scipio Africanus' house, near Linternum, to view those old buildings, cisterns, 
baths, tombs, &lc. And how was ^ TuUy pleased with the sight of Athens, to behold 
those ancient and fair buildings, with a remembrance of their worthy inhabitants. 
■Paulus ^^milius, that renowned Roman captain, after he had conquered Perseus, the 
last king of Macedonia, and now made an end of his tedious wars, though he had 
been long absent from Rome, and much there desired, about the beginning of autumn 
l^as "Livy describes it) made a pleasant peregrination all over Greece, accompanied 
with his son Scipio, and Atheneus the brother of king Eumenes, leaving the charge 
of his army with Sulpicius Gallus. By Thessaly he went to Delphos, thence to 
Megaris, Aulis, Athens, Argos, Lacedaemon, Megalopolis, &c. He took great content, 
lixceeding delight in that his voyage, as who doth not that shall attempt the ^iike, 
though his travel be ad jactalionem magis quam ad usum reipub. (as ^ one well 
observes) to crack, gaze, see fine sights and fashions, spend time, rather than for his 



raliorie, et sani aliter affecli sini coelo nubilo, aliter 
'Bereno. De natura ventorum, see Pliiiv, lib. 2 cap. '26. 
27. 2c<. Strabo, li. 7. &c. 8' Fines Morisoii parr. 1. 

c. 4. "sAltomarus car. 7. Brue!. Aer sit liicidus, 

bene oloiis, huriiidus. Moiitaltus idein ca. 2t). Olfactus 
reruiu suaviuin. Laurentius, c. 8. '^^ Ant. Philos. 

cap (ie inelanc. luoTract. J5 c. 9. ex redolentibns 

herbie et foliis vitis viniferje, salicis, &c. i Pavi- 

netutum accto, et aqua r sacea irrorare, Laurent, c.^ 8. 



«Lib. ]. cap. (ie inorb. Afrorutn In Nigritaruni regi(»ne 
tarila aeris temperis, ut siquii^ alibi inorbosus eo adve- 
hatur, optiujee statini sanitati reslituatiir, quod muilia 
accidisse, ipse nieis ociilis vidi. 3 Lib. de pere 

grinat. *Epist. 2. cen. 1. Nee quisquani tain lapis 

aut frutex, quein non titillat arnmna ilia, variaque 
.sspectio locoruin, urbium, irentiuni, fcc. ^ Epist. 8r" 

• 2. lib. de legibus. ^i^jb. 45. Keep' rman ora-fat 

polit. 



Mem 3.] 



Air rcctijied. 



30-} 



own or public good ? (as it is to many valiants that trav^el out thair best clays, t(^gether 
with their means, manners, honesty, religion) yet it availeth howsoever. F'or "per.e- 
grination charms our senses with such unspeakable and sweet variety, ^ tl'.at some 
counf him unhappy that never travelled, and pity his case, that from his cradle to his 
old age beholds the same still ; still, still the same, the same. Insomuch that '°Khasis, 
conf. lib. 1. Tract. 2. doth not only commend, but enjoin travel, and such variety of 
objects to a melancholy man, "and to lie in diverse inns, to be drawn into several 
companies :" Montaltus, cap. 30. and many neoterics are of the same mind: Cclsus 
adviseth him therefore that will continue his health, to have varium vitcB gennSr^ 
diversity of callings, occupations, to be busied about, "'■'• sometimes to live in the city, 
sometimes in the country, now to study or work, to be intent, then again to hawk 
or hunt, swim, run, ride, or exercise himself." A good prospect alone will ease 
melancholy, as Comesius contends, lib. 2. c. 7. de Sale. The citizens of '^Barcino, 
saith he, otherwise penned in, melancholy, and stirring little abroad, are much de- 
lighted with that pleasant prospect their city hath into the sea, which like that of old 
Athens besides ^igina Salamina, and many pleasant islands, had all the variety of 
delicious objects : so are those Neapolitans and inhabitants of Genoa, to see the 
ships, boats, and passengers go by, out of their windows, their whole cities being 
situated on the side of a hill, like Pera by Constantinople, so that each house almost 
hath a free prospect to the sea, as some part of London to the Thames: or to have a 
free prospect all over the city at once, as at Granada in Spain, and Fez in Africa, the 
river running betwixt two declining hills, the steepness causeth each house almost, as 
well to oversee, as to be overseen of the rest. Every coimtry is full of such '^delight- 
some prospects, as well within land, as by sea, as Hermon and "'* Rama in Palestina, 
Colalto in Italy, the top of Magetus, or Acrocorinthus, that old decayed castle in 
Corinth, from which Peloponessus, Greece, the Ionian and Aegean seas were semcl ei 
shnul at one view to be taken. In Egypt the square top of the great pyramid, three 
hundred yards in height, and so the Sultan's palace in Grand Cairo, the country being 
plain, hath a marvellous fair prospect as well over Nilus, as that great city, live Italian 
miles long, and two broad, by the river side : from mount Sion in Jerusalem, the 
Holy Land is of all sides to be seen : such high places are infinite : with us those 
of the best note are Glastonbury tower, Box Hill in Surrey, Bever castle. Rod way 
Grange, '^Walsby in Lincolnshire, where I lately received a real kindness, by the 
munificence of the right honourable my noble lady and patroness, the Lady France-s, 
countess dowager of Exeter: and two amongst the rest, which I may not omit for 
vicinity's sake, Oldbury in the confines of Warwickshire, where I have often looked 
about me with great delight, at the foot of which hill '*^ I was born : and Hanbury in 
Staflbrdshire, contiguous to which is Falde, a pleasant village, and an ancient patri- 
mony belonging to our family, now in the possession of mine elder brother, William 
Burton, Esquire. '^Barclay the Scot commends that of Greenwich tower for one 
of the best prospects in Europe, to see London on the one side, the Thames, ships, 
and pleasant meadows on the other. There be those that say as much and more of 
St. Mark's steeple in Venice. Yet these are at too great a distance : some are espe- 
cially affected with such objects as be near, to see passengers go by in some great 
road-way, or boats in a river, in subjeclum forum despicere^ to oversee a fair, a mar- 
ket-place, or out of a pleasant window into some thoroughfare street, to behold a 
continual concourse, a promiscuous rout, coming and going, or a multitude of spec- 
tators at a theatre, a mask, or some such like show. But I rove : the sum is this, 
that variety of actions, objects, air, places, are excellent good in this infirmity, and 
all others, good for man, good for beast. '^ Constantine the emperor, lib. 18. cap. 13. 
ex Leonfio, " holds it an only cure for rotten sheep, and any manner of sick cattle." 
Laelius a fonte ^Egubinus, that great doctor, at tiie latter end of many of his consul- 
tations (as commonly he doth set down what success his physic had,) in melancholy 



9 Fines Morisnn c. 3. part. 1. 'OMntatio de loco 

in lociin), Itinera, et voiagia longa et indHteniiiiiata, et 
hospitare in diversis diversoriis. •' Modo ruri esse, 

modo in urhe, saepius in agro veiiari, &r. i-: In 

Catalonia in Spain. i^Laudaturqin' riomos longos 

f?uiE prospicit a'ljDs. '^Many towns there are of 

that name, saith \dricomius, all highsitt^d. ^^Latelj 



resigned for sonne special reasons. i" At liindley in 

Leicestershire, the possession and dwelling place of 
Ralph Bnrton, Esquire, my late deceased fatliei. >' In 
Icon animorutn. is^grotantes oves in aliiiin 

locum transportand.TR sunt, ut alium aereni el aqua m 
participantes, coalescant ot corrobentur. 



30S 



CiLie of Melancholy. 



[Pan. 2. See. 2 



most especially approves of lliis above all other remedies whatsoever, as appears 
consult. 69. consult. 229. &c. ®"Many other things helped, but change of air was 
that which wrought the cure and did most good." 



MEMB. IV. 

Exc} else rectified of Body and Mind. 

To that great inconvenience, which comes on the one side by immoderate and 
unseasonable exercise, too much solitariness and idleness on the other, must be 
opposed as an antidote, a moderate and seasonable use of it, and that both of body 
and. mind, as a most material circumslauce, much conducing to this cure, and to the 
general preservation of our health. The heavens themselves run continually round, 
the sun riseth and sets, the moon increaseth and decreaseth, stars and planets keep 
their constant motions, the air is still tossed by the winds, the waters ebb and flow 
to their conservation no doubt, to teach us that we should ever be in action. For 
which cause Hieron prescribes Rusticus the monk, that lie be always occupied about 
some business or other, ^° ^' that the devil do not find him idle.'- ^' Seneca would 
have a man do something, though it be to no purpose. ^^ Xenophon wisheth one 
rather to play at tables, dice, or make a jester of himself (though he might be far 
better employed) than do nothing. The ^^ Egyptians of old, and many flourishing 
conmionwealths since, have enjoined labour and exercise to all sorts of men, to be 
of some vocation and calling, and give an account of their time, to prevent those 
grievous .mischiefs that come by idleness : " for as fodder, whip, and burthen belong 
i,o the ass : so meat, correction, and work unto the servant," Ecclus. xxxiii. 23. The 
Turks enjoin all men whatsoever, of what degree, to be of some trade or other, the 
Grand Seignior himself is not excused. ^^ '•• In our m.emory (saith Sabellicus) Maho- 
met the Turk, he that conquered Greece, at that very time when he heard ambassa- 
dors of other princes, did either carve or cut wooden spoons, or fram.e something 
upon a table." ^'This present sultan makes notches for bows. The Jews are most 
severe in this examination of time. All well-governed places, towns, families, and 
every discreet person will be a law unto himself. But amongst us the badge of 
gentry is idleness : to be of no calling, not to labour, for that's derogatory to their 
birth, to be a mere spectator, a dYone<) fruges consumere natus^ to have no necessary 
employment to busy himself about in church and commonwealth (some few govern- 
ors exempted), " but to rise to eat," &c., to spend his days in hawking, hunting, &c., 
and such like disports and recreations (^^ which our casuists tax), are the sole exer- 
cise almost, and ordinary actions of our nobility, and in which they are too immo- 
derate. And thence it comes to pass, that in city and country so many grievances 
of body and mind, and this feral disease of melancholy so frequently rageth, and now 
dommeers almost all over Europe amongst our great ones. They know not how to 
spend their time (disports excepted, which are all their business), what to do, or 
otherwise how to bestow themselves : like our modern Frenchmen, that had rather 
lose a pound of blood in a single combat, than a drop of sweat in any honest labour. 
Every man almost hath something or other to employ himself about, some vocation, 
some trade, but they do all by ministers and servants, ad otJa duntaxat se natos ex- 
istimant,, imb ad sui ipsius pleru?nque et allorum perniciem.^ ^^ as one freely taxeih 
such kind of men, they are all for pastimes, 'tis all their study, all their invention 
tends to this alone, to drive away time, as if they were born some of them to no 
other ends. Therefore to correct and avoid these errors and inconveniences, our 
divines, physicians, and politicians, so much labour, and so seriously exhort ; and 



isAlia utilia, sed ex miitatione aeris i>otissiinnm cu- 
;alus. 20 ]Ve le daemon otiosiim inveniat. '^i Pnes- 
tat aliudagerequain niliil. ^j i^ib. 3. de dictis Socratis, 
Citii tesseriset risui excifando vacant, aliquid faciiinl, 
Bt si lijeret his iDeliora agere. 23 Atiiasis compelled 

every man once a year to tell how he lived. " Nostra 
menioria Mahonieles Othoinannus qui Graecite impe- 



riutn subveriit, cum oratonim postulata audiret exter- 
iiaruin gentium, cochlearia lignea assidue ctelnhat, aut 
ali(iuid in tabula affiiigebat. ^ Sands, foi. 37. of hia 
voyage to Jerusalem. 20 Perkins, Cases of Con- 

science, I. 3. c. 4. q. 3. sTi^iiseinius Griinnio. "They 
seem to think they were born to idleness,— nay more, 
for the destruction of themselves and others." 



Mem. 4. 



Exercise rectified. 



309 



for this disease in particular, ^''" there can be no better care than continual business," as 
Rhasis holds, '• to have some employment or other, which may set their mind a\vork,and 
distract their cogitations. Riches may not easily be had without labour and industry, 
nor learning without study, neither can our health be preserved without bodily exer- 
cise. If it be of the body, Guianerius allows that exercise which is gentle, ^^"and 
still after those ordinary frications" which must be used every morning. Montaltus, 
cap. 26. and Jason Pratensis use almost the same words, highly commending exer- 
cise il' it be moderate ; "> a wonderful help so used," Crato calls it, " and a great 
means to preserve our health, as adding strength to the whole body, increasing natu- 
ral heat, by means of which the nutriment is well concocted in the stomach, liver, 
and veins, few or no crudities left, is happily distributed over all the body." Be- 
sides, it expels excrements by sweat and other insensible vapours ; insomuch, thai 
^° Galen prefers exercise before all physic, rectification of diet, or any regimen in 
what kind soever; 'tis nature's physician. ''' Fulgentius, out of Gordonius de con- 
serv. vlt. Iiom. lib. 1. cap. 7. terms exercise, "a spur of a dull, sleepy nature, the 
comforter of the members, cure of infirmity, death of diseases, destruction of all 
mischiefs and vices." The fittest time for exercise is a little before dinner, a little 
before supper, '^^ or at any time when the body is empty. Montanus, consil. 31. pre- 
scribes it every morning to his patient, and that, as ^^ Calenus adds, " after he hath 
done his ordinary needs, rubbed his body, washed his hands and face, combed his 
head and gargarised." What kind of exercise he should use, Galen tells us, lib. 2 
et 3. de smut, fuend. and in what measure, ^* " till the body be ready to sweat," and 
roused up ; ad ruhorem^ some say, non ad siidorem^ lest it should dry the body too 
much ; others enjoin those wholesome businesses, as to dig so long in his garden, to 
hold the plough, and the like. Some prescribe frequent and violent labour and ex- 
ercises, as sawing every day so long together (epid. 6. Hippocrates confounds them), 
but that is in some cases, to some peculiar men ; ^^ the most forbid, and by no means 
will have it go farther than a beginning sweat, as being ^^ perilous if it exceed. 

Of these labours, exercises, and recreations, which are likewise included, some 
properly belong to the body, some to the mind, some more easy, some hard, some 
with delight, some without, some within doors, some natural, some are artificial. 
Amongst bodily exercises, Galen commends liidum parvce pilcB^ to play at ball, be it 
with the hand or racket, in tennis-courts or othervvise, it exercisetb each part of the 
body, and doth much good, so that they sweat not too much. It was in great re- 
quest of old amongst the Greeks, Romans, Barbarians, mentioned by Homer, Hero- 
dotus, and Plinius. Some write, tliat Aganclla, a fair maid of Corcyra, was the in- 
ventor of it, for she presented the first ball that ever was made to Nausica, the 
daughter of King Alcinous, and taught her how to use it. 

The ordinary sports which are used abroad are hawking, hunting, liilares venandi 
lahores^ ^^ one calls them, because they recreate body and mind, '^^ another, the ^^"best 
exercise that is, by which alone many have been ''° freed from all feral diseases." 
Hegesippus, Uh. 1. cap. 37. relates of Herod, that he was eased of a grievous melan- 
choly by that means. Plato, 7. de leg. highly magnifies it, dividing it into three 
parts, " by land, water, air." Xenophon, in Cyropced. graces it with a great name, 
Dcorum munus^ the gift of the gods, a princely sport, which they have ever used, 
oaith Langius, epist. 59. lih. 2. as well for health as pleasure, and do at this day, it 
being the sole almost and ordinary sport of our noblemen in Europe, and elsewhere 
all over the world. Bohemus, de mor. gent. lib. 3. cap. 12. styles it therefore, stu- 
dium nobihum., communiter venantur^ quod slbi soils liccre confendunt., 'tis all their 
Btudy, their exercise, ordinary business, all their talk : and indeed some dote too 



lis Non est cura ineliorquam injiinjrere iis iiecessaiia, 
H (ipportuiia ; opcrdin ailmiiiistralio illis iiiaunum sani- 
tatis iiKruiiieiituin, et qiue repleatit animos i.oniin et 
incutiaiit iis diversas C()gitati()iies. Coiit 1. tract, i). 
*y Ante exercitium, leves toto corpoie fiictinnes conve- 
iiiiitit. Ad liudc morbiini exercitatiniies, quuiri recte el 
suo tempore finnl, inirifice conduciitit, et sianitattiii 
tiientiir, &c. 3" Lib. 1. de sati. tiiend. 3' Exercitiiiin 
natiira; dnrmieiitis 8tiniiilatio, nieiiilirortim solatiiiin, 
xiorhorimi rnedela, fii^a viiiorum, meiliciiia laii^'uonim, 
destructio oiniiiiiin lualoriitn, Crato ^a Aliineiitis 

in veritrieiilo proheoncoclis. 3' .Fcjnno ventre vesiia 
el alvo ab excre^iientis piirgato, fricalis inenibris. lotis 



nianihuset ociilis, &.c. lib. de atra bile. 34Q„(,„s(jue 
corpus iiniversum iiituriiescat. et floriduni anpareat, sii- 
doreqne, (fee. 3ay,„„ino sudoreni vitenl. cap. 7. lib. 

1. Valescns de Tar. 3« Exercitiuni si excedat, valde 
periculosiiin. Saliist. Salvianiis de reined, lib. ? cap. 
I. 37 Camden in Stafiordsliire. 36 pridevallins, 

lib. 1. cap. 2. o[)tiiiia iiinnimn exercitationiim iiiiiiti at 
hac soliinimodo morbis liberati. 3j josephus Quer- 

cotaims dinlect. polit. sect. 2. cap. 11. Inter omnia ex- 
ercitia pra>stanli;e laiidem meretiir. ■^''Chyron ii» 

niojite J'elio, pritce[)tor hcronm eos a innrbis aniiui ve- 
nationibus et puns cibis luubatur. M. Tyrius. 



310 



Cure of Melanclioly. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



niiich afte, it, they can d : nothing else, discourse of naught else. Panliis Joviu«, 
descr Brit, doth in some sort tax our '*''•' English nobility for it, for living in the 
<Tount:y so much, and too frequent use of it, as if they had no other means but 
hawking and hunting to approve themselves gentlemen with." 

Hawking comes near to hunting, the one in tiie air, as tlie other on the earth, a 
sport as much alfected as the other, by some preferred. ^^ It was never heard of 
amongst the Romans, invented some twelve hundred years since, and first mentioned 
by Firmicus, lib. 5. cap. 8. The Greek emperors began it, and now nothing so fre- 
quent : he is nobody that in the season hath not a hawk on his fist. A great art, 
and majiy ^^ books written of it. It is a wonder to hear ''^ what is related of the 
Turks' officers in this behalf, how many thousand men are employed about it, how 
many hawks of all sorts, how much revenues consumed on that only disport, liow 
much time is spent at Adrianople alone every year to that purpose. The ^^ Persian 
kings hawk after butterflies with sparrows made to tiiat use, and stares : lesser hawks 
for lesser games they have, and bigger for the rest, that they may produce their sport 
to all seasons. The Muscovian emperors reclaim eagles to fly at hinds, foxes, &c., 
and such a one was sent for a present to ^'^ Queen Elizabeth : some reclaim ravens, 
castrils, pies, &.C., and man them for their pleasures. 

Fowling is more troublesome, but all out as delightsome to some sorts of men, be 
it with guns, lime, nets, glades, gins, strings, baits, pitfalls, pipes, calls, stalking- 
horses, setting-dogs, decoy-ducks, &c., or otherwise. Some much delight to take 
larks with day-nets, small birds with chaff-nets, plovers, partridge, herons, snipe, &c. 
Henry the Third, king of Castile (as Mariana the Jesuit reports of him, lih. 8. cap. 
7.) was much affected ^''" with catching of quails," and many gentlemen take a sin- 
gular pleasure at morning and evening to go abroad with their quail-pipes, and will 
take any pains to satisfy their delight in that kind. The *** Italians have gardens fitted 
to such use, with nets, bushes, glades, sparing no cost or industry, and are very 
much affected with the sport. Tycho Brahe, that great astronomer, in the choro- 
graphy of his Isle of Huena, and Castle of Uraniburge, puts down his nets, and 
manner of catching small birds, as an ornament and a recreation, wherein he himself 
was sometimes employed. 

Fishing is a kind of hunting by water, be it with nets, weeles, baits, angling, or 
otherwise, and yields all out as much pleasure to some men as dogs or hawks ; 
49 u When they draw their fish upon the bank," saith Nic. Henselius Silesiographiae, 
cap. 3. speaking of that extraordinary delight his countrymen took in fishing, and in 
making of pools. James Dubravius, that Moravian, in his book de pise, telleth, how 
travelling by the highway side in Silesia, he found a nobleman, ^°'^ booted up to the 
groins," wading himself, pulling the nets, and labouring as much as any fisherman 
of them all : and when some belike objected to him the baseness of his office, he 
excused himself, ^''•'that if other men might hunt hares, why should not he hunt 
carps ?" Many gentlemen in like sort with us will wade up to the arm-holes upon 
such occasions, and voluntarily undertake that to satisfy their pleasures, which a 
poor man for a good stipend would scarce be hired to undergo. Plutarch, in his 
book de soler. animal, speaks against all fishing, ^^ " as a filthy, base, illiberal employ- 
ment, having neither wit nor perspicacity in it, nor worth the labour." But he that 
shall consider the variety of baits for all seasons, and pretty devices which our 
anglers have invented, peculiar lines, false flies, several sleights, 8lc. will say, that it 
deserves like commendation, requires as much study and perspicacity as the rest, and 
is to be preferred before many of them. Because hawking and hunting are very 
laborious, much riding, and many dangers accompany them ; but this is still and 
quiet : and if so be the angler catch no fish, yet he hath a wholesome walk to the 



■•i \ol)ilitas omnis fere urbes fastidit, castellis, et libe- 
rii)re coelo gaiidft, generisque (iiKiiitateiii una inaxime 
veiiHlioiie, ft ("alc.omim auciipiis tueliir. -^-Jus. 

Bf-alifjer. coinmen. in Cir. in fol. 344. Salmuth 23. de 
Novrcpert. com. in Panrir. « ])^;nietnuti Constan- 

linop. de re accipitrana, liber a P.Gillir latine reddi- 
liis. ifJiiis. ipisi. Aquilre Syniaclii e*. Tneodotionis ad 
rtolonienin, &.c. « fjOiiicerus, Geftrens, joviiis. 

«6 S. .Antony Sherlies relalions. ^''Hacluit. 

* Coturnicuni aucupio. i' Finos Morison, part 3. 



c. 8. 'i9Non tnajorem voluptatein aniino capiunt, 

qiiam qui feras insectantur, ant missis canibus, coin- 
preheiKJunt, quuin lelia iralientes, squainosas pecudes 
in ripas addncunt. ^o More piscaionnn crnribiis 

ocreatus. .&' Si principibus venatio leporis non sit 

inhonesta, nescio quoniodo piscatio cy{)rinoruni vidftri 
dtibeat pudenda. ^^Umnino turpis yiscatio, nn!!(> 

studio digna, illiberalis credita est, quod nullum ^ab«;t 
ingenium, nuliam perspicaciam. 



r-^W^HP 



Mem. 4.j 



Exercise rectified. 



311 



brookside, pleasant shade by the sweet silver streams; he hath gocd air, and swt^nt 
smells of fine fresh meadow flowers, he hears the melodious harmony of birds, Ms 
sees the swans, herons, ducks, water-horns, coots, &c., and many other fowl, witli 
their brood, which he thinketh better than the noise of hounds, or blast of horns, 
and ail the sport that they can make. 

Many other sports and recreations there be, much in use, as ringing, bowling-,, 
shooting, which Ascam recommends in a just volume, and hath in former limey been 
enjoined by statute, as a defensive exercise, and an ^^ honour to our land, as well 
may witness our victories in France. . Keelpins, tronks, quoits, pitching bars, hurl- 
ing, wrestling, leaping, running, fencing, mustring, swimming, wasters, foils, football, 
baloon, quintan, &.C., and many such, which are the common recreations of the 
countryfolks. Riding of great horses, running at rings, tilts and tournaments, horse- 
races, wild-goose chases, which are the disports of greater men, and good in them- 
selves, though many gentlemen by that means gallop quite out of their fortunes. 

But the most pleasant of all outward pastimes is that of ^^ Areteus, dcamhulatio 
per avKBna loca^ to make a petty progress, a merry journey now and then with some 
good companions, to visit friends, see cities, castles, towns, 



Visere sa^pe aiiuies nitidos, per ainaiiiaque Tem[ie, 
Et placidas suuunis sectari in monlibus auras." 



Tu see the pleasant fields, the crystal fountains, 
And take tiie gentle air amongst the mountains." 



^To walk amongst orchards, gardens, bowers, mounts, and arbours, artificial wil- 
dernesses, green thickets, arches, groves, lawns, rivulets, fountains, and such like 
pleasant places, like that Antiochian Daphne, brooks, pools, fishponds, between wood 
and water, in a fair meadow, by a river side, ^"^ uhi varicB avium cantationcs^ jiorum 
colores^ pratorum frutices^ &c. to disport in some pleasant plain, park, run up a steep 
hill sometimes, or sit in a shady seat, must needs be a delectable recreation. Horlus 
principts et domus ad delectationem facta^ cum sylvd, monte et piscina^ vulgb la 
viontagna: the prince's garden at Ferrara ^^Schottus highly magnifies, with the 
groves, mountains, ponds, for a delectable prospect, he was much atfected with it: a 
Persian paradise, or pleasant park, could not be more delectable in his sight. St. 
Bernard, in the description of his monastery, is almost ravished with the pleasures 
of it. "-A sick ^^ man (saith he) sits upon a green bank, and when the dog-star 
parcheth the plains, and dries up rivers, he lies in a sht.dy bower," Fronde sub arho- 
rea ferventia temperat as/rrt, '^and feeds his eyes with variety of objects, herbs, 
trees, to comfort his misery, he receives many delightsome smells, and fills his ears 
with that sweet and various harmony of birds : good God (saith he), wliat a com- 
pany of pleasures liast thou made for man !" He that should be admitted on a sud- 
den to the sight of- such a palace as that of Escurial in Spain, or to that which the 
Moors built at Granada, Fontainbleau m France, the Turk's gardens in his seraglio, 
wherein all nianner of birds and beasts are kept for pleasure ; wolves, bears, lynxes, 
tigers, lions, elephants, &c., or upon the banks of that Thracian Bosphorus : the 
pope's Belvedere in Rome, ^'^ as pleasing as those horti pensiles in Babylon, or thai 
Indian king's delightsome garden in ^'^?illian ; or ^^ those famous gardens of the Lord 
Cantelow in France, could not choose, though he were never so ill paid, but be much 
recreated for the time ; or many of our noblemen's gardens at home. To take a 
boat in a pleasant evening, and with music ^Ho row upon the waters, which Plutarch 
so much applauds, Elian admires, upon the river Pineus : in those Thessalian fields, 
beset with green bays, where birds so sweetly sing that passengers, enchanted as it 
were with their heavenly music, omnium laborum et curarum ob/iviscantur^ forget 
forthwith all labours, cate, and grief: or in a gondola through the Grand Canal in 
Venice, to see those goodly palaces, must needs refresh and give content to a 
melancholy dull spirit. Or to see the inner rooms of a fair-built and sumptuous 
edifice, as that of the Persian kings, so much renowned by Diodorus and Curtius, in 



osprfficipua hinc Anglis gloria, crebraB victoriiE partae. 
Jovius. 6* Cap. 7. ^'Fracastorius. ''"Auj- 

bulationes subdiales, quas hortenses aurte ministrant, 
Kub tornice viridi, pampinis virentibus concamerat.-e. 
6'Theopliylact. &8Itinerat. Ital. s^Sedet 

»K5«ol'(s ce^pile viridi, tt cum inclementia Canicularis 
terras excoqiiit, et siccat fiumina, ipse securus sedet 
Bub arborca fronde, et ad doloris sni solatium, naribus 
suis gramiiieas redolct specii s, pascit oculos lierbarum 



amiena viriditas, aures suavi modnlamine deniulC' t 
pictarum concentus avium, &c. Dens bone, quant.* 
panperilius procuras solatia I ^oyiod. Siculus, lib. 2. 

6' Lib. 13. de animal, cap. 13. <=« p^^t. Gillios. I'aul. 

Elentxeus Itenerar. Italiae. 1617. lod. Sincerus Itenc- 
rar. Galiiie 1617. Simp. III). 1. quest. 4. » Jucun 

dissima deaml)ulatio ju.vta mare, et navigatio pruu* 
terrain. In utraque ttuminis ripa. 



312 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



which all was almost beaten gold, ^^ chairs, stools, thrones, tabernacles, and pillars 
of gold, plane trees, and vines of gold, grapes of {>recious stc^s, all the other orna- 
ments of pure gold, 

65 " Fulget gemma floris, et jaspide fulva supellex. 
Strata micant Tyrio" 

With sweet odours and perfumes, generous wines, opiparous fare, &c., besides the 
gallantest young men, the fairest ^^ virgins, puellce scitulcc ministrantes^ the rarest 
beauties the world could afford, and those set out with costly and curious attires, ad 
stuporem usque spectantium., with exquisite music, as in ^" Trimaltion's house, in every 
chamber sweet voices ever sounding day and night, incomparahilis luxus^ all delights 
and pleasures in each kind which W please the senses could possibly be devised or 
had, convivcB coronati, delUiis ebru^ &c. Telemachus, in Homer, is brought in as 
one ravished almost at the sight of that magnificent palace, and rich furniture of 



Menelaus, when he beheld 

*'*"JSris fulgorem et resonantia tecta corusco 

Auro, alqiie electro iiitido, sectoque elephanto, 
Arsentoque simul. Talis Jovis ardiia sedes, 
Aulaaue ccelicolum sleliaiis splendescii (Jlympo." 



I "Such glittering of gold and brightest brass to shine, 
I Clear amber, silver pure, and ivory so fine: 
Jupiter's lofty palace, where the gods do dwell, 
Was even such a one, and did it not excel." 



It will laxare animos^ refresh the soul of man to see fair-built cities, streets, theatres, 
temples, obelisks, &cc. The temple of Jerusalem was so fairly built of white mar- 
ble, with so many pyramids covered with gold ; tectumque templi fulvo coruscans 
auro^ nmiio suofulgore obccecahat oculos itmerantium^ was so glorious, and so glist- 
ened afar off, that the spectators might not well abide the sight of it. But the inner 
parts were all so curiously set out with cedar, gold, jewels, &c., as he said of Cleo- 
patra's palace in Egypt, ^^Crassumque trahes ahsconderat aurum^ that the be- 

jiolders were amazed. What so pleasant as to see some pageant or sight go by, as 
at coronations, weddings, and such like solemnities, to see an ambassador or a prince 
met, received, entertained with masks, shows, fireworks, &c. To see two kings fight 
in single combat, as Porus and Alexander; Canute and Edmund Ironside; Scander- 
beg and Ferat Bassa the Turk ; when not honour alone but life itself is at stake, 
as the '° poet of Hector, 



"nee enim pro tergore Tauri, 

Pro bove nee cerlamen erat, qute prsemia cursus 
Esse solent, sed pro magni viiaque animaque — 



Hectoris. 



To behold a battle fought, like that of Cressy, or Agincourt, or Poictiers, qua nescio 
(saith Froissart) an vetustas ullam proferre possit clariorem. To see one of Caesar's 
triumphs in old Rome revived, or the like. To be present at an interview, '" as that 
famous of Henry the Eighth and Francis the First, so much renowned all over Eu- 
rope ; ubi tanto apparatu (saith Hubertus Vellius) tamque iriumphaU pompd ambo 
reges com eorum conjugibus coiere^ ut nulla unquam cefas tarn celebriafesfa viderii 
aut audierit^ no age ever saw the like. So infinitely pleasant are such shows, to the 
sight of which oftentimes they will come hundreds of miles, give any money for a 
place, and remember many years after with singular delight. Bodine, when he was 
ambassador ni England, said he saw the noblemen go in their robes to the parliament 
house, summd cum jucundifate vidimus., he was much affected with the sight of it. 
Pomponius Columna, saith Jovius in his life, saw thirteen Frenchmen, and so many 
Italians, once fight for a whole army : Quod jucundissimum spectaculum in vita dicii 
sun., the pleasantest sight that ever he saw in his life. Who would not have been 
affected with such a spectacle } Or that single combat of '"^lireaule the Frenchman, 
and Anthony Schets'a Dutchman, before the walls of Sylvaducis in Brabant, anno 
i 600. The) were twenty-two horse on the one side, as many on the other, which 
like Livy's Horatii, Torquati and Corvini fought for their own glory and country's 
honour, in the sight and viev/ of their whole city and army. "When Julius Cagsar 
warred about the banks of Rhone, there came a barbarian prince to see him uid the 
Roman army, and when he had beheld Caesar a good while, '^ " I see the gods now 



^ Aurei panes, aurea obsonia, vis Margaritarinn ace- 
to subacta, &;c. C5 Liican. " The furniture glitters 

with brilliant gems, with yellow jasper, and the couches 
ilaxzle with thei*- purple dye." to 300 pellices, pecilla- 
lores et pinceruje innumeri, pueri loti purpura induti, 
tzK.ex ouiiiiuni pulchritudiiie delecti. s^Ubi omnia 

cantu slrcpiim. esodyss. e^Lucan. 1. -8. "The 

timbers wert concealed by solid gold." "" Iliad. 10. 



I " For neither was the contest for the hide of a bull, nor 
for a beeve, which are the usual prizes in tne race, but 
for the life and soulof tlii> great Hector.' ■" Between 
Ardes and Guines, 1519. ^aswertius in delitiis, fol 

487. veteri Horatioruin exempio, virtute et successu ad 
mirabili, ccesis hostibas 17. in conspc^ctu patriie, ks 
" Paterculiis, vol, post. '*Ci,uos antea audivi, iuquil 
hodie vidi deos. 



BSR^B^^W 



Mem. 4.] Exercise rectified. 313 

^saith he) which before I heard of," nee fcEUciore?n ullam vifcB VAeoi aid optavi^ au. 
sensi diem: it was the happiest day that ever lie had in his life. Such a sight alone 
were able of itself to drive away melancholy ; if not for ever, yet it must needs 
expel it for a time. Radzivilus was much taken with the pasha's palace in Cairo, 
and amongst many other objects which that place afforded, with that solemnity of 
cutting the banks of the Nile by Imbram Pasha, when it overflowed, besides two rr 
three hundred gilded galleys on the water, he saw two millions of men gathered 
together on the land, with turbans as white as snow ; and 'twas a goodly sight. 
The very reading of feasts, triumphs, interviews, nuptials, tilts, tournaments, com- 
bats, and monomachies, is most acceptable and pleasant. '^^ Franciscus Modius hath 
made a large collection of such solemnities in two great tomes, which whoso will 
may peruse. The inspection alone of those curious iconographies of temples and 
palaces, as that of the Lateran church in Albertus Durer, that of the temple of Jeru- 
salem in '^ Josephus, Adricomius, and Villalpandus : that of the Escurial in Guadas, 
of Diana at Ephesus in Pliny, Nero's golden palace in Rome, ^'' Justinian's in Con- 
stantinople, that Peruvian Jugo's in '^^ Cusco, ut non ah ho?ninibus^ sed a damoniis 
constructum videatur; St. Mark's in Venice, by Ignatius, with many such ; prisconirn 
artificam opera (saith that "^^ interpreter of Pausanias), the rare workmanship of those 
ancient Greeks, in theatres, obelisks, temples, statues, gold, silver, ivory, marble 
images, non minore ferme quum Icguntur.) quam quum cernnnfur., anlmum delectatione 
cojnplent^ affect one as much by reading almost as by sight. 

The country hath his recreations, the city his several gymnics and exercises. May 
games, feasts, wakes, and merry meetings, to solace themselves ; the very being in 
the country ; that life itself is a sufficient recreation to some men, to enjoy such 
pleasures, as those old patriarchs did. Dioclesian, the emperor, was so mu^h 
affected with it, that he gave over his sceptre, and turned gardener. Constantine 
wrote twenty books of husbandry. Lysander, when ambassadors came to see him. 
bragged of nothing more than of his orchard, hi sunt ordines mei. What shall 1 
say of Cincinnatus, Cato, Tully, and many such ? how they have been pleased with 
it, to prune, plant, inoculate and graft, to show so many several kinds of pears, apples 
plums, peaches, &c. 

w" Nunc captareferas laquoo, nunc fallere visco, ] "Sometimes with traps deceive, with line and string 

Atque eliam mntrnos canibus circundare saitus To catch wild birds and beasts, encouipassing 

Insidias avibus moliri, incendere vepree." | The grove with dogs, and out of bushes firing." 

et nidos avium scrutari," &;c. 

Jucundus, in his preface to Cato, Varro, Columella, &c., put out by him, confesseth 
of himself, that he was mightily delighted with these husbandry studies, and took 
extraordinary pleasure in them : if the theory or speculation can so much affect, 
what shall the place and exercise itself, the practical part do ? The same confession 
I find in Herbastein, Porta, Camerarius, and many otliers, which have written of that 
subject. If my testimony were aught worth, I could say as much of myself; I am 
vere Safurnus; no man ever took more delight in springs, woods, groves, gardens, 
walks, fishponds, rivers, &c. But 

81 '•Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia capiat / 

Flumina;" 

!\nd so do I; Telle licet., pofiri non licet.'^''^^ 

Every palace, every city almost hath its peculiar walks, cloisters, terraces, groves, 
theatres, pageants, games, and several recreations ; every country, some professed 
gymnics to exhilarate their minds, and exercise their bodies. The ®^ Greeks had 
their Olympian, Pythian, Isthmian, Nemean games, in honour of Neptune, Jupiter, 
Apollo; Athens hers: some for honour, garlands, crowns; for ^''beauty, dancing, 
nmning, leaping, like our silver games. The ®^ Romans had their feasts, as the Athc- 
r ians, and Lacedaemonians held their public banquets, in Prilana^o, Panathenneis, 
Phesperiis, Phiditiis, plays, naumachies, places for sea-fights, ^ theatres, amphitheatres 
dble to contain 70,000 men, wherein they had several delightsome shows to exhila- 

'spandectaj Triumph, fol. 'SLib. 6. cap. 14. de i desire, but can't enjoy." f3 Roterus lib. 3. polii 

hello .Ind. " Procopius. 's Laet. Lib. 10 Anier. cap. 1. s^See Ath 'n.-Ciis dipnoso. Lndi votivi, 

<lescripl. 79 [{omulus Amaseus prrefal. Pausan. sacri, lu(!i<;ri, Megalenses, Cercales, Florales, Mar- 

•« \'irg. 1. (leor. 6i " The thirsting Tantahis gapes tiales, &c. Rosinus, 5. 12. ^Si^e Lipsiiis Aniphith*- 

fbf the water that eludes his lips." 62" | may I atrum Rosinus lib. 5. Meur^ius de ludis Graecorum 

40 2B 



Care of MelancJioly. 



[Part. 2. Sect. 2. 



mle tlie people ; ^ gladiators, combats of men with themselves, with wild beasts, and 
.vild beasts or e with another, like our bull-baitings, or bear-baitings (in whicli many 
countrymen a td citizens amongst us so much delight and so frequently use), dancers 
on ropes. Jugglers, wrestlers, comedies, tragedies, publicly exhibited at the tmpe- 
'or's and city's charge, and that with incredible cost and magnificence. In the Low 
Countries (as ^^Meteran relates) before these wars, they had many solemn feasts, 
plays, challenges, artillery gardens, colleges of rhymers, rhetoricians, poets : and to 
this day, such places are curiously maintained in Amsterdam, as appears by that 
description of Isaacus Pontanus, rerum Amstelrod. lib. 2. cap. 25. So likewise not 
long since at Friburg in Germany, as is evident by that relation of ^* Neander, they 
had Ludos septennales.f solemn plays every seven years, which Bocerus, one of their 
own poets, hath elegantly described : 

fO" At nunc magiiifico spectacula structa paratu 
(iuid nieniorein, veteri non concessura Q.uirino, 
Lndoruin pompa," &c. 

In Italy they have solemn declamations of certain select young gentlemen in Florence 
(like those reciters in old Rome), and public theatres in most of their cities, for 
stage-players and others, to exercise and recreate themselves. All seasons almost, 
all places, have their several pastimes; some in summer, some in winter; some 
abroad, some within : some of the body, some of the mind : and diverse men have 
diverse recreations and exercises. Domitian, the emperor, was much delighted with 
catching flies ; Augustus to play with nuts amongst children; ^'Alexander Severus 
was often pleased to play with wlielps and young pigs. ^^ Adrian was so wholly 
enamoured with dogs and horses, that he bestowed monuments and tombs of them, 
and buried them in graves. In foul weather, or when they can use no other conve- 
nient sports, by reason of the time, as we do cock-fighting, to avoid idleness, I 
think, (though some be more seriously taken with it, spend much time, cost and 
charges, and are too solicitous about it) ^^ Severus used partridges and quails, as many 
Frenchmen do still, and to keep birds in cages, with which he was much pleased, 
when at any time he had leisure from public cares and businesses. He had (saith 
Lampridius) tame pheasants, ducks, partridges, peacocks, and some 20,000 ringdoves 
md pigeons. Busbequius, the emperor's orator, when he lay in Constantinople, and 
could not stir much abroad, kept for his recreation, busying himself to see them fed, 
almost all manner of strange birds and beasts ; this was something, though not to 
exercise his body, yet to refresh his mind. Conradus Gesner, at Zurich in Switzer- 
land, kept so likewise for his pleasure, a great company of w^ild beasts ; and (as he 
saith) took great delight to see them eat their meat. Turkey gentlewomen, that are 
perpetual prisoners, still mewed up according to the custom of the place, have little 
else beside their household business, or to play with their children to drive away 
time, but to dally with their cats, Avhich they have in delitiis., as many of our ladies 
and gentlewomen use monkeys and little dogs. The ordinary recreations which we 
have in winter, and in most solitary times busy our minds with, are cards, tables and 
dice, shovelboard, chess-play, the philosopher's game, small trunks, shuttlecock, 
billiards, music, masks, singing, dancing, ulegames, frolics, jests, riddles, catches, 
purposes, questions and commands, ^'' merry tales of errant knights, queens, lovers, 
lords, ladies, giants, dwarfs, thieves, cheaters, witches, fairies, goblins, friars, &c., such 
as the old woman told Psyche in ^^Apuleius, Boccace novels, and the rest, quarum 
auditlone pueri delectantur., senes narraiione^ which some delight t- hear, some to 
tell ; all are well pleased with. Amaranthus, the philosopher, met Hermocles, Dio- 
phantus and Philolaus, his companions, one day busily discoursing about Epicurus 
and Democritus' tenets, very solicitous which was most probable and came nearest 
to truth : to put them out of that surly controversy, and to refresh their spirits, he 
told them a pleasant tale of Stratocles the physician's wedding, and of all the parti- 



es 1500 men at once, ti<rprs, lions, elephants, horses, 
dogs, liL'ars, <fcc. ^ Lib. uit. et 1. 1. ad finem con- 

suefidine non minus laudahili, quani veteri rontuher- 
nia Rhetoruin Rythnioruni in urbibns et niunicipiis, cer- 
tisque diehus cxercebant se sai/ittarii, gladiatores, &c. 
Alia ingenii, aniinique exercitia, quorum pr.-ecipuum 
etudiuni, principem populum Iragoediis, couioediis, fabu- 
lis scenicis, aliisque id genus ludis recreare. *"3 0rbis 
erra» descript. part. 3- M-yVhat shall I say of 



their spectacles produced with the most nia;:nificent 
decorations,— a degree of costliness never irnhilgpd in 
even by the Romans." 9' Lampridius. s^jjpaitian. 
93Delectatus lusis catulorum, porcellorum, nt perdicea 
inter se pugnarent, aiit ut. aves parvulse sursu n el 
deorsum volitarent, his maxime delectatus. tit S' litu 
dines publicas sublevaret. 9^ Rru males he .e iif 

possint producere noctes. s^jviijes. 4. 



Mem. 4 



Exercise rectified. 



315 



culars, the company, ilie cheer, the music, &tc., for lie was new corny frorn ay with 
wiiich relation they were so much dplighted, that Philolaus wished a blessing to his 
heart, and many a good wedding, ^^many such merry meetings might he be at, " to 
please himself with the sight, and others with the narration of it." News are gene- 
rally welcome to all our ears, avlde audimns, aures enim hominum novitafe Icetantur 
('^' as Pliny observes), we long after rumour to hear and listen to it, ^^densum humeris 
bibit aure vulgus. We are most part too inquisitive and apt to hearken after news, 
which Caesar, in his ^^Commentaries, observes of the old Gauls, they would be 
inquiring of every carrier and passenger what they had heard or seen, what news 
abroad ? 

" quid toto fiat in orbe, 

Q,iii{l Sc'res, quid Thractjs agant, secreta novercac, 
Et pULTi, quis aiiift," &.c. 

as at an ordinary v/ith us, bakehouse or barber's shop. When that great Gonsalva 
was upon some displeasure confined by King Ferdinand to the city of Loxa in Anda- 
lusia, the only comfort (saith '°° Jovius) he had to ease his melancholy thoughts, was 
to hear news, and to listen after those ordinary occurrences which were brought him 
cu7n primis., by letters or otherwise out of the remotest parts of Europe. Some men's 
whole delight is, to take tobacco, and drink all day long in a tavern or alehouse, to 
discourse, sing, jest, roar, talk of a cock and bull over a pot, &c. Or when three or 
four good companions meet, tell old stories by the fireside, or in the sun, as old folks 
usually do, qtice aprici meminere series^ remembering afresh and with pleasure ancient 
matters, and such like accidents, which happened in their younger years : others' best 
pastime is to game, nothing to them so pleasant. ^Hlc Veneri indulgef^ hunc decoquit 
alca — many tuo nicely take exceptions at cards, ^ tables, and dice, and such mixed 
lusorious lots, whom Gataker well confutes. Which though they be honest recrea- 
tions in themselves, yet may justly be otherwise excepted at, as they are often abused, 
and forbidden as things most pernicious; insanam rem et damnosam^ ^Lemnius calls 
it. ^' For most part in these kind of disports 'tis not art or skill, but subtlety, cun- 
nycatcliing, knavery, chance and fortune carries all away:" 'tis ambulatoria petunia^ 

4" puncto mohilis horse 

Perrnulat dominos, et cedit in altera jura." 

They labour most part not to pass their time in honest disport, but for filtliy lucre, 
and covetousness of money. In foedissimum lucrum et avaritiam hom'nmm conver- 
titur^ as Dancus observes. Fons fraudum et mahjicwrum^ 'tis the fountain of 
cozenage and villany. ^"A thing so comm/on all over Europe at this day, and so 
generally abused, that many men are utterly undone by it," their means spent, patri- 
monies consumed, they and their posterity beggared ; besides swearing, wrangling, 
drinking, loss of time, and such inconveniences, which are ordinary concomitants : 
^'^'for when once they have got a haunt of such companies, and habit of gaming, 
they can hardly be drawn from it, but as an itch it will tickle them, and as it is with 
whoremasters, once entered, hey cannot easily leave it ofl*:" Vexat menfes insania 
cupido^i they are mad upon their sport. And in conclusion (which Charles the 
Seventh, that good French king, published in an edict against gamesters) unde pice, et 
hilaris vUcb sujfugium sibi suisque liberis., totique famUice^ &fc. '■'■Thi't which was 
once tiieir livelihood, should have maintained wife, children, family, i.-> now spent 
and gone ;" r/iceror e/ e^(?s/«5, 4^c., sorrow and beggary succeeds. So good tilings 
may be abused, and that wliich was first invented to 'refresh men's weary spirits, 
when they come from other labours and studies to exhilarate the mind, to entertain 
time and company, tedious otherwise in those long solitary winter nights, and keep 
them from worse matters, an honest exercise is contrarily perverted. 



08O dii similibus sajpe conviviis date ut ipse videndo 
delpctetur, el pnstniodiim narrando deloclet. 'I'heod. 
proiiromus Aniorum dial, interpret. GilbertoGiaulinio. 
97 Kpist. lil). H. Ruffino. «« Hor. '« Lili. 4. Gal- 

:iC!P consuetudinis est ut viatores etiain invilos consis- 
t-re cnjrant. et quidquisque eorum audierit autco:jn6r!t 
de qua re quJPrunt. loo v'^itie ejus lib. uU. ' Juven. 

ri'.-iy account them unlawful because sortilefiious. 
• Iiisiit. c. 44. In his ludis pjerunique rion ars aut peri- 
tia vif;Hi,si;d fraiis, fallacia, dolus astutia, casus, forluna, 
♦.puK-rita.-' Incuni hahent, non ratio consiliuiii, sapiett- 
tia k.c, * ' In d luoaient of fleeting time it cliangos 



masters and submits to new control." ^Abu&us 

tain freqiiens hodie in Eiiropa ul pleriquecrebro liaruin 
usu patrimoniuui profundant, exhaustisque facultati- 
hus, ad inopiaiu rediirantur. cUbi seme! prurijjo 

ista animum occup-it a;i;re discuti potest, solicitantibua 
uudique ejusdem farina; homiuihus, damnosas illas vo- 
luptates repetunt, quod et scortatoribus irisitum, &c. 
■^ Instituitur ista cxercitatio, non lucri, sed valeludinia 
et oblectamenti ratione, et quo animus defatii»atus re 
spiret, ncvasque vires ad subeundos laborer denoc 
concipiut. 



813 



Cure of Melancholy. 



Part. 2. See 2 



Chess-play is a good and witty exercise of the mind for some kind of men, and 
fit for such melancholy, Rhasis holds, as are idle, and have extravagant impertinent 
thoughts, or troubled with cares, nothing better to distract their mind, and alter theii* 
meditations : invented (some say) by the ^general of an army in a famine, to keep 
soldiers from mutiny : but if it proceed from overmuch study, in such a case it may 
do more harm than good; it is a game too troublesome for some men's brains, too 
full of anxiety, all out as bad as study ; besides it is a testy choleric game, and very 
offensive to him that loseth' the mate. ^William the Conqueror, in his younger 
years, playing at chess with the Prince of France (Dauphine Mas not annexed to 
that crown in those days) losing a mate, knocked the chess-board about his pate, 
which was a cause afterward of much enmity between them. For some such reason 
it is belike, that Patritius, in his 3, hook., tit. 12. de reg. instit. forbids his prince to 
play at chess ; hawking and hunting, riding, &c. he will allow ; and tliis to other 
men, but by no means to him. In Muscovy, where they live in stoves and hot 
houses all winter long, come seldom or little abroad, it is again very necessary, and 
therefore in those parts, (saith '^ Herbastein) much used. At Fez in Africa, where 
the like inconvenience of keeping within doors is through heat, it is very laudable ; 
and (as "Leo Afer relates) as much frequented. A sport fit for idle gentlewomen, 
soldiers in garrison, and courtiers that have nought but love matters to busy them- 
selves about, but not altogether so convenient for such as are students. The like I 
may say of Col. Bruxer's philosophy game, D. Fulke's Metromackia and his Ouro- 
nomachia.) with the rest of those intricate astrological and geometrical fictions, for 
such especially as are mathematically given ; and the rest of those curious games. 

Dancing, singing, masking, mumming, stage plays, howsoever they be heavily 
censured by some severe Catos, yet if opportunely and soberly used, may justly be 
approved. Melius est fodere., quam saltare.,^^ saith Austin : but what is that if they 
delight in it? ^^ JVemo saltat sohrius. But in what kind of dance? J know these 
sports have many oppugners, whole volumes writ against them ; when as all they 
say (if duly considered) is but ignoratio Elenchi; and some again, because they are 
now cold and wayward, past themselves, cavil at all such youthful sports in others, 
as he did in the comedy ; they think them, illico nasci senes^ <^c. Some out of pre- 
posterous zeal object many times trivial arguments, and because of some abuse, will 
quite take away the good use, as if they should forbid wine because it makes men 
drunk; but in my judgment they are too stern: there '•'is a time for all things, a 
time to mourn, a time to dance," Eccles. iii. 4. " a time to embrace, a time not to 
embrace, (verse 5.) and nothing better than that a man should rejoice in his own 
works," verse 22 ; for my part, I will subscribe to the king's declaration, and was 
ever of that mind, those May games, wakes, and Whitsun ales, &.C., if they be not 
at unseasonable hours, may justly be permitted. Let them freely feast, sing and 
dance, have their puppet-plays hobby-horses, tabors, crowds, bagpipes. Sic, play at 
ball, and barley-breaks, and what sports and recreations they like best. In Fran- 
conia, a province of Germany, (saith '"Aubanus Bohemus) the old folks, after even- 
ing prayer, went to the alehouse, the younger sort to dance: and to say truth with 
'^Salisburiensis, satius fuerat sic oliari., quam turpius occwpari^ better to do so than 
worse, as without question otherwise (such is the corruption of man's nature) many 
of them will do. For that cause, plays, masks, jesters, gladiators, tumblers, jugglers, 
&c., and all that crew is admitted and winked at: ^^Tota jocularium scena procedit, 
et ideo spec/acula admissa sunt., et infinlta tyrocinia vanitatum., ut his occnpemur., qui 
perniciosiiis otiari solcnl: that the) might be busied about such toys, that would 
otherwise more perniciously be idle So that as '^ Tacitus said of the astrologers in 
Rome, we may say of them, genus hominum est quod in civitate nostra et vitobitur 
semper et retinebitur^ they are a debi uched company most part, still spoken against, 
as well they deserve some of them ^for I so relish and distinguish them as fiddlers, 
and musicians), and yet evei retained '•'• Evil is not to be done (I confess) that good 



9 Latninciilornni Indus inventus est a litice, ut cum 
miles intolcraLili faints lahoraret.alterodieedens altero 
ludeiis, faiiiis ohiiviscerelur. Bellonius. See n ore of 
this {lauie in Diiiiiel Soiiter's Paiamedes, vel de variis 
ludis. 1. 3. y D Hayuard in vita ejus. 'o Mus- 

povit. coniincutanuiii. ti Inter cives Fessanos 



latrunculornm ludus est usitatissitnus, lib. 3. de Africa 
»a" It is better to dig than to dance." 'STulli;.* 

"No sensible man dances." i< De inor. rjem. 

15 Poiycrat. I. 1. cap. b. i« Id(;m Salisburi'.nsu 

»7 Hist. lib. 1. 



Mem. 4.1 



Exercise rectified. 



317 



may come of it :" but this is evil per accidensy and in a r^nalified setise, to avoiti a 
greater inconvenience, may justly be tolerated. Sir Thomas More, in his Utopian 
Commonwealth, '^as he will have none idle, so will he have no man labour over 
hard, to be toiled out like a horse, 'tis more than slavish infelicity, the life ol most 
of our hired servants and tradesmen elsewhere (excepting his Utopians) but half the 
day allotted for work, and half for honest recreation, or whatsoever employment the; 
shall think fit for themselves." If one half day in a week were allowed to our house 
hold servants for their merry meetings, by their hard masters, or in a year some feasts, 
like those Roman Saturnals, I think they would labour harder all the rest of their 
time, and both parties be better pleased : but this needs not (you will say), for some 
of them do nought but loiter all the week long. 

This which 1 aim at, is for such as urefracfl animis^ troubled in mind, to ease 
them, over-toiled on the one part, to refresh : over idle on the other, to keep them- 
selves busied. And to this purpose, as any labour or employment will serve to the 
one, any honest recreation will conduce to the other, so that it be moderate and 
sparing, as the use of meat and drink ; not to spend all their life in gaming, playing, 
and pastimes, as too many gentlemen do; but to revive our bodies and recreate our 
souls with honest sports : of which as there be diverse sorts, and peculiar to several 
callings, ages, sexes, conditions, so there be proper for several seasons, and those o' 
distinct natures, to fit that variety of humours which is amongst them, that if on 
will not, another may : some in summer, some in winter, some gentle, some more 
violent, some for the mind alone, some for the body and mind : (as to some it is 
both business and a pleasant recreation to oversee workmen of all sorts, husbandry, 
cattle, horses, Slc. To build, plot, project, to make models, cast up accounts, &c.) 
some without, some within doors ; new, old, &c., as the season serveth, and as men 
are inclined. It is reported of Philippus Bonus, that good duke of Burgundy (by 
Lodovicus Vives, in Epist. and Pont. ^^ Heuter in his history) that the said duke, at 
the marriage of Eleonora, sister to the king of Portugal, at Bruges in Flanders, which 
was solemnized in the deep of winter, when, as by reason of unseasonable weather, 
he could neither hawk nor hunt, and Avas now tired with cards, dice, &c., and such 
other domestic sports, or to see ladies dance, with some of his courtiers, he would 
m the evening walk disguised all about the town. It so fortuned, as he was walking 
late one night, he found a country fellow dead drunk, snorting on a bulk; ^° he 
caused his followers to bring him to his palace, and there stripping him of his old 
clothes, and attiring him after the court fashion, when he waked, he and they were 
all ready to attend upon his excellency, persuading him he was some great duke. 
The poor fellow admiring how he came there, was served in state all the day long; 
after supper he saw them dance, heard music, and the rest of those com-t-like plea- 
sures : bat late at night, when he was well tippled, and again fast asleep, they put on 
his old robes, and so conveyed him to the place where they first found him. Now 
the fellow had not made them so good sport the day before as he did when he re« 
turned to himself; all the jest was, to see how he ^' looked upon it. In conclusion, 
after some little admiration, the poor man told his friends he had seen a vision, con- 
stantly believed it, would not otherwise be persuaded, and so the jest ended. ^^ An- 
tiochus Epiphanes would often disguise himself, steal from his court, and go into 
merchants', goldsmiths', and other tradesmen's shops, sit and talk with them, and 
sometimes ride or walk alone, and fall aboard with any tinker, clown, serving man, 
carrier, or whomsoever he met first. Sometimes he did ex insperato give a poor fel- 
low money, to see how he would look, or on set purpose lose his purse as he went^ 
to watch who found it, and withal how he would be aflx?cted, and with such objects 
he was much delighted. Many such tricks are ordinarily put in practice by great 
men, to exhilarate themselves and others, all which are harmless jests, and have their 
good uses. 

But amongst those exercises, or recreations of the mind within doors, there is 



18 Nemn desidet otiosus, ita nemo asinino more ad 
Beram noctem labnrat; nam ea pliisquain sirvilis srutn- 
na, quiK opificuni vita est, exceptis Utopiensibus qui 
diem in i:4. Iiorasdividunl, sexdunlaxat open depiitant, 
reliqiium g fiomno et cibo cujusqiie arbitrio permittitiir. 
I'Berum Burgund. lib. 4. !» Jussit hominem de- 



ferri ad i)alatiiim et leclo ducali collocari, &c. mirari 
homo ubi se eo loci videt. siq^uj,] interest, inqi;it 

Loduviciis vives, (epist. ad Francisc. Barduccm) intei 
diem illius el roii<iros aliquot aiiiios? nihil peiiilin 
nisi quod, &c ^^Heii. Stepiian. pra;''at. FJerodnti. 



2b2 



318 



Cure of Melancholy. 



Part. 2. Sec. 2 



none so general, so aptly to be applied to all sorts of men, so fit and proper to expel 
idleness and melancholy, as that of" study : Sfudia senectutemohlect ant ^adolescent} am 
alunt^ secundas res ornanf^ adversis perfugium et solatium prcBhent^ domi delectanf. 
4*c., find the rest in Tally pro Archia PoetaP What so full of content, as to read, 
walk, and see maps, pictures, statues, jewels, marbles, which some so much niag 
nify, as those that Phidias made of old so exquisite and pleasing to be beheld, that 
as ^^Ciirysostom thiiiketh, ''if any man be sickly, troubled in mind, or that cannot 
sleep for grief, and shall but stand over against one of Phidias' images, he will forget 
all care, or whatsoever else may molest him, in an instant ?" There be those as 
much taken with Michael Angelo's, Raphael de Urbino's, Francesco Francia's pieces, 
and many of those Italian and Dutch painters, which were excellent in their ages ; 
and esteem of it as a most pleasing sight, to view those neat architectures, devices, 
escutcheons, coats v.f arms, read such books, to peruse old coins of several sorts in 
a fair gallery ; artificial works, perspective glasses, old relics, Roman antiquities, 
variety of colours. A good picture is falsa Veritas., et miita poesis: and though (as 
^ Vives saith) artifcialia delectant., sed mox. fasti dimus., artificial toys please but for 
a time ; yet who is he that will not be moved with them for the present } When 
Achilles was tormented and sad for the loss. of his dear friend Patroclus, his mother 
Thetis brought him a most elaborate and curious buckler made by Vulcan, in which 
were engraven sun, moon, stars, planets, sea, land, men fighting, running, ridinff. 
women scolding, hills, dales, towns, castles, brooks, rivers, trees, See, with many 
pretty landscapes, and perspective pieces : with sight of which he was infinitely de- 
lighted, and much eased of his grief. 

f 26 " Continuo eo spectaculo captus lieleiiito mwrnre 

Obleclabafur, in nianibus lenens dei spleiidida dona." 

Who will not be affected so in like case, or see those well-furnished cloisters and 
galleries of the Roman cardinals, so richly stored with all modern pictures, old 

statues and antiquities } Cum se spcctando recreet simul et legendo, to see thei'* 

pictures alone and read the descriptian, as " Boisardus well adds, whom will it not 
affect ? which Bozius, Pomponius, Lsetus, Marlianus, Schottus, Cavelerius, Ligorius, 
&c., and he himself hath well performed of late. Or in some prince's cabinets, like 
that of the great dukes in Florence, of Felix Platerus in Basil, or noblemen's houses, 
to see such variety of attires, faces, so many, so rare, and such exquisite pieces, of 
men, birds, beasts, &c., to see those excellent landscapes, Dutch works, and curious 
cuts of Sadlier of Prague, Albertus Durer, Goltzius Vrintes, &c., such pleasant pieces 
of perspective, Indian pictures made of feathers, China works, frames, thaumaturgi- 
cal motions, exotic toys, &.c. W^ho is he that is now wholly overcome with idle- 
ness, or otherwise involved in a labyrinth of worldly cares, troubles and discontents 
that will not be much lightened in his mind by reading of some enticing story, true 
or feigned, whereas in a glass he shall observe what our forefathers have done, the 
beginnings, ruins, falls, periods of commonwealths, private men's actions displayed 
to the life, &c. '^'^ Plutarch therefore calls them, secundas mensas et bellaria., the 
second course and junkets, because they were usually read at noblemen's feasts. 
Who is not earnestly aff'ected with a passionate speech, well penned, an elegant 
poem, or some pleasant bewitching discourse, like that of ^^ Heliodorus, uhi oblectatic 
qucedam placide fuit^ cum hilaritaie conjunctaf Julian the Apostate was so taken 
with an oration of Libanius, the sophister, that, as he confesseth, he could not be 
quiet till he had read it all out. Legi orationcm tuam magna ex parte., hesterna die 
ante prandiutn^ pransus vero sine ulld intermissione totam absolvi.^ O argumenta ! 
O composifionem ! I may say the same of this or that pleasing tract, which will 
draw his attention along with it. To most kind of men it is an extraordinary de- 
light to study. For what a world of books offers itself, in all subjects, arts, and 
sciences, to the sweet content and capacity of the reader ? In arithmetic, geometry, 
perspective, optics, astronomy, architecture, sculpture, painting, of which so many 



23" Study is the delight of old age, the support of 
youtli, the ornament of jjrosperity, the solace and refuge 
of adversity, the comfort of domestic life,&c." "^Orat. 
12. eiquis animo fuerit atflictus aut a'ger, nee somnum 
adiniltens, is niihi videtur e regioiie stans talis iniagi- 
lii«, oblivisci omnium posse, quae humans vita; atrocia 



et difficilia accidere solent. ^ De auhua. 26iij^„. 
lit. 2; ']\,|,ogr. Rom. part. 1, -;<>Q,iiod herouir 

conviviis legi solitte. 29 Melancthon de Hdiodoro. 

30 1 read a considerable part of your speech before din 
ner, but after I had <line<i I finished it coi»(ple*ely. Ob 
what argumeitts. wbat eloquence! 



51em. 4.] 



Exercise rectified. 



319 



and such elab jrate treatises are of late written : in mechanics and their myyteries, 
military matters, navigation, ^'riding of horses, ^^ fencing, swimming, gardening, 
planting, jri'eat tomes of husbandry, cookery, falconry, hunting, fishing, fowling, &c., 
witii exquisite pictures of all sports, games, and what not ? In music, metaphysics, 
natural and moral philosophy, philology, in policy, heraldry, genealogy, chronology 
&c., they afford great tomes, or those studies of ^^ antiquity, Stc, et -^ quid siibtilius 
Arit/uneticis invenlionibus^ quid jucimdius Musicis rationUms^ quid d'winius Aslrono- 
micis, quid rectius Gcometricis demonstrationihusf What so sure, what so pleasant r 
He that shall but see that geometrical tower of Garezenda at Bologna in Italy, the 
steeple and clock at Strasburg, will admire the effects of art, or that engine of Archi- 
medes, to remove the earth itself, if he had but a place to fasten his instrument: 
Archimedes Coclea, and rare devices to corrivate waters, musical instruments, and 
tri-syllable echoes again, again, and again repeated, with myriads of such. What 
vast tomes are extant in law, physic, and divinity, for profit, pleasure, practice, specu- 
lation, in verse or prose, 8tc. ! their names alone are the subject of whole volumes, 
we have thousands of authors of all sorts, many great libraries full well furnished. 
like so many dishes of meat, served out for several palates ; and he is a very block 
that is affected with none of them. Some take an infinite delight to study the very 
languages wherein these books are written, Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Chaldee, Arabic, 
&c. Methinks it would please any man to look upon a geographical map, ^^ sauvi 
animum delectatione allicere^ oh incrcdibLlem rerum varietatem et jucundi.tatem^ et ad 
plemorem sui cognilionem excitare, chorographical, topographical delineations, to 
behold, as it were, all the remote provinces, towns, cities of the world, and never 
to go forth of the limits of his study, to measure by tlie scale and compass their 
extent, distance, examine their site. Charles the Great, as Platina writes, had three 
fair silver tables, in one of which superficies was a large map of Constantinople, in 
tlie second Rome neatly engraved, in the third an exquisite description of the whole 
world, and much delight he took in them. What greater pleasure can there now be, 
than to view those elaborate maps of Ortelius, ^SMercator, Hondius, &c. } To peruse 
those books of cities, put out by Braunus and Hogenbergius ? To read those exqui- 
site descriptions of ^laginus, Munster, Herrera, Laet, Merula, Boterus, Leander, 
Albertus, Camden, Leo Afer, Adricomius, Nic. Gerbelius, &c. } Those famous expe- 
ditions of Christoph. Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Marcus Polus the Venetian, 
Lod. Vertomannus, Aloysius Cadamustus, &lc. ? Those accurate diaries of Portu- 
guese, Hollanders, of Bartison, Oliver a Nort, &c. Hakluyt's voyages. Pet. Martyr's 
Decades, Benzo, Lerius, Linschoten's relations, those Hodaeporicons of Jod. a Meg- 
gen, Brocard the monk, Bredenbacliius, Jo. Dublinius, Sands, &c., to Jerusalem, 
Egypt, and other remote places of the world .'* those pleasant itineraries of Paulus 
Hentzerus, Jodocus Sincerus, Dux Polonus, Sic, to read Bellonius' observations, P. 
Gillius his surveys; those parts of America, set out, and curiously cut in pictures, 
by Fratres a Bry. To see a well-cut herbal, herbs, trees, flowers, plants, all vegeta- 
bles expressed in their proper colours to tiie life, as that of Matthiolus upon Dios- 
corides, Delacampius, Lobel, Bauhinus, and that last voluminous and mighty herbal 
of Boslar of Nuremburg, wherein almoest every plant is to his own bigness. Tc 
see birds, beasts, and fishes of the sea, spiders, gnats, serpents, flies, &.C., all crea- 
tures set out by the same art, and truly expressed in lively colours, with an exact 
description of their natures, virtues, qualities, &c., as hath been accurately performed 
by iElian, Gesner, Ulysses Aldrovandus, Bellonius, Rondoletius, Hippolytus Salvia- 
nus, &.C. ^'^ Arcana coeli^ naturce secreta^ ordinem universi scire viajoris fclici tails el 
diilcedinis est^ quam cogltatlone quls assequl possit^ aut mortalis sperare. What more 
pleasing studies can there be than the mathematics, theoretical or practical parts r 
as to survey l9.nd, make maps, models, dials, &c., with which 1 was ever much de- 



sipiiivines. 32Thibault. 3» As in travelling 

the rest jjo forward and look before tUein, an antiqunry 
alone looks round aliout him, seeing things past, &c. 
haUi a complete horizon. Janus Bitrons, 3<Car- 

Jan. " Wh.it is more subtle than arithmetical conclu- 
sions; what more agreeable than musical harmonies; 
what more divine than astronomical, wliat more cer- 
lain than gcoiae'ricHi den onstralions?" ^ Hondiue 



praefat. Mercatoris. " It allures the mind by its agree- 
able attraction, on account of .he incredible! variety and 
pleasantness of the subjects, a id excites to a furlhei 
step in knowledge." 3« .Atlas Geog. 3' Cardan. 

"To learn the mysteries of the heavetis. the secret 
workings of nature, the order of the universe, je> a 
greater happiness and gratification than any iiiortalcan 
think or exoect to obluin." 



320 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2 



lighted mysc f. Tails est Matheviafum pulchrifudo (saith ^ Plutarch) id his ind'ignum 
sit divitiarum phaleras istas et hiillas^ et puellaria spectacula comparari; such is the 
excellency of these studies, that all those ornaments and childish bubhles of wealth, 
are not worthy to be compared to them : credi mihi [^^ saith one) extingui dulce er'u 
Matheinat'icarum artium studio^ I could even live and die with such meditation, ''"and 
lake more delight, true content of mind in them, than thou hast in all thy wealth 
ind sport, how rich soever thou art. And as "' Cardan well seconds me, Honorifi- 
ann magis est et gloriosum hcec intelligere^ quam provinciis prcBesse^formosum an 
ditem juccnem essc}"^ The like pleasure there is in all other studies, to such as ar. 
truly addicted to them, '^^ ea suavifas (one holds) ut cum quis ea degustaverif., quasi 
poculis Clrceis captus, non possit unquam ah illls divelli; the like sweetness, which 
IS Circe's cup bewitcheth a student, he cannot leave off, as well may witness those 
many laborious hours, days and nights, spent in the voluminous treatises written by 
them; the same content. ''^Julius Scaliger was so much affected with poetry, that 
he brake out into a pathetical protestation, he had rather be the author of twelve 
verses in Lucan, or such an ode in "^^ Horace, than emperor of Germany. ''*^Nicho-, 
las Gerbelius, that good old man, was so mucli ravished with a few Greek authors 
restored to light, with hope and desire of enjoying the rest, that he exclaims forth- 
with, Arahihus atque Indis omnibus ermius ditiores^ we shall be richer than aU 
the Arabic or Indian princes; of such '*'^ esteem they were with him, incomparabh 
worth and value. Seneca prefers Zeno and Chrysippus, two doting stoics (he was 
so much enamoured of their vvorks), before any prince or general of an army; 
and Orontius, the mathematician, so far admires Archimedes, that he calls him 
Dlvinum et homine majorem^ a petty god, more than a man ; and well he migijrt, 
for aught I see, if you respect fame or worth. Pindarus, of Thebes, is as much 
renowned for his poems, as Epaminondas, Pelopidas, Hercules or Bacchus, his 
fellow citizens, for their warlike actions ; et si famam respicias^ non pauciores 
•MristoteUs quam Alexandri meminerunt (as Cardon notes), Aristotle is more known 
than Alexander; for we have a bare relation of Alexander"'s deeds, but Aristotle, totn^ 
vivit in monumcntis^ is whole in his works : yet I stand not upon this ; the delight 
is it, which I aim at, so great pleasure, such sweet content there is in study. ''^King 
James, 1605, when he came to see our University of Oxford, and amongst other 
edifices now went to view that famous library, renewed by Sir Thomas Bodley, in 
imitation of Alexander, at his departure brake out into that noble speecli. If J were not 
a king, I would be a university man : ''^^'and if it were so that I must be a prisoner, 
if I might have my wish, I would desire to have no other prison than that library, 
and to be chained together with so many good authors et mortuis maglstris?"* So 
sweet is the delight of study, the more learning they have (as he that hath a dropsy, 
the more he drinks the thirstier he is) the more they covet to learn, and the last day 
is prions discipulus; harsh at first learning is, radices amorce, hut fr act us dukes, 
according to that of Isocrates, pleasant at last ; the longer they live, the more they 
are enamoured with the Muses. Heinsius, the keeper of the library at Leyden in 
Holland, was mewed up in it all the year long: and that which to thy thinking should 
have bred a loathing, caused in him a greater liking. ^"^ I no sooner (saith he) come 
into the library, but I bolt the door to me, excluding lust, ambition, avarice, and all 
such vices, whose nurse is idleness, the mother of ignorance, and melancholy het- 
self, and in the very lap of eternity, amongst so many divine souls, 1 take my seat, 
with so lofty a spirit and sweet content, that I pity all our great ones, and rich men 
that know^ not this happiness." I am not ignorant in the meantime (notwithstanding 
this which I have said) how barbarously and basely, for the most part, our ruder 
gentry esteem of libraries and books, how they neglect and contemn so great a trea- 
sure, so inestimable a benefit, as ^sop's cock did the jewel he found in the dung- 



as Lib. de cupid. divitiarum ^ Leon . Dijrgs. prfpfat. 
Rd perpet. i)rognost. «Plus capio volnptatis, &c. 

• In Hipperchen. divis. 3. « " u is more honourable 
and glorious to understand these truths than to govern 
provinces, to be beautiful or to be young." ^acardan. 
pr;efat. rerum variet. « Poetices lib. ^sLib. 3. 

Ode 9. Donee grains eram tibi, &c. 46 Pe Pelopones. 
lib. 6. descript. (Jra;c. 4? Qqqs si integros habere- 

nius, Dii boiii, quas opes, quos thesanros tenerenius. 
" Isaafli Wake musjc regnantes. 4»si unquam mihi 



in fatis sit, ut captivus ducar, si mihi daretur optio, hoc 
cnperem carcere concludi, hiscatenis illigari, cum hisce 
captivis eoncatenatis jetatem agere. ^o Epist. Pri- 

miero. Plernnque in qua simul ac pedem posui, foribua 
pessiilum abdo; ambitionem autein, amorem, lihidi 
nem, etc. excludo, quorum parens est ignavia, imperitia 
nutrix, et in ipso n-ternitatis gren)io, inter lot illustrea 
animas sedem mihi sumo, cum ingenti quidem animc. 
ut subinde magnatum nie misereat, qui fuslicitatein 
hanc ignorant. 



Mem 4.] Exercise rectified. 321 

hill ; and all through error, ignorance, and want of education. And 't.i« a wonder, 
withal, to observe how much they will vainly cast away in umiccessary expenses, 
quot modis pereant (saith ^' Erasmus) magnadhus pccunice., quantum ahsumant alea, 
scorta^ compotationes^profectiones non necessarian., pompce^ hella qiuBsita, amhitio^ coIax\ 
morio, ludio., Sfc.., what in hawks, hounds, lawsuits, vain building, gormandising^ 
drinking, sports, plays, pastimes, &c. If a well-minded man to the Muses, would sue 
to some of them for an exhibition, to the farther maintenance or enlargement of such 
a work, be it college, lecture, library, or whatsoever else may tend to the advance- 
ment of learning, they are so unwilling, so averse, that they had rather see these 
which are already, with such cost and care erected, utterly ruined, demolished or 
otherwise employed ; for they repine many and grudge at such gifts and revenues sa 
bestowed : and therefore it were in vain, as Erasmus well notes, vel ab his., vel a 
negotiatorihus qui se MammoncE dediderunt., iniprohum fortasse tale ojficium exigere^ 
to solicit or ask anything of such men that are likely damned to riches; to this pur- 
pose. For my part I pity these men, stidtos juhco esse lihenter., let them go as they 
are, in the catalogue of Ignoramus. How much, on the other side, are all we bound 
that are scholars, to those munificent Ptolemies, bountiful Maecenases, heroical 
patrons, divine spirits, 

5- ' qui nobis haec otio fecerunt, iiamque erit ille milii semper Deus" • 

"These blpssiiijrs, friend, a Deity bestovv'd. 
For never can I deem him less than God." 

That have provided for us so many well-fuinished libraries, as well in our public 
academies in most cities, as in our private colleges.'' How sha'l i remember ^^ Sir 
Thomas Bodley, amongst the rest, ^^ Otho Nicholson, and the Right Reverend John 
Williams, Lord Bishop of Lincoln (with many other pious acts)., wiio besides that 
at St. John's College in Cambridge, that in Westminster, is now likewise in Fieri 
with a library at Lincoln (a noble precedent for all corporate towns and cities to imi- 
tate). O quaiii te memorem ivir illustrisslme) quibus clogiisf But to my task again. 
Whosoever he is therefore that is overrun with solitariness, or carried away with 
pleasing melancholy and vain conceits, and for want of employment knows not how 
to spend his time, or crucified with worldly care, I can prescribe him no better 
remedy than this of study, to compose himself to the learning of some art or science. 
Provided always that this malady proceed not from overmuch study; for in such 
case he adds fuel to the fire, and nothing can be more pernicious : let him take lieed 
he do not overstretch his wits, and make a skeleton of himself; or such inamoratoes 
as read nothing but play-books, idle poems, jests, Amadis de Gaul, the Knight of the 
Sun, the Seven Champions, Palmerin de Oliva, Huon of Bourdeaux, &c. Such many 
times prove in the end as mad as Don Quixote. Study is only prescribed to those 
that are otherwise idle, troubled in mind, or carried headlong with vain thoughts and 
imaginations, to distract their cogitations (althougli variety of study, or some serious 
subject, would do the former no harm) and divert their continual meditations another 
way. Nothing in this case better than study; semper aliquid memoriter ediscanf, 
saith Piso, let them learn something without book, transcribe, translate, &c. Read 
the Scriptures, which Hyperius, lib. 1. de quofid. script. lec.foL 77. holds available 
of itself, ^'^Uhe mind is erected thereby from all worldly cares, and hath much quiet 
and tranquillity." For as ^^ Austin well hath it. 'tis scientia scientiarum., omni mclle 
dulcior., omni pane suavior., omni vino., hilarior : 'tis the best nepenthe, surest cordial, 
sweetest altei'ative, presentest diverter : for neither as ^'Chrysostom well adds, 'Hhose 
boughs and leaves of trees which are plashed for cattle to stand under, in the heat 
of the day, in summer, so much refresh them with their acceptable shade, as the 
reading of the Scripture doth recreate and comfort a distressed soul, in sorrow and 
affliction." Paul bids ''pray continually;" quod cibiis corpori., lectio animce. facity 
saiih Seneca, as meat is to the body, such is reading to the soul. ^^'"To be at leisure 
without books is another hell, and to be buried alive." ^^ Cardan calls a library the 
physic of the soul; ^°" divine authors fortify the mind, make men bold and constant; 



s-Chil. 2. Cent. 1. Ada^. 1. 62Virg. eclo?. 1. 

^^ Founder of our public library in Oxon. s^Ours in 
Christ Church, Oxon. 65 Animus levatur inde a 

cur!< niulla quietu et tranquillitate fruens. i^Ser. 38. 
a-I Fratres Erem. 5" Horn. 4. de poenitentia. Nam 

Ge-jue arborum comie pro pecorum tuguriis facl», 

41 



meridieperfflstatem.optabileinexhibentesumbram ove*" 
ita reficiunt, ac scri()tiirarum lectio afflictas an^'or-- 
auin)as solatur el recreat. ''**Ottum sine literis morsi 
est. et vivi hominis sepultura, Senecn. s^Cai) Hf 

I. 57.de rer. var. po portem reddutil aniniim ei con 
stantem ; et pium colloquium non permitMt aniiuuiE 



322 



Cure of MelancJioly. 



[Part. 2. Sec 2 



and (as IJypirius adds) godly conference will not permit the mind to be tortuied 
with absurd cogitations.'' Rhasis enjoins continual conference to such melancholy 
men, perpetual discourse of some history, tale, poem, news, &c., alternos strmones 
'■dere ac bibere^ aque jucundum quam clbus^ sive polus^ which feeds the mind as meat 
and drfnk doth the body, and pleaseth as much : and therefore the said Rhasis, not 
without good cause, would have somebody still talk seriously, or dispute with them, 
and sometimes "^' to cavil and wrangle (so that it break not out to a violent pertur- 
bation), for such altercation is like stirring of a dead fire to make it burn afresh," it 
whets a dull spirit, '^ and will not suffer the mind to be drowned in those profound 
cogitations, which melancholy men are commonly troubled with." ^^ Ferdinand and 
Alphonsus, kings of Arragon and Sicily, were both cured by reading the history, one 
of Curtius, the other of Livy, when no prescribed physic would take place. ^^Came 
rarius relates as much of Lorenzo de' Medici. Heathen philosophers are so full ol 
divine precepts in this kind, that, as some think, they alone are able to settle a dis- 
tressed mind. ^^Sunt verba et. voces^ quibus hunc lenire dolorem^ Sfc. Epictetus, Plu- 
tarch, and Seneca; qualis ille^ qua telo.^ saith Lipsius, adoersiis omnes onimi casus 
ndminislrati ct ipsam laorlein^ quomodd vitia eripif^ infert v'irtutes? when I read 
Seneca, ^'^ " methinks I am beyond all human fortunes, on the top of a hill above 
mortality." Plutarch saith as much of Homer, for which cause belike Niceratus, in 
Xenophon, was made by his parents to con Homer's Iliads and Odysseys without 
book, ut in viriwi bonum evaderet^ as well to make him a good and honest man. 
as to avoid idleness. If this comfort be got from philosophy, what shall be had 
from divinity .? Wliat shall Austin, Cyprian, Gregory, Bernard'^ divine meditations 
afford us ? 

«6" Q,iii quid sit piilchriirn, quid tiirpe, quid utile, quid non, 
rieiiius et melius Cliiysippo et (Jrantore dicunl." 

Nay, what shall the Scripture itself.^ Which is like an apothecary's shop, wherein 
are all remedies for all infirmities of mind, purgatives, cordials, alteratives, corrobo- 
ratives, lenitives, &c. " Every disease of the soul," saith ^' Austin, " hath a peculiar 
medicine in the Scripture; this only is required, that the sick man take the potion 
which God hath already tempered." ^^ Gregory calls it " a glass wherein we may 
see all our infirmities," igw/Ywrn colloquium^ Psalm cxix. 140. ^^Origen a charm. 
And therefore Hierom prescribes Rusticus the monk, ™" continually to read the 
Scripture, and to meditate on that which he hath read ; for as mastication is to meat, 
so is meditation on that which we read." I would for these causes wish him that 
is melancholy to use both human and divine authors, voluntarily to impose some 
task upon himself, to divert his melancholy thoughts : to study the art of memory, 
Cosmus Rosselius, Pet. Ravennas, Scenkelius' Detectus, or practise Brachygraphy, 
&c., that will ask a great deal of attention : or let him demonstrate a proposition in 
Euclid, in his five last books, extract a square root, or study Algebra : than which, 
as ■" Clavius holds, " in all human disciplines nothing can be more excellent and plea- 
sant, so abstruse and recondite, so bewitching, so miraculous, so ravishing, so easy 
withal and full of delight," omnem humanum captum superare videtur. By this 
means you may define ex ungue leoncm^ as the diverb is, by his thumb alone the 
bigness of Hercules, or the true dimensions of the great "^^ Colossus, Solomon's tem- 
ple, and Domitian's amphitheatre out of a little part. By this art you may contem- 
plate the variation of the twenty-three letters, which may be so infinitely varied, that 
the words complicated and deduced thence will not be contained within the compass 
of the firmament ; ten words may be varied 40,320 several ways : by this art you 
may examine how many men may stand one by another in the whole superficies of 
the earth, some say 148,456,800,000,000, assignando singulis passum quadratum 



.absurda co^itati one torqueri. 6i Altercationibus 

iUantur, qure non permittunt animum subinergi pro- 
/undis cogitationibus, de quibus otiose cofiitat et trista- 
tur in iis. *>- Bodin. prefat. ad meth. hist. fi^Ope- 
Tuin subcis. cap. 15. ^ Hor. ^•'> Fatenduin est 

racumine Olyinpi constitutus supra venlos et procellas, 
ft opines res humanas. ^ " Who explain what is 

fair foul, useful, worthless, more fully and faithfully 
than Chrysippus and Crantor ?" ^7 in Ps. xxxvi. 

omnis morbus animi iti scriptura habet medicinain; 
tanluiu opus est ul qui sit .Tger, non recuset potionein 



quam Deus temperavit. ^s fn moral, speculum quo 

nos intueri possitnus. «« Mom 28. Ut incanta- 

tione viris fugatur, ita lectione malum. ■"> Iterum 

atque, iterum tnoneo, ut animam sacra; scripturtE lec- 
tione occupes. Masticat divinum pabulum nieditatio. 
71 Ad 2. definit. 2. elem. \n disciplinis hiimanis nihil 
pnestantius reperitur: quippe miraciila quredain nume- 
rorum emit tam abstrusa et recondita, laiit:> nibilo 
minus facilitate et voluplate, ut, <fec. "i' VVtiich 

contained 1,080,000 weights of brass. 



Vlem. 4.] Exercise rectified. 323 

assigning a square foot to each), how many men, supposing all tlie world as habit- 
able as France, as fruitful and so long-lived, may be born in 60,000 years, and so 
may you demonstrate with ''^Archimedes how many sands the mass of the whr»le 
world might contain if all sandy, if you did but first know how much a small cube as 
big as a mustard-seed might hold, with infinite such. But in all nature what is there so 
stupendous as to examine and calculate the motion of the planets, their magnitudes, 
apogees, perigees, eccentricities, how far distant from the earth, the bigness, thick- 
ness, compass of the firmament, each star, with their diameters and circumference, 
apparent area, superficies, by those curious helps of glasses, astrolabes, sextants, 
quadrants, of which Tycho Brahe in his mechanics, optics ('' divine optics) arithmetic, 
geometry, and such like arts and instruments ? What so intricate and pleasing withal, 
as to peruse and practise Heron Alexandrinus's works, de spiritalibus^ de machinis 
hcliicis^ de machinl se movenfe^ Jordani JYemorarii de ponderibus proposit. 13, that 
pleasant tract of Machometes Bragdedinus de superficierum divi sionihus ^ A^oWowms'^ 
Conies, or CommandAms's labours in that kind, de centra gravitatis^ with many 
such geometrical theorems and problems ? Those rare instruments and mechanical 
inventions of Jac. Bessonus, and Cardan to this purpose, with many such experi- 
ments intimated long since by Roger Bacon, in his tract de ''^Secretis arils etnaturce^ 
as to make a chariot to move sine animali^ diving boats, to walk on the water bv 
art, and to fly in the air, to make several cranes and pulleys, quihiis homo iraliat (id 
se jnille homines^Vift up and remove great weights, mills to move themselves, Archita's 
dove, Albertus's brazen head, and such thaumaturgical works. But especially to do 
strange miracles by glasses, of which Proclus and Bacon writ of old, burning glasses, 
multiplying glasses, perspectives, ut unus homo oppareat exercifus, to see afar ofl; to 
represent solid bodies by cylinders and concaves, to walk in the air, 2it veraciter 
videant (saith Bacon) auriini et argentum el quicquid aUud volunt^ et quum veniant 
ad locum visionis^ nihil invenianf^ which glasses are much perfected of late by Bap- 
tista Porta and Galileo, and much more is promised by Maginus and Midorgius, to 
be performed in this kind. Otocousticons some speak of, to intend hearing, as the 
other do sight; Marcellus Yrencken, a Hollander, in his epistle to Burgravius, makes 
mention of a friend of his that is about an instrument, quo vldehit qiLCE in altera 
horizonte sint. But our alchymists, methinks, and Rosicrucians afford most rarities, 
and are fuller of experiments : they can make gold, separate and alter metals, extract 
oils, salts, lees, and do more strange works than GelDer, LuUins, Bacon, or any of 
those ancients. Crollius hath made after his master Pardcehus^ aurum fuhninans, or 
aurum volatile^ which shall imitate thunder and lightning, and crack louder than anv 
gunpowder ; Cornelius Drible a perpetual motion, inextinguishable lights, linum non 
ardens^ with many such feats ; see his book de naturd clementorum^ besides hail, 
wind, snow, thunder, lightning, &c., those strange fire-works, devilish petards, and 
such like warlike machinations derived hence, of which read Tartalea and otiiers. 
Ernestus Burgravius, a disciple of Paracelsus, hath published a discourse, in which 
he specifies a lamp to be made of man's blood, Lucerna vitoi et mortis index, so he 
tenns it, which chemically prepared forty days, and afterwards kept in a glass, shall 
/show all the accidents of this life ; si lampas hie clams, tunc homo hilaris et sanus 
corpore et animo; si nebulosus et depressus, male ajlcitur, et sic pro statu hominis 
variatur, unde sumptus sanguis;'^ and which is most wonderful, it dies with tlie 
party, cum homine perit, et evanescit, the lamp and the man whence tlie blood 
was taken, are extinguished together. The same author hath another tract 
of iVIumia (all out as vain and prodigious as the first) by which he will cure 
most diseases, and transfer them from a man to a beast, by drawing blood 
from one, and applying it to the other, vel in plantam derivare, and an Alcxi' 
pharmacum, of which Roger Bacon of old in his Tract, de retardanda senecfute, 
to make a man young again, live three or four hundred years. Besides pana- 
ceas, martial amulets, unguentum armarium, balsams, strange extracts, elixirs, 
and such like magico-magnetical cures. Now what so pleasing can there be 



■^3 Vide Claviiim in com. de Sacroho.eco. '^ Dis- 

tatitias cselorum sola Optica dijudicat. "Cap. 4. 

e' 5. '6" If [}„. lamp burn bri<;litly, then the man 

«<■ rile*"-''"' and he.- 'hy in mind and body; if, on the 



other hand, he from whom the blood is taken hn melan- 
cholic or a spendthrift, then it will burn dimly, a. id 
flicker in the socket." 



324 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. 

as the speculation of these things, to read and examine such experiments, or if a 
man be more matliematically given, to calculate, or peruse Napier's Logarithms, or 
those tables of artificial ^' sines and tangents, not long since set out by mine old col- 
legiate, good friend, and late fellow-student of Christ-church in Oxford, '^ Mr. Ed- 
mund Gunter, which will perform that by addition and substraction only, which 
heretofore Regiomontanus's tables did by multiplication and division, or those elabo- 
rate conclusions of his '^ sector, quachant, and cross-staff. Or let him that is melan- 
choly calculate spherical triangles, square a circle, cast a nativity, which howsoever 
some tax, 1 say with ''"Garcaeus, dabimus hoc petulantibus Ingenns^ we will in some 
cases allow : or let him make an ephemerides^ read Suisset the calculator's works 
bcaliger de emcndatione temporum., and Petavi;is his adversary, till he understand 
them, peruse subtle Scotus and Suarez's metaphysics, or school divinity, Occam, 
Thomas, Entisberus, Durand, &.c. ]f those other do not afiect him, and his means 
be great, to employ his purse and fill his head, lie may go find the philosopher's 
stone ; he may apply his mind, I say, to heraldry, antiquity, invent impresses, em- 
blems ; make epithalamiums, epitaphs, elegies, epigrams, paUndroma epigrammala, 
anagrams, chronograms, acrostics, upon his friends' names ; or write a comment on 
Martianus Capella, Tertnllian de pallio^ the Nubian geography, or upon iElia Lsslia 
Crispis, as many idle fellows have essayed •, and rather than do nothing, vary a 
^' verse a thousand ways with Putean, so torturing his wits, or as Rainnerus of Lune- 
burg, "2150 times in h\s Proteus Poet icus^ ov Scaliger, Chrysolithus, Cleppissius, 
and others, have in like sort done. If such voluntary tasks, pleasure and delight, 
or crabbedness of these studies, will not yet divert their idle thoughts, and alienate 
their imaginations, they must be compelled, saith Christophorus a Vega, cogi. de- 
hent^ I. 5. c. 14, upon some mulct, if they perform it not, quod ex ojficlo incumhat^ 
loss of credit or disgrace, such as our public University exercises. For, as he that 
plays for nothing will not heed his game ; no more will voluntary employment so 
thoroughly afiect a student, except he be very intent of himself, and take an extra- 
ordinary delight in the study, [ibout which he is conversant. It should be of thai 
nature his business, which volens nolens he must necessarily undergo, and without 
great loss, mulct, shame, or hindrance, he may not omit. 

Now for women, instead of laborious studies, they have curious needleworks, 
cut-works, spinning, bone-lace, and many pretty devices of their own making, to 
adorn their houses, cushions, carpets, chairs, stools, (''for slie eats not the bread of 
idleness," Prov. xxxi. 27. qucesivlt lanam et linuni) confections, conserves, distilla- 
tions, &.C., which they show to strangers. 

»3 •' Ipsa comes priesesqiie operis venientihus ullro I " Which to her guests she shows, with all her pelf, 

Hospilihiis inonslrare sok-t, non sejrniter lioras Thus far my maids, but this 1 did myself." 

Contestala suas, sed nee sihi depenisse." | 

This they have to busy themselves about, household offices, &c,, -'' neat gardens, full 
of exotic, versicolour, diversely varied, sweet-smelling flowers, and plants in all 
kinds, which they are most ambitious to get, curious to preserve and keep, proud to 
possess, and much many times brag of. Their merry meetings and frequent visi'a- 
tions, mutual invitations in good towns, I voluntarily omit, which are so much in 
use, gossippin^ among the meaner sort, Slc, old folks have their beads : an excel- 
lent invention to keep them from idleness, that are by nature melancholy, and past 
all affairs, to say so many paternosters, avemarias, creeds, if it were not profane and 
superstitious. In a word, body and mind must be exercised, not one, but both, and 
that in a mediocrity ; otherwise it will cause a great inconvenience. If the body be 
overtired, it tires the mind. The mind oppresseth the body, as with students it often- 
i.imes falls out, who (as ^^ Plutarch observes) have no care of the body, " but compel 
that which is mortal to do as much as that which is immortal : that which is earthly, 
as that which is ethereal. But as the ox tired, told the camel, (both serving one 

" Printed at London, Anno 1620. "'S Once astrono- 1 mortalem immortal!, terrestrem Eethereaeaeqiialem prres- 
my reader at Gresham College. '^ Printed at Lon- i tare industriam : Cseterum ut Camelo usu venit, quod 

don by William Jones, 1G23. ^o Prsefat. Melh. Astrol. ei bos prtedixerat, cum eidem servirenl domino efparte 
t'l Tot tibi sunt dotes Virgo, quot sidera coelo. i-^ Da j oneris levare ilium Camulus recusasset, pailo post et 

|iie Ohriste urbi bona sit pax tempore nostro. 83(;ha- ipsius culem, et totum onus cogeretur gc^tare (quod 
ionerus, lib. 9. de Rep. Angel. '>■' Hortus Coronarius inortuo bove impletum) Ita animo quoquii contii'uit 

Tiedicus et nulinarius, &c. ^^Tom. 1. de *anit. , dum defatigato corpori, &.c. 

i'jcnd. Qui ranonem corporis non habent, sed coguwt 



Mem. 5.] Waking and dreams rcctijicd. 325 

master) tlmt refused to carry yome part of his burden, before it were long he should 
he compelled to carry all his pack, and skin to boot (which by and by, the ox beino 
dead, fell out), the body may say to the soul, that will give him no respite or remis 
sion : a little after, an ague, vertigo, consumption, seizeth on them both, all hii 
study is omitted, and they must be compelled to be sick together :" he that tenders 
his own good estate, and health, must let ihem draw with equal yoke, both alike, 
*^" that so they may happily enjoy their wished health." 



MEMB. V. 

Waking and terrible Dreams rectified. 

As waking that hurts, by all means must be avoided, so sleep, which so much 
lielps, by like ways, ^''^must be procured, by nature or art, inward or outward medi- 
cines, and be protracted longer than ordinary, if it may be, as being an especial help." 
It moistens and fattens the body, concocts, and helps digestion (as we see in dor- 
mice, and those Alpine mice that sleep all winter), which Gesner speaks of, wlien 
they are so found sleeping under the snow in the dead of winter, as fat as butter. 
It expels cares, pacifies the mind, refresheth the weary limbs after long work : 

»« " Snmne qiiies rerum, placjdissime somne deonitn, I " Sleep, rest of things, O pleasing deity. 

Pax ai>iiiii, qiutm cuia fugit, ()ui corpora dmis Peace of the soul, which cares dost crucify, 

Fessa ininisteriis inulces reparasque labori." | Weary bodies refresh and inollify." 

The chiefest thing in all physic, ^'^ Paracelsus calls it, omnia arcana gemmarum su~ 
perans et meiallorum. The fittest time is ^° two or three hours after supper, when 
as the meat is now settled at the bottom of the stomach, and 'tis good to lie on the 
right side first, because at that site the liver dx)th rest under the stomach, not molest- 
ing any way, but heating him as a fire doth a kettle, that is put to it. After the first 
sleep 'tis not amiss to lie on the left side, that the meat may the better descend ;" 
and sometimes again on the belly, but never on the back. Seven or eight hours is 
a competent time for a melancholy man to rest, as Crato thinks ; but as some do, to 
lie in bed and not sleep, a day, or half a day together, to give assent to pleasing con- 
ceits and vain imaginations, is many ways pernicious. To procure this sweet moist- 
ening sleep, it's best to take away the occasions (if it be possible) that hinder it, 
and then to use such inward or outward remedies, which may cause it. Constat 
hodle (saith Boissardus in his tract de magii., cap. 4.) miiltos ita fascinari tit noctes 
integrm exigant insomnes^ summl inqiiictudine animorum et corporum; many cannot 
sleep for witches and fascmations, which are too familiar in some places; they call 
it, dare alicui malam noctem. But the ordinary causes are heat and dryness, which 
must first be removed: ^' a hot and dry brain never sleeps well : grief, fears, cares, 
expectations, anxieties, great businesses, ^'In anrum utramque otiose ut dormias^ and 
all violent perturbations of the mind, must in some sort be qualified, before we can 
hope for any good repose. He that sleeps in the day-time, or is in suspense, fear, 
any way troubled in mind, or goes to bed upon a full ®^ stomach, may never hope 
for quiet rest in fae niglit ; nee enim meritoria somnos admittunt., as the ^^ poet saith ; 
inns and such like troublesome places are not for sleep ; one calls ostler, another 
tapster, one cries and shouts, another sings, whoops, halloos, 

35 '• aliseiitt'iii cantat aniicam, 

Miilla prolutiis vappa nauta atque viator " 

Who not accustomed to such noises can sleep amongst them } He that will intend 
to take his rest must go to bed animo seciiro^ quieto et Ubero^ with a ^^ secure and 
composed mind, in a quiet place: omnia noctes erunt pJacida compost a quiete: and 



«5Ut pulchram illam et amaliilcm sanitaleni prresfe. 
mils. B' Inlerdicendai Vigiliffi, somni paulo loiigio- 

res coiiciliandi. Altonianis cap. 7. Somiins supra mo- 
riiirn prodest, qiiovismodo coticiliaiidiis, Piso. «f*Ovid. 
''^Iri Hippoc. Aphoris. 90 Crato cons. 21. lib. 2. diiahas 
aiit Irilius horis post caenani,qiinni Jam cihiisa:! fuMchini 
voiitriciili rpsederit, priniiirn super latere dexlro quies- 
ceTidiim, (|uod in taii decubitii jecur sub ventriculo qui- 
ei'i.at, lion gravans sed cibuni calfaciens. perinde ac 
i;S"'s lebtteni qui illi admovetur; post priinum soiunum I 

2C 



quie.<cendum latere sinistro, &c. 9i Sivpiiis accidit 

int'lancholicis, ut niiniiim exsiccato cerebro vigiliis a(- 
teniientur. Ficiniis, lib. ]. cap. 21). 92'Per. " Thai 

you may sleep calmlv on either ear." ^^ut sis nocte 
ievis, sit tibi, ca;na brevis. »• .fuven. Sat. :i. >» Hor. 
Scr. lib. I. Sat. .5. " The tipsy sailor and liis travelling 
companion sing the praises of their absent sweethearts." 
""Sepositis ciiris omnibus quantum fieri potest, una 
cum vestibus, &c. Kirkst. 



320 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 



Sec. 2 



if that will not serve, or may not be obtained, to seek then such means as are requi- 
site. To lie in clean linen and sweet; before he goes to bed, or in bed, to hear 
'*^" sweet music," which Ficinus commends, lib. 1. cap. 24^ or as Jobertus, 7ncd. 
yract. lib. 3. cap. 10. ^^^'to read some pleasant author till he be asleep, to have a 
bason of water still dropping by his bedside," or to lie near that pleasant murmur, 
lene sonantis aqucB. Some floodgates, arches, falls of water, like London Bridge, or 
some continuate noise which may benumb the senses, lenis mollis^ silenlium et teiie- 
bra^ turn et ijjsa. voluntas somnos faciunt; as a gentle noise to some procures sleep, 
so, which Bernardinus Tilesius, lib. de so?nno,, well observes, silence, in a dark room, 
and the will itself, is most available to others. Piso commends frications, Andrew 
Borde a good draught of strong drink before one goes to bed ; I say, a nutmeg and 
ale, or a good draught of muscadine, with a toast and nutmeg, or a posset of the 
same, which many use in a morning, but methinks, for such as have dry brains, are 
much more proper at night; some prescribe a ^^sup of vinegar as they go to bed, a 
spoonful, saith ^Etius Tetrabib. lib. 2. ser. 2. cap. U). lib. 6. cap. 10. jEgineta, lib. 3. 
cap. 14. Piso, ''a little after meat, '°° because it rarefies melancholy, and procures an 
appetite to sleep." Donat. ab Jlltomar. cap. 7. and Mercurialis approve of it, if the 
malady proceed from the 'spleen. Salust. Salvian. lib. 2. cap. 1. de remed. Hercules 
de Saxonia in Pan. uElimis^ Montaltus de morb. capitis., cap. 28. de Melan. are alto- 
gether against it. Lod. Mercatus, de inter. Morb. cau. lib. 1. cap. 17. in some cases 
doth allow it. 'Rhasis seems to deliberate of it, though Simeon commend it (in 
sauce peradventure) he makes a question of it : as for baths, fomentations, oils, 
potions, simples or compounds, inw^ardly taken to this purpose, ^ 1 shall speak of 
them elsewhere. If, in the midst of the night, when they lie awake, which is usual 
to toss and tumble, and not sleep, ^ Ranzovius would have them, if it be in warm 
weather, to rise and walk three or four turns (till they be cold) about the chamber 
and then go to bed again. 

Against fearful and troublesome dreams. Incubus and such inconveniences, where- 
witli melancholy men are molested, the best remedy is to eat a light supper, and of 
such meats as are easy of digestion, no hare, venison, beef, &.c., not to lie on his 
back, not to meditate or think in the day-time of any terrible objects, or especially 
talk of them before he goes to bed. For, as he said in Lucian after such conference, 
Hecates somniare mihi videor^ 1 can think of nothing but hobgoblins : and as Tully 
notes, ^'^for the most part our speeches in the day-time cause our fantasy to work 
upon the like in our sleep," which Ennius writes of Homer : Et canis in somnis 
leporis vestigia latrat: as a dog dreams of a hare, so do men on such subjects they 
thought on last. 

6" Poinnia qiiap mentes luduiit volitaiitibus umbris, 
Nee deliibra deiim, nee ah sethere nuiniiia mitlunt, 
Sed sibi qiiis(}ue facil," &c. 

For that cause when Ptolemy, king of Egypt, had posed the seventy interpreters in 
order, and asked the nineteenth man what would make one sleep quietly in the night, 
he told him, ' '■'' the best way was to have divine and celestial meditations, and to use 
rtonest actions in the day-time. ^ Lod. Vives wonders how schoolmen could sleep 
quietly, and were not terrified in the night, or walk in the dark, they had such mon- 
strous questions, and thought of such terrible matters all day long." They had 
need, amongst the rest, to sacrifice to god Morpheus, whom ^Philostratus paints in 
a vv'hite and black coat, with a horn and ivory box full of dreams, of the same 
colours, to signify good and bad. If you will know how to interpret them, read 
Artemidorus, Sambucus and Cardan ; but how to help them, '° I must refer you to a 
more convenient place. 



9'' Ad horain somni aures suavibus cantibus et sonis 
delitiire. '•>« Lectio jiiciiiida, aut sermo, ad quern 

attciitior animus converti'tiir, aut aqua ab alto in sub- 
jb/jtain pelviin delabatur, &c. Ovid. 99 Aceti sor- 

bitio. loo Attenuat nielanclioliam, et adconcilian- 

diini somnuin juvat. 'Quod lieiii acetum cnnveniat. 
^ Cont. 1. tr.'iet. i). meditaiidum de aceto. 3 Sect. 5. 

iiienib. I. Siibseet. ti. * Lib. de sauit. tuenda. "In 
Soiii. Sci;t. fit eiiim fere ut eo^itationes nostrae et ser- 
mo, ics pariant aliquid in soiuno, quale de F^oinero scri- 
bit Eiinius, de quo videlicet soeuissiuie vigijans solebal 



cogitare et loqui. 6 Arista hist. "Neither th« 

shrines of the gods, nor the deities themselves, send 
down from the heavens those dreams which mock oni 
minds with these flitting shadows, — we cause them to 
ourselves." ' Optimum de cncleslibus et honesiig 

meditari, et ea facere. ^iji,, \^_ ^\^,. ousis corr. art. 

tam mira monstra quicstionum sa-pe nascuiitur inter 
eos, ut mirer eos interJum in somniis non terreri. aut 
de iljis in tenebris audere verba r«ce. ;, ad?o re.« wunt 
monstrosse. sicon. lib. ]. ifStct. 5. Me<it. 1 

Subs. C. 



Mera. 6. Subs. 1.] 



Passions rectified. 



327 



MEMB. VI. 

SuBSECT. I. — Perturbations of the mind rectified. From himself\ hy resisting to the 
utmost^ co7ifessi7ig his grief to a friend., Sfc. 

Whosoever he is that shall hope to cure this malady in himself or any other, 
must first rectify these passions and perturbations of the mind : the chiefest cuie 
consists in them. A quiet mind is that voluptas, or summum bonum of Epicurus, 
non dolere^ curis vacare., animo tranquillo esse., not to grieve, but to want cares, and 
have a quiet soul, is the only pleasure of the world, as Seneca truly recites his opi- 
nion, not that of eating and drinking, which injurious Aristotle maliciously puts 
upon hinj, and for which he is still mistaken, male audit et vapulat^ slandered with- 
out a cause, and lashed by all posterity. "'■'Fear and sorrow, therefore, are espe- 
cially to be avoided, and the mind to be mitigated with mirth, constancy, good hope, 
vain terror, bad objects are to be removed, and all such persons in whose companies 
they be not well pleased." Gualter Bruel. Fernelius, consil. 43. Mercurialis, consil 
6. Piso, Jacchinus, Ctfj9. 15. m9. Rhasis, Capivaccius, Hildesheim, &c., all inculcate 
this as an especial means of their cure, that their '^'"' minds be quietly pacified, vain 
conceits diverted, if it be possible, with terrors, cares, '^ fixed studies, cogitations, 
and whatsoever it is that shall any way molest or trouble the soul," because thai 
otherwise there is no good to be done. '^••'•The body's mischiefs," as Plato proves, 
" proceed from the soul : and if the mind be not first satisfied, the body can never be 
cured." Alcibiades raves (saith '^Maxinms Tyrius) and is sick, his furious desires 
carry him from Lyceus to the pleading place, thence to the sea, so into Sicily, thence 
to Lacedcemon, thence to Persia thence to Samos, then again to Atheiis ; Critias 
tyranniseth over all the city ; F^rdanapalus is love-sick ; these men are ill-affected 
all, and can never be cured, tlif their minds be otherwise qualified. Crato, therefore, 
in that often-cited Counsel of his for a nobleman his patient, when he had sufficiently 
informed him in diet, air, exercise, Venus, sleep, concludes with these as matters of 
greatest moment. Quod reliquuni est., animai accidentia corrigantur., from which alone 
proceeds melancholy ; they are the fountain, the subject, the hinges whereon it 
turns, and must necessarily be reformed. '^"For anger stirs choler, heats the blood 
and vital spirits ; sorrow on the other side refrigerates the body, and extinguisheth 
natural heat, overthrows appetite, hinders concoction, dries up the temperature, and 
perverts the understanding :" fear dissolves the spirits, infects the heart, attenuates 
the soul : and for these causes all passions and perturbations must, to the uttermost 
of our power and most seriously, be removed, ^lianus Montaltus attributes so 
much to them, '' " that he holds the rectification of them alone to be sufficient to the 
cure of melancholy in most patients." Many are fully cured when they have seen 
or heard, &lc., enjoy their desires, or be secured and satisfied in their minds; Galen, 
the common master of them all, from whose fountain they fetch water, brags, ///;. 1. 
de san. tuend.^ that he, for his part, hath cured divers of this infirmity, soJuia animis 
ad rectum institutis., by right settling alone of their minds. 

Yea, but you will here infer, that this is excellent good indeed if it could be done; 
but how shall it be efiected, by whom, what art, what means .'' hie labor., hoc opus 
est. 'Tis a natural infirmity, a most powerful adversary, all men are subject to pas- 
sions, and melancholy above all others, as being distempered by their innate humours, 
abundance of choler adust, weakness of parts, outward occurrences ; and how shall 
they be avoided .'' the wisest men, greatest philosophers of most excellent wit, rea- 
son, judgment, divine spirits, cannot moderate themselves in this behalf; such as 
are sound in body and mind. Stoics, heroes. Homer's gods, all are passionate, and 



i» Aninii pcrliirbationes siimme fugiendae, metus po- 
cissimuiii et Iristilia: eorunique loco animus deimilcpn. 
»!iis hilarilale, animi constaniia, bona spe ; retnovendi 
terrores, et eoriiin cousDrtiuin qiios non probant. 
i-riiaMtasiic enruin placide subverteiidiP, terrores ah 
ti«.„.o leniovendi, isAbomiiifixa cogitatioiie 

qi(Ov4sniodo avertantur. HCuiHla mala cor^Hiris 

ab niiiiiio procediint, qiiie nisi c;;rer!tiir. corpus curari 
mininie potest, Charmid. i3 Djsputat. An niorbi 

gravjures corporis an aninii. Renoldo interpret, ut 



parum absit a furore, rapitiir a Lyceo in concionem, A 
concione ad mare, a mari in Sicilian!, &c. '^ Ira 

bileni movet, saiifiuinem adurit, vitales spiritiis accen 
dit, ina-,stitia iiniversuin corpus infriuidat, caloreni ir.- 
natuin extinguit, aiipetiluni destruit, concocti(Mie:s 
iinpedit, corpus exsiccat, intellecluni perveriit. Qua- 
iiiobreni ha'c f)innia pt.;r«"is vitaiida SLint. <t jiro virili 
fugienda. '" De niel. c. 2f.. ex IMis solum reuiedium; 

mulli ex visis, auditis, &.c. snnati sunt. 



3^ Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 

furiously carried sometimes ; and how shall we that are already crazed, /rrtc^i animis, 
sick in body, sick in mind, resist ? we cannot perform it. You may advise and givs 
good precepts, as who cannot ? But how shall they be put in practice } I may not 
deny but our passions are violent, and tyrannise of us, yet there be means to curb 
them ; though they be headstrong, they may be tamed, they may be qualified, if he 
himself or his friends will but use their honest endeavours, or make use of such 
ordinary helps as are commonly prescribed. 

He himself (1 say); from the patient himself the first and chiefest remedy must 
be had ; for if he be averse, peevish, waspish, give way wholly to his passions, will 
not seek to be helped, or be ruled by his friends, how is it possible he should be 
cured ? But if he be v/illing at least, gentle, tractable, and desire his own good, no 
doubt but he may magnam morhl deponere partem., be eased at least, if not cured. 
He himself must do his utmost endeavour to resist and withstand the beginnings. 
Principiis obstd^ " Give not water passage, no not a little," Ecclus. xxv. 27. If they 
open a little, they will make a greater breach at length. Whatsoever it is that run- 
neth in his mind, vain conceit, be it pleasing or displeasing, which so much affects 
or troubleth him, '^"by all possible means he must withstand it, expel those vain, 
false, frivolous imaginations, absurd conceits, feigned fears and sorrows ; from which," 
saith Piso, "■ this disease primarily proceeds, and takes his first occasion or begin- 
ning, by doing something or other that shall be opposite unto them, thinking of 
something else, persuading by reason, or howsoever to make a sudden alteration of 
them." Though he have hitherto run in a full career, and precipitated himself, fol- 
lowing his passions, giving reins to his appetite, let him now stop upon a sudden, 
curb himself in; and as '^Lemnius adviseth, "strive against with all his power, to 
the utmost cf his endeavour, and not cherish those fond imaginations, which so 
covertly creep into his mind, most pleasing and amiable at first, but bitter as gall at 
last, and so headstrong, that by no reason, art, counsel, or persuasion, ihey may be 
shaken off." Though he be far gone, and habituated unto such fantastical imagina- 
tions, yet as ^°Tully and Plutarch advise, let him oppose, fortify, or prepare himself 
against them, by pre-meditation, reason, or as we do by a crooked staff, bend him- 
self another way. 

21 "Tu tamen interfa effugito qu£E tristia mentem | " In the meantime expel tliem fl-om thy mind, 

Solicitaiit, procul esse jiibe curasque nietiimque [ I'ale fears, sad cares, and cnefs which do it grind, 
Pallentuin, ultrices iras,sint omnia Ireta." Keven^efil anger, pain and discontent, 

I Lei ali thy soul b:; set on inerriment." 

Curas tolle graves., irasci crede profanum. If it be idleness hath caused this in- 
firmity, or that he peiceive himself given -to solitariness, to walk alone, and please 
his mind with fond imaginations, let him by all means avoid it ; 'tis a bosom enemy, 
'tis delightsome melancholy, a friend in show, but a secret devil, a sweet poison, it 
will in the end be his undoing ; let him go presently, task or set himself a work, 
get some good company. If he proceed, as a gnat flies about a candle, so long till 
at lengtli he burn his bod J, so in the end he will undo himself: if it be any liarsh 
object, ill company, let him presently go from it. If by his own default, tiirough 
ill diet, bad air, want of exercise, &c., let hiin now begin to reform himself. " It 
would be a perfect remedy against all corruption, if," as ^" Roger Bacon hath it, " we 
could but moderate ourselves in those six non-natural things. ^ If it be any dis- 
grace, abuse, temporal loss, calumny, death of friends, imprisonment, banishment, 
be not troubled with it, do not fear, be not angry, grieve not at it, but with all courage 
sustain it." (Gordonius, lib. 1. c. \fi.de conser. vif.) Tu contra audentior ito. ^Mf 
it be sickness, ill success, or any adversity that hath caused it, oppose an invincible 
courage, " fortify thyself by God's word, or otherwise," mala bonis perstiadenda., set 
prosperity against adversity, as we refresh our eyes by seeing some pleasant meadow, 

'8 Pro virihus annitendnm in pra;dictis, turn in aliis, i secretis artis et naturie cap. 7. de retard, sen. Ren)ediiiiu 
8 quibns malum V(;lut a primaria causa occasionem esset contra corruptionem propriam, si quilihet exerce- 
tiactumest.imaginationesahsurda! falsfequect nioestitia ret regimen sanitatis, quod consistit in rehus s<*x nou 
qiiiecunque subieri*. propulsetur, aut aliud agendo, aut naturaiibus. 23 pro aliquo vituperio non indi-gneris, 
ratione persuadendo earum mntationem subito facere. ; nee pro amissione alicujiis rei, pro nmrte alicujus, nee 
'J Lib. "2. c. 1(), de occult, nat. Quisqiiis hnic malo oh- pro carcere, nee pro exilio, nee pro alia r<;, nee irascaris, 
aoxius est, acriler obsistat, et summa cnra obluctelur, nee limeas. nee doleas, sed cum sumn)a pra;sentia haec 



nee ullo modo foveat imasinationes tacite obrepontcs 
Biiiino, hiandas ah initio et amahiles.sed qua; adeo con- 
va escunt, nt nulla ratione excuti qiieant. '^o,3. Tusc. 
ad Apollonium. '■*) pracast.irius. 22£pisi. de 



sustineas. a'duodsi incommoda adversitatis infor- 

tiima hoc malnm invexerint, his infractiim animnm o|>- 
ponas, Dei verbo ejusque fiducia te sufftilcias, &,c., Lem- 
nius, lib. 1. c. 16. 



Mdn. 6. Subs. l.J Passiom rectified. 329 

fountain, picture, or the like : recreate thy mind by some contrary object, with so..-'< 
more pleasing meditation divert thy thoughts. 

Yea, but you infer again, /acZ/e consilium damns aids ^ we can easily give counsel 
to others ; every man, as the saying is, can tame a shrew but he that hath her \ si 
hie esses, aliter sentires; if you were in our misery, you would find it otherwise, 
'tis not so easily performed. We know this to be true ; we should moderate our- 
selves, but we are furiously carried, we cannot make use of such precepts, we are 
overcome, sick, 7nale sani, distempered and habituated to these courses, we can make 
no resistance ; you may as well bid him that is diseased not to feel pai^i, as a melaiv 
choly man not to fear, not to be sad : 'tis within his blood, his brains, his whole tem- 
perature, it cannot be removed. But he may choose whether he will give way too far 
unto it, he may in some sort correct himself A philosopher was bitten with a mad dog, 
and as the nature of that disease is to abhor all waters, and liquid things, and to think 
still they see the picture of a dog before ihem: he went for all this, reluctante sp, to the 
bath, and seeing there (as he thought) in tlie water the picture of a dog, with reason 
overcame this conceit, quid cani cum halneof what should a dog do in a bath .^ 
a mere conceit. Thou thinkest thou hearest and seest devils, black men, Slc, 
'lis not so, 'tis thy corrupt fantasy; settle thine imagination, thou art well. Thou 
thinkest thou hast a great nose, thou art sick, every man observes thee, laughs thee 
to scorn ; persuade thyself 'tis no such matter : this is fear only, and vain suspicion. 
Thou art discontent, thou art sad and heavy; but why.^ upon what ground.'' con- 
sider of it : thou art jealous, timorous, suspicious ; for what cause } examine it 
thoroughly, thou shalt find none at all, or such as is to be contemned; such as tliou 
wilt surely deride, and contemn in thyself, when it is past. Rule thyself then with 
reason, satisfy thyself, accustom thyself, wean thyself from such fond conceits, vain 
fears, strong imaginations, restless thoughts. Thou mayest do it; Est in nobis 
assuescere (as Plutarch saith), we may frame ourselves as we will. As he that useth 
an upright shoe, may correct the obliquity, or crookedness, by wearing it on the 
other side ; we may overcome passions if we will. Quicquid sibi imperavit animus 
obtinuit (as ^^ Seneca saith) nulli tarn fcrl afectus, ut jion disciplind perdomcniur, 
whatsoever the will desires, she may command : no such cruel affections, but by dis- 
cipline they may be tamed ; voluntarily thou wilt not do this or that, which thou 
oughtest to do, or refrain, Stc, but when thou art lashed like a dull jade, thou wilt 
reform it : fear of a whip will make thee do, or not do. Do that voluntarily then 
\vhich thou canst do, and must do by compulsion ; thou mayest refrain if thou wilt, 
and master thine affections. ^^As in a city (saith Melancthon) they do by stubborn 
rebellious rogues, that will not submit themselves to political judgment, compel tliem 
by force ; so must we do by our affections. If the heart will not lay aside those 
vicious motions, and the fantasy those fond imaginations, we have another tonn of 
government to enforce and refrain our outward members, that they be not led by our 
passions." If appetite will not obey, let the moving faculty overrule her, let her 
resist and compel her to do otherwise. In an ague the appetite would drink ; sore 
eyes that itch would be rubbed ; but reason saith no, and therefore tlie moving 
faculty will not do it. Our fantasy would intrude a thousand fears, suspicions, chi- 
meras upon us, but we have reason to resist, yet we let it be overborne by our appe- 
tite; ^^"imagination enforceth spirits, which, by an admirable league of nature, compel 
the nerves to obey, and they our several limbs :" we give too much way to our pas- 
sions. And as to him that is sick of an ague, all things are distasteful and unplea- 
sant, nan ex cibi vitio, saith Plutarch, not in the 'meat, but in our taste : so many 
things are offensive to us, not of themselves, but out of our corrupt judgmt.jt, 
jealousy, suspicion, and the like : we pull these m.ischiefs upon our own heads. 

If then our judgment be so depraved, our reason overruled, will precipitated, that 
we cannot seek our own good, or moderate ourselves, as in this disease connno^ily 
it is, the best way for ease is to impart our misery to some friend, not to smother it 
up in our own breast: aliter vitium crescitque tegendo, ^-c, and tliat which was most 



35 Lib. 2. de ira. 2fiCap. 3. fie afft'cf. a^nim. Ut in 

civitatihiis contumacep qui tion cediint politico imperio 
vi coercetidi sunt; ita Dons nobis indidit alteram iin- 
pt^rij formani ; si cor rion deponit vitiosiini affectum, 
ueiubra forascoercenda sunt, ne ruant in quod affdCtus 

42 2 c 3 



impellal: et Incomotiva, qnrp horiii imporioobtempcrat. 
alteri resisiat. 27 |,nat;inalio impellit spintns, et 

inde nervi nioventur, &c. Rt obtemperant imn^ina 
tioni et appetitui mirabili fnedere, ad exeqnendum quo* 
jubent. 



330 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2 Sect. 2 

offensive to us, a cause of fear and grief, quod nunc te coquit^ another hell ; for 
^ strangulat hiclusus dolor atque excestncd intus, grief concealed strangles the soul; 
but when as we shall but impart it to some discreet, trusty, loving friend, it is 
*^ instantly removed, by his counsel happily, wisdom, persuasion, advice, his good 
means, which we could not otherwise apply unto ourselves. A friend's counsel is 
a charm, like mandrake wine, curas sopit ; and as a '^buU that is tied to a fig-tree 
becomes gentle on a sudden (which some, saith ^' Plutarch, interpret of good words), 
so is a savage, obdurate heart mollified by fair speeches. " All adversity finds ease 
in complaining (as ^^ Isidore holds), " and 'tis a solace to relate it," ^^ 'Ayadrj 6e rfopoJ- 
pnai^ srstLv Btaipov. Friends' confabulations are comfortable at all times, as fire in 
winter, shade in summer, quale sopor fessis in gr amine ^ meat and drink to him that 
is hungry or athirst; Democritus's collyrium is not so sovereign to the eyes as this 
"s to the heart; good words are cheerful and powerful of themselves, but much more 
from friends, as so many props, mutually sustaining each other like ivy and a wah, 
which Camerarius hath well illustrated in an emblem. Lenit animum simplex vel 
sa'pe narraiio^ the simple narration many times easeth our distressed mind, and in 
the midst of greatest extremities ; so diverse have been relieved, by ^ exonerating 
themselves to a faithful friend : he sees that which we cannot see for passion and 
discontent, he pacifies our minds, he will ease our pain, assuage our anger; quanta 
inde vohipfas^ quanta securitas^ Chrysostom adds, what pleasure, what security by 
that means ! '^^^ Nothing so available, or that so much refresheth the soul of man." 
Tully, as I remember, in an epistle to his dear friend Atticus, much condoles the 
defect of such a friend. ^^" I live here (saitli he) in a great city, where I have a multi- 
tude of acquaintance, but not a man of ail that company with whom I dare familiarly 
breathe, or freely jest. Wherefore I expect thee, I desire thee, I send for thee ; for 
there be many things which trouble and molest me, which had I but thee in presence. 
I could quickly disburden myself of in a walking discourse." The like, perad- 
venture, may he and he say with that old man in the comedy, 

37" Nemo est ineorum ainicorum hodie, 

Apud quern expromere occulta niea audeam." 

and much inconvenience may both he and he suffer in the meantime by it. Me or 
he, or whosoever then labours of this malady, by all means let him get some trusty 
friend, ^^ Semper habens FyJademque aliquem qui curet Orestem^ a Pylades, to whom 
freely and securely he may open himself. For as in all other occurrences, so it is 
in this. Si quis in cxlum ascendisset., Sfc. as he said in ^^ Tully, if a man had gone 
to heaven, " seen the beauty of the skies," stars errant, fixed, Slc, insua^is erit 
admiratio, it will do him no pleasure, except he have somebody to imparl what he 
hath seen. It is the best thing in the world, as ""Seneca therefore adviseth in such 
a case, " to get a trusty friend, to whom we may freely and sincerely pour out our 
secrets ; nothing so delighteth and easeth the mind, as when we have a prepared 
bosom, to which our secrets may descend, of whose conscience we are assured ag 
our own, whose speech may ease our succourless estate, counsel relieve, mirth expel 
our mourning, and whose very sight may be acceptable unto us." Jt was the counsel 
which that politic ■*' Commineus gave to all princes, and others distressed in mind, 
by occasion of Charles Duke of Burgundy, that was much perplexed, ''first to pray 
to God, and lay himself open to him, and then to some special friend, whom we 
hold most dear, to tell all our grievances to him ; nothing so forcible to strengthen, 
recreate, and heal the wounded soul of a miserable man." 



2« Ovid Trist. lib. 5. 29 Participes iiide calairiitatis 

nostrse sunt, et vtlut pxonerata in eos sarcina onere 
lovauisir. Aiisl. Etii. lib. 9. *> Camerarius Knibl. 26. 
Ceil. 2. 31 Sympos. lib. 6. cap. 10. 32 Epist. 8. 

lib. ^^. Adversa fortiina habet in querelis levamentum ; 
et maloriim_rolatio, &c. 33 Alioquium chari juvat, 

et solamen aiuici. Emblem. 54. cent. 1. 34 As David 
did to Jonathan, 1 Sam. xx. 35Seneca Epist. 07. 

36 Hie in civitale maj^na et turba magna iiomiiiem 
reperire possumus quociim suspirare faniiliariter aut 
jocari libere possimus. Q.iiare te expectamus, te desi- 



have not a single friend this day, to whom I dare to 
disclose my secrets." s^ovid. 39 Dp amicitia, 

40 I)e tranquil, c. 7. Optimum est amicum fi.lelem nan- 
cisci in quern secreta nostra infundamus; nihil OBqiie 
oblectat animum, quam ubi sint prieparata pectora, in 
qu£B tuto secreta descendant, quorum coiiscientia a)que 
ac tua : quorum sermo snlitudinom leniat, senf<;ntia 
consilium expediat, hilaritas trislitiam dissipet, con- 
spectusque ipse delectet. ^i Conmient. i. 7. Ad 

Deum confusriamus, et peccatis veniam jirecemnr '^ide 
ad amicos, et cui plurimuni tribuimus, nos |)at-,.'.cia 



ieramiis, te arcessimus. Multa sunt enim c\ux me j mus totos, et animi vulnus quo afflifjimur: n nil ad 
soticitiiit et angunt, quae mihi videor auiestuas nactus, reficiendum animum etficacius. 
•»nius ambulationis sermone exhaurire posse. ^ l| 



Mem. 6. Subs. 2.J 



Mind rectified. 



^31 



SuBStCT. II. — Help from friends by counsel^ comfort^ fair and foul means, witty 
devices^ satisfaction^ alteration of his course of life^ removing objects^ <S|-c. 

When the patient of himself is not able to resist, or overcome these heart-eating 
passions, his friends or physician must be ready to supply that which is wanting. 
Sucp. erit hiimanitatis et sapientice (which "^^Tully enjoineth in like case) siquid erra- 
tum^ curare^ ant improvisum^ sua diligentid corrigere. They must all join ; nee satis 
medico^ saith ^^ Ilippocrates, suum fecisse ojjicium^ nisi suum quoque wgrotus, suum 
astantes^ 6fc. First, they must especially beware, a melancholy discontented person 
(be it in what kind of melancholy soever) never be left alone or idle : bul as physi- 
cians prescribe physic, cum cuslodid^ let them not be left unto themselves, but with 
some company or other, lest by that means they aggravate and increase their dis- 
ease ; non oportet cpgros humjusmodi esse solos vel inter ignotos^ vel inter eos quos 
non araant aut negligunt^ as Rod. a Fonseca, tom. 1. consul. 35. prescribes. Lugentes 
custodire solemus ^^saith "'^ Seneca) ne soUtudine male utantur; we watch a sorrowful 
person, lest he abuse his solitariness, and so should we do a melancholy man ; set 
hiin about some business, exercise or recreation, which may divert his thoughts, and 
still keep him otherwise intent; for his fantasy is so restless, operative and quick, 
that i[ it be not in perpetual action, ever employed, it will work upon itself, melan- 
cholise, and be carried away instantly, with some fear, jealousy, discontent, suspi- 
cion, some vain conceit or other. It' his weakness be such that he cannot discern 
what is amiss, correct, or satisfy, it behoves them by counsel, comfort, or persua- 
sion, by fair or foul means, to alienate his mind, by some artificial invention, or some 
contrary persuasion, to remove all objects, causes, companies, occasions, as may 
any ways molest him, to humour him, please him, divert him, and if it be possible, 
by altering his course of life, to give him security and satisfaction. If he conceal 
his grievances, and will not be known of them, '^^"they must observe by his looks, 
gestures, motions, fantasy, what it is that ofiends," and then to apply remedies unto 
him : many are instantly cured, when their minds aie satisfied. ^''Alexander makes 
mention of a woman, ''^ that by reason of her husband's long absence in travel, was 
exceeding peevish and melancholy, but when she heard her luisband was returned, 
beyond all expectation, at the iirst sight of him, she was freed from all fear, without 
help of any other physic restored to her former health." Trincavellius, consil. 12. 
lib. 1. hath such a story of a Venetian, that being much troubled with melancholy, 
■*^^''and ready to die for grief, when he heard his wife was brought to bed of a son, 
instantly recovered." As Alexander concludes, "'^'^ If our hnaginations be not in- 
veterate, by this art they may be cured, especially if they proceed from such a 
cause." No better way to satisfy, than to remove the object, cause, occasion, if 
by any art or means possible we may find it out. If he grieve, stand in fear, be in 
suspicion, suspense, or any way molested, secure him, Solviliir malum^ give him 
satisfaction, the cure is ended ; alter his course of life, there needs no other physic. 
If the party be sad, or otherwise affected, '•'• consider (saith '^Trallianus) the manner 
of it, all circumstances, and forthwith make a sudden alteration," by removing the 
occasions, avoid all terrible objects, heard or seen, ^"'■Mnonstrous and prodigious 
aspects," tales of devils, spirits, ghosts, tragical stories ; to such as are in fear they 
strike a great impression, renewed many times, and recall such chimeras and terrible 
fictions into their minds. ^' '' Make not so much as mention of them in private talk, 
or a dumb show tending to that purpose : such things (saith Galateus) are offensive 
to tlieir imaginations." And to those that are now in sorrow, ^" Seneca '•'• forbids all 
sad companions, and such as lament ; a groaning companion is an enemy to quiet- 



42 Ep. a. frat. « Aplior. prim. « Episl. 10. 

*o ObstTvaiKio inotus, gcstus, iiiatiiis, pedes, ocuIds, 
phaiitasiain, Piso. 46]viu|jer melancliulia coirepta ex 
iuii{{a viri peregrinatioiie, el iracuiide oiniiibiis rr-pon- 
Jeiis, qiiiiiii maritiis doiiium rev(;rsiis, piKier s-pein,&c. 

Prffi dolore nioritunis qiiuin minciatum esset uxori^m 
peperisse ft*iuiii subito reciiperavit. *^ Nisi attcctiis 

I. ::;;n tetiipHrrt infestaverit, tali ar.ificio imaginatioiies 
curare oixirtet, pra>serlim ul)i iiialiiin ah Ins velut a pri- 
niaria causa occasiunein habuerit. '•" Lib. 1. cap. 10. 



Si ex tristitia aul alio aflectu caeperit, spociem consi- 
dera, aut aliud qui eorurn, qu:e subilain alleratioiieui 
facere possuiit. soEvJtaiidi tiioiistrirtci asfiectus. &.c. 
SI Neque eiiiiu lam actio, aut recordatio reriiiii liiijiis- 
modi displicel, sed iis v<;l gestus alti-rius liuagiuatioin 
adumbrnro, vehciiieiiter uioleslum. Gahit. de mor.rjip. 
7. !'J Tranquil. Prii'cipue viteritur tristi-s, et omnia 

deplorarites ; tranquiilitati iuimicus est comes perlur- 
batus, omnia gemea::». 



332 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 

aess. ' ^"^ Or if there be any such party, at whose presence the patient is not well 
plea.'ied, he must be removed : gentle speeches, and fair means, must first be tried; 
no harsh language used, or uncomfortable words ; and not expel, as some do, one 
madness with another; he that so doth, is madder than the patient himself:" all 
things must be quietly composed ; eversa nan evertenda^ scd erigenda, things down 
must not be dejected, but reared, as Crato counselleth ; ^^"he must be quietly and 
gently used," and we should not do anything against his mind, but by little and little 
effect it. As a horse that starts at a drum or trumpet, and will not endure the slioot- 
ing of a piece, may be so manned by art, and animated, that he cannot only endure, 
but is much more generous at the hearing of such things, much more courageous 
than before, and much delighteth in it '. they must not be reformed ex ahnipto., but 
by all art and insinuation, made to such companies, aspects, objects they could not 
formerly away with. Many at first cannot endure the sight of a green wound, a 
sick man, which afterward become good chirurgeons, bold empirics : a horse starts 
at a rotten post afar off, which coming near he quietly passeth. 'Tis much in the 
manner of making such kind of persons, be they never so averse from company, 
bashful, solitary, timorous, they may be made at last with those Roman matrons, to 
desire nothing more than in a public show, to see a full company of gladiators breathe 
out their last. 

If they may not otherwise be accustomed to brook such distasteful and displeas- 
ing objects, the best way then is generally to avoid them. Montanus, consil. 229. 
to the Earl of Montfort, a courtier, and his melancholy patient, adviseth him to leave 
the court, by reason of those continual discontents, crosses, abuses, ^^" cares, suspi- 
cions, emulations, ambition, anger, jealousy, which that place afforded, and which 
surely caused him to be so melancholy at the first :" Maxima qucsque domiis servis 
est plena superbis: a company of scoffers and proud jacks are commonly conversant 
and attend in such places, and able to make any man that is of a soft, quiet disposi- 
tion (as many times they do) ex stullo insanum, if once they humour him, a very 
idiot, or stark mad. A thing too much practised in all common societies, and they 
have no better sport than to make themselves merry by abusing some silly fellow, 
or to take advantage of another man's weakness. In such cases as in a plague, the 
best remedy is Ci7d, huge tarde: (for to such a party, especially if he be apprehen- 
sive, there can be no greater misery) to get him quickly gone far enough off, and not 
to be overhasty in his return. U he be so stupid that he do not apprehend it, his 
friends should take some order, and by their discretion supply that which is want- 
ing in him, as in all other cases they ought to do. If they see a man melancholy 
given, solitary, averse from company, please himself with such private and vain medi- 
tations, though he delight in it, they ought by all means seek to divert him, to dehorl 
him, to tell him of the event and danger that may come of it. If they see a man 
idle, that by reason of his means otherwise will betake himself to no course of life, 
they ought seriously to admonish him, he makes a noose to entangle himself, his 
want of employment will be his undoing. If he have sustained any great loss, suf- 
fered a repulse, disgrace, &.C., if it be possible, relieve him. If he desire aught, let 
him be satisfied; if in suspense, fear, suspicion, let him be secured : and if it may 
conveniently be, give him his heart's content; for the body cannot be cured till the 
mind be satisfied. ^^ Socrates, in Plato, would prescribe no physic for Charmides' 
headache, " till first he had eased his troubled mind ; body and soul must be cured 
together, as head and eyes. 

&T"Ocuium non curabis sine toto capite, 
Nee caput sine toto corpore,^ 
Nee totunn corpus sine annua." 

If that may not be hoped or expected, yet ease him with comfort, cheerful speeches, 
fair promises, and good words, persuade him, advise him. "Many," saith ^^ Galen, 



63Illorum quoque liominum, a quorum consortio ab- 
horrent, prteseniia aniovenda, nee sermonibus ingratis 
obtiidendi ; si quis iusaniain nb insania sic curari aesti- 
niet, el proterve utitnr, niagis qiiani leger insanit. 
Crald cniisil. l,-'4. Scoltzii. 64 jvjollitor ae siiaviter 

ffgcr tractetur, nee ad ea adigalur qua; non curat. 
'Ob sii>:|)i(ioiK!S curas, a'niiilationem, anibitioneni, 



iras, &c. quus locus ille niinislrat, et quae fecissent me- tuend. 



lancholicum. ssjvisi prius animum turbatissimum 

curasset ; oculi sinecapite, nee corpus sine aniina cu- 
rari potest. 67 E grajco. "You shall not cure the 
eye, unless you cure the whole head also ; nor the head, 
unless the whole body; nor the whole body, unless the 
soul besides." 68 Et nos non paucos sanavimus, 
aninii motibus ad debitum revocatis, lib 1. de sanit. 



Mem. 6. Subs. 2.] Mind rectified. 333 

< have been cured by good counsel and persuasion alone. Eleaviness of llie heart 
of man doth bring it down, but a good word rejoicetli it," Prov. xii. 25. "And there 
is he that speaketh words like the pricking of a sword, but the tongue of a wise 
man is health," ver. 18. Orafio^namque saucii animi est remed'ium^ a gentle speech 
is the true cure of a wounded soul, as ^^ Plutarch contends out of ^schylus ancJ 
Euripides : '"• if it be wisely administered it easeth grief and pain, as diverse remedies 
do many other diseases." 'Tis incantati.onis instar^ a charm, ccstuantis animi refri- 
geriiim., that true Nepenthe of Homer, which was no Indian plant, or fei(rne(] meth- 
cine, which Epidamna, Thonis' wife, sent Helena for a token, as Macrobius, 7. 
Safurnnl. Goropius Hermat. lib. 9. Greg. Nazianzen, and others suppose, but oppor- 
tunity of speech : for Helena's bowl, Medea's unction, Venus's girdle, Circe's cup, 
cannot so enchant, so forcibly move or alter as it doth. A letter sent or read will 
do as much; multum allevor quum t.iias literas Zeo^o, 1 am much eased, as ^°Tully 
wrote to Pomponius Atticus, when I read thy letters, and as Julianus the Apostate 
once signified to Maximus the philosopher; as Alexander slept with Homer's works, 
so do J with thine epistles, tanqnain Pceoniis medicamentis., easqtie assidiie fanqiiam 
recentes et novas iteramus; scribe ergo^ et assidiie scribe^ or else come thyself; ami- 
cus ad amicum venies. Assuredly a wise and well-spoken man may do what he will 
in such a case ; a good orator alone, as ^' TuUy holds, can alter afTections by power 
of his eloquence, " comfort such as are afflicted, erect such as are depressed, expel 
and mitigate fear, lust, anger," &lc. And how powerful is the charm of a discreet 
and dear friend ? Ille regit dictis animos et ttmperat iras. What may not he effect I 
As ^^Chremes told Menedemus, "' Fear not, conceal it not, O friend ! but tell me what 
it is that troubles thee, and J shall surely help thee by comfort, counsel, or in thd 
matter itself. ^^Arnoldus, lib. 1. breviar. cap. 18. speaks of a usurer in his time, thai 
upon a loss, much melancholy and discontent, was so cured. As imagination, fear, 
grief, cause such passions, so conceits alone, rectified by good hope, counsel. Sec, 
are able again to help : and 'tis incredible how much they can do in sucii a case, as 
^^ Trincavellius illustrates by an example of a patient of his ; Porphyrins, the philo- 
sopher, in Plotinus's life (written by him), relates, that being in a discontented 
humour through insufferable anguish of mind, he was going to make away himself: 
but meeting by chance his master Plotinus, who perceiving by his distracted looks 
all was not well, urged him to confess his grief: which when he had heard, he used 
such comfortable speeches, that he redeemed him e faucibiis Erebi^ pacified his 
unquiet mind, insomuch that he was easily reconciled to himself, and much abashed 
to think afterwards that he should ever entertain so vile a motion. By all means, 
therefore, fair promises, good words, gentle persuasions, are to be used, not to be 
too rigorous at first, ®'" or to insult over them, not to deride, neglect, or contemn," 
but rather, as Lemnius exhorteth, " to pity, and by all plausible means to seek to 
redress them :" but if satisfaction may not be had, mild courses, promises, comfort- 
able speeches, and good counsel will not take place ; then as Cliristopherus a Vega 
determines, lib. 3. cap. 14. de Mel. to handle them more roughly, to threaten and 
chide, saith ^^ Altomarus, terrify sometimes, or as Salvianus will have them, to be 
lashed and whipped, as we do by a starting horse, ^' that is affrighted without a cause, 
or as ^ Rhasis adviseth, " one while to speak fair and flatter, another while to terrify 
and chide, as they shall see cause." 

When none of these precedent remedies will avail, it will not be amiss, which 
Savanarola and jElian Montaltus so much commend, c/rty?/m clavo pellere^'^^'-' to 
drive out one passion with another, or by some contrary passion," as they do bleed- 
ing at nose by letting blood in the arm, to expel one fear with another, one grief 
with another. "^^ Christopherus a Vega accounts it rational physic, non alienum a 

59Consol. ad Apolloniurn. Si quis sapicnter et suo | hominibus insiilU't, aut in illos sit severinr, voriirn m 



leini)(>re adhilieat, Reinedia morbi? diversis divori- 
Mint ; dolenteni sermo beni(;miP sublnvat. ^o Lib. 

V7. Epist. 61 De nat. deoruin consolattir afflictos, 

deducit perterritns a tiinore, ciipidilales imprimis, et 
iracundias comprimit. 62 Heaiiton. Act. 1. Seen. ]. 



seria" jjotiiis indolcscat, vicemque doploret. lib. 2. cap. 
l(i. cecap. 7. Idem Piso Lanrentius cap 8. «" (iiiod 
timet nihil est, ubi cngitur et videt. 68 Una vice 

blaiidiantiir, una vice ii.<!dem terrorern inciitiant 
6s»Si vero fuerit ex novo malo audito, vel ex animi ac 



iVe metiie, ne verere, crede inquain niihi, aut consolan- cidente, aut de amissione mcrciiim, aut morte amiri, 
do, aut consilio, aut rejuvero. 63 Novi fteiicratorem intioducantur nova coiitraria his qua? ipsum ad gaudia 

avarud apud meos sic curatum, qui multain pecuniam moveant; de hoc semper niti debcmus, &c. 'oUb. 

amiserat. 64 Lib. L consil. 12. liicredibile dictu | 3. cap. 14. 

quantum juvvnt. 65 jVemo istiusmodi condilionis I 



334 Cure of Melancholy [Part. 2. Sec. 2 

rat.ione: 'jIuI Lemnius much approves il, "to use a hard wedge to a hard knot," to 
drive out one disease with another, to pull out a tooth, or wound him, to g-eld him. 
saith '^' Platerus, as they did epileptical patients of old, because it quite alters the 
temperature, that the pain of the one may mitigate the grief of the other; '^"and 1 
knew one that was so cured of a quartan ague, by the sudden coming of his enemies 
upon him." If we may believe "^^ Pliny, whom Scaliger calls mendaciorum patrcm^ 
the father of lies, Q. Fabius Maximus, that renowned consul of Rome, in a battle 
fought with the king of the Allobroges, at the river Isaurus, was so rid of a quartan 
Ague. Valesius, in liis controversies, holds this an excellent remedy, and if it be 
discreetly used in this malady, better tlian any physic. 

Sometimes again by some '"* feigned lie, strange news, witty device, artificial inven- 
tion, it is not amiss to deceive them. ""As they hate those," saith Alexander, " that 
neglect or deride, so they will give ear to such as will soothe them up. If they say 
they have swallowed frogs or a snake, by all means grant it, and tell them you can 
easily cure it ; 'tis an ordinary thing. Philodotus, the physician, cured a melancholy 
king, that thought his head was off, by putting a leaden cap thereon ; the weight 
made him perceive it, and freed him of his fond imagination. A woman, in the said 
Alexander, swallowed a serpent as she thought ; he gave her a vomit, and conveyed 
a serpent, such as she conceived, into the basin; upon the sight of it she was 
amended. The pleasantest dotage that ever I read, saith '^ Laurentius, was of a gen- 
tleman at Senes in Italy, who was afraid to piss, lest all the town should be drowned ; 
the physicians caused the bells to be rung backward, and told him the town was on 
fire, whereupon he made water, and was immediately cured. Another supposed his 
nose so big that he should dash it against the wall if he stirred ; his physician took 
a great piece of flesh, and holding it in his hand, pinched him by the nose, making 
him believe that flesh was cut from it. Forestus, ohs. lib. 1. had a melancholy patient, 
who thouglit he was dead, ""he put a fellow in a chest, like a dead man, by his 
bedside, and made him rear himself a little, and eat : the melancholy man asked the 
counterfeit, whether dead men use to eat meat ? He told him yea ; M^hereupon he 
did eat likewise and was cured." Lemnius, lib. 2. cap. 6. de 4. complex, hath many 
such instances, and Jovianus Pontanus, lib. 4. cap. 2. of Wisd. of the like ; but 
amongst the rest I find one most memorable, registered in the '** French chronicles 
of an advocate of Paris before mentioned, who believed verily he was dead, &c. 1 
read a multitude of examples of melancholy men cured by such artificial inventions. 

Sub SECT. TIL — Music a remedy. 

Many and sundry are the means which philosophers and physicians have prescribed 
to exhilarate a sorrowful heart, to divert those fixed and intent cares and meditations, 
which in tliis malady so much offend ; but in my judgment none so present, none so 
powerful, none so apposite as a cup of strong drink, mirth, music, and merry company 
Ecclus. xl. 20. " Wine and music rejoice the heart." '^Rhasis, cont. 9. Tract. 15 
Altomarus, cap. 7. jElianus Montaltus, c. 26. Ficinus. Bened. Victor. Faventinus are al- 
most immoderate in the commendation of it ; a most forcil^le medicine ^Jacchinus calls 
it: Jason Pratensis, "a most admirable thing, ajul wortliy of consideration, that can 
so mollify the mind, and stay those tempestuous affections of it." Musica est mentis 
medicina mcRStm^ a roaring-meg against melancholy, to rear and revive the languish- 
ing soul ; ^' " affecting not only the ears, but the very arteries, the vital and animal 
spirits, it erects the mind, and makes it nimble." Lemnius, instit. cap. 44. This it 
wdl effect in the most dull, severe and sorrowful souls, ^- " expel grief with mirth, 
and if there be any clouds, dust, or dregs of cares yet lurking iu our thoughts, most 



"Cap. 3. Castratio olim a veterihus usa in inorbis 
ilesperalis, &c. '2 Lib. 1. cap. 5. sic morbum morbo, 

ut clavuiti clavo, retunditnng, et malo nodo malum cii- 
iieiim adhibemiis. Nnvi ego qui ex subito hostium in- 
ciHsu et ino[)i natotimorcquartariam depulerat. "3[^jh. 
7. cap. 5U. In acie piijinans febre qiiartana liberatiis 
fst. '* Jacchiniis, c. \5. in 9. Rhasis Mont. cap. 26. 

'sLib. Leap. 16. aversantiir eos qui eoriim afTectus ri- 
dent, contcmnunt. Si ranas et viperas comedisse se 
piitant, concedere debeums, et sp^m de cura facere 
'8 Cap. 6. de ciel. "Cistani posuit ex Medicorum 



consilio prope eiim, in quern alium se mortuum fingen- 
tern pacnit ; hie in cista jacens, <fce. '»Serres. 1550. 

"9 In {». Rhasis. Magnam vim habet musica, ^Car 

de Mania. Aihniranda profecto res est, et digna expei,- 
sione, quod soiiorum concinnitas mentem emnlliat, sis- 
tatque procellosas ipsius affectiones. »' Lanjfuens 

animus inde eriiL'itur et reviviscit, nee tarn anres afficit, 
sed et sonitu per arteriris undique difFuso, spiritus tuin 
vitales turn animales exci'-it, mentem reddens asilem. 
tcii. w Musica venustate sua mentes severioret 

capit, &c. 



Mem. 6. Subs. 3.J Perturbations rectified. 335 

powerfully it wipes them all away," Salisbur. polit. Uh. 1. cap. 6. and that which is 
more, it will perform all this in an instant: *^^'' Cheer up the countenance, expel 
austerity, bring in hilarity (Girakl. Camh. cap. 12. Topog. Hiher.) inform our man- 
ners, mitigate anger;" Athenajus [Dipnosophist. Uh. 14. cap. 10.) calleth it an infinite 
treasure to such as are endowed with it: Dulcisonum reficit tristia corda mcJos, 
Eobanus Hessus. Many other properties ^^ Cassiodorus, epist. 4. reckons up of tills 
our divine music, not only to expel the greatest griefs, but " it doth extenuate fears 
and furies, appeaseth cruelty, abateth heaviness, and to such as are watchful it 
causeth quiet rest ; it takes away spleen and hatred," be it instrumental, vocal, with 
strings, wind, ^^Qu.cp. a spiritu^ sine manuum dexteritafe guhernetur., 4'c. it cures all 
irksomeness and heaviness of the soul. ^^ Labouring men that sing to their work, 
can tell as much, and so can soldiers when they go to fight, whom terror of death 
cannot so much affright, as the sound of trumpet, drum, fife, and such like music 
animates; 77ze/Ms e/iim mor/Zs, as ^" Censorinus m^ovmaih. ws., musica depelUiur. "It 
makes a child quiet," the nurse's song, and many times the sound of a trumpet on 
a sudden, bells ringing, a carman's whistle, a boy singing some ballad tune early in 
the streets, alters, revives, recreates a restless patient that cannot sleep in the night, 
&c. In a word, it is so powerful a thing that it ravisheth the soul, regina sensuum, 
the queen of the senses, by sweet pleasure (which is a happy cure), and corporal 
tunes pacify our incorporeal soul, sine ore loquens^ dominatum in animam exercet^ 
and carries it beyond itself, helps, elevates, extends it. Scaliger, exercif. 302, gives 
a reason of these effects, ^^ '•'• because the spirits about the heart take in that tremblinff 
and dancing air into the body, are moved together, and stirred up with it," or else 
the mind, as some suppose harmonically composed, is roused up at the tunes of 
music. And 'tis not only men that are so affected, but almost all other creatures 
You know the tale of Hercules Gallus, Orpheus, and Amphlon^fcElices ani?nas Ovid 
calls them, that could saxa movere sono tesfudinis, ^^c. make stocks and stones, as 
well as beasts and other animals, dance after their pipes : the dog and hare, wolf and 
lamb; vicinumque lupo prcehidt agna latus ; clamosiis graculiis., stridula comix., ct 
Jovis aquila^ as Philostratus describes it in his images, stood all gaping upon Or- 
pheus ; and ^^ trees pulled up by the roots came to hear him, Et comilem qucrcum 
pinus arnica trahit. 

Arion made fishes follow him, which, as common experience evinceth, ^''are much 
affected with music. All singing birds are much pleased with it, especially nightin- 
gales, if we may believe Calcagninus ; and bees amongst the rest, though they be fly- 
mg away, when they hear any tingling sound, will tarry behind. ^' '•^ Harts, hinds, 
horses, dogs, bears, are exceedingly delighted with it." Seal, exerc. 302. Elephants, 
Agrippa adds, lib. 2. cap. 24. and in Lydia in the midst of a lake there be certain 
floating islands (if ye will believe it), that after music will dance. 

But to leave all declamatory speeches in praise ^^ of divine music, I will confine 
myself to my proper subject : besides that excellent power it hath to expel many 
other diseases, it is a sovereign remedy against ^^ despair and melanclioly, and will 
drive away the devil himself. Canus, a Rhodian fiddler, in ^^ Philostratus, when 
Apollonius was inquisitive to know what he could do with his pipe, told him, "That 
he would make a melancholy man merry, and him that was merry much merrier 
than before, a lover more enamoured, a religious man more devout. Ismenias the 
Theban, .^'Chiron the centaur, is said to have cured this and many other diseases by 
music alone : as now they do those, saith ^ Bodine, that are troubled with St. Vitus's 
Bedlam dance. ^"^ Timotheus, the musician, compelled Alexander to skip up and down, 
and leave his dinner (like the tale of the Friar and the Boy), whom Austin, de civ. 

*'3 Animos tristes subiioexhilarat, nubilos viilliis sere- show tlipmselves dancing at the sound of a xriimpet, 
tiat, ansleritalem reponit, jiiciinditateni expoiiit, har- fol. 35. 1. et fol. 154. 2 book. *' Uc cervo, eqim, cane, 



bariemqiie farit deponere genius, mores institiiit, ira^ 
cundiani mitigat. 84(;ithara iristitiam jucundat, 

tiniidos furores attenuat, cruentain sa^vitiatn blande re- 
licit, langiiorern. &c. ^^ Pet. Areiine. t^^Castilio 

de aiilic. lib 1. fol. 27. " Lib. de Natali. cap. 12. 

ssQuod spiritns qui in corde agitant Iremulem et sub- 
§altaiiten) recipiunt aereiti in pectus, et inde excitantur, 
a spirilu niiisculi nioventur, <fec. "-^ Arbores radicibus 



urso idem compertum ; musica afficiiintur. ^^ Numen 
inest iiumeris. 'JaScepe grav(!s nH)rbos niodulatum 

carmen abegit. Et desperatis concihavit oponi. »•> Lib. 
5. cap. 7. Mcereiitibcis moerorem achmam, la»tantem 
vero seipso reddam hilariorem, amantem calidiorem, 
religinsum divine nurnine rorreptum, et ail D(!os colen- 
dns paratiorein. ** Natalis Comes .Myth. lib. 4. cap. 

12 soIjI), 5. de rep. Curat. Musica furoreni Sancf 



ivulstp, &:c. 9" M. ('arew of Anthony, in ilescript. ' viti. 9' Exilire e convivio. Cardan, subiii. lib. J'*. 

Cornvvall, saith of whales, tliat they will come and 1 



336 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. 

De/, Uh. 17. cop. 14. so much commends for it. Who hath not heard how David's 
harmony drove away the evil spirits from king Saul, 1 Sam. xvi. and Elisha when he 
was much troubled Ijy importunate kings, called for a minstrel, "and when he played, 
the hand of the Lord came upon him," 2 Kings iii. Censorinus de nataU^ cap. 12. re- 
ports how Asclepiades the physician helped many frantic persons by this means., phre ■ 
neticorum ?rienfes morhn turhatas — Jason Pratensis, cap. de Mania., hath many examples, 
how Clinias and Empedocles cured some desperately melancholy, and some mad by 
this our music. Which because it hath such excellent virtues, belike ''^Horner brings 
in Phemius playing, and the Muses singing at the banquet of the gods. Aristotle, 
Polit. I. 8. c. 5, Plato 2, de legi.bus., highly approve it, and so do all politicians. The 
Greeks, Piomans, have graced music, and made it one of the liberal sciences, 
though it be now become mercenary. All civil Commonwealths allow it : Cneius 
Manlius (as ^^Livius relates) anno ab urb. cond. 567. brought first out of Asia to 
Rome singing wenches, players, jesters, and all kinds of music to their feasts. 
Your princes, emperors, and persons of any quality, maintain it in their courts ; no 
mirth without music. Sir Thomas More, in his absolute Utopian commonwealth, 
allows music as an appendix to every meal, and that throughout, to all sorts. Epic- 
tetus calls mensam mutam prcBsepe., a table without music a manger : for " the con- 
cert of musicians at a banquet is a carbuncle set in gold ; and as the signet of an 
emerald well trimmed with gold, so is the melody of music in a pleasant banquet. 
Ecclus. xxxii. 5, 6. '°° Louis the Eleventh, when he invited Edward the Fourth to 
come to Paris, told him that as a principal part of his entertainment, he should hear 
sweet voices of children, Ionic and Lydian tunes, exquisite music, he should have 

a , and the cardinal of Bourbon to be his confessor, which he used as a most 

plausible argument: as to a sensual man indeed it is. ' Lucian in his book, de salta- 
tione^ is not ashamed to confess that he took infinite delight in singing, dancing, 
music, women's company, and such like pleasures : " and if thou (saith he) didst 
but hear them play and dance, 1 know thou wouldst be so well pleased with the 
object, that thou wouldst dance for company thyself, without doubt thou wilt bo 
taken with it." So Scaliger ingenuously confesseth, exercit. 274. ^" J am beyond all 
measure affected with music, I do most willingly behold them dance, I am mightily 
detained and allured with that grace and comeliness of fair women, 1 am well pleased 
to be idle amongst them." And what young man is not ? As it is acceptable and 
conducing to most, so especially to a melancholy man. Provided always, his disease 
proceed not originally from it, that he be not some light inamarato., some idle phan- 
tastic, who capers in conceit all the day long, and thinks of nothing else, but how 
to make jigs, sonnets, madrigals, in commendation of his mistress. In such cases 
music is most pernicious, as a spur to a free horse will make him run himself blind, or 
break his wind; Incitamentum enini amor'is musica., for music enchants, as Menander 
holds, it will make such melancholy persons mad, and the sound of those jigs and 
hornpipes will not be removed out of the ears a week after. ^ Plato for this reason 
forbids music and wine to al' young men, because they are most part amorous, ne 
ignis addatur igni., lest one fire increase another. Many men are melancholy by 
hearing music, but it is a p^.easing melancholy that it causeth ; and therefore to such 
as are discontent, in woe, fear, sorrow, or dejected, it is a most present remedy: it 
expels cares, alters their grieved minds, and easeth in an instant. Otherwise, saith 
* Plutarch, Musica magis dementat qiidm vinum ; music makes some men mad as a 
tiger ; like Astolphos' horn in Ariosto ; or Mercury's golden wand in Homer, that 
made some wake, others sleep, it hath divers effects: and ^Theophrastus right well 
prophesied, that diseases were either procured by music, or mitigated. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Mirth and merry cojiip any., fair objects., remedies. 

Mirth and merry company may not be separated from music, both concerning 
and necessarily required in this business. ''Mirth," (saith ^Vives) "purgeth the 

sfilliad. 1. s^Libro 9. cap. 1. Psaltrias. Sambij- l aspicio, pulchrarum foeminarum venustate detineor. 



cistrasque vX convivalia Indoruin oblectamenta addita 
f'P'iliis ex Asia invexil in urbem. iwComiiioiis. 

' Ista lihenter et majfiia cum voliiptatfi spectarf; soleo. 
Et scio tp illecehris liisce captum iri et insiiper tripiidia- 
tiiriim, hand diibie demiilcehere. 2 i„ niiisicis supra 

nimieiii fidein capior et oblector; choreas libenlissiiiie 



otiari inter has solutus curis possum. ^'.i. De Ie2;ibus 
<Synipns. quest. 5. Musica multos magis dementat 
quam vinum. ^ Aiiimi morbi vel a mnsica curantur 

vel inferuritur. ^ i^jt,. ;j, j^ aniina LiEtitia piTJiLl 

sansruinem, valetudinem conservaf, colorem indurif 
florentem, nitidum gratum. 



IVIem 6 Subs. 4.] Mind rectified hij Mirth. 337 

blood, confirms health, causeth a fresh, pleasiii^r, and fine colour," ^ rorogues life, 
whets the wit, makes the body young, lively and fit for any manner of employment. 
The merrier the heart the longrer tlie life; "A merry heart is the life of tlie flesh," 
Prov. xiv. 30. '' Gladness prolongs his days," Ecclus. xxx. 22 ; and this is one of 
the three Salernitau doctors. Dr. Merryman, Dr. Diet, Dr. Quiet, 'which cure all 

diseases Mens /lilaris., requies, moderata diet a. ^ Gofnesius^ prcsfat. lib. 3. de sat. 

en. is a great magnifier of honest mirth, by which (sailh he) "we cure many pas- 
sions of the mind in ourselves, and in our friends ;" which ^ Galateus assigns for a 
cause why we love merry companions : and well they deserve it, being that as 
'"Magninus holds, a merry companion is better than any music, and as the saying is, 
comes juciindn.s in via pro vehiculo., as a waggon to him that is wearied on tlie way. 
Juciuida confabulafio., sales., joci., pleasant discourse, jests, conceits, merry tales, 
melliti verborum globidi., as Petronius, "Pliny, '^Spoiidanus, '^Caelius, and many 
good authors plead, are that sole Nepenthes of Homer, Helena's bowl, Venus's 
oirdle, so renowned of old '^ to expel grief and care, to cause mirth and gladness of 
heart, if they be rightly understood, or seasonably applied. In a word, 

15" Amor, voliiptas, Vemis, gaiulium, I "Gratification, pleasure, love, joy, 

Jocus, liiiJus, serino suavis, suaviatio." | Mirtli, sport, pleasant words ami no allo_v," 

are the true Nepenthes. For these causes our physicians generally prescribe this 
as a principal engine to batter the walls of melancholy, a chief antidote, and a suffi- 
cient cure of itself. "By all means (saith "^ Mesne) procure mirth to these men in 
such things as are heard, seen, tasted, or smelled, or any way perceived, and let them 
have all enticements and fair promises, the sight of excellent beauties, attires, orna- 
ments, delightsome passages to distract their minds from fear and sorrow, and such 
things on which they are so fixed and intent. '"Let them use lumting, sports, plays, 
jests, merry company," as Rhasis prescribes, " which will not let the mind be 
molested, a cup of good drink now and then, hear music, and have such companions 
with whom they are especially delighted ; '^ merry tales or toys, drinking, singing, 
dancing, and whatsoever else may procure mirth : and by no means, saith Guianerius 
suffer them to be alone. Benedictus Victorius Faventinus, in his empirics, accounts 
it an especial remedy against melancholy, '^"to hear and see singing, dancing, 
maskers, mummers, to converse with such merry fellows and fair maids. For the 
beauty of a woman cheereth the countenance," Ecclus. xxxvi. 22. ^° Beauty alone 
's a so\.ereign remedy against fear, grief, and all melancholy fits; a charm, as Peter 
de la Seine and many other writers affirm, a banquet itself; he gives instance in dis- 
contented Menelaus, that was so often freed by Helena's fair face : and ^' Tully, 
3 Tusc. cites Epicurus as a chief patron of 'this tenet. To expel grief, and procure 
pleasure, sweet smells, good diet, touch, taste, embracing, singing, dancing, spor 
plays, and above the rest, exquisite beauties, qiiibus ocaiH jucunde movcntur ct aniinu 
are most powerful means, ohvia forma^ to meet or see a fair maid pass by, or to be 
in company with her. He found it by experience, and made good use of it in Ids 
own person, if Plutarch belie him not ; for he reckons up the names of some more 
elegant pieces; "Leontia, Boedina, Hedieia, Nicedia, that were frequently seen in 
Epicurus' garden, and very familiar in his house. Neither did he try it himself alone, 
but if we may give credit to ^^ Atheneus, he practised it upon others. For when a sad 
and sick patient was brought unto him to be cured, "he laid him on a down bed, 
crowned him with a garland of sweet-smelling flowers, in a fair perfumed closet 
delicately set out, and after a portion or two of good drink, which he administered, 

" Spiritus teniperat, calorem excital, naturalem virtu- et l)laiidientibus Imiis, et pnunissis distraliantur, eorum 
tern corrohorat, juvenile corpus diu servat, vitam pro- j auiuii, de re aliqua quam tiuierit et dolent. '" Utan- 
rogat, ingenium acuit. et hominum negotii quihuslihet tur ve nalionibus ludis, jocis, amicorum consortiis. qu» 



aptiorem reddit. Schola Snieru. ''Djmcoritume 

vacant et festiva lemtate mordent, mediocres auimi 
cgrit'udines sanari solent, &c. » De mor. fol. 57. 

Anamusideo eos qui sunt faceii et jucundi. "'Resriui. 
saiiit. part. '2. Nola quod amicus bonus et diiectus 
Pocius, narrationihus suis jucundis su|)erat omiiem 
tnelodiani. i' Lib. 21. cap. 27. '■^Comment, in 

4 Odyss, 13 Lib. 26. c. 15. " Homericum iliud 

\epenthes quod niujrorem tollit, et cuthimiam, et liila- 
iitafem parit. JS piaul. Bacch. le De aegriiud. 

capitis. Omni modo generet la-titiam in iis, de iis quae 
idiuntur et videntur, aut odorantur, aut gustantur, 
»at quocunque modo sontiri possunt, et aspectu forma- 
♦•|ii inulti decoris et ornatus, et negotiatione ; jucunda, 

43 2 D 



non sinuiit animum turban, vino et cantu et loci muta 
tiorie, et biberia, et iraudio, ex quibus pra^cipue delec- 
tantur. "^ pjso ex fabulis et ludi-s qua;renda delec- 

tatio. His versetur qui maxime grati, sunt, cantus et 
ciiorea ad ltf!tiliam profunt. I'JPrrecipue valet ad 

expellendam melancholiam stare in cantibus, ludis, et 
soiiis et habitare cum familiaribus, et prajcipue cum 
puellis jucundis. -'« Par. 5. de avticamentis lib. de 

absolvemlo luctu. 2i(;'or()orum complexus, cantus. 

liidi, form.-e, &;c. ^^circa hf)rtos Kpiruri frequenter. 

-^Dypnosoph. lib. 10. Coronavii tlorido serto inrendeng 
odores, in culcitra plumea collocavit dulciculam po- 
tionem propinans psaltriani adduxit, &,c. 



338 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



he brought iii a oeautifiil young ^"^ wench that could play upon a lute, sing, and 
dance," &c. Tully, 3. Tusc. scolTs at Epicurus, for this his profane physic (as well 
he deserved), and yet Phavorinus and Stobeus highly approve of it; most of our 
looser physicians in some cases, to such parties especially, allow of this ; and all ot 
them will have a melancholy, sad, and discontented person, make frequent use of 
honest sports, companies, and recreations, et incUandos ad Vencrem., as ^^ Rodericus 
{I Fohseca will, aspectu et contactu pu.lchcrrimarum fcEminarun^Xo be drawn to such 
consorts, whether they will or no. Not to be an auditor only, or a spectator, but 
sometimes an actor himself Dulce est desipere in loco., to play the fool now and 
then is not amiss, there is a time for all things. Grave Socrates would be merry by 
fits, sing, dance, and take his liquor too, or else Theodoret belies him ; so would old 
Cato, ^"^ Tully by his own confession, and the rest. Xenophon, in his Sympos. brings 
in Socrates as a principal actor, no man merrier than himself, and sometimes he would 

*'"ride a cockhorse with his children." equitare in arundine longd. (Though 

Alcibiades scoffed at him for it) and well he might; for now and then (saith Plu- 
tarch) the most virtuous, honest, and gravest men will use feasts, jests, and toys, as 
we do sauce to our meats. So did Scipio and Laelius, 



2R"Glui ubi se a vulgo et scena in secreta remorant, 
Virtus Scipiada^ et niitis sapientia La?li, 
Nniiari cum illo, et disci ticti lud(vr*>, donee 
Decoqueretur olus, soliti" 



Valorous Scipio and gentle Lselius, 
Removed from the scene and rout so clamorous, 
Were wont to recreate themselves iheir robes laid b) 
Whilst supper by the cook was making ready." 



Machiavel, in the eighth book of his Florentine history, gives this note of Cosmo de 
Medici, the wisest and gravest man of his time in Italy, that he would ^^'•'now and 
then play the most egregious fool in his carriage, and was so much given to jesters, 
players and childish sports, to make himself merry, that he that should but consider 
his gravity on the one part, his folly and lightness on the other, would surely say, 
there were two distinct persons in him." Now methinks he did well in it, though 
^°Salisburiensis be of opinion, that magistrates, senators, and grave men, should not 
descend to lighter sports, ne respuhlica luder.e videatur: but as Themistocles, still 
keep a stern and constant carriage. I commend Cosmo de Medici and Castruccius 
Castrucanus, than whom Italy never knew a worthier captain, another Alexander, if 
'^'Machiavel do not deceive us in his life: ''when a friend of his reprehended him 
for dancing beside his dignity," (belike at some cushion dance) he told him again, 
qui saplt interdiu., vix nnquam noctu desiptf^ he that is wise in the day may dote a 
little in the night. Paulus Jovius relates as much of Pope Leo Decimus, that he 
was a grave, discreet, staid man, yet sometimes most free, and too open in his sports. 
And 'tis not altogether ^^ unfit or misbeseeming the gravity of such a man, if that 
iecorum of time, place, and such circumstances be observed. ^^ Misce stultitiam 
consiliis brevem; and as ^* he said in an epigram to his wife, I would have every mar 
;5ay to himself, or to his friend, 



Moll, once in pleasant company by chance, 

I wished that you forchmpany would dance: 

Which you "-efus'd, and said, your years require, 

Now, matron-like, both manners and attire. 

Well, Moll, if needs you will be matron-like, 

Then trust to this, I will thee matron like : 

Ye\ so to you my love may never lessen, 

As you for church, house, bed, observe this lesson : 

Sit in the church as solemn as a saint, 

No deed, word, thought, your due devotion taint: 



Veil, if you will, your head, your sou! reveal 
To him that only wounded souls can heal: 
Be in my house as busy as a bee, 
Having a sting for every one but tne; 
Buzzing in every corner, gath'ring honey: 
Let nothing waste, that costs or yieldeth n)on<»y. 
sj And when thou seest my heart to mirth incline. 
Thy tongue, wit, blood, warm with goodcheer and winf 
Then of sweet sports let no occasion scape, 
But be as wanton, toying as an ape." 



'^hose old ''^Greeks had their Lubentiam Deam, goddess of pleasure, and the Lace- 
da;monians, instructed from Lycurgus, did Deo Risiu sucrijicare, after their v/ars 
especially, and in times of peace, which was used in Thessaly, as it appears by that 
of ^' Apuleius, who was made an instrument of their laughter himself: ^^" Because 
laughter and merriment was to season their labours and modester life." '^^Risus enim 



!MUt redinata sua' iter in lectum puella,&c. 2.) 'poui. | si Machiavel vita ejus. Ah arnico reprehensus, quod 
"" " " ' ' "■ "' " pr;oter dignitatem tripudiis operam daret, respondet, 

&,c. -S'l'here is a time for all things, to weep, 

laugh, mourn, dance, Eccles. iii. 4. 83 Hor. ^*Sir 

John Harrington, Epigr. .50, ssj^ucretia toto sia 

licet usque die, Thaida nocte volo. 3" Di. Qjrajdus 

hist. deor. Syntag. 1. 3' Lib, 2. de aur. as. s*" Eo 

quod risus esset laboris et modesti victuscondimentum, 
saCalcag. epig. 



2. consult. 85. 26 Epist. fam. lib. 7. 22. epist. Her 

^lemurn bene potus, seroqiie redieram. 27 Valer. 

Max. cap. 8. lib. 8. Interposita arundine cruribus suis, 
cum filiis ludens, ab Akihiade risus est. 2d Hor. 

■"" Elominibus facetis, et ludis puerilibus ultra moduin 
deditiis adeo ut si cui in eo tarn gravitatem, quam levi- 
•t-item considerare liberet. du;is personas distinctas in 
3o esse diceret. 3" De nugis curial. lib. I. cap. 4. 

Majjistratus et viri graves, a ludis levioribus arcendi. 



Mem. 6. Subs. 4.] 



Mind rectified by Mirlh. 



339 



divum at que; hominum est ceterna volupfas. Princes use jesters, players, ana have 
..hose masters of revels in their courts. The Romans at every supper (for they had 
no solemn dinner) used music, gladiators, jesters, &c. as ■*" Suetonius relates of Tibe- 
rius, Dion of Commodus, and so did the Greeks. Besides music, in Xenophon's 
Sijmpos. Philippus ridendi artifex^ Philip, a jester, was brought to make sport. 
Paulus Jovius, in the eleventh book of his history, hath a pretty digression of our 
English customs, wh^ph howsoever some may misconstrue, I, for my part, will inter- 
pret to the best. '*''•' The whole nation beyond all other mortal men, is most given 
to banquetting and feasts; for they prolong them many hours together, with dainw 
cheer, exquisite music, and facete jesters, and afterwards they fall a dancing an I 
courting their mistresses, till it be late in the night." Volateran gives tlie same tes- 
timon}^ of this island, connnending our jovial manner of entertainment and good 
mirth, and methinks he saith well, there is no harm in it ; long may they use it, and 
all such modest sports. Ctesias reports of a Persian king, that had 150 maids 
attending at his table, to play, sing, and dance by turns; and ^^Lil. Geraldus of an 
^Egyptian prmce, that kept nme virgins still to wait upon him, and those of most 
excellent feature, and sweet voices, which afterwards gave occasion to tiie Greeks 
of that fiction of the nine Muses. The king of Ethiopia in Africa, most of our 
Asiatic princes have done so and do ; those Sophies, Mogors, Turks, &c. solace 
themselves after supper amongst their queens and concubines, qucc jucundioris ohlec- 
tamenti causa ( "^ saith mme author) coram rege psaJlere et saltare consueverant, 
taKing great pleasure to see and hear them sing and dance. This and many such 
means to exhilarate the heart of men, have been still practised in all ages, as knowing 
there is no better thing to the preservation of man's life. What shall I say, then, 
but to every melancholy man, 



^i-'Utere cnnvivis, noii tristibns nicre amicis, 
(iuos iiiigcB et risds, ft jocji salsa juvaiit." 



Feast ofton, and use friends not still so sad, 
Whose jests and inerrinienls may make thee glad. 



Use honest and chasie sports, scenical shows, plays, games ; '^^Accedant juvenumqiie 
Chorl^ mistceque pucccce. And as Marsilius Ficinus concludes an epistle to Bernard 
Canisianus, and some other of his friends, will I this tract to all good students, 
^^'•'Live merrily, O my friends, free from cares, perplexity, anguish, grief of mind, 
live merrily," IcEtitia ocelufri vos creaoit: ■*" "Again and again J request you to be 
merry, if anything trouble your hearts, or vex your souls, neglect and contemn it, 
*^let it pass. ''^And tins I enjoin you, not as a divine alone, but as a physician; for 
without ihis mirth, wnich is the life and quintessence of physic, medicines, and 
w4iatsoever is used ana applied to prolong the life of man, is dull, dead, and of no 
force." Dam fata sinurU^ vivite IcBti (Seneca), I say be merry. 

'0" Nee lusibus virenlem 

Viduemus hanc juventam." 

It was Tircsias the prophet's council to ^' Menippus, that travelled all the world over, 
even down to hell itselt to seek content, and his last farewell to Menippus, to bt. 
merry. ^^'^ Contemn the world (saith he) and count that is in it vanity and toys, 
this only covet all thy life fong; be not curious, or over solicitous in anything, but 
with a well composed and contented estate to enjoy thyself, and above all things to 
be merry." 

^3"Si Niim<'rns nti renset sine amore jocisque. 
Nil est jiiciindmn, vivas in atiiore jocisque." 

Nothing better (to conclude with Solomon, Ecclus. iii. 22), "Than that a mai. 
should rejoice in his affairs." 'Tis the same advice which every physician in this 
case rings to his patient, as Capivaccius to his, ^^ " avoid overmuch study and per- 



<0Cap. 61. In delicijs habiiit scurras et adulatnres. 
*iUniv(!rsa gens supra mortales ccetcros conviviorum 
studiosissima. Ea enini per varias et exquisitas dapes, 
iiiterpositis musicis et jor.ulatorihus in multas stepius 
lior.is extrahnnt, ac subinde productis choreis et amori- 
biis f'oRniinarum indulgent, &c. ^agyntag. de Musis. 

^^Atheneus lib. 12 ft 14. assidiiis muliernm vocihus, 
cantuque j-ymplionire Palatiiim Persarum ret'is loturi 
personabat. Jovius hist lib. 18. « Eohanus 

Hessus. ^spracastorius. ^g vivite er<:o l.neti, 

O amici, procul ab angustia, vivite Ixti. ■*" iteruni 

precor et obtestor, vivite laeti : illud quod cor urit, ne- 
glijrite. 48 Ijffitus in priesens animus quod ultra 

oderit curaie. Hov. He was both Sacerdos et jVledicus. 



49 Haec autem non tarn ut Sacerdos, amici, inando vobis, 
quam ut medicus; nam absque hac una lanqunm medi- 
cinarum vita, medicinfe onines ad vitam producendarii 
adh \)itae moriuntiir : vivite lieti. f'O Loclieus Ana- 

creon. 5i i^ncian. Necyomantia. Tr)m. 2. '2(),„. 

nia mundana niiuas aestima. Hoc solum tota vita pKr- 
sequere, ut priesenlibus bene comjiosilis, inininie curio- 
sus, aut ullain re solicitus,quam plurimum potes vitam 
hilarem traducas. ^3" If the world think that no- 

thing can l)e happy without love and mirth, then live 
in love and jollity." ''•' Hildesheitn sjticel. 2. de 

Mania, fol, J(J1. Studia iiterarum et aniini pertiirba 
tiones fugiat, et quantum potest jucundd vivat. 



340 , Cure of Melancholy. [Part 2. Sec 2 

lurbations of the mind, and as much as in thee lies live at heart's-ease "' Procpei 
Calenus to that melancholy Cardinal Caesius, ^^" amidst thy serious studies and busi- 
ness, use jests and conceits, plays and toys, and whatsoever else may re reate thy 
mind." Nothing better than mirth and merry company in this malady. ^'^•'•Jt begins 
with sorrow (saith Montanus), it must be expelled with hilarity." 

But see the mischief; many men, knowing that merry company is the cnly medi 
cine against melancholy, will therefore neglect their business ; and i i anothei 
extreme, spend all their days among good fellows in a tavern or an ale-i ouse, and 
know not otherwise how to bestow their time but in drinking; malt-wo-ms, men- 
fishes, or water-snakes, "'Qui bibunt solum ranarum more^ nihil comedenfrs^ like so 
many frogs in a puddle. 'Tis their sole exercise to eat, and drink ; to sacrifice to 
Volupia, Rumina, Edulica, Potina, Mellona, is all their religion. They wish for 
Philoxenus' neck, Jupiter's trinoctium, and that the sun would stand mill as in 
Joshua's time, to satisfy their lust, that they might dies noctesque perfrcRcari et 
bibere. Flourishing wits, and men of good parts, good fashion, and good worth, 
basely prostitute themselves to every rogue's company, to take tobacco ami drink, to 
roar and sing scurrilous songs in base places. 

s8 " Invenies aliq>iern cum perciissore jaccntem, 
Perinistum iiautis, aut furibus, aut fugitivis." 

Which Thomas Erastus objects to Paracelsus, that he Vv^ould be drinkin<^ all day 
Kong with carmen and tapsters in a brotliel-house, is too frequent among us, with 
men of better note : like Timocreon of Rhodes, multa bibens, et multa vorans, S^c. 
They drown their wits, seethe their brains in ale, consume their fortunes, lose their 
time, weaken their temperatures, contract filthy diseases, rheums, dropsies, calen- 
tures, tremor, get swoln jugulars, pimpled red faces, sore eyes, &c. ; heat their livers, 
alter their complexions, spoil their stomachs, overthrow their bodies ; for drink 
drowns more than the sea and all the rivers that fall into it (mere funges and casks), 
confound their souls, suppress reason, go from Scylla to Charybdis, and use that 
which is a help to their undoing. ^^Quid refert morbo an ferro pereamve ruindf 
^^ When the Black Prince went to set the exiled king of Castile into his kingdom, 
there was a terrible battle fought between the English and the Spanish : at last ihe 
Spanish fled, the English followed them to the river side, where some drowned them- 
selves to avoid their enemies, the rest were killed. Now tell me what difference is 
between drowning and killing .'* As good be melancholy still, as drunken beasts and 
beggars. Company a sole comfort, and an only remedy to all kind of discontent, is 
their sole misery and cause of perdition. As Hermione lamented in Euripides, wa/ce 
mulieres me fecerunt malam. Evil company marred her, may they justly complain, 
bad companions have been their bane. For, ^' malus malum vult ut sit sui similis; 
one drunkard in a company, one thief, one whoremaster, will by his goodwill make 
all the rest as bad as himself. 



Et S! 



Nocturnos jures te formidare vapores," 

be of what complexion you will, inclination, love or hate, be it good or bad, if you 
come amongst them, you must do as they do ; yea, ^^ though it be to the prejudice 
of your heahh, you must drink venenum pro vino. And so like grasshoppers, whilst 
they sing over their cups all summer, they starve in winter ; and for a little vam 
merriment shall find a sorrowful reckoning in the end. 



55Lib. de atra bile. Gravioribiis curis udos et face- 
tias aliquando inlerpone, jocos, et quce solt u aiiinium 
M'laxare. seconsil.SO. mala vale-tudo Micta et con- 

Iracta est tristilia, ac proptera exiiilara .. jne aniiui 
leinovenda. a: Alhen, dypnosoph. lib. 1. ssjuven. 
sat. 8. " You will find him besiue some cut-throat, 



" What does it signify whether I perish by disease srf 
by the sword!" ^oProssard. hist, lib. 1. Hispani 

cum Anglorum vires ferre non possent, in fugam se 
dederunt, &c. PriPcipites in fluvium sedederunt, ne iB 
nostium manus venirent. eiTer. ^ Hoi 

Altiiough you swear that you dread the night aJ'. 



»lonj v/ith sailors, or thieves, or runaways. fi^Hor. j e3 'h tti'^i ^ airi&i. " Either drink or depart 



Mem. 1. V libs. l.J Remedies against Discontents. 341 

SECT. IJI. MEMB. I. 

Sub SECT. I. — A Consolatory Digression^ containing the Remedies of all manne> 

of Discontents. 

Because in the preceding section I hav^ made mention of good couHsel, comfort- 
able speeches, persuasion, how necessarily tncv are required to tlie cure of a (Uscon- 
tented or troubled mind, how present a remedy they yield, and many times a sole 
Buflicient care of themselves ; I have thought fit in this following section, a little to 
digress (if at least it be to digress in this subject), to collect and glean a few reme- 
dies, and comfortable speeches out of our best orators, philosophers, divines, and 
fathers of the church, tending to this purpose. ] confess, many have copiously 
written of this subject, Plato, Seneca, Plutarch, Xenophon, Epictetus, Theophrastus, 
Xenocrates, Grantor, Lucian, Boethius : and some of late, Sadoletus, Cardan, Bu- 
da^us, Stella, Petrarch, Erasmus, besides Austin, Cyprian, Bernard, &c. And they 
so well, that as Hierome in like case said, si nostrum areret ingenium^ de illorum 
posset fontibus irrigari., if our barren wits were dried up, they might be copiously 
irrigated from those well-springs : and I shall but actum agerc; yet because these 
tracts are not so obvious and common, I will epitomise, and briefly insert some of 
their divine precepts, reducing their voluminous and vast treatises to my small scale; 
for it vvcre otherwise impossible to bring so great vessels into so little a creek. And 
although (as Cardan said of his book dc consol.) ^""'I know beforehand, this tract 
of mine many will contemn and reject; !hey that are fortunate, happy, and in hour- 
ishing estate, have no need of such consolatory speeches ; they that are miserable 
and unhappy, think them insufficient to ease their grieved minds, and comfort their 
misery :" yet I will go on ; for this must needs do some good to such as are happy 
to bring them to a moderation, and make them reflect and know themselves, by 
seeing the inconstancy of human felicity, others' misery ; and to such as are dis- 
tressed, if they will but attend and consider of this, it cannot choose but give some 
content and comfort. ^^"'Tis true, no medicine can cure all diseases, some affec- 
tions of the mind are altogether incurable ; yet these helps of art, physic, and 
philosophy must not be contemned." Arrianus and Plotinus are stiff in the contrary 
opinion, that such precepts can do little good. Boethius himself cannot comfort in 
some cases, they will reject such speeches like bread of stones, //tsawa stultce mentis 
hcec solatia. ^^ 

Words add no courage, which "^^ Catiline once said to his soldiers, " a captain's 
oration doth not make a coward a valiant man :" and as Job ^^ feelingly said to his 
friends, "-you are but miserable comforters all." 'Tis to no purpose in that vulgar 
phrase to use a company of obsolete sentences, and familiar sayings : as ^"^ Plinius 
Secundus, being now sorrowful and heavy for the departure of his dear friend Cor- 
nelius Rufus, a Roman senator, wrote to his fellow Tiro in like case, adhibe solatia^ 
sed nova aliqua^ sed fortia.; quce. audierim nimqu.am^ lege rim muiquam: nam quce 
audivi^ quce legi omnia.^ tanto dolore superantur^ either say something that I never 
"ead nor heard of before, or else hold tliy peace. Most men will here except trivial 
consolations, ordinary speeches, and known persuasions in lliis behalf will be of 
small force ; what can any man say that hath not been said ? To what end are such 
paraenetical discourses ? you may as soon remove Mount Caucasus, as alter some 
men's affections. Yet sure I think they cannot choose but do some good, and com- 
fort and ease a little, tlrough it be the same again, I will say it, and upon that hope 
J will adventure. '°JVo7i mens hie sermo., 'tis not my speech this, but of Seneca. 
Plutarch, Epictetus, Austin, Bernard, Christ and his Apostles. If I make nothing, 
as '' Montaigne said in like case, I will mar nothing; 'tis not my doctrine but my 
study, I hope I shall do nobody wrong to speak wirat I think, and deserve not blame 



fi^ Lit), (ie lib. propriis. Hos lihros fcio inullos 
eperiiere, nam fL-lices Ins se iion iiulisere pulant, iiif.'- 
lices ail solaljoiifciu iiiiseri<e iiori sufHcore. Et tameii 
fi^licibus iiioilerationeiii, (liini inconstaiitiaiii hiiiiiaiia; 



animi qui prorsus sunt insanabiles? rion lamen artis 
opus spenii dc-bfl, aiit iiiedic.iiitB, aut |)liilosopl)i;p 
<"i"Tiie insane CDhsoJations of a foolish mind." 
B'Salust, Verlia viitiitoni iioii adilinit, nee uiiperatoris 



lelicilatis decent, pra't.lant; irif(lic(;s tsi oumiIh rtcie oratio facile tiiiiido fortuui. ^''.loli, cip. 16. *' EpuU 
t^timare veiiiit, fdices reddern possuni ^^ Niilhnn lU. lib. 1. '" llov. 'i Lib. •2. Essays, rap. (i. 

ir-<><lic;uiietitum ointies sanare potest sunt affclus ' 

2d 2 



312 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. ?. Sec. 3- 

:n, imparting my mind. If it be not for thy ease, it may for mine own ; so ''^ully, 
Cardan, and Boethius wrote de consol. as well to help themselves as others ; be H as 
it may I will essay. 

Discontents and grievances are either general or particular ; general are wars^ 
plagues, dearths, famine, fires, inundations, unseasonable weather, epidemical diseases 
wl'^ich afflict whole kingdoms, territories, cities; or peculiar to private men, "^ as 
cares, crosses, losses, death of friends, poverty, want, sickness, orbilies, injuries, 
abuses, &c. Generally all discontent, ''^homhies quatimur fort utke sale. No condi- 
tion free, quisque suos patimur manes. Even in the midst of our mirth and jollity, 
there is some grudging, some complaint ; as '■* he saith, our whole life •« a glucupri- 
con, a bitter sweet passion, honey and gall mixed together, we are all miserable and 
discontent, who can deny it? If all, and that it be a common calamity, an inevitable 
necessity, all distressed, then as Cardan infers, '^^ " who art thou that hopest to go 
free ? Why dost thou not grieve thou art a mortal man, and not governor of the 
world ?" Ferre quam sortcm patluntur omnes^ JS^emo recuse^ ''^" Jf it be common to 
all, why should one man be more disquieted than another ?" If thou alone wert 
distressed, it were indeed more irksome, and less to be endured ; but when the 
calamity is common, comfort thyself with tliis, thou hast more fellows, Solamen 
miserls socios hahuisse doloris; 'tis not thy sole case, and why shouldst thou be so 
impatient? '^^ " I, but alas we are more miserable than others, what shall we do? 
Besides private miseries, we live in perpetual fear and danger of common enemies : 
we have Bellona's whips, and pitiful outcries, for epithalamiums ; for pleasant music, 
that fearful noise of ordnance, drums, and warlike trumpets still sounding in our 
ears ; instead of nuptial torches, we have firing of towns and cities ; for triumphs, 
lamentations; for joy, tears. '^So it is, and so it was, and so it ever will be. He 
that refuseth to see and hear, to suffer this, is not fit to live in this world, and knows 
not the common condition of all men, to whom so long as they live, with a recipro- 
cal course, joys and sorrows are annexed, and succeed one another." It is inevita- 
ble, it may not be avoided, and why then shouldst thou be so much troubled ? Grave 
nihil est homini quod fert ncccssllas, as ™ Tully deems out of an old poet, " that Vv^hich 
is necessary cannot be grievous." If it be so, then comfort thyself in this, ^^'^" tha 
whether thou wilt or no, it must be endured :" make a virtue of necessity, and con 
form thyself to undergo it. ^^Si longa est^ levis est; si gravis est., brevis est. If il 
be long, 'tis light ; if grievous, it cannot last. It will away, dies dolorem minuit. 
and if nought else, time will wear it out; custom will ease it; ^^ oblivion is a com 
inon medicine for all losses, injuries, griefs, and detriments whatsoever, ^^" and when 
they are once past, this commodity comes of infelicity, it makes the rest of our life 
sweeter unto us:" ^^Atqm Iicec olim merainisse juvahit^ " recollection of the past is 
pleasant :" " the privation and want of a thing many times makes it more pleasant 
and delightsome tlian before it was." We must not think the happiest of us all to 
escape here wdthout some misfortunes, 

80 " Usque adeo nulla esi siiicera vohiptas, 

Solicituiiique aliquid Iretis interveiiit." 

Heaven and earth are much unlike: ''*^'^ Those heavenly bodies indeed are freely 
carried in their orbs without any impediment or interruption, to continue their course 
for innumerable ages, and make their conversions : but men are urged with many 
difficulties, and have diverse hindrances, oppositions still crossing, interrupting their 



''2Aliiim paupertas, aliuni orbitas, hiiiic morbi, illuin 
limor, aliiiiri iiijurite, hiiiic insidire, ilium uxor, filii dis- 
trahiint, Cardan. '3 Boethius 1. I. met. 5. ''^ Apu- 

ieius 4. florid. Nihil homini tam prospere datum divi- 
nitus, quia ei admixtiim sit aliquid difiicultatis, in 
ampli.ssinia quaque JKtitia suhest quiedam querimonia, 
conjuj;atione qnadam mellis et feilis. '^Si omiies 

|)renuintnr, quis Ki es qui solus evadere cupis al) ea le^'e 
qua.' neininem prffiteril? cur te non mortalcm factum 



cs, autpotius nostroriim omnium condilionem ignoras. 
quibus rer.iproco quodam nexu la^ta tristibus, tristia 
ketis invicem succedunt. ''Jin 'I'usc. e v-etere pocta 

60 Cardan lib. 1. de consol. Est consolationis genus non 
leve, quod a necessitate fit ; sive feras, sive non fera-- 
ferenduni est tamen. 8i Seuccn. *-Omni dniori 

tempus est mcdicina ; ipsum luclum extinguit. injuri.i? 
di let, on)nis mali oblivu.iiem adfei t. ^^ (label hoc 

quoque comnmdum omnis infelicitas. suaviorem vit.im 



I iiniversi orbis rcL'em fieri non dtdes ? "''Futeanus cum aliierit relinquit. "-^Virg. ^^^ovid. " Fi 



op. 75. Neqiie cuiquam pra*cipue dolendum eo quod 
accidit universis. " [..orclian. Gallobelgicus lib. 

:i. Anno 1.0! 8. de Beliiis. Sed elieu inquis eiige quid 
nueniiis? ubi pro Epitlialamio Bellonie flagellum, pro 
/iiiisica harmonia terrihiluni lituonim et lubarum au- 
dias claiigorem, })ro ta;dis nuptialibns. villarum, pa^'o- 
rum. nrhium videas incendia ; ulti pro juhilo lamenta, 
•)ro risu fletiis aerem complnnt. ''" Ita est profecto, 

St quisquis lia;c videre abnuis, huic seculi parum aplus 



there is no pleasure perfect, some ai.viet>' ahvajs in 
tervenes." te i.orchan. Sunt namqui infera suixTJs, 
liumana terrenis Innge disparia. Elenim beatip m< nte> 
feriiiitur iibere, et sine ullo impedimento, stelltc, Jttht; 
reique orbes cursus et conversionessuas jam s;f ciilis in 
numerabilibus constantissime conficiunt ; veni In hoini 
lies magnis angustiis. Neque hac nature '«ge est quis 
quam morlalium solutus. ; 



Mero 1. Subs. 1, 



Remedies against Discontents. 



343 



enaeavours and desires, and no mortal man is free from tliis law of nature." We 
must not therefore hope to have all things answer our own expectation, to liare a 
continuance of good success and fortunes, Fortuna nunquam perpetud est bona. And 
as Minutius Felix, the Roman consul, told that insulting Coriolanus, drunk with his 
good fortunes, look not for that success thou hast hitherto had ; ^"^ '•'' It never yet hap- 
pened to any man since the beginning of the world, nor ever will, to have all tilings 
according to his desire, or to whom fortune was never opposite and adverse." Even 
so it fell out to him as he foretold. And so to others, even to that happiness of 
Augustus ; though he were Jupiter's almoner, Pluto's treasurer, Neptune's admiral, 
it could not secure him. Such was Alcibiades's fortune, Narsetes, that great Gon- 
salvus, and most famous men's, that as ^'^Jovius concludes, " it is almost fatal to 
great princes, through their own default or otherwise circumvented with eiivy and 
malice, to lose their honours, and die contumeliously." 'Tis so, still hath been, and 
ever will be, JYihil est ah omni parte beatum^ 

"There's no perfection is so absolute. 
That some inipilrity doth not polhite." 

Whatsoever is under the moon is subject to corruption, alteration ; and so long a« 
thou livest upon earth look not for other. ^^"Thou shalt not here find peaceable 
and cheerful days, quiet times, but rather clouds, storms, calumnies, such is our 
fate." And as those errant planets in their distinct orbs have their several motions, 
sometimes direct, stationary, retrograde, in apogee, perigee, oriental, occidental, com- 
bust, feral, free, and as our astrologers will, have their fortitudes and debilities, by 
reason of those good and bad irradiations, conferred to each other's site in the hea- 
vens, in their terms, houses, case, detriments, &c. So we rise and fall in this world, 
ebb and flow, in and out, reared and dejected, lead a troublesome life, subject to 
many accidents and casualties of fortunes, variety of passions, infirmities as well 
from ourselves as others. 

Yea, but thou thinkest thou art more miserable than the rest, other men are happy 
but in respect of thee, their miseries are but flea-bitings to thine, thou alone art un- 
happy, none so bad as thyself. »''e* if, as Socrates said, ^°'' All men in the world 
should come and bring their grievantsti together, of body, mind, fortune, sores, ulcers, 
madness, epilepsies, agues, and all those common calamities of beggary, want, servi- 
tude, imprisonment, and lay them on a heap to he equally divided, wouklst thou 
share alike, and take thy portion .'' or be as thou art ? Without question thou wouldst 
be as thou art. If some Jupiter should say, to give us ali content. 



81" Jam faciam quod viiltis ; eris tii, qui modo miles, 
Mercator; lii consiiltiis modo riisticus ; hinc vos, 
Voshiac mutatis discedite parlibus; eia 
(iuid slatis? noiitit." 



" A\'1I be'r so then: you master soldier 
Shall be a merchant; you sir lawyer 
A country t'eritlemen ; jro you to tliis. 
That side you ; why stand ye ? It's well as 'tis.' 



^^ " Every man knows his own, but not others' defects and miseries ; and 'tis the 
nature of all men still to reflect upon themselves, their own misfortunes," not to 
examine or consider other men's, not to compare themselves with others : To re- 
count their miseries, but not their good gifts, fortunes, benefits, which they have, or 
ruminate on their adversity, but not once to think on their prosperity, not what they 
have, but what they want : to look still on them that go before, but not on those 
infinite numbers that come after. ^^ '•'• Whereas many a man would think himself in 
heaven, a pretty prince, if he had but the least part of that fortune which thou so 
much repinest at, abhorrest and accountest a most vile and wretched estate." IIow 
many thousands want that which thou hast } how many myriads of poor slaves, 
captives, of such as work day and night in coal-pits, tin-mines, with sore toil to 
maintain a poor living, of such as labour in body aiul mind, live in extreme anguish, 
and pain, all which thou art free from .'* O fortunalos nininun bona si sua norint: 
Thou art most happy if thou couldst be content, and acknowledge thy happiness ; 



87 Dionysius flalicar. lib. 8. non eni[i> unquam contijiit, 
• c post homines natos invenies Huenquam, cui omnia 
c-x animi ,-ententia successerint, ita ut nulla in re tor- 
tuna sii ei adversata. •* Vit. Gonsalvi lib. ult. ut 
ducibiis fatale sit clarissimis a culpa sua. secus circum- 
veniri cum malitia el invidia, imminutaque digiiifate 
per coiuumeliam mori. *'^ In terris piirum illuai 
mtherem non invenies, et ventos serenos; nimboa po- 
tins. j»r<K>:ilai» calunicia* Lips. cent. misc. ep. 8. 



90Si omnes homines sua mala suasque curas in unum 
cumiilum cont'errent, au|uis divisun portioiiibus, vtc. 
91 Hor. ser. lib. 1. 'J2Q.uod unu.squisque pnipria mala 
novit, aliorum nesciat, in c/tusa est, ut se iun^r alms 
miserum piitet. Cardan, lib 3 de ronsol. Plutarch 
deconsol. ad Apolloiiium. "J^Quam multus putas 

qui se coelo proximos putarent. tcriidem reiiulos, si dft 
f(irtun;e tu;K reliquiis pars iis miirnia conti'ifat. Bu«tb. 
de consol. lib. -2. pros. 4. 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 3. 



54 i 

^*Rem carenclo^ non fruendo cognoscimus^ when thou shalt hereafter come to want 
that which thou now loathest, abhorrest, and art weary of, and tired with, when 'tis 
past thou wilt say thou wert most happy : and after a little miss, wish with all thine 
heart thou hadst the same content again, mightst lead but such a life, a world for 
such a life : the remembrance of it is pleasant. Be silent then, ^^ rest satisfied, desine^ 
.nlucnsque in aliorum inforlunia solar e mentem^ comfort thyself with other men's 
misfortunes, and as the moldiwarp in iEsop told the fox, complaining for want of a 
tail, and the rest of his companions, tacete, quarido me occulis captum videlis, you 
L'omplain of toys, but I am blind, be quiet. I say to thee be thou satisfied. It is 
^ recorded of the hares, that with a general consent they went to drown themselves, 
out of a feeling of their misery; but when they saw a company of frogs more fear- 
ful than they were, they began to take courage, and comfort again. Compare thine 
estate with others. Similes aliorum respice casus., mitiusista feres. Be content and 
rest satisfied, for thou art well in respect to others : be thankful for that thou hast, 
that God hath done for thee, he hath not made thee a monster, a beast, a base crea- 
ture, as he might, but a man, a Christian, such a man ; consider aright of it, thou art 
full well as thou art. '-^"^ Quicquid vult habere nemo potest^ no man can have what he 
will, Illud jJotcst nolle quod non hahef^ he may choose whether he will desire that 
which he hath not. Thy lot is fallen, make the best of it. ^^^^If we should all 
sleep at all times, (as Endymion is said to liave done) who then were happier than 
his fellow .?" Our life is but short, a very dream, and while we look about ^^ hnmor- 
ialitas adest., eternity is at hand: '°°"Our life is a pilgrimage on earth, which wise 
men pass with great alacrity." If thou be in woe, sorrow, want, distress, in pain, 
or sickness, think of that of our apostle, " God chastiseth them whom he loveth : 
they tliat sow in tears, shall reap in joy," Psal. cxxvi, 6. " As the furnace proveth 
the potter's vessel, so doth temptation try men's thoughts," Eccl. xxv. 5, 'tis for ' thy 
good, Periisses nisi periisses: hadst thou not been so visited, thou hadst been 
utterly undone: "as gold in the fire," so men are tried in adversity. Tribulafio 
ditul : and which Camerarius hath well shadowed in an emblem of a thresher and 



Si tritiira absil paleis sunt ahdita gran? 
Nos crux mundaiiis separat a paleis :" 



As threshing separates from straw the corn. 
By crosses from the world's chaft" are we born. 



^Tis the very same which ^ Chrysostom comments, horn. 2. in 3 Mat. " Corn is noC 
separated but by threshing, nor men from worldly impediments but by tribulation." 
'Tis that which ^Cyprian ingeminates, Ser. 4. de immort. 'Tis that which "Hierom, 
which all the fathers inculcate, " so we are catechised for eternity." 'Tis that which 
the proverb insinuates. JVocumentum documentum; 'tis that which all the world 
rings in our ears. Deus unicum hahetfilium sine peccato, nullum sine flagello: God, 
saith ^Austin, hath one son without sin, none w'thout correction. ^ '' An expert sea- 
man is tried in a tempest, a runner in a race, a captain in a battle, a valiant man in 
adversity, a Christian in tentation and misery." Basil, horn. 8. We are sent as so 
many soldiers into this world, to strive with it, the flesh, the devil; our life is a 
warfare, and who knows it not? "^ JVon est ad astra mollis e terrisvia: ^'•'^ and there- 
fore peradventure this world here is made troublesome unto us," that, as Gregory 
notes, " we should not be delighted by the way, and forget whither we are going." 

6" Ite nunc fortes, ubi celsa niagni 
Diicit exempli via, cur inertis 
Terga nudatis? superata tellus 
Sidera donal." 

Go on then merrily to heaven. If the way be troublesome, and you in misery, in 
many grievances : on the other side you have many pleasant sports, objects, sweet 
j^mells, delightsome tastes, music, meats, herbs, flowers, &c. to recreate your senses. 



9i"You know the vahie of a thing from wanting 
more than from enjoying it." ^Sfjesiod. Estoquod 

«;s ; quod sunt alii, sine quemlibet esse; Q.uod non es, 
nolis : quod poles esse, velis, se^sopi fab. s" Se- 
neca. 91^ ?i dormirent semper omnes, iiullns alio 
fPBlicior esset. Card. ^9 Seneca de ira. i"o Plato, 
Axiocho. An ijinoras vitam banc pt;regrinationem, 
&c. quam sapienles cum gaudio percurrunt. ' Sic 
expedil; medicus non dnt quod patiens vult. sed quod 
His«* boniim scit. « Frumentum non egreditur nisi 
tri^iiralum. &.C. * Nun est pteiia damnantis sed fla- 



gellum corrigentis. * M hfpreditatem jeternam sic 

erudimur. 'Confess. C. e Naiiclerum tempestas, 

athletam stadium, ducem pugna, magnanimum calami- 
tas, Christianunj vero tentatio probat et examinat. 
1 Sen. Here. fur. " The way from Uie earth to ihe stars 
is not so downy." * Ideo Dens asperum fecit iter, ne 
<lum d(dectanlur in via, obliviscantur eorum qusc sunt 
in patria. " Boethius i. 5. met. ult. "Go now, 

brave fellows, whither the lofty pajh of a great exam- 
pie leads. VVhy do you stupidly expose yoi-r back:* * 
The earth brings the stars to subjection.'" 



>iem. 2.J Remedies against Discontents. 345 

Or put case thou art now forsaken of the world, dejected, contemned, yet ccnifor. 
thyself, as it was said to Agar in the wilderness, '° " God sees thee, he takes notice 
of thee :" there is a God above that can vindicate thy cause, that can relieve thee. 
And surely "Seneca thinks he takes delight in seeing thee. "The gods are well 
pleased when they see great men contending with adversity," as we are to see men 
iight, or a man with a beast. But these are toys in respect, '^"'Behold," saith he, 
•' a spectacle worthy of God ; a good man contented with his estate." A tyrant is 
the best sacrifice to Jupiter, as the ancients held, and his best object " a contenttid 
mind." For thy part then rest satisfied, " cast all thy care on him, thy burthen on 
him, '^ rely on him, trust on him, and he shall nourish thee, care for thee, give thet' 
thine heart's desire ;" say with David, " God is our hope and strength, in troubles 
ready to be found," Psal. xlvi. 1. "for they that trust in the Lord shall be as Mount 
Zion, which cannot be removed," Psal. cxxiv. 1. 2. "as the mountains are about 
Jerusalem, so is the Lord about his people, from henceforth and for ever." 



MEMB. II. 



Deformity of hody.^ sickness^ baseness of birth^ peculiar discontents. 

Particular discontents and grievances, are either of body, mind, or fortune, 
which as they wound the soul of man, produce this melancholy, and many great 
inconveniences, by that antidote of good counsel and persuasion may be eased or 
expelled. Deformities and imperfections of our bodies, as lameness, crookedness, 
deafness, blindness, be they innate or accidental, torture many men : yet this may 
comfort them, that those imperfections of the body do not a whit blemish the soul. 
or hinder the operations of it, but rather help and much increase it. Thou art lame 
of body, deformed to the eye, yet this hinders not but that thou mayest be a good, 
a wise, upright, honest man. '''"Seldom," saith Plutarch, "honesty and beauty 
dwell together," and oftentimes under a thread-bare coat lies an excellent under- 
standing, sa>pe sub attritd latitat sapientia veste. '^ Cornelius Mussus, that famous 
preacher in Italy, when he came first into the pulpit in Venice, was so much con- 
temned by reason of his outside, a little lean, poor, dejected person, '^ they were all 
ready to leave the church ; but when they heard his voice they did admire him, and 
happy was that senator could enjoy his company, or invite him first to his house. 
A silly fellow to look to, may have more wit, learning, honesty, than he that struts 
it oui Jlmimllis j actons., 6^c. grandia gradi ens., and is admired in the world's, opi- 
nion : Vilis scepe cadiis nobile nectar habet., the best wine comes out of an old vessel 
How many deformed princes, kings, emperors, could I reckon up, phik sophers, 
orators ? Hannibal had but one eye, Appius Claudius, Timoleon, blind, Maleasse, 
king of Tunis, John, king of Bohemia, and Tiresias the prophet. ""The night hath 
his pleasure ^" and for the loss of that one sense such men are commonly recom- 
pensed in the rest ; they have excellent memories, other good parts, music, and many 
recreations ; much happiness, great wisdom, as Tully well discourseth in his '^Tus- 
culan questions : Homer was blind, yet who (saith he) made more accurate, lively, 
or better descriptions, with both his eyes.? Demociitus was blind, yet as Laertius 
writes of him, he saw more than all Greece besides, as '^ Plato conchides, Tu/n sane 
mentis oculus acute incipit cernere., quum primwn corporis oculus deftorescit.^ wiien our 
bodily eyes are at worst, generally the eyes of our soul see best. Some philosophers 
and divines have evirated themselves, and put out their eyes voluntarily, the better 
to contemplate. Angelus Politianus had a tetter in his nose continually running, 
fulsome in company, yet no man so eloquent and pleasing in his works. iEsop was 
crooked, Socrates purblind, long-legged, hairy; Democritus withered, Seneca lean and 
harsh, ugly to behold, yet show me so many flourishing wits, such divine spirits : 



">Bofth. pro. ult. Manet spectator cunctoriim desu[)or 
prffiscius (lens, lioiiis prceriiia, (iialissnpplicia (lispensans. 
" Lib. fie pr;)vi(l. voluptatem cnpi ..it dii siquaiuio niaj- 
DOS vims colluciantes cum calatnilate vident. •- Kcce 
spectaculuin Deo diirniim. Virfortis mala fortiina coin- 
pusitiis. '3 1 Pot. V. 7. Psal. Iv. 22. "Raro sub 

44 



f'odom lare honestas et forma habitant. i6 Josophiia 

Miisfen.svita ejus. ">Hoiiiuncio hrevis, inacilentus. 

umbra iiomitiis, &c. Ad stuporem ejus erudilioneui el 
cloqiientiam adniirati sunt. '" Nox habet sua^ 

voluptates '"Lib. 5. ad finetn crcrus potest esft 

sapiens el beatus, &c. "*ln Cotivivio lib. 25. 



346 Cure uf Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. 

Horact; a little blear-eyed conlemptible fellow, yet who so sententious and wi.«e ? 
Marcilius Picinus, Faber Stapulcnsis, a couple of dwarfs, ^"Melancthon a short hard- 
favoured man, joaryMS era/, sed magnus erat., <^t., yet of incomparable parts all three. 
^' Ignatius Loyola the founder of the Jesuits, by reason of a hurt he received in his 
leg, at the siege of Pampeluna, the chief town of Navarre in Spain, unfit for wars 
and less serviceable at court, upon that accident betook himself to his beads, and by 
those means got more honour than ever he should have done with the use of his 
limbs, and properness of person: ^^ Vulnus non penetrat animum^ a wound hurts not 
the soul Galba the emperor was crook-backed, Epictetus lame: that great Alexan- 
der a litde man of stature, ^^ Augustus Caesar of the same pitch: AgesUaus despicabili 
forma ; Boccharis a most deformed prince as ever Egypt had, yet as ^^Diodorus Siculus 
records of him, in wisdom and knowledge far beyond his predecessors. ^. Dom. 1306. 
^^ Uladeslaus Cubitalis that pigmy king of Poland reigned and fought more victorious 
battles than any of his long-shanked predecessors. JS'ullain virtus respuit staturam, 
virtue refuseth no stature, and commonly your great vast bodies, and fine features, 
are sottish, dull, and leaden spirits. What's in them ? '^Quid nisi pondus iners sto- 
lidcEque Jerucia viemtis, What in Osus and Ephialtes (Neptune's sons in Homer), 
nine acres long ? 

i"" Q.ui lit iiiiit'iuis Orion, , I " Like tall Orion stalking o'er the flood : 

Cum pedps inc^dit, inedii per maxima Nerei When with his brawny breast he cuts the waves, 

Stagiia, viani findens humero supereminet undas." | His shoulder scarce the topmost billow laves." 

What in Maximinus, Ajax, Caligula, and the rest of those great Zanzummins, or 
gigantical Anakims, heavy, vast, barbarous lubbers ? 

28" si membra tibi dant grandia Parcie, 

Mentis eges ?" 

Their body, saith ^'^Lemnius, "is a burden to tliem, and their spirits not so lively, 
i:or they so erect and merry:" JVon est in niagno corpore mica sails : a little diamond 
is more worth than a rocky mountain : which made Alexander Aphrodiseus posi- 
tively conclude, "The lesser, the ^° wiser, because the soul was more contracted in 
such a body." Let Bodine in his 5. c. metJiod. hist, plead the rest ; the lesser they 
are, as in Asia, Greece, they have generally the finest wits. And for bodily stature 
which some so much admire, and goodly presence, 'tis true, to say the best of them, 

great men are proper, and tall, I grant, caput inter nuhila condunt., (hide their 

heads in the clouds); but belli pusilli^litiie men are pretty: ''^ Sed si bell us homo 
est Cotta., pusiUus homo est.'^'' Sickness, diseases, trouble many, but without a cause; 
^' It may be 'tis for the good of their souls :" Pars fati fuit^ the flesh rebels against the 
spirit; that which hurts the one, must needs help the other. Sickness is the mother 
of modesty, putteth us in mind of our mortality; and when we are in the full career 
of worldly pomp and jollity, she pulleth us by the ear, and maketh us know our- 
selves. ^^ Pliny calls it, the sum of philosophy, " If we could but perform that in 
our health, which we promise in our sickness." Quum injirmi sumus., optimi suinus f^ 
for what sick man (as ^^Secundus expostulates with Rufus) was ever "lascivious, 
covetous, or ambitious "i he envies no man, admires no man, flatters no man, despiseth 
no man, listens not after lies and tales, Sic." And were it not for such gende remem- 
brances, men would have no moderation of themselves, they would be worse than 
tigers, wolves, and lions : who should keep them in awe? "princes, masters, parents, 
magistrates, judges, friends, enemies, fair or foul means cannot contain us, but a little 
sickness, (as ^' Chrysostom observes) will correct and amend us." And therefore 
with good discretion, ^® Jovianus Pontanus caused this short sentence to be engraven 
on his tomb in Naples " Labour, sorrow, grief, sickness, want and woe, to serve 
proud masters, bear tha-* superstitious yoke, and bury your dearest friends, 8tc., are 

20 Joachimus Camerarius vit. ejus. 21 Riber. vit. 1 profuit corporis cegritudo, Petrarch. 3'2 1 ib. 7. Suinma 

ejus. ••^■^Macrobius. asSueton. c. 7. 9. 24LJb. 1. | est totius Philosophiae. si tales, &c. 3. • when W' 

Corpore exili et despecto, sed ingenio et prudentia ioiige 
ante se reges ca;teros pneveniens. 20 Alexander 

Gaguinis lust. Polandite. Corpore parvus eram, cubito 
vix altior uno, Sed tamen in parvo corpore magn is 
eram. '^eOvid. 27 Vir. ^nei. lU. 2h- [f t ,e 

fatea give you larse proportions, do you not require 
faculties ?" -» Lib. '2. cap. 20. oneri est illis corporis 

moles, et spiritus minus vividi. 3o Corpore breves 

orudentiores q.,uin coarctata sit anima. Ingenio pollet 
•ui vinj nature negavit. ^i Miiltis ad saiulein animm 



are sick we are most amiable." 34 piinius ep.«!t. 7. lib. 
tluem infirmum libido solicitat, aut avaritia, am 
honores? nemini invidet, neminem miratur, neminein 
despicit, sermone maligno non alitur. sa iVoii tsrre* 

priiiceps, magister, parens, judex; at lei^ritudo super- 
veniens, omnia correxit. 36]Vat. Cliy tragus Kiirop 

deliciis. Labor, dolor., aigritudo, luctus, set -'iii; s iperbi* 
dominis, jugum ferre superstionis, quos nabet chanw 
sepelire, <Stc. condimenla vitse sunt. 



[\Ieiii. 2.] Remedies against Discontents. 347 

the sauces of our life." If thy disease be continuate aii*d painful to thee, it will not 
surely last : '^ and a light affliction, whicii is but for a moment, causeth unto us a far 
more excellent and eternal vveight of glory," 2 Cor. iv. 17. bear it with patience; 
women endure much sorrow in childbed, and yet they will not contain; and those 
that are barren, wisli for this pain ; "'• be courageous, ^^ tliere is as mucli valour to be 
shown in thy bed, as in an army, or at a sea fight:" aut vincetur^ ant vincet^ thou 
shalt be rid at last. In tlie mean time, let it take its course, thy mind is not any way 
disabled. Bilibaldus Pirkimerus, senator to Charles the Fifth, ruled all Germany, 
lying most part of his days sick of the gout upon his bed. The more violent thy 
torture is, the less it will continue : and though it be severe and hideous for the 
time, comfort thyself as martyrs do, witli honour and immortality. ^^That famous 
philosopher Epicurus, being in as miserable pain of stone and cholic, as a man might 
endure, solaced himself with a conceit of immortality ; " the joy of his soul for his 
rare inventions, repelled the pain of his bodily torments." 

Baseness of birth is a great disparagement to some men, especially if they be 
wealthy, bear office, and come to promotion in a commonwealth; then (as ''^hc 
observes) if their birth be not answerable to their calling, and to tlieir fellows, they 
are much abaslied and ashamed of themselves. Some scorn their own father and 
mother, deny brothers and sisters, with the rest of their kindred and friends, and wil' 
not suffer them to come near them, when they are in their pomp, accounting it a 
scandal to their greatness to have such beggarly beginnings. Simon in Lucian, hav- 
ing now got a little wealth, changed his name from Simon to Simonides, for that 
there were so many beggars of his kin, and set the house on fire where he was born, 
because no body should point at it. Others buy titles, coats of arms, and by all 
means screw themselves into ancient families, falsifying pedigrees, usurping scutch- 
eons, and all because they would not seem to be base. The reason is, for that this 
gentility is so much admired by a company of outsides, and such honour attributed 
unto it, as amongst '"'Germans, Frenchmen, and Venetians, the gentry scorn the 
commonalty, and will not suffer them to match with them ; they depress, and make 
them as so many asses, to carry burdens. In our ordinary talk and fallings out, the 
most opprobrious and scurrils name we can fasten upon a man, or first give, is to 
call him base rogue, beggarly rascal, and the like : Whereas in my judgment, this 
ought of all other grievances to trouble men least. Of all vanities and fopperies, to 
brag of gentility is the greatest; for what is it they crack so much of, and challenge 
such superiority, as if they were demi-gods .'' Birth } Tanfane vos generis lenu.it 
jiflucia vestrif '^^ It is non tns^ a mere flash, a ceremony, a toy, a thing of nought. 
Consider the begiiming, present estate, progress, ending of gentry, and then tell me 
what it is. ^^ '•'• Oppression, fraud, cozening, usury, knavery, bawdery, murder, and 
tyranny, are the beginning of many ancient families : ^^ one hath been a blood-sucker, 
a parricide, the death of many a silly soul in some unjust quarrels, seditions, made 
many an orphan and poor widow, and for that he is made a lord or an earl, and his 
posterity gentlemen for ever after. Another hath been a bawd, a pander to some 
great men. a parasite, a slave, ''^prostituted himself, his wife, daughter," to some las- 
civious prince, and for that he is exalted. Tiberius preferred many to honours in his 
time, because they were famous whoremasters and sturdy drinkers ; many come into 
this parchment-row (so ''•''one calls it) by flattery or cozening; search your old fami- 
lies, and you shall scarce find of a multitude (as ZEneas Sylvius observes) qui scele- 
ratwm non hahent ortum^ that have not a wicked beginning; aut qui vi ct dolo eo 
fastigii non ascendurU., as that plebeian in "^ Machiavel in a set oration proved to his 
fellows, that do not rise by knavery, force, foolery, villany, or such indirect means. 



3' Nor tarn mari qiiain proelio virliis, etiain lecto ex- calumniis, &c. Agrip. de vanil. scien. -"S Ex ho 

liibelur: vincftiir aut viiicet ; aut tu febreui n;ljnques, inicuiio sa'pe orta nobilitas et strenua carniticina 
aut ipsa te. Seneca. asTullius lib. 7. fani. ep. •!» Plures ob proslitutns filias, uxures, nobiles facti ; 

Vesicjp iiiorbo laborans, et urin;e inittenda^ dirticultate ii'iultns venaliones, rapina;, ca^des, pnestigia.&c. *^Sal. 
tanta, ut vix increiiieiitum caperet ; repellebat iuec nm- IVIeiiip. '•bC'umi cuiui lios dici nobiles videmus, qui 

iiiaanimi gaudiuiii ob uienioriam invciitoruni. 3'-* Boetli. divitiis abundant, divitia? voro raro viriutis sunf cnini. 
lib. 1. pr. 4. Huic sen.«us exuperat, sed est pudori de- i tes, quie non videl orluni nobilitatis dcfienereuj? Iiunc 
ener ?ang\iis. ^Gaspar Ens polit. liies. -ii " Docs ' usura; ditarunt, ilium spolia, prodiliones ; hie veneficiia 
Kuch presumption in your origin possess you ?" ditatus, ille adnlatiouibus, huic adulteria lucrum pra) 
**Alii pro pecunia emuni nobilitatem, alii illam leno- bent, nonullis menda'ia, (piidani ex conjiige qua-stum 
rinio. al'' '."ineficiis, alii parricidiis; multis perditio faciunt, plerique ex 'luiis, &.c. Florent. hist lib. 1 
QOhiiitaie cuiiciliat, pleriuut adulalione, iletractione, , 



SiS Cure of Melancholy. I Part. 2. Sec. 3 

*' They are commonl); able that are wealthy ; virtue and riches seldom settle on one 
:nan : who then sees not the beginning of nobility .'^ spoils enrich one, usury an- 
other, treason a third, witchcraft a fourth, flattery a fifth, lying, stealing, bearing false 
witness a sixth, adultery the seventh," &c. One makes a fool of himself to make 
his lord merry, another dandles my young master, bestows a little nag on him, a 
third marries a cracked piece, &c. Now may it please your good worship, your 
lordship, who was the first founder of your family? The poet answers, "'"'j^ut 
Pastor f Hit., aiit illud quod dicere nolo.'''' Are he or you the better gentleman ? If 
he, then we have traced him to his form. If you, what is it of which thou boastest 
so much ? That thou art his son. It may be his heir, his reputed son, and yet 
indeed a p^-iest or a serving man may be the true father of him ; but we will not 
controvert that now ; married women are all honest ; thou art his son's son's son, 
begotten and born infra quatuor maria., S^c. Thy great great great gnmdfather was 

a rich citizen, and then in all likelihood a usurer, a lawyer, and then a a courtier, 

and then a a country gentleman, and then he scraped it out of sheep, &c. And 

you are the heir of all his virtues, fortunes, titles ; so then, what is your gentry, but 
as Hierom saith, Ojies antique^., inveteratce diviticp.! ancient wealth ? that is the defi 
nition of gentility. The father goes often to the devil, to make his son a gentleman 
For the present, what is it .^ "It began (sailh ''^Agrippa) with strong impiety, with 
tyranny, oppression, &c." and so it is maintained : wealth began it (no matter how 
got), wealth continueth and increaseth it. Those Roman knights were so called, if 
they could dispend per annum so much. ^^ In the kingdom of Naples and France, 
he that buys such lands, buys the honour, title, barony, together with it; and they 
that can dispend so much amoiigst us, must be called to bear office, to be knights, or 
fine for it, as one observes, ^° nobillorum ex censu judicant., our nobles are measured 
by their means. And what now is the object of honour .? What maintains our gentry 
but wealth ? ^^ JYobilltas s'lne re projectd vilior alga. Without means gentry is 
naught worth, nothing so contemptible and base. ^^Disputare de nobiUfafe generis^ 
sine divit'ds, est disputare de nobilitaie sfercoris., saith Nevisanus the lawyer, to dis- 
pute of gentry without wealth, is (saving your reverence) to discuss the original of a 
mard. So that it is wealth alone that denominates, money which maintains it, gives 
esse to it, for which every man may have it. And what is their ordinary exercise ? 
^'^"sit to eat, drink, lie down to sleep, and rise to play:" wherein lies their worth and 
sufficiency ? in a few coats of arms, eagles, lions, serpents, bears, tigers, dogs, crosses, 
bends, fesses, &c., and such like baubles, which they commonly set up in their gal- 
leries, porches, windows, on bowls, platters, coaches, in tombs, churches, men's 
sleeves, &c. ^^<-<-lf he can hawk and hunt, ride a horse, play at cards and dice, 
swagger, drink, swear," take tobacco with a grace, sing, dance, wear his clothes in 
fashion, court and please his mistress, talk big fustian, ^^ insult, scorn, strut, contemn 
others, and use a little mimical and apish compliment above the rest, he is a com- 
plete, {^Egreg'iam verb laudem) a well-qualified gentleman ; these are most of their 
employments, this their greatest commendation. What is gentry, this parchment 
nobility then, but as ^^Agrippa defines it, "a sanctuary of knavery and naughtiness, 
a cloak for wickedness and execrable vices, of pride, fraud, contempt, boasting, op- 
pression, dissimulation, lust, gluttony, malice, fornication, adultery, ignorance, im- 
piety ?" A nobleman therefore in some likelihood, as he concludes, is an " atheist, 
an oppressor, an epicure, a ^^ gull, a dizard, an illiterate idiot, an outside, a glow- 
worm, a proud fool, an arrant ass," Ventris et inguinis mancipium., a slave to his lust 
and belly, solaque libidine fort'is. And as Salvianus observed of his countrymen the 
Aquitanes in France, sicut titulis primi fuere^ sic et vitiis (as they were the first in 
rank so also in rottenness) ; and Cabinet du Roy, their own writer, distinctly of the 
rest. " The nobles of Berry are most part lechers, they of Touraine thieves, they 
of Narbonne covetous, they of Guienne coiners, they of Provence atheists, they of 



■«7Jiiven. "A shephord, or sotrx^hing that I should 
rather not tell." ••« Robusta iinprobitas a tyratinide 

iriccpta, &c. '^Gasper Ens thesauro polit. ^^Q^e^. 
gcrns Itinera r. t'ol. 26f>. si Hor. " Nobility without 

wpallii is more worthless than sea-weed." s-gyi. 

•inp. Ill' 4 nuiri 111. ss {^joil. .x.\.\ii. 640inniiim 



nobilium sutficitMitia in co probaiur si venatica iiove- I mask, 'twas apposite. 



rint, SI aleaii), si corporis vires ingenlibns pociilis com 
monstrent, si (laturm robur nunierosa venere probent 
&c. 55Di(flcile est, ut noii sit siiperbiis dives, Aus 

tin. ser. 24. ^^ Nobilitas nihil aliiid nisi inii>rofc;tas 

furor, rapina, lalrociniiini. homicidinni, Inxns, venatio 
violentia, &c. <>' 'i'he fool took away uiy lord in the 



Mem. 2.] 



Remedies against Discontents. 



349 



Rheims superstitious, they of Lyons treacherous, of Norniancly proud, of Picardy 
insolent, &.c." We may generally conclude, the greater men, the more vicious. In 
fine, as ^^^-Eneas Sylvius adds, " they are most part miserable, sottish, and filthy fel- 
lows, like the walls of their houses, fair without, foul within." What dost thou 
vaunt of now } •^'^" What dost thou gape and wonder at? admire him for his brav^- 
apparel, horses, dogs, fine houses, manors, orchards, gardens, walks.'' Why? a fool 
may be possessor of this as well as he ; and he that accounts him a better man, a 
nobleman f(»r having of it, he is a fool himself" Now go and brag of thy gentility 
This is it belike which makes the ^° Turks at this day scorn nobility, and all those 
hufiing bombast titles, which so much elevate their poles : except it be such as hav? 
got it at firbt, maintain it by some supereminent quality, or excellent worth. And 
for this cause, the Ragusian commonwealth, Switzers, and the united provinces, in 
all their aristocracies, or democratical monarchies, (if I may so call them,) exclude 
all these degrees of hereditary honours, and will admit of none to bear ofiice, but 
such as are learned, like those Athenian Areopagites, wise, discreet, and well brought 
np. The ^'Chinese observe the same customs, no man amongst them noble by 
birth ; out of their philosophers and doctors they choose magistrates : their politic 
nobles are taken from such as be moraliter nobiks^ virtuous noble ; nohilitas ut olim 
ah officio^ non a naturd^ as in Israel of old, and their office was to defend and govern 
their country in war and peace, not to hawk, hunt, eat, drink, game alone, as too 
many do. Their Loysii, Mandarini, literati, licentiati, and such as have raised them- 
selves by their worth, are their noblemen only, though fit to govern a state : and 
why then should any that is otherwise of worth be ashamed of his birth ? why 
should not he be as nmch respected that leaves a noble posterity, as he that hath had 
noble ancestors ? nay why not more ? for plures soi.em oriente?n, we adore the sun 
rising most part ; and how much better is it to say^ Ego meis majorilnis virtute prcB- 
luxi^ (1 have outshone my ancestors in virtues), to boast himself of his virtues, than 
of his birth ? Cathesbeius, sultan of Egypt and Syria, was by his condition a slave, 
but for worth, valour, and manhood second to no king, and for ihat cause (as ''Movius 
writes) elected emperor of the Mamelukes. That poor Spanish Pizarro for his valoui 
made by Charles the Fifth Marquess of Anatillo ; the Turkey Pashas are all such. 
Pertinax, Phillippus Arabs, Maximinus, Probus, Aurelius, &.C., from common soldiers, 
became emperors, Cato, Cincinnatus, &lc. consuls. Pius Secundus, Sixtus Quintus, 
Johan, Secundus, Nicholas Quintus, &c. popes. Socrates, Virgil, Horace, llbertino 
parte natus. ^^The kings of Denmark fetcli their pedigree, as some say, from one 
Ulfo, that was the son of a bear. ^^E, tenui casa. scspe vir magnus exit^ many a 
worthy man comes out of a poor cottage. Hercules, Romulus, Alexander (by 
Olympiads confession), Themistocles, Jugurtha, King Arthur, William the Conqueror, 
Homer, Demosthenes, P. Lumbard, P. Comestor, Bartholus, Adrian the fourth Pope, 
&.C., bastards ; and almost in every kingdom, the most ancient families have been at 
first princes' bastards : their worthiest captains, best wits, greatest scholars, bravest 
spirits in all our annals, have been base. ^'^ Cardan, in his subtleties, gives a reason 
why they are most part better able than others in body and mind, and so, per cqu- 
sequens^ more fortunate. Castruccius Castrucanus, a poor child, found in the field, 
exposed to misery, became prince of Lucca and Senes in Italy, a most complete 
soldier and worthy captain ; Machiavel compares him to Scipio or Alexander. " And 
'tis a wonderful thing (^^ saith he) to him that shall consider of it, that all those, or 
the greatest part of them, that have done the bravest exploits here upon earth, and 
excelled the rest of the nobles of their time, have been still born in some abject, ob- 
scure place, or of base and obscure abject parents." A most memorable observation, 



58 De miser, curial. Miseri sunt, iiiepti sunt, tnrpes 
Srunt, innlli ut parietes tedium suarurn speciosi. 6»Mi- 
•aris aureas vestes, equos, canes, ordinem fainuloruni, 
\autas niensas, sedes, villas, pra^dia, piscinas, sylvas, 
to. ha;c ovinia stultus assequi potest. Pandalus noster 
lenocinio nobilitatus est, ^Eneas Sylvius. 6o Bellonius 
observ. lih, 2. "i Mat. Riccius lib. 1. cap. 3. Ad re- 

gendam remp. soli doctores, aut licentiati adsciscuntiir, 
&c. li'^Lib. ]. hist, condilione servus, ca'terum acer 

hello, et pninii niagnitudine maximorum reguin nemini 
oeciindus: ob hrec a Manielucliis in regeni electus. 
**01aus M?.gnus lib. 18. Saxo Grammaticus, a quo rex 

2 



Sueno ot csetera Danorum regum stemniata. 6'Se. 

neca de Coiitro. Philos. epist. 65 Corpora sunt et 

animo furtiores spurii, pitruniqne ob amoris veliemen 
tiain, seniinis cratis. &c. 68 Vita Kaslrnccii. Ne« 

pra'ter ralioneui inirum videri debet, si qiiis rem con 
siderare volit, omnes eos vel salteni niaximam partem 
qui in lioc terrarum orbe res prwstantiorcs aggressi sunt, 
aique inter ca-teros a3vi sui iieroas excelluerunt, aut 
obscuro, aut ahjecto loco editos, et prognatos fuisse af 
jcciis parentibus. Eorum ego Cataloguin infiniruia 
recensere possem. 



350 



Cure of Mclanciioly. 



[Part. 



2. Sect. 3 



^''Scaligcr accounts it, e/ non prcptercundiim^ max'unorum virorum plerosque patres 
fgnorafos^mafres hnpudicas fuisse.^^ "■ I could recite a great catalogue of them," 
e\ery king4o''"? every province will yield innumerable examples: and why then 
should basehess of birth be objected to any man .'' Who thinks worse of Tully for 
being arpinas^ an upstart ? Or Agathocles, that Silician king, for being a potter's son? 
Jphicrates and Marius were meanly born. What wise man thinks better of any person 
for his nobility? as he said in ^^Machiavel, o?7ines eodem poire nati^ Adam's sons, con- 
ceived all and born in sin, &c. ''We are by nature all as one, all alike, if you see us 
naked; let us wear theirs and they our clothes, antl what is the difference?" To speak 
truth, as ™Bale did of P. Schalichius, " 1 more esteem thy worth, learning, honesty, than 
thy. nobility; honour thee more that thou art a writer, a doctor of divinity, than Earl ol 
the Huns, Baron of Skradine, or liast title to such and such provinces, Slc. Thou art 
more fortunate and great (so '^' Jovius writes to Cosmo de Medici, then Duke of Flo- 
rence) for thy virtues, than for thy lovely wife, and happy children, friends, fortunes, 
or great duchy of Tuscany." So I account thee; and who doth not so indeed? 
'^Abdolominus was a gardener, and yet by Alexander for his virtues made King 
of Syria, How much better is it to be born of mean parentage, and to excel in 
worth, to be morally noble, which is preferred before that natural nobility, by 
divines, philosophers, and "politicians, to be learned, honest, discreet, well-qualified, 
to be fit for any manner of employment, in country and commonwealth, war and 



peace, than to be Degeneres JVeoptolemi^ as many brave nobles 



only wise 



because rich, otherwise idiots, illiterate, unfit for any manner of service? '^^Udalri- 
cus, Earl of Cilia, upbraided Jolui Jluniades with the baseness of his birth, but he 
replied, in l,e Ciliensis comitalus turpiter exlinguitur^ in me gloriose Bislricensis 
exorUur^ thine earldom is consumed with riot, mine begins with honour and renown. 
Thou hast had so many noble ancestors ; what is that to thee ? Vix ea nostra voco,, 
''when thou art a dizzard thyself: quod prodesf^ Pontice^ longo stemmate censerif 
s-c. I conclude, hast thou a sound body, and a good soul, good bringing up ? Art 
thou virtuous, honest, learned, well-qualified, religious, are thy conditions good.'' — 
thou art a true nobleman, perfectly noble, although born of Thersites — diim mode 

iu sis jEo.cida; simiJis^ non natus^ sed factus^ noble xat' i^oxrjv-^ '^ " for neither 

sword, nor fire, nor water, nor sickness, nor outward violence, nor the devil himself 
can take thy good parts from thee." Be not ashamed of thy birth then, thou art a 
gentleman all the world over, and shalt be honoured, when as he, strip him of his 
fine clothes, "'' dispossess him of his wealth, is a funge (which '^ Poly nices in his 
banishment found true by experience, gentry was not esteemed) like a piece of coin 
in another country, that no man will take, and shall be contemned. Once more, 
though thou be a barbarian, born at Tontonteac, a villain, a slave, a Saldanian negro, 
or a rude Virginian in Dasamonquepec, he a French monsieur, a Spanish don, a 
seignior of Italy, I care not how descended, of what family, of what order, baron, 
count, prince, if thou be Wv;ll qualified, and he not, but a degenerate Neoptolemus, I 
tell thee in a word, thou art a man, and he is a beast. 

Let no terrcB Jilius^ or upstart, insult at this which I have said, no worthy gentle- 
man take ofl^ence. I speak it not to detract from such as are well deserving, truly 
virtuous and noble: I do much respect and honour true gentry and nobility; 1 was 
born of worshipful parents myself, in an ancient family, but J am a younger brother, 
it concerns me not : or had I been some great heir, richly endowed, so mmded as I 
am, I should not have been elevated at all, but so esteemed of it, as of all other 
human happiness, honours, &c., they have their period, are brittle and inconstant. 
As "^he said of that great river Danube, it riseth from a small fountain, a little brook 



e'JExercit. 265. ^8" Jt is a thing deserving of our 

notice, that most great men were born in obscurity, antl 
of unchaste mothers." egpior hist. I. 3. Uuod si 

nudos nos coiispici contingat, omnium una eademque 
erit facies ; nam si ipsi nostras, nos eorum vestes iiidii- 
anuis, nos, &c. '« lit merito dicam, quod simpliciter 
eentiam, Paulum Schalichium script<irem, el doctorem, 
pluris Cacio qiiam comitcm Hunnorum, et Baronem 
Sitradinum ; Encydopffidiain tuam, et orbem discipliiia- 
rum omnibus provinciia autefero. Balaius epist. nun- 
riipat. ad 5 cent, ultimam script. Brit. " Pru'fal 

hist. lib. 1. virtute lu.i major, quam aut Hetrusci im- 
perii fortuna, aut numerosa et decora prolis Helicitale 
l»f;atior evadis. ^uCurtiiis. "Bodiue de rep. 



lib. ?,. cap. 8. "■» .^neas Silvius, lib. -1. cap. 20. 

"S" If children be proud, haughty, foolish, they defile 
the nobility of their kindred," Eccl.xxii. 8. ^^Cujus 
possessio nee furto eripi, nee incendio absumi, nee 
aquarum voracine absorberi, vel vi uiorbi destrui po- 
test. '"Send them both to some strange place 
naked, ad ignotos, as Aristippus said, you shall see the 
differerico. Bacon's Essays. ''^ Familiae splendor 
nihil opis attnlit, &.c. ''SFIuvius hie ilhistris, 
humaiiarum rerum imago, quae parvis ductre sub iuitiis, 
iu iiumcnsum crescunt, et siibilo evanescuat. Exilia 
liic primo fluvius, in admirandam inagiiitudinem ex 
crescit, taiulemque in rnari Eiixino evauu.Sf.it. 1 Stuck 
ius pereg. mar. Euxini. 



Mem. 2. 



Remedies against Discontenf'i. 



351 



at first, sometimes broad, sometimes narrow, now slow, then swift, increased at last 
to an incredible greatness by the confluence of sixty navigable rivers, it vanishetii in 
conclusion, loseth his name, and is suddenly swallowed up of tlie Euxine st^a • ' 
may say of our greatest families, they were mean at first, augmented by rich mar- 
riages, purchases, offices, they continue for some ages, with some little alteration oi 
circumstances, fortunes, places, &c., by some prodigal son, for some default, or for 
want o( issue they are defaced in an instaut, and their memory blotted out. 

So much in the mean time I do attribute to Gentility, that if he be well-descended, 
of worshipful or noble parentage, he will express it in his conditions, 

to "nee eniin feroces 

Piogeneraiit aqiiilre columbas." 

And although the nobility of our times be much like our coins, more in number and 
value, but less in weight and goodness, with finer stamps, cuts, or outsides than of 
old; yet if he ittain tiiose ancient characters of true gentry, he will be more aflable, 
courteous, gendy disposed, of fairer carriage, better temper, or a more magnanimous, 
heroica'l, and generous spirit, than that viilgus hominum^ those ordinary boors and 
peasants, qui aclco improhi., agrestcs^ et inculti pJerumque sunt^ ne dicam maliciosi^ 
lit nemini ulliim liumanilatis ojjiciiim jprcusient., ne ij)si Deo si advcnerif^ as ^' one 
observes of them, a rude, brutish, uncivil, wild, a currish generation, cruel and mali- 
cious, incapable of discipline, and such as have scarce common sense. And it may 
be generally spoken of all, which ^^Lemnius the physician said of his travel into 
England, the common people were silly, sullen, dogged clowns, sed Jiiitior nohililas, 
ad omne liumanitatis ojjiclum parafissima., the gentlemen were courteous and civil. 
If it so fall out (as often it doth) that such peasants are preferred by reason of their 
wealth, chance, error, &c., or otherwise, yet as the cat in the fable, when she was 
turned to a fair maid, would play with mice ; a cur will be a cur, a clown w^ill be a 
clown, he will likely savour of the stock whence he came, and that innate rusticity 
can hardly be shaken off. 

83 " Licet superbus amhiilel pecunia, 
Fortuna iioa inutat genus." 

And though by their education such men may be better qualified, and more refined; 
yet there be many symptoms by which they may likely be descried, an afl^ected 
fantastical carriage, a tailor-like spruceness, a peculiar garb in all their proceedings ; 
choicer than ordinary in his diet, and as ^^ Hierome well describes such a one to his 
Nepotian ; "An upstart born in a base cottage, that scarce at first had coarse bread 
to fill his hungry guts, must now feed on kickshaws and made dishes, will have all 
variety of flesh and fish, the best oysters," &c. A beggar's brat will be commonly 
more scornful, imperious, insulting, insolent, than another man of his rank : " No- 
thing so intolerable as a fortunate fool," as ^^ Tully found out long since out of his 
experience ; Jlsperius nihil est humili cum surgit in altum, set a beggar on horse- 
back, and he will ride a gallop, a gallop, &c. 

f* " desaevit in omnes 

Duin se posse putat, nee hellna savior ulla est, 
Q,uain servi rabies in libera colla furentis;" 

he forgets what he was, domineers, &c., and many such other symptoms he hath 
by which you may know him from a true gentleman. Many errors and obliquities 
are on both sides, noble, ignoble, yac//s, ?irt//5; yet still in all callings, as some dege- 
nerate, some are well deserving, and most worthy of their honours. And as Busbe- 
quius said of Solyman the Magnificent, he was tanto dignus imperio^ worthy of that 
great empire. Many meanly descended are most worthy of their honour, polif.ice 
nobiles^ and well deserve it. Many of our nobility so born (which one said of 
Jlepha^stion, Ptolemeus, Seleucus, Antigonus, &c., and the rest of Alexander's fol- 
lowers, they were all worthy to be monarchs and generals of armies) deserve to be 
princes. And I am so far forth of ^' Sesellius's mind, that they ought to be preferred 
(if capable) before others, "as being nobly born, ingenuously brought up, and from 



**'"For fierce eagles do not procreate timid ring- 
'oves." 81 sahinus in G. Ovid. Met. fab. 4. 82 Lib. 
1. de 4. Compiexionibns. "3 Hor. ep. Od. 2. "And 

althou<;h he boast of bis wealth, Fortunt! hns not 

langed his nature." ^i j ji,_ o pp. 1.5. Natns sor- 

iu\o tuguriolo et paupere doiiio, qui vix niilio rugicn- 



tem venfrem, &.C. f« Nihil forttinato insipiente 

intolerabiliiis. p<5 Claud. 1. 9. m Eutrop. «■ Lib. 

1. de Rep. Gal. Quoniatn et comniodiore utuntnr con- 
(litione, rt nonesiiore loco nati, jam inde a parvulis U'^ 
niorunj civilitatein educali sunt, et assuefacti. 



352 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 3. 



theif infancy trained to all manner of civility." For learning and virtue in a noble- 
man is more eminent, and, as a jewel set in gold is more precious, and much to be 
respected, such a man deserves better than others, and is as great an honour to his 
family as his noble family to him. In a word, many noblemen are an ornament to 
their order : many poor men's sons are singularly well endowed, most eminent, and 
well deserving for their worth, wisdom, learning, virtue, valour, integrity; excellent 
members and pillars of a commonwealth. And therefore to conclude that which 1 
first intended, to be base by birth, meanly born is no such disparagement. Et sic 
demons tratu?^, quod erat demonstrandum. 



MEMB. III. 



Against Poverty and Want^ with such other Adversities. 

One of the greatest miseries that can befal a man, in the world's esteem, is poverty 
)r want, which makes men steal, 6ear false vt^itness, swear, forswear, contend, mur- 
der and rebel, which breaketh sleep, and causeth death itself, ovhiv Ttivia^ jSapv-rrpw 
iatt qioptiov, no burden (saith ^^ Menander) so intolerable as poverty: it makes men 
desperate, it erects and dejects, census honores^ census amicitias; money makes, but 
poverty mars, &c. and all this in the world's esteem : yet if considered aright, it is a 
great blessing in itself, a happy estate, and yields no cause of discontent, or that men 
should therefore account themselves vile, hated of God, forsaken, miserable, unfor- 
tunate. Christ himself was poor, born in a manger, and had not a house to hide his 
head in all his life, ^^"lest any man should make poverty a judgment of God, or an 
odious estate." And as he was himself, so he informed his Apostles and Disciples, 
they were all poor. Prophets poor. Apostles poor, (Act, iii. " Silver and gold have I 
none.") " As sorrowing (saith Paul) and yet always rejoicing; as having nothing, 
and yet possessing all things," 1 Cor. vi. 10. Your great Philosophers have been 
voluntarily poor, not only Christians, but many others. Crates Thebanus was adored 
for a God in Athens, ^°'' a nobleman by birth, many servants he had, an honourable 
attendance, much wealth, many manors, fine apparel; but when he saw this, that a\ 
the wealth of the world was but brittle, uncertain and no whit availing to live well, 
he flung his burden into the sea, and renounced his estate." Those Curii and Fabricii 
will be ever renowned for contempt of these fopperies, wherewith the world is so 
much affected. Amongst Christians I could reckon up many kings and queens, that 
have forsaken their crowns and fortunes, and wilfully abdicated themselves from 
these so much esteemed toys ; ^' many that have refused honours, titles, and all this 
vain pomp and happiness, which others so ambitiously seek, and carefully study to 
'"ompass and attain. Riches I deny not are God''s good gifts, and blessings; and honor 
est in honorante^ honours are from God ; both rewards of virtue, and fit to be sought 
after, sued for, and may well be possessed : yet no such great happiness in having, 
or misery in wanting of them. Dantur qiiidcm bonis., saith Austin, ne quis mala asti- 
met : malis autem ne quis nimis bona., good men have wealth that we should not think 
it evil ; and bad men that they should not rely on or hold it so good ; as the rain 
falls on both sorts, so are riches given to good and bad, sed bonis in boiium., but they 
are good only to the godly. But ^^ compare borth estates, for natural parts they are 
not unlike ; and a beggar's child, as ^^ Cardan well observes, " is no whit inferior to 
a prince's, most part better;" and for those accidents of fortune, it will easily appear 
there is no such odds, no such extraordinary happiness in the one, or misery in thu* 
other. He is rich, wealthy, fat; what gets he by it.? pride, insolency, lust, ambition, 
cares, fears, suspicion, trouble, anger, emulation, and many filthy diseases of body 
and mind. He hath indeed variety of dishes, better fare, sweet wine, pleasant sauce, 



88 Nullum paupertate gravius onus, 89 Ne quis iraj 
divinae judiciimi putaret, ant paupertas exosa foret. 
Gault. in cap. 2. ver. 18. Luceb. Pointer procerts 

Thebanos numeratus, lectum habuit genus, frequens 
famulitinni, donius aniplas, &c. Apuleius Florid. I. 4. 
^' P. Blesensis ep. 72. et 2;!2. oblatos respui lionores e.x 
3ii"re luetiens; niotus ambitiosos rogatus non ivi, &c. 



92Sudat pauper forasjn opere, dives in cogilatione: hic 
OS aperit oscitatione, ille ructatione; gravius ille fasli 
dio, quam hic inedia cruciatur. Ber. ser. ^^ |„ Hy^ 
perchen Natura fequa est, puerosque videmus inentlt 
corum nulla ex parte regiun fiiiis (iissiniiles, pleruniqvm 
saniores. 



Mem. 3.1 Rente fL^^s against Discontents. 353 

dainty music, gay clothes, lordj it bravely out, Sec, and all that wliich Misillus 
admired in '^'^Lucian; but with them he hath the gout, dropsies, apoplexies, palsies, 
stone, pox, rheujns, catarrhs, crudities, oppillations, ^^ melancholy, &c., lust enters i^, 
anger, ambition, according to ^^Chrysostom, 'Mhe sequel of riches is pride, riot 
intemperance, arrogancy, fury, and all irrational courses." 

^' " turpi fregeruiit ssecula luxu 

Divitiae iiiolles" 

with their variety of dishes, many such maladies of body and mind get in, which the 
poor man knows not of As Saturn in ^^Lucian answered the discontented common- 
alty, (which because of their neglected Saturnal feasts in Rome, made a grievous 
complaint ana exclamation against rich men) that they were much mistaken in sup- 
posing such happiness in riches; ^''"you see the best (said he) but you know not 
their several gripings and discontents :" they are like painted walls, fair without, rot- 
ten within: diseased, filthy, crazy, full of intemperance's effects; '°°"and who can 
reckon half.? if you but knew their fears, cares, anguish of mind and vexation, to 
which they are subject, you would hereafter renounce all riches." 



() si pateant peclora divitiim, 
Qtiaiitos iiitus stihiiiiiis agit 
Fortuna metus? Briitia Coro 
Pulsante fretutn nutior unda est." 



' O that their hreasts were but conspicuou?, 
How full of fear within, how furious? 
The narrow seas are not so boisterous." 



Yea, but he hath the world at will that is rich, the good things of the earth: suave 
est de magno tollere acervo, (it is sweet to draw from a great heap) he is a happy 
man, ^adored like a god, a prince, every man seeks to him, applauds, honours, ad- 
mires him. He hath honours indeed, abundance of all things; but (as I said) withal 
''^ pride, lust, anger, faction, emulation, fears, cares, suspicion enter with his wealth;" 
for his intemperance he hath aches, crudities, gouts, and as fruits of his idleness, and 
fulness, lust, surfeiting and drunkenness, alf manner of diseases : pecuniis augetur 
i7}iprobUas., the wealthier, the more dishonest. "* '•' He is exposed to hatred, envy, 
peril and treason, fear of death, degredation," &c. 'tis luhrica statio et proxima prcc- 
cipitio, and the higher he climbs, the greater is his fall. 

6 " celsae jiraviore casii 

Decidunt lurres, feriuntque summos 
Fulgura monies," 

the lightning commonly sets on fire the highest towers; ^in the more eminent place 
he is, the more subject to fall. 

" Rumpitur innumeris arhos uberrima poniis, 
Et suhito niniiie prcecipitantur opes." 

As a tree that is heavy laden with fruit breaks her own boughs, with their own great- 
ness they ruin themselves : which Joachimus Camerarius hath elegantly expressed 
in his 13 Emblem, cent. 1. Inopem se copia fecit. Their means is their misery, though 
they do apply themselves to the times, to lie, dissemble, collogue and flatter their 
lieges, obey, second his will and commands as much as may be, yet too frequently 
they miscarry, they fat themselves like so many hogs, as ^jEneas Sylvius observes, 
that when they are full fed, they may be devoured by their princes, as Seneca by 
Nero was served, Sejanus by Tiberius, and Ilaman by Ahasuerus : I resolve with 
Gregory, potestas culminis^ est tempestas mentis ; et quo dignitas altior., casus gravior 
honour is a tempest, the higher they are elevated, the more grievously depressed. 
For the rest of his prerogatives whicli wealth affords, as he hath more his expenses 
are the greater. -' When goods increase, they are increased that eat them; and what 
good Cometh to the owners, but the beholding thereof with the eyes.?" Eccles. iv. 10 

8"Millia frumenti tna triverit area centum, 

Non tuus hinc capiet venter plus quarn mens" 

" an evil sickness," Solomon calls it, " and reserved to them for an evil," 1 2 verse. 
•'They that will be rich fall into many fears and temptations, into many foolish and 



oiGallo Tom. 2. 95 Et 6 contubernio ftedi atque 

clidi ventris mors tandem educit. Seneca ep. 103. 
»«Divitiarum sequela, luxus, jntemperies, arrogania, 
superhia, furor injustus, oninisque irrationibilis inotus. 
"' Juven. Sat. 6. " Etfeminate riches have destroyed tiie 
ase by tlie introduction of shameful luxury." '> Saturn. 
Epist. »9Vos quidem divites putatis felices, sed 

nescitis eorum miserias. looEt quota pars \\kc 

eorum qufe istos discruciant ? si nossetis metus et curas, 
<]uibus cbnoxii sunt, plane fugiendas vobis divilias 
ixfetimiretis. i Seneca in Here. Outeo. '^Et 

45 2e2 



diis similes stulta cogitatio facit. 3 Flamma simu 

libidinis ingrtditur ; ira, furor et superhia, divitiarum 
sequela. Chrys. ■» Omnium oculis, odio, iiisidiis expo 
situs, semper solicitus, fortunae ludibrium. & Hor. 2 

1. od. 10. 6Q^,ii,i me felicem toties jactastis amici 

Qui cecidit, staliili non fiiil ille loco. Boelh. " L'l 

postquam impingnati fuerint, devorentur. » Hor 

" Although a hundred thousand bushels of wheat may 
have been threshed in your granaries, yoar stomarJi 
will not contain more than mine. 



354 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. S 



noisome lusts, which drown men in perdition." 1 Tim. vi. 9. " Gold and silver hath 
destroyed many," Ecclus. viii. 2. d'lvit'icp, sceculi. sunt laquei diaholi: so writes Ber- 
nard. , worldly wealth is the devil's bait : and as the Moon when she is fuller of 
light is still farthest from the Sun, the more wealth they have, the farther they are 
commonly from God. (If I had said this of myself, rich men would have pulled 
me to pieces ; but hear who saith, and who seconds it, an Apostle) therefore St 
<ames hi(Js them " weep and howl for the miseries that shall come upon them ; their 
^'old shall rust and canker, and eat their flesh as fire," James v. 1, 2, 3. I may then 
boldly conclude with ^Theodoret, quodescunque divitiis affiuentem^ «^'c. "As often 
as you shall see a man aboun(Hng in wealth," qui gemmis hihit et Serrano dormit in 
astro., "and naught withal, I beseech you call liim not happy, but esteem him unfor- 
tlmate, because he liath many occasions offered to live unjustly; on the other side, 
a poor man is not miserable, if he be good, but therefore happy, that those evil occa- 
sions are taken from him." 



' Non pnssidentem multa vocaveris 
Recte beatuui ; rectius occupat 
Nonien beati, qui deoruiii 
Muncribus sapieiitcr uli, 
Durainque callet pauperiem pati, 
I'ejusque laetlio flagiiiuiii timet." 



' He is not happy that is rich, 

And hath tiie world at will, 
But he that wisely can God's gifts 

Possess and use them still : 
That suffers and with patience 

Abides hard poverty, 
And chooseth rather for to die; 

Than do such villany." 



Wherein now consists his happiness.? what privileges hath he more than other men? 
or rather what miseries, what cares and discontents hath he not more than other 
men ? 



Non enim gazre, neque consularis 
Summovet lictor iniseros lumultus 
Mentis, et curas laqueata circiim 
Tecta volantes." 



' Nor treasures, nor majors officers remove 

The miserable tumults of the njind: 
Or cares that lie about, or fly above [bin'd." 

Their high-roofed iiouses, with huge beams com- 



'Tis not his wealth can vindicate him, let him have Job's inventory, sint Crcssi ei 
Crassi licet., non hos Pactolus aureus undas agens, eripiat unquum e miseriis., Crcesus 
or rich Crassus cannot now command healtli, or get himself a stomach. "^"Ilis 
worship," as Apuleius describes him, " in all his plenty and great provision, is for- 
bidden to eat, or else hath no appetite, (sick in bed, can take no rest, sore grieved 
with some chronic disease, contracted with full diet and ease, or troubled in mind) 
when as, in the meantime, all his household are merry, and the poorest servant that 
he keeps doth continually feast." 'Tis Bracteata feVicitas., as '^Seneca terms it, tin- 
foiled happiness, inftlixf elicit as., an unhappy kind of happiness, if it be happiness 
at all. His gold, guard, clattering of harness, and fortifications against outward ene- 
mies, cannot free him from inward fears and cares. 



' Reveraque metus hominum, curaeque sequaces 
Nee metuunt fremitus armorum, aut feerea tela, 
Aiidacterque inter reges, regumque polentes 
Versantur, neque fulgorem reverentur ab auro." 



' Indeed men still attending fears and cares 
Nor armours clashing, nor fierce weapons fears: 
With kings converse they boldly, and kings peers, 
Fearing no flashing that from gold appears." 



Look how many servants he hath, and so many enemies he suspects; for liberty he 
entertains ambition ; his pleasures are no pleasures ; and that which is worst, he 
cannot be private or enjoy himself as other men do, his state is a servitude. ^* A 
countryman may travel from kingdom to kingdom, province to province, city to city, 
and glut his eyes with delightful objects, hawk, hunt, and use those ordinary dis- 
ports, without any notice taken, all which a prince or a great man cannot do. He 
keeps in for state, ne majestatis dignitas evilescat., as our China kings, of Borneo, 
and Tartarian Chams, those aurea mancipia., are said to do, seldom or never seen 
abroad, ut major sit hominum erga se observantia^ which the '^Persian kings so pre- 
cisely observed of old. A poor man takes more delight in an ordinary meal's meat, 
wliich he hath but seldom, than they do with all their exotic dainties and continual 
viands; Quippe voluptatem commendat rarior usus., 'tis the rarity and necessity that 
makes a thing acceptable and pleasant. Darius, put to flight by Alexander, drank 
puddle water to quench his thirst, and it was pleasanter, he swore, than any wine or 



• Cap. C. de curat, graec. affect, rap. de providentia; 
.quotiescunque divitiis afHuentem hominem videmus, 
cumqiie pessimum, ne quaeso hunc beatissimum piite- 
.niiis, sed infeliccm, censeamus, &c. '" Hor. 1. 2. Od.it. 
*;•»'>• 'S 2. 12 Florid, lib. 4. Dives ille cibo iiiier- 



dicitur, et in omni copia sua cibum non accipit, cum 
interca totum ejus servitium hilare sit, atque epuletur. 
13 E|)ist. 115. " Hor. et mihi curto Ire licet uiulo 

vel si libet usque Tarentutu. isiirit-onius. 



Mem. 3.1 



Remedies against Discontents. 



355 



mead. All excess, as '^Epictetiis argues, will cause a dislike; sweet will ne sour, 
which made that temperate Epicur\is sometimes voluntarily fast. But they nein^ 
always accustomed to the same ''dishes, (which are nastily dressed hy slovenly 
cooks, that after their obscenities never wash their bawdy hands) be they fish, flesh, 
compounded, made dishes, or whatsoever else, are therefore cloyed ; nectar's self 
grows loathsome to them, they are weary of all their fine palaces, they are to thein 
but as so many prisons. A poor man drinks in a wooden dish, and eats his meat in 
wooden spoons, wooden platters, earthen vessels, and such homely stufl^: the other 
in gold, silver, and precious stones ; but with what success ? in auro hihitur vencnum^ 
fear of poison in the one, security in the other. A poor man is able to write, to 
speak his mind, to do his own business himself; locuples mitfit parasitnm^ saith 
'^Philostratus, a rich man employs a parasite, and as the major of a city, speaks by 
the town clerk, or by Mr. Recorder, when he cannot express himself. '^Nonius the 
senator hath a purple coat as stiff with jewels as his mind is full of vices ; rings on 
his fingers worth 20,000 sesterces, and as ^°Perox the Persian king, an union in his 
ear worth one hundred pounds weight of gold: ^'Cleopatra hath whole boars and 
sheep served up to her table at once, drinks jewels dissolved, 40,000 sesterces in 
value ; but to what end .'' 

22" Niim tibi cum fauces urit sitis, aurea quaeris 
Pociihi ?" 

Doth a man that is adry desire to drink in gold .'* Doth not a cloth suit become him 
as well, and keep him as warm, as all their silks, satins, damasks, tafleties and tis- 
sues ? Is not homespun cloth as great a preservative against cold, as a coat of Tartar 
lamb's-wool, died in grain, or a gown of giant's beards } Nero, saith ^^ Sueton , 
never put on one garment twice, and thou hast scarce one to put on ^ what's the 
difierence ? one's sick, the other sound : such is the whole tenor of their lives, and 
that which is the consummation and upshot of all, death itself makes the greatest 
difference. One like a hen feeds on the dunghill all his days, but is served up at 
last to his Lord's table ; the other as a falcon is fed with partridge and pigeons, and 
carried on his master's fist, but when he dies is flung to the muckhill, and there lies. 
The rich man lives like Dives jovially here on earth, temidentiis diviiiis^ make the 
best of it ; and " boasts himself in the multitude of his riches," Psalm xlix. 6. 1 1 
he thinks his house " called after his own name," shall continue for ever; "• but he 
perisheth like a beast," verse 20. "his way utters his folly," verse 13. male parfa. 
male dilahunlur; 'Mike sheep they lie in the grave," verse 14. Puncto descenduni 
ad infernum^ " they spend their days in wealth, and go suddenly down to hell," Job 
xxi. 13. For all physicians and medicines enforcing nature, a swooning wife, fami- 
lies' complaints, friends' tears, dirges, masses, ncenias^ funerals, for all orations, coun- 
terfeit hired acclamations, eulogiums, epitaphs, hearses, heralds, black mournePv*! 
solemnities, obelisks, and Mausolean tombs, if he have them, at least, ^^ he, like 
hog, goes to hell with a guilty conscience [propter hos dilnfavit infernos os snujn)^ 
and a poor man's curse ; his memory stinks like the snufl^ of a candle when it is 
put out; scurrilous libels, and infamous obloquies accompany him. When as poor 
Lazarus is Dei sacrarium^ the temple of God, lives and dies in true devotion, hath 
no more attendants, but his own innocency, the heaven a tomb, desires to be dis- 
solved, buried in his mother's lap, and hath a company of ^^ Angels ready to convey 
his soul into Abraham's bosom, he leaves an everlasting and a sweet memory behind 
him. Crassus and Sylla are indeed still recorded, but not so much for their wealth 
as for their victories : Crcesus for his end, Solomon for his wisdom. In a word, 
^ " to get wealth is a great trouble, anxiety to keep, grief to lose it." 



2'"Gluid (lignum stolidis mentibus imprecer? 
Opes, honores ainhiant: 
Et cum falsa gravi mole paraverint, 
Turn vera cogaoscant bona." 



J^Si modnm excesseris, suavissima sunt molesta. 
^''Et in cupiriiis guloe, cnquns et pueri illotis manibtis 
ab exoneratione ventris omnia tractant, &u:. Cardan. 
I. 8. cap. 46. de rerum varielate. ' Epist. '" I'lin. 
!ib. 57. cap. 6. ^ozonaras 3. annal. 21 piutarcli. 

vit. eju* 22 Hor Ser. lib. 1. Sal. 2. 23Cap. 30. 

iiuDam vestem bis induit. -^ Ad irenerum Ccreris 

nine (xde el sanguine panci descenduni reges, el sicca 
■>orte tyrannj. 20 'God shall deliver liis soul from 



the power of Ihe grave," Psal. xlix. 15. »Contempl. 
Idiot. Cap. 37. divitiarum acqiiisitio magni lalniris, 
poKsessio magni timoris, amissio masrni doUiris. 
2' Boethius de cnnsol. phil. I. 3. "How contemptible 
stolid minds! They covet riches and titles, and when 
they have obtained these commodities of false weight 
and measures, then, and -aot before '/r ?v understand 
what is truly valuable. 



350 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. 

LJut consider all those other unknown, concealed happinesses, which a poor man 
};atli (I call them unknown, because they be not acknowledged in the world's esteem, 
or so taken) O fortunatos nimhim bona si sua norint: happy they are in the mean- 
\ime if they would take notice of it, make use, or apply it to themselves. '•'A poor 
man wise is better tlian a foolish king," Eccles. ii. 13. ^^" Poverty is the way to 
lieaven, ^^ the mistress of philosophy, ^° the mother of religion, virtue, sobriety, sister 
of innocency, and an upright mind." How many such encomiums might I add out 
of the fathers, philosophers, orators "i It troubles many that are poor, they account 
of it as a great plague, curse, a sign of God's hatred, ipsum sceluSj damned villany 
itself, a disgrace, shame and reproach; but to whom, or why.'* ^' ^'' If fortune hath 
envied me wealth, tliieves have robbed me, my father have not left me such revenues 

as others have, that 1 am a younger brother, basely born, cui sine luce genus^ 

surdumque parentu/n nojiicn^ of mean parentage, a dirt-dauber's son, am I there- 
fore to be blamed ? an eagle, a bull, a lion is not rejected for his poverty, and why 
should a man .?" 'Tis ^-fortunes telum^ Jion cuIpcF, fortune's fault, not mine. '"Good 
Sir, I am a servant, (to use ^^ Seneca's words) howsoever your poor friend ; a servant, 
and yet your chamber-fellow, and if you consider better of it, your fellow-servant." 
I am thy drudge in the world's eyes, yet in God's sight peradventure thy better, my 
soul is more precious, and I dearer unto him. Etiam servi diis curce sunt,, as Evan- 
gelus at large proves in Macrobius, the meanest servant is most precious in his sight. 
Thou art an epicure, I am a good Christian ; thou art many parasangs before me in 
means, favour, wealth, honour, Claudius's Narcissus, Nero's Massa, Domitian's Par- 
rhenius, a favourite, a golden slave ; thou coverest thy floors with marble, thy roofs 
with gold, thy walls with statues, fine pictures, curious hangings, &c., what of all 
this.'' calcas opes^ ^x., what^s all this to true happiness.'* I live and breathe under 
that glorious heaven, that august capitol of nature, enjoy the brightness of stars, that 
clear light of sun and moon, those infinite creatures, plants, birds, beasts, fishes, 
herbs, all that sea and land afibrd, far surpassing all that art and opulentia can give. 
I am free, and w^hich ^ Seneca said of Rome, culinen liheros texii^ sub marmore et 
auro postea servifus hahitavit^ thou hast AjnaJ the ce cor/zM,. plenty, pleasure, the world 
at will, I am despicable and poor ; hut a word overshot, a blow in choler, a game at 
tables, a loss at sea, a sudden fire, the prince's dislike, a liitle sickness, &c., may 
make us equal in an instant ; howsoever take thy time, triumph and insult awhile, 
cinis (cquat^ as '^^Alphonsus said, death will equalise us all at last. I live sparingly, 
in the mean time, am clad homely, fare hardly ; is this a reproach .'* am I the worse 
for it .'* am I contemptible for it } am I to be reprehended } A learned man in ^^Nevi- 
sanus was taken down for sitting amongst gentlemen, but he replied, " my nobility 
is about the head, yours declines to the tail," and they were silent. Let them mock, 
scofl^ and revile, 'tis not thy scorn, but his that made thee so; ''he that mocketh the 
poor, reproacheth him that made him," Prov. xi. 5. " and he that rejoiceth at afflic- 
tion, shall not be unpunished." For the rest, the poorer thou art, the happier thou 
art, ditior est., at non melior., saith ^"Epictetus, he is richer, not better than thou art, 
not so free from lust, envy, hatred, ambition. 

" Beatus ille qui prncul ne^otiis 
Palerna rura bobus exercet suis." 

Happy he, in that he is ^^ freed from the tumults of the world, he seeks no honours, 
gapes after no preferment, flatters not, envies not, temporiseth not, but lives privately, 
and well contented with his estate ; 

Nee spes corde avidas, nee curam pascit inanem 
Securus quo fata cadaiit." 

He is not troubled with state matters, whether kingdoms thrive better by succession 
or election ; whether monarchies should be mixed, temperate, or absolute ; the house 

28 Austin in Ps. Ixxvi. omnis PhilosophitB magistra, i conservus si cogitaveris. ^4 gpist. C6 et 90. 35 pa. 
ad coRluni via. auBonse mentis soror paiipertas. j norniitan. rebus gestis Alph. seLib. 4. num. 218 

*> Psedagoja pietat'j sohria, pia mater, cullu simplex, I quidam deprehensus quod sederet loco nobilinm, mea 
habitu secura, consilio benesiiada. Apiil. 3i Cardan, i nobilitas, ait. est circa caput, vestra declinal ad cau- 
(Jpprobrium non est paupertas: quod latro eripit, aut ; dam. 3' Tanto heatior es, quanto collection 3h ]Von 
j)ater non reliquit, cur mihi vitio darelur, si fbrtuna amorihus inservit, non ai)petit honores, et qiialitercun- 
itivitias invidil? non aquiire, non, &c. ^^Tully. I que relictiis satis habet, hominem se esse memiuit, ir 

•3 Episl 74. servus summe homo; eervus sum, immo videt nemini, neminem despicit, neminem miratur, sei 
• ontubernalis, servus sum, at humilis amicus, immo ; monibus nr.alignis non attendit aut al'tur. Plinius. 



Mem. 3.] 



Remedies againU Discontents. 



35? 



of Oltomon's and Austria is all one to him ; he inquires not after colonies or nen 
discoveries ; whether Peter were at Rome, or Constantine's donation be of force , 
what comets or new stars signify, whether the earth stand or move. 



be 



new world in the moon, or infinite worlds, &c. He 
invasions, factions or emulations ; 



there oe a 
is not touched with fear o*' 



W" Fcelix iile anitni, divisqiip sirnillimus ipsis, 
Qiinm noil ninrdaci resplendens gloria fiico 
Solicitat, rioti fastosi mala f,'a'idia luxiis, 
Sed tacitos sinit ire dio:5, et paiipere cultii 
<<• Exigit iiuiocuae Iranquilla sileiitia vitae." 



"A happy soul, and like to God liimaelf, 
Wlioiii not vain glory macerates or strife, 
Or wicked joys of that proud swelling pelf, 
But leads a still, poor, and contented life." 



A secure, quiet, blissful state he hath, if he could acknowledge it. But here is the 
misery, that he will not take notice of it ; he repines at rich men's wealth, brave 
hangings, dainty fare, as '" Simonides objected to llieron, he hath all the pleasures of 
the world, '*^m leaf is ehurncis dnrmil^viniimphialis hihit^ opfimis unguentis delihuitur^ 
" he knows not the affliction of Joseph, stretching himself on ivory beds, and singing 
to the sound of the viol " And it troubles him that he hath not the like : there is a dif- 
ference (he grumbles) between Laplolly and Pheasants, to tumble i'th' straw and lie in a 
down bed, betwixt wine and water, a cottage and a palace. " He hates nature (as 
"Pliny characteriselh him) that she hath made him lower than a god, and is angry 
with the gods that any man goes before him;" and although he liath received much, 
yet (as '^'^ Seneca follows it) '" lie thinks it an injury that he hath no more, and is so 
far from giving thanks for his tribuneship, that he complains he is not praetor, neither 
doth that please him, except he may be consul." Why is he not a prince, why not 
a monarch, why not an emperor .^ Why should one man have so much more than 
his fellows', one have all, another nothing } Why should one man be a slave or 
drudge to another? One surfeit, another starve, one live at ease, another labour, 
without any hope of better fortune .'' Thus they grumble, mutter, and repine : not 
considering that inconstancy of human affairs, judicially conferring one condition 
with another, or well weighing their own present estate. What they are now, thou 
mayest shortly be ; and what thou art they sh&ll likely be. Expect a little, compare 
future and times past with the present, see the event, and comfort thyself with it. It 
is as well to be discerned in commonwealths, cities, famdies, as in private men's 
estates. Italy was once lord of the world, Rome the queen of cities, vaunted herself 
of two ^^ myriads of inhabitants ; now that all-commanding country is possessed by 
petty princes, ''^ Rome a small village in respect. Greece of old the seat of civdity, 
mother of sciences and humanity; now forlorn, the nurse of barbarism, a den of 
thieves. Germany then, saith Tacitus, was incult and horrid, now full of magnifi- 
cent cities: Athens, Corinth, Carthage, how flourishing cities, now buried in their 
own ruins! Corvorum., ferarum^ aprorum et bestiarum lustra., like so many wilder- 
nesses, a receptacle of wild beasts. Venice a poor fisher-town; Paris, London, small 
cottages in Caesar's time, now most noble emporiums. Valois, Plantagenet, and Sca- 
liger how fortunate families, how likely to continue ! now quite extinguished and 
rooted out. He stands aloft to-day, full of favour, wealth, honour, and prosperity, 
in the top of fortune's wheel: to-morrow in prison, worse than nothing, his son's a 
beggar. Thou art a poor servile drudge, Fcbx populi., a very slave, thy son may 
come to be a prince, with Maximinus, Agathocles, &.c. a senator, a general of an 
army; thou standest bare to him now, woi-kest for him, drudgest for him and 
his, takest an alms of him : stay but a little, and his next heir peradventure shall 
consume all with riot, be degraded, thou exalted, and he sliall beg of thee. Thou 
shalt be his most honourable patron, he thy devout sei-vant, his posterity shall run, 
ride, and do as much for thine, as it was with "''' B'risgobakl and Cromwell, it may b. 
for thee. Citizens devour country gentlemen, and settle in their seats; after two or 
three descents, they consume all in riot, it returns to the city again. 



39Politianus in Rusticn. ■"> Oyges regno LydicP M^ Dp ira cap. :n. lib 3. Rt si multum acceperit, injnriani 

.nflatus sci.scitatum misit A[>ollinem an quis mortaiiiim piifat plnra non accepisse ; non a>;it pro trilmnatu 
56 felicior esset. Aglaium Arcadiim pauperrimum gratias, sed qncritur quod non sit ad prceturam perdue- 
Apollo pnetulit, qui termirios agri sui nunquam exces- I tus; neque liasc L'rala, si desit consulalus. ■'■'Lips, 

eerat. rure suo conientus. Val. lib. 1. c 7. •<i Hor. admir. «", of .^„„if- ilO.OOO inhabitants now. •»M<p;.d 

n.-i'c est Vita solutorum niisera anihitione, gravique. the story at large in John Fox, lii.s Acta and Monu 
«' Amos. 6. ''3 Prrefat. lib. 7. Odir naturain quod nients. 

infra decs sit; irascitur diis quod quis illi antecedat. 



358 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Pait. 2. 5mo. 3. 



* " TVovus incola venit ; 

Nam iiroprisB telluris lieruin natura, neque ilium. 
Nee rue, nee qiienqua.'ii staluil ; nos expulit illt; : 
Ilium aut nequities, aut vafri iiiscitia juris." 



"have we Iiv"d at a more frugal rate, 

Since this new stranger seiz'ii on our estate? 

Nature will no perpetual heir assign, 

Or make the farm his property or mine. 

He turn'd us out : but follies all his own. 

Or lawsuits and their knaveries yet unknown. 

Or, all his follies and his lawsuits past, 

Some long-liv'd heir shall turn him out at last.' 



A lawyer buys out his poor client, after a while his client's posterity buy out him 
and his ; so things go round, ebb and flow. 



Nunc ager Umbreni sub nomine, nuper Ofelli 
Dictus erat, nulli proprius sed cedit in usum 
Nunc mihi, nunc aliis;" 



"The farm, once mine, now bears Umbrenus' name: 
The use alone, not property, we claim ; 
Then be not with your present lot deprest, 
And meet the future with undaunted breast ;" 



as he SLiid then, ager cujus^ quot liabes Dominos? So say I of land, houses, move- 
ables and money, mine to-day, his anon, whose to-morrow ? \\\ fine, (as '^'^ Machiavel 
observes) "virtue and prosperity beget rest; rest idleness; idleness riot; riot destruc- 
tion; from which we come again to good laws ; good laws engender virtuous actions; 
virtue, glory, and prosperity; and 'tis no dislionour then (as Guicciardine adds) for 
a flourishing man, city, or state to come to ruin, ^^ nor infelicity to be subject |to the 
law of nature." Ergo terrena calcanda, sitienda coelestia^ (therefore I say) scorn 
this transitory state, look up to heaven, think not what others are, but what thou 
art : ^' Qua parfe locaius es in re : and what thou shalt be, what thou mayest bt3. 
Do (I say) as Christ himself did, when he lived here on earth, imitate him as mucli 
as in thee lies. How many great Caesars, mighty monarchs, tetrarchs, dynasties, 
princes lived in his days, in what plenty, what delicacy, how bravely attended, what 
a deal of gold and silver, what treasure, how many sumptuous palaces had they, 
what provinces and cities, ample territories, fields, rivers, fountains, parks, forests, 
lawns, woods, cells, &c. ? Yet Christ had none of all this, he would have none of 
this, he voluntarily rejected all this, he could not be ignorant, he could not err in 
his choice, he contemned all this, he chose that wliicli was safer, better, and more 
certain, and less to be repented, a mean estate, even poverty itself; and why dost 
thou then doubt to follow him, to imitate him, and his apostles, to imitate all good 
men : so do thou tread in his divine steps, and thou shalt not err eternally, as too 
many worldlings do, that run on in their own dissolute courses, to their confusion 
and ruin, thou shalt not do amiss. Whatsoever thy fortune is, be contented with it, 
trust in him, rely on him, refer thyself wholly to him. For know tliis, in conclu- 
sion, JYon est volentis nee currenfis, sed misereniis Dei., 'tis not as men, but as God 
will. " The Lord makelh poor and maketh rich, bringeth low, and exalteth (1 Sam. ii. 
ver. 7. 8), he lifteth the poor from the dust, and raiseth the beggar from the dunghill, 
to set them amongst princes, and make them inherit the seat of glory ;" 'tis all as he 
pleaseth, how, and when, and whom ; he that appoints the end (though to us 
unknown) appoints the means likewise subordinate to the end. 

Yea, but their present estate crucifies and torments most mortal men, they have 
no such forecast, to see what may be, wliat shall likely be, but what is, though not 
wherefore, or from whom, hoc anget^ their present misfortunes grind their souls, and 
an envious eye which they cast upon other men's prosperities, Vicinumque pecus 
grandius uber hahet., how rich, how fortunate, how happy is he } But in the mean- 
time he doth not consider the other miseries, his infirmities of body and mind, that 
accompany his estate, but still reflects upon his own false conceived woes and wants, 
whereas if the matter were duly examined, ^^ he is in no distress at all. he hath no 
cause to complain. 

53 , , ,, n,,„rpiac I " Then cease complaining, friend, and learn to live. 

Pnuper e„.„ „„?, e.„ c..; re„„„ ,uppe.„ „™s,. | "« '= '^^:\^-XZl:^^ZJ:-^S;.. 

lia is not poor, he is not in need. ^^ " Nature is content with bread and water ; and 
he that can rest satisfied with that, may contend with Jupiter himself for happiness." 
In that golden age, ^^somnos dedit umbra salubres^ potum quoque Jubricus amnis^ the 
tree gave wholesome shade to sleep under, and the clear rivers drink. The Israelites 

48 Hor. Sat. 2. ser. lib. 2. '•''.5 Florent. hist, virtus I divites qui roelo el terra frui possiint. s3 Hor. Iih. 1. 

quictem [)arat, quies otiiim, olium porro luxiim gene- | epis. 12. 54 j^gueca epist. 15. panem et aqnam natura 
rat, luxus interitum, a quo iteruin ad saluberrimas, &c. | desiderat, et hiec qui hahet, ipso cum Jove de felicitate 
5f''?i)icciard. in tliponest nulla infelic tas subjectum contendat. Cibiis simplex famem sedat, vestis "• iV.iM 
<Ess<; leg laturae &c. 6i ivrsius. ^'^bmnes frigir s arcet. Senec. epist. 8. sopoeijjjug. 



Mem. 3.] Remedies against Discontents. 359 

drank water in the wilderness; Samson, David, Saul, Abraha.n's servant when ho 
went for Isaac's wife, llie Samaritan woman, and how many besides mi^ht I reckon 
up, Egypt, Palestine, whole countries in the ^^ Indies, that drank pure watei'-nll thrit 
lives. -'The Persian kings tiiemselves drank no other drink than the water o. 
Chaospis, that runs by Susa, which was carried in bottles after them, whithersoevo'- 
they went. Jacob desired no more of God, but bread to eat, and clothes to put ott 
in his journey. Gen. xxviii. 20. Bene est cui deus ohtidlt Parca quod satis est mann ^ 
bread is enough ^^"to strengthen the heart." And if you study philosophy aright, 
saith ^^Maudarensis, "whatsoever is beyond this moderation, is not useful, but trouble- 
some," '"^Agellius, out of Euripides, accounts bread and water enough to satisfy 
nature, " of which there is no surfeit, the rest is not a feast, but a riot." ^' S. Ilierome 
esteems him rich " that hath bread to eat, and a potent man that is not compelled to 
be a slave ; hunger is not ambitious, so that it have to eat, and thirst doth not prefer 
a cup of gold." It was no epicurean speech of an epicure, he that is not satisfied 
with a little will never have enough : and very good counsel of him in the "poet, 
'•' O my son, mediocrity of means agrees best with men ; too much is pernicious." 

" Divitiae grandes homiiii sunt vivere parce, 
iEquo aiiiiiio." 

And if thou canst be content, thou hast abundance, nihil est^ nihil deest^ thou hast 
little, thou wantest nothing. 'Tis all one to be hanged in a chain of gold, or in a 
rope ; to be filled with dainties or coarser meat. 

63" Si veiitri bene, si lateri, pedihiisqne mis, nil I "If hel'.y, sides and feet he well at ease, 

Divitia; poteruiit rejjales addece niajus." [ A prince's treasure can thee no more please. 

Socrates in a fair, seeing so many things bought and sold, such a multitude of people 
convented to that purpose, exclaimed forthwitli, "O ye gods what a sight of things 
do not I want .'' 'Tis thy want alone that keeps thee in health of body and mind, 
and that which thou persecutest and abhorrest as a feral plague is thy physician and 
^■"chiefest friend, which makes thee a good man, a healthful, a sound, a virtuous, an 
honest and happy man." For when virtue came from heaven (as the poet feigns) 
rich men kicked her up, wicked men abhorred her, courtiers scoffed at her, citizens 
hated her, ^^and that she was thrust out of doors in every place, she came at last to 
her sister Poverty, where she had found good entertainment. Poverty and Virtue 
dwell together. 

66" O vitK tut a facnltas 

Pauperis, aiiiiiisti(,iie lares, 6 inunera nondum 
Intellecta deuni." 

How happy art thou if thou couldst be content. " Godliness is a great gain, if a man 
can be content with that which he hath," 1 Tim. vi. 6. And all true happiness is in 
a mean estate. I have a little wealth, as he said, ^"^ sed quas animus magnas faclt^ a 
kingdom in conceit : 

68 " nil amplius opto 

Maia nate, nisi ut propria liEc niilii munera faxis;" 

1 have enough and desire no more. 

69"rii bene fecerunt inopis ine quodque piisilli 
Fecerunt animi" 

'tis very well, and to my content. ''^Vestem ci fort imam conclnnam pofius quam Taxajii 
vroho., let my fortune and my garments be both alike fit for me. And which ^"Sebas- 
tian Foscarinus, sometime Duke of Venice, caused to be engraven on his tomb in 
St. Mark's Church, " Hear, O ye Venetians, and I will tell you which is the best 
thing in the world: to contemn it." 1 will engrave it in my heart, it shall' be my 
whole study to contemn it. Let them take wealth, Stercora stercus amef^ so that f 
may have security: bene qui latult^ bene vlxlt; though I live obscure, '^yet I live 
clean and honest; and when as the lofty oak is blown down, the silky reed may 



66Miifra5us et alii. 5" Brissnnius. 68 Psal. Ixxxiv. 
ftJSi recte philosopliemiiii, quicqnid aptatn niodera- 
tionem super^'reditur, oneri potius quam usui est. 
to Lib. 7. IG. Cereris munus et aquffi poculum mortales 
quaerunt habere, et quorum saties nunquam est, luxus 
^utem, sunt c^Rtera, non epuKT. ei Satis est dives 

qui pane non indis;et; nimium potens qui s< rvire non 
coLMtur. Amiiitiosa non est fames, &c. 62 Euripides 

Menalip. O fili, mediocres divitine hominibus conve- 
Miint, nimia vero moles pcrniciosa. '3 Hor. 64 q 

lorfes coena'que deum. 66 per mille fraudes Joctos- 



que dolos ejiciiur, apud sociam paupertatem ejusque 
cultores divortens in eorum sinu et tuiela deliciatur. 
66 Lucan. " O protecting quality of a poor man's life, 
frugal means, gifts scarce yet understood by the gods 
thoniselves." 6? jjp. tniscell. ep. 40. 6^ gat 6. 

hb. 2. KaHor. Sat. 4. 'O Apuleius. 'irhyirons 

in Europae deliciis. Atxipite cives Veneti quod est 
optimum in rebus humanis, res humanas coiit-innere. 
'2 Vah, viveie etiatn nunc lubet, as Demea said, Adiil|<h. 
Act. 4. Q,uam multis non epeo, quam multa no'i desi 
dero, ut Socrates In pompa, ille in nund..iis. 



360 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. S 



stand. Let them take glory, for that's their misery; let them take honour, so that 
I may have heart's ease. Due me O Jupiter et tu fatum^'^ t^c. Lead me, O God, 
whither thou wilt, I am ready to follow; command, I will obey. I do not envy at 
their wealth, titles, offices; 

'4"Stet quiciinque volet potens 
Aulae culinine lubrico, 
Me dulcis saturet quies." 

let me live quiet and at ease. "^^ Erimus fortasse (as he comforted himself) quando 
illi non erunt^ when they are dead and gone, and all their pomp vanished, our 
memory may flourish : 

■■6" dant jierennes 

Stemmata iioii peritura Musre." 

Let him be my lord, patron, baron, earl, and possess so many goodly castles, 'tis 
well for me^^ that I have a poor house, and a little wood, and a well by it, &lc. 



His me coiisolor victuruiii suavius, ac si 

QuiEstnr avus pater atqiie mens, j)atruusqiie fuissent." 



With 'Ahich 1 feel myself more truly blest 
'I'han if my sires the qiicestor's power pnssess'd. 



I live, I thank God, as merrily as he, and triumph as much in this my mean estate, 
as if ip.y father and uncle had been lord treasurer, or my lord mayor. He feeds of 
many dishes, I of one: ''^qut Christum curat^ non multmn curat quam de preciosis 
cihis stercus coiificiat^ what care I of what stuff my excrements be made ? '^^^ He that 
lives according to nature cannot be poor, and he that exceeds can never have enough," 
totus non sujjieit orbis^ the whole world cannot give him content. " A small thing 
that the righteous hath, is better than the riches of the ungodly," Psal. xxxvii. 19; 
" and better is a poor morsel with quietness, than abundance with strife," Prov. xvii. 7 
Be content then, enjoy thyself, and as '^"Chrysostom adviseth, ''be not angry foj 
what thou hast not, but give God hearty thanks for what thou hast received." 



81 "Si dat oluscula 
Meiisa minuscula 
pace referta, 



Ne pete grandia, 

Latitaqiie praudia 

lite replela." 



But what wantest thou, to expostulate the matter? or what hast thou not better than 
a rich man.'' ^^" health, competent wealth, children, security, sleep, friends, liberty, 
diet, apparel, and what not," or at least mayest have (the means being so obvious, 
easy, and well known) for as he inculcated to himself, 

63" VitamqucB facinnt beatiorem, 
Jucuiidissime Martialis, Iktc sunt* 
Kes non ))arta labore, sed relicta, 
Lis nunquam, &c." 

say again thou hast, or at least mayest have it, if thou wilt thyself, and that which 
am sure he wants, a merry heart. '' Passing by a village in the territory of Milan," 
saith ^^St. Austin, "I saw a poor beggar that had got belike his bellyful of meat, 
jesting and merry ; I sighed, and said to some of my friends that were then with 
me, what a deal of trouble, madness, pain and grief do we sustain and exaggerate 
unto ourselves, to get that secure happiness which this poor beggar hatli prevented 
us of, and which we peradventure shall never have } For that which he hath now 
attained with the begging of some small pieces of silver, a temporal happiness, and 
present heart's ease, 1 cannot compass with all my careful windings, and running in 
and out, ^^And surely the beggar was very merry, but I was heavy; he was secure, 
but I timorous. And if any man should ask me now, whether I had rather be merry, 
or still so solicitous and sad, I should say, merry. If he should ask me again, 
whether I had rather be as I am, or as this beggar was, I should sure choose to be 
as I am, tortured still with cares and fears ; but out of peevislmess, and not out of 
truth.'" That which St. Austin said of himself here in this place, I may truly sa^ 



73 Epictetus 77. cap. quo sum destinatus, et sequar 
alacnter. "4" Let whosoever covets it, occupy 

the highest pinnacle of fame, sw^et traruinillity shall 
satisfy me." "5 pmearms ep. 62. ''" Marullus. 

"The immortal Muses confer imperishable pride of 
orifrin." "' Hoc erit in votis, modus agri non ita 

parvus, Hortus ubi et tecto vicinus jugis aquie fons, et 
paulum sylvie,&c. Hor. Sat. 6. lib. 2. Ser. "s Hieronym. 
«» Seneca consil ad Albinum c. 11. qui contitiet so intra 
nature limiies, paupcrtatem non sentit ; qui excedit, 
earn in opibus paupertas sequitur. *J Horn. 12. pro 

his qua; accepisti gratias age, noli indignnre pro his 
qua} non ncci pisti. "i Nat. Chytreus deliciis Europ. 

C5ustonii iti a'dilnis Flubi.-inis in ccenaculo 6 regione 
iiensa;, " If your table alford frugal fare with peace, 1 



seek not, in strife, to load it lavi.ehly." 82 Quid non 

habet melius pauper quam dives? vitain, valeiudineni, 
cibum, somnum, liliertaten), &c. Card. "Martial 

I. 10. epig. 47. read it out thyself in the author. 84 Con- 
fess, lib. 6. Transiens per vicum quetxiam Mediolanen- 
sem, animadverii pau{)erem quendam mendicuu), jam 
credo saturum, jocantem atque ridentem, et ingemui el 
loculus sum cuit) amicis qui mecum erant, &.< . *>^k,l 
certe ille Ixtabatiir. ego anxius; securus ille, ego tre))»- 
dus. Et si perf;ontaretiir n)e quispiani an exultard 
mallem, an metuere, responderem, exultare : et si rursu» 
interrogaret an ogo talis essem, an qualis nunc sur» 
mo ipsis curie confectum eligereiu; sed perversitate, 
nun verilaie. 



Mem. 3.] Remedies against Discontents. 361 

to thee, thou discontented wretch, thou covetous niggard, thou churl, tl.ou ambitious 
and swelling toad, 'tis not want but peevishness which is the cause of thy w.ics; 
settle thine affection, thou hast enough. 

"6 " Denique sit finis qujereiidi, qiioque habeas plus, 
PaupKrietti iiietuas minus, et fiiiire laburein 
lucipias; parto, quod avebas, uierr." 

Make an end of scraping, purchasing this manor, this field, that house, for this and 
that child ; thou hast enougli for thyself and them : 

" Quod petis hie est. 



Est Ulubris, aniuius si te iiou deficit squus," 

'Tis at hand, at home already, which thou so earnestly seekest. But 



" O si ansiilns ille 



Proxiaius accedat, (jui nunc denormat agellum," 

O that 1 had but that one nook of ground, that field there, that pasture, si vcnam 

argenti fors quis mi/ii monstret . O that J could but find a pot of money now, 

to purchase, &c., to build me a new house, to marry my daughter, place my son, 
&c. ^^k'O if I might but live a while longer to see all things settled, some two or 
three years, I would pay my debts," make all my reckonings even : but they are 
come and past, and thou hast more business than before. '■' O madness, to think to 
settle that in thine old age when thou hast more, which in thy youtli thou canst not 
low compose having but a little." ^^ Pyrrhus would first concpier Africa, and then 
\sia, et turn suaviter agere^ and then live merrily and take his ease : but when Cyneas 
/he orator told him he migbt do that already, id jam fosse fieri., rested satisfied, con- 
ilenming his own folly. Si parva licet componere magnis., thou mayest do the like, 
cind therefore be composed in thy fortune. Thou hast enough : he that is wet m a 
bath, can be no more wet if he be flung into Tiber, or into the ocean itself: and if 
thou hadst all the world, or a solid mass of gold as big as the world, thou canst not 
have more than enough; enjoy thyself at length, and that which thou hast; the 
mind is all ; be content, thou art not poor, but rich, and so much the richer as 
"* Censorinus well writ to Cerellius, quanto pauciora optas., nan quo plura possides^ 
in wishing less, not having more. J say then, JVon adjice opes., sed minue cupidifatcs 
(^'tis ^'Epicurus' advice), add no more wealth, but diminish thy desires ; and as 
*^Chrysostom well seconds him. Si vis ditari., contcmne divmas ; that's true plenty, 
not to have, but not to want riches, non habere., sed non ind'igere., vera abundantia: 
'tis more glory to contemn, than to possess ; et nihil agere., est deorum^ " and to want 
nothing is divine." How many deaf, dumb, halt, lame, blind, miserable persons 
could 1 reckon up that are poor, and withal distressed, in imprisonment, baiiislmient, 
galley slaves, condenmed to the mines, quarries, to gyves, in dungeons, perpetual 
ihraldom, than all which tiiou art richer, thou art more happy, to wliom tiiou art 
able to give an alms, a lord, in respect, a petty prince : ^^ be contented then 1 say, 
lepine and mutter no more, " for thou art not poor indeed but in opinion." 

Yea, but this is very good counsel, and rightly applied to such as have it, and will 
iiot use it, that have a competency, that are able to work and get their iiving by the 
sweat of their brows, by their trade, tiiat have something yet ; he that hath birds, 
may catch birds; but what shall we do that are slaves by nature, impotent, and 
unable to help ourselves, mere beggars, iliat languish and pine away, tliat have no 
means at all, no hope of means, no trust of delivery, or of better success ? as those 
old Britons complained to their lords and masters the Romans oppressed by the 
Picts, ?nare ad barbaros, barbari ad mare, the barbarians drove them to the sea, the 
sea drove them back to the barbarians : our present misery compels us to cry out 
and howl, to make our moan to rich men : they turn us back with a scornful answer 
to oui misfortune again, and will take no pity of us ; they c'onnnonly overlook their 
foor friends in adversity; if they chance to meet them, they voluntarily forget and 
will take no notice of them; they will not, they cannot help us. instead of com- 

P6 Mot &■> Uor. ep. lib. 1. ssq si nunc morerer, i in juventn. in seuecla iuipositnruui ? U dcnii'nliani 

inquit, quanta el qualia mihi imperfecta marierent: 
sed sa meiisihus decern vel octo super vixero, iminia re- 
lisjau. ad lihtlhini, ab omni debito creditoque me expli- 
tabo ; pra^lereunt interim menses decem,el octo, et cum 
'iiisai.tij.et adliuc restant plura quam prius; quid igitur 
speiQs. O iiisai-e, finem q'iem rebus tuis iioii inveneras 



• •■ J...V,l.V... ... .,.......« ...., -^ 

quuin ob curas et nesotia tuo judicii) sis infilis 
putas fiitiirum t\umn plum snpererint? rnn-'an 



46 2 1' 



llX. quid 

lib.;', 
cap. 40. de rer. var. " ""'J I'luiurcli. so Lib. <le naiali. 
cap. 1. "' Apud Stob.nm ser. 17. 'J'^ ll(un. li>. in '2. 

i»' Non in paupertate, sed in jiaupere (Seiiei'.) iiou re, bed 
pinione labor(!s. 



302 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. 

foi-t ihey threaten us, miscal, scoff at us, to aggravate our misery, give us bad lan- 
guage, or if they do give good words, what's that to relieve us ? According to that 
of Thales, Facile est alios monere; who cannot give good counsel ? 'tis cheap, it 
costs them nothing. It is an easy matter when one's belly is full to declaim against 
fasting, Qui satur est pleno laudat jejunia ventre; "Doth the wild ass bray when 
he hath grass, or loweth the ox when he hath fodder.^" Job vi. 5. ^'^JVeque enim 
populo Romano quidqiiam potest esse Icetius^ no man living so jocund, so merry as 
the people of Rome when they had plenty ; but when they came to want, to be 
hunger-starved, " neitlier shame, nor laws, nor arms, nor magistrates could keep 
them in obedience." Seneca pleadeth hard for poverty, and so did those lazy phi- 
losophers : but in the meantime ^^ he was rich, they had wherewithal to maintain 
themselves; but doth any poor man extol it.? There "are those (saith ^^ Bernard) 
that approve of a mean estate, but on that condition they never want themselves : 
and some again are meek so long as tliey may say or do what they list; but if oc- 
casion be offered, how far are tiiey from all patience ?" I would to God (as he said) 
^'"No man should commend poverty, but he that is poor," or he that so much 
id mires it, would relieve, help, or ease others. 

sb" Nunc si nns audi?, atque es divinus Apollo, I i' Now if thou hcar'st us, and art a good man. 

Die niilii, qui iiuminos non liabet, uiide pelat :" | Tell him that wants, to get means, if you can." 

But no man hears us, we are most miserably dejected, the scum of the world. ^Vix 
liahet in nobis jam nova plaga locum. We can get no relief, no comfort, no succour, 
'""J^/ nihil <inveni quod mihi ferret opem. We have tried all means, yet find no re- 
I medy : no man living can express the anguish and bitterness of our souls, but we 
that endure it; we are distressed, forsaken, in torture of body and mind, in another 
hell : and what shall we i\o} When 'Crassus the Roman consul warred against the 
Parthians, after an unlucky battle fouglit, he fled away in the night, and left four 
thousand men, sore, sick, and wounded in his tents, to the fury of the enemy, which, 
wlien the poor men perceived, clamoribus et ululatihus omnia compUriint., they made 
lamentable moan, and roared downright, as loud as Homer's Mars when he was hurt, 
which the noise of 10,000 men could not drown, and all for fear of present death. 
But our estate is far more tragical and miserable, much more to be deplored, and far 
greater cause have we to lament; the devil and the world persecute us, all good for- 
tune hath forsaken us, we are left to tlie rage of beggary, cold, hunger, thirst, nasti- 
ness, sickness, irksomeness, to continue all torment, labour and pain, to derision and 
contempt, bitter enemies all, and far worse than any death ; death alone we desire, 
death we seek, yet cannot have it, and what shall we do } Quod male fcrs., assuesce; 

feres bene accustom thyself to it, and it will be tolerable at last. Yea, but I 

may not, 1 cannot. In me consumpsit vires fortuna nocendo^ I am in the extremity of 
human adversity; and as a shadow leaves the body when the sun is gone, I am now 
left and lost, and quite forsaken of the world. Qui jacet in terra., non habet unde 
cadat; comfort tliyself with this yet, thou art at the worst, and before it be long it will 
either overcome thee or thou it. If it be violent, it cannot endure, aut solvetur., aid 
solvet: let the devil himself and all the plagues of Egypt come upon thee at once, 
JVe tu cede malis., sed contra audentior ito, be of good courage ; misery is virtue's 
whetstone. 

« " serpens, sitis, ardor, arena, 

Dulcia virtuti," 

\s Cato told his soldiers marching in the deserts of Lybia, "Thirst, heat, sands, ser- 
pents, were pleasant to a valiant man ;" honourable enterprises are accompanied with 
langers and damages, as experience evinceth : they will make the rest of thy life 
relish the better. But put case they continue ; thou art not so poor as thou wast 
born, and as some hold, much better to be pitied than envied. But be it so thou 
hast lost all, poor thou art, dejected, in pain of body, grief of mind, thine enemies 
insult over thee, thou art as bad as Job ; yet tell me (saith Chrysostom) " was Job 

9* Votiiscus Aureliano, sed si popuhis famelicus inodia I sunt et alii mites, qnamdiu dicitur et agitur ad •?orura 
laboret, rice artna, leges, pudor, mngislratiis coercere arbitrium, &c. *»; Nemo {)aupertarem commendarel 

viilciit. «'■' One (if tin; richest men in Rome ssSerni. ni.si pauper. «« Petronius Catalec. 990vid. 

Quidain sunt (lui pauperes esse vohnil itn nt liliil illis " 'I'iiere is no space left on our bodies fur a fresh stripe." 
desit, sic conimendant ut nullam patiantur mopiam ; | looQvid. • [■'luiarch. vit. Crassi. aLucan. lib. 9 



Mem. 3. 



Remedies against DisconUn/s. 



3GJ 



or the devil the greater conqueror ? surely Job ; the ^ devil had his g ^ods, he sat oi 
the luuciv-hill and kept his good name; he lost liis ciiildren, iiealth, friends, but hn 
kept his innocency; he lost his money, but he kept his confidence in God, whicli 
was better than any treasure." Do tliou then as Job did, triumph as Job did, ''and 
be not molested as every fool is. .SV;^ qua ratione poterof How shall this be donr^ 
Chrysostom answers, facile si coelum cogiiaveris^ with great facility, if thou shall 
but meditate on heaven. ^Hannah wept sore, and troubled in mind, could not eat; 
''but why weepest thou," said Elkanah her husband, ^^ and why eatest thou not? 
why is thine heart troubled.? am not J better to thee than ten sons.?" and she was 
quiet. Thou art here *^ vexed in this world; but say to thyself, '' Why art thou 
troubled, O my soul .?" Is not God better to thee than all temporalities, and mo- 
mentary pleasures of the world .? be then pacified. And though thou beest now 
peradventure in extreme want, ' it may be 'tis for thy further good, to try thy patience, 
as it did Job's, and exercise thee in this life : trust in God, and rely upon liim, and 
thou shult be ^ crowned in the end. What's this life to eternity .? The world hath 
forsaken thee, thy friends and fortunes all are gone : yet know this, that the very 
hairs of tiiine head are numbered, that God is a spectator of all thy miseries, he 
sees thy wrongs, woes, and wants. ^'''Tis his good- will and pleasure it should be 
so, and lie knows better what is for thy good than thou thyself. His providence is 
over all, at all times ; he hath set a guard of angels over us, and keeps us as the 
apple of his eye," Ps. xvii. 8. Some he doth exalt, prefer, bless with worldly riches, 
honours, olHces, and preferments, as so many glistering stars he makes to shine 
above the rest : some he doth miraculously protect from thieves, incursions, sword, 
lire, and all violent mischances, and as the '°poet feigns of that Lycian Pandarus,. 
Lycaon's son, when he shot at Menelaus the Grecian with a strong arm, and deadly 
arrow, Pallas, as a good mother keeps flies from her child's face asleep, turned by 
the shaft, and made it hit on the buckle of his girdle ; so some he solicitously de- 
fends, others he exposeth to danger, poverty, sickness, want, misery, he chastiseth 
and corrects, as to him seems best, in his deep, unsearchable and secret judgment, 
and all for our good. '' The tyrant took the city (saith " Chrysostom), God did not 
hinder it ; led them away captives, so God would have it; he bound them, God 
yielded to it : Hung them into the furnace, God permitted it : heat the oven hotter, 
it was granted : and when the tyrant had done his worst, God showed his power, 
and the children's patience; he freed them:" so can he thee, and can '^help in an 
instant, when it seems to him good. '^'"Rejoice not against me, O my enemy; for 
tiiough I fall, I shall rise : when I sit in darkness, the Lord shall ligliten me." Re- 
member all those martyrs what they have endured, the utmost that human rage and 
fury could invent, with what " patience they have borne, with what willingness em- 
braced it. ""Though he kill me," saith Jol), '•'•J will trust in him." Justus ^'"incx- 
pugnuhiJ.is^ as Chrysostom holds, a just man is impregnable, and not to be overcome. 
The gout may hurt his hands, lameness his feet, convulsions may torture his joints, 
but not rectam mentem^ his soul is free. 



" nempe ppciis, rem, 

Lectos, argeiiUiiu lollas licet; in inaiiicis, et 
Loiijpedibus sbbvo teiieas cuslode" 



" Pt^rha^xs, you mean, 
My cattle, money, moveables or land, 
Then lake tliem all. — Hiil, slave, if (command, 
A cruel jailor shall thy freedom seize." 



'"Take away his money, his treasure is in heaven : banish him his country, he is 
an inhabitant of that heavenly Jerusalem : cast him into bands, his conscience is 



s An quum super fimo sedit Job, an eum omnia ah- 
etulit diabolus, &c. pecuniis privalus tiduciain deo ha- 
buit, onini thesauro preciosiorem. ♦ H;ec videntes 

eponte philosophemini. iiec insipientum artectibus agi- 
teiiiur. ilSam. i.8. • James i. 2. " My brethren, 
count it an exceeding joy, when you fall into divers 
temptations." i Atflictio dat jntellectum • quos Deus 
diligit castigat. Deus optiimim quemque aut mala vale- 
•udine aut luctu alficii. Seneca. «(<iuam sordet mihi 
lerra quum coelum intueor. •Senec de providentia 

cap 2. Diis ita visum, dii melius norunt qui<l sit in 
comniodum meum. lo tlom. Iliad. 4. 'i H<im. 9. 

voluit urbem tyrannus everlerre, et Deus non probihuit ; 
voluit captives ducere, non inipedivii; voluit ligare, 



I concessit, &c. '2 psal. cxiii. De terra inopcm, de 

steicore erigit pauperem. '^'Micali. viii. 7. '^ I'reme, 
preme, ego cum Findaro, aBdnrtaToi ft/it wj <pi\Xos 
vk' aA//a iminersibilis sum sicnt suber super mans sep- 
tum. Lipsius. 'a Hie ure, hie seca, ut in sternum 
I)areas, Austin. Diis frnitiir iratis, superat et crescit 
iiialis. Mutiuni ignis, Fabricium paupertas, Reguluia 
tormenta, tiocratem venenum superare non potuit. 
'« Hor. epist. Hi. lib 1. ^ Horn. 5. Auferet pecunias'' 
at habet in coelis : |)atria dejiciet? at in ccnlestem civj. 
tatem niittet : vincula iiijiciet ? at habet solutam coti- 
sci'iitiaiu; cori)Us interficiet, at iteruni resurgci ; cum 
umbra pugnal ijui cum Justo pugnat. 



3G4 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect. 3 

free; kill His body, it shall rise again; he fights with a shadow that contends with 
an upright man :" he will not be moved. 

" si fractus illabatiir orbis, 

Inipaviduin ferient ruinfe." 

Though heaven itself should fall on his head, he will not be offended. He is im- 
penetrable, as an anvil hard, as constant as Job. 

18" Ipse deus simul atque volet me solvet ophior." | " A God shall set nio free whene'er I please.'* 

Be thou such a one ; let thy misery be what it will, what it can, with patience en- 
dure it ; thou mayest be restored as he was. Terris proscripfus^ ad ccelum propera; 
ah hominihus desertus, ad deumfuge. " The poor shall not always be forgotten, the 
patient abiding of the meek shall not perish for ever," Psai. x. xviii. ver. 9. " The 
Lord will be a refuge of the oppressed, and a defence in the time of trouble." 

" Serviis Epictetus, multilati corporis, Inis I " Latne was Epictetus, and poor Irus, 

Pauj)er: at hsc inter charus erat siiperis." | Yet to them both God was propitious," 

Lodovicus Vertomannus, that famous traveller, endured much misery, yet surely, 
sailh Scaliger, he was vir deo chants^ in that he did escape so many dangers, '•'• God 
especially protected him, he was dear unto him :" Modo in egestate^ iribulatione. 
convalle depJorationis^ Sfc. " Thou art now in the vale of misery, in poverty, in 
agony, '^ in temptation; rest, eternity, happiness, immortality, shall be thy reward," 
as Chrysostom pleads, " if thou trust in God, and keep thine innocency." J\^on si 
male nunc^ et olim sic erit semper; a good hour may come upon a sudden ; ^° expect 
a little. 

Yea, but this expectation is it which tortures me in the mean time ; ^^futura 
expecfans prcBsenlibus angor^ whilst the grass grows the horse starves : ^^ despair not, 
but hope well, 

23 " Spera Batte, tibi melius lux Crastina ducei ; 
Dum spiras spera" 

Cheer up, I say, be not dismayed ; Spes alii agricolas: " he that sows in tears, shall 
reap in joy," Psal. cxxvi. 7. 

" Si fortune me tormente, 
Esperarice me contente." 

Hope refresheth, as much as misery depresseth ; hard beginnings have many times 
prosperous events, and that may happen at last which never was yet. '' A desire 
accomplished delights the soul," Prov. xiii. 19. 



'2^" Grata superveniet qnx non sperabilur hora :" 



Which makes m' enjoy my joys long wish'd at last, 
Welcome that hour shall come when hope is [last :" 



a lowering morning may turn to a fair afternoon, -'JYuhe sold pulsd candidus ire 
dies. " The hope that is deferred, is the fainting of the heart, but when the desire 
Cometh, it is a tree of life," Prov. xiii. 12, ^^ suavissimum est vofi compos fieri. 
Many men are both v/retched and miserable at first, but afterwards most happy : 
and oftentimes it so falls out, as ^^ Machiavel relates of Cosmo de Medici, that 
fortunate and renowned citizen of Europe, "-that all his youth was full of per- 
plexity, danger, and misery, till forty years were past, and then upon a sudden 
the sun of his honour broke out as through a cloud." Hunniades was fetched 
out of prison, and Henry the Third of Portugal out of a poor monastery, to be 
crowned kings. 

" Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra," | " Many things happen between the nip and the lip," 

beyond all hope and expectation many things fall out, and who knows what may 
happen ? JVondum omnium dierum Soles occiderunt^ as Philippus said, all the suns 
are not yet set, a day may come to make amends for all. '' Though my father and 
mother forsake me, yet the Lord will gather me up," Psal. xxvii. 10. " Wait patiently 
on the Lord, and hope in him," Psal. xxxvii. 7. " Be strong, hope and trust in 
the Lord, and he will comfort thee, and give thee thine heart's desire," Psal 
xxvii. 14. 



" Sperate et vosmet rebus servate secundis." 



Hope, and reserve yourself for prosperity." 



'* Lconides. >9 Modo in pressura, in tentationi 

bus, erit postea bontini liium requies, reterniias, immor- 
lalilas. 2" Habit Deus his quoquc fineni. 21 ge- 

nera. 22iv;c.|iio desjieret meliora lapsus. 23 T|,eo 

r.''itus. " Hope on, Battiis, tomorrow may bring belter 



luck; while there's life there's hope." ** Zrj'id. 

23 Ovid. 26Tli3les. 27 Lit,. 7. pior. hist Oin- 

niiiui fwlicissimus, et loctipletissimus, &c. incarc-.ratill 
sa^pr- adolesceniiam periculo mortis hubuir s"'iciiudiiii» 
et discriminis plenam, &c. 



Mem. 3. Remedies against Discontents. • ^Oo 

Fret not thyself because thou art poor, contemned, or not so well foi the present as 
thou wouldest be, not respected as thou ouglitest to be, by birth, place, worth ; oi 
that which is a double corrosive, thou hast been happy, honourahle, and rich, art 
now distressed and poor, a scorn of men, a burden to the world, irksome to thyself 
and others, thou hast lost all : Miserum est fuisse felicem^ and as Boethius calls it, 
Infelicissimum genus infnrtunii; this made Timon half mad with melancholy, to 
think of his former fortunes and present misfortunes : this alone makes many mise- 
rable wretches discontent. 1 confess it is a great misery to have been happy, the 
quintessence of infelicity, to have been honourable and rich, but yet easily to be 
endured : "^^ security succeeds, and to a judicious man a far better estate. The loss 
of thy goods and money is no loss; ^^"thou hast lost them, they would otherwise 
have lost thee." If thy money be gone, ^"''thou art so much the lighter," and as 
Saint Hierome persuades Rusticus the monk, to forsake all and follow Christ : " Gold 
and silver are too heavy metals for him to carry that seeks heaven." 

31'- Vel iins in mare proximiun, I Siinimi matpriain mali 

Gciiiinas et lapides, aurutn et inutile, | Mittamus, ifceleruni si bene pcEnitel." 

Zeno the philosopher lost all his goods by shipwreck, ^^he might like of it, fortune 
had done him a good turn : Opes a me, animum aufcrre non potest: she can take 
avvay my means, but not my mind. He set her at defiance ever after, for she could 
not rob him that had nought to lose : for he was able to contemn more than they 
could possess or desire. Alexander sent a hundred talents of gold to Phocion of 
Athens for a present, because he heard he was a good man : but Phocion returned 
his talents back again with a permltte me in posferum virum honum esse to be a good 

man still ; let me be as I am : JVon ml aurum posco., nee mi precium^^ That The- 

ban Crates flung of his own accord his money into the sea, ahite minimis, ego vos 
mergam., ne mergar^ a vohis^ I had rather drown you, than you should drown me. 
Can stoics and epicures thus contemn wealth, and shall not we that are Christians ? 
It was mascula vox et prceclara^ a generous speech of Cotta in ^ Sallust, ^' Many 
miseries have happened unto me at home, and in the wars abroad, of which by the 
help of God some I have endured, some I have repelled, and by mine own valour 
overcome : courage was never wanting to my designs, nor industry to my intents : 
prosperity or adversity could never alter my disposition, "A wise man's mind," as 
Seneca holds, ^^"is like the state of the world above the moon, ever serene." Come 
then what can come, befall what may befall, infr actum invictumque ^^ animum oppo- 
nas: Rebus angustis animosus atque fortis appare. [Hor. Od. 11. lib. 2.) Hope and 
patience are two sovereign remedies for all, the surest reposals, the softest cushions 
to lean on in adversity : 

3' " Durum sed Ifvius fit oatientia, I „.^ , , ^ , , . , 

Uuicquid corrigere est nefas." | What can't be cured must be endured." 

If it cannot be helped, or amended, ^^make the best of it; ^^ necessitati qui se accom- 
modate sapit^ he is wise that suits himself to the time. As at a game at tables, so do 
by all such inevitable accidents. 

«"Iia vita est hominum quasi cum ludas tesseris, 
Si ilhul quod est maxime opQs jaciu non cadit, 
Illud quod cecidit forte, id arte ut corridas;" 

If thou canst not fling what thou wouldst, play thy cast as well as thou canst. 
Everything, saith '^ Epictetus, hath two handles, the one to be held by, the other not: 
'tis in our choice to take and leave whether we will (all which Simplicius's Com- 
mentator hath illustrated by many examples), and 'tis in our power, as they say, to 
make or mar ourselves. Conform thyself then to thy present fortune, and cut thy 
coat according to thy cloth, '^^Ut quimus {quod aiunt) quando quod volumus non licet, 

28L.Ttior successit securitas quae simul cum divitiis ' tute mea ; nunquam animus negotio defuit, nee decretis 



cohahitare nescit. Camden. 29 p^cuniam perdidisti 

fortassis ilia te jierderet manens. Seneca. 3oExpe- 

ditior vs ob pecuiiiarum jacturam. Fortuna opes aii- 
ferre, non animum potest. Seneca. 21 Hoc. "Let 

us cast > ui jewels and gems, and useless gold, the cause 
of all vii ^, into the sea, since we truly repent of our 
Pins." "^^jubet me posthac fortuna expuditius Plii- 

losophari. 33 " j ^q not desire riciies, nor that a 

price should be set upon me." 34 ip frag. Q,uiriies, 

limita mihi pericula domi, militis multa adversa fuere, 
Morum alia tuleravi, aiia deorum auxilio rcpuli et vir- 

2f2 



latior; nulltB res r.sc prosperai nee adverse iiigeniuiu 
mutabant. "^sQualis mundi stalls supra lunam 

semper serenus. :*6 Bona mens nullum tristioria 

fortunae recipit iiv-ursum, Val. lib. 4. c. 1. Q,uj nil fjo- 
test sperare, desperet nihil. ^^ Uor. s^^qyam. 

m('m(nito rebus in arduis servare mentem, lib. 2. Od. 1 
39 Epict. c. 18. ^0 Ter. Adel. act. 4. Sc. I. 4i ijna- 

qua-que res duas habct ansas, alteram quee teneri, alle 
ram quie non potest; in manu nostra quam volumus 
accipere. «Ter. And. Act. 4. sc. (i 



I 



306 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec, 3 

•* Be contented v/ith thy loss, state, and calling, whatsoever it is, and rest as well 
satisfied with thy present condition in this life :" 

" Esto quod «'s; qiind sunt alii, sine qiienilihet esse; I " Be as thou art ; and as tliey are, so let 

Q,uo(l non es, uolis; quod poles esse, velis." | Others be still; what is and may be covet." 

And as he that is "^invited to a feast eats what is set before him, and looks for no 
other, enjoy that thou hast, and ask no more of God than what he thinks fit to 
bestow upon tliee. JYon cuivis contbiglt adire Cor milium^ we may not be all gen- 
tlemen, all Catos, or Lrelii, as Tully telleth us, all honourable, illustrious, and serene, 
all rich; but because mortal men want many things, ^'*''' therefore," saith Theodoret, 
*' hath God diversely distributed his gifts, wealth to one, skill to another, that rich 
men mio-ht encourage and set poor men at work, poor men might learn several trades 
to the common good." As a piece of arras is composed of several parcels, some 
wrought of silk, some of gold, silver, crewel of diverse colours, all to serve for the 
exornation of the whole : music is made of diverse discords and keys, a total sum 
of many small numbers, so is a commonwealth of several unequal trades and call- 
ings. "^ Jf all should be Croesi and Darii, all idle, all in fortunes equal, who should 
till the land .^ As ^^Menenius Agrippa well satisfied the tumultuous rout of Rome, 
in his elegant apologue of the belly and the rest of the members. Who should build 
houses, make our several stuffs for raiments } We should all be starved for com- 
pany, as Poverty declared at large in Aristophanes' Plutus, and sue at last to be as 
we were at first. And therefore God hath appointed tliis inequality of states, orders, 
and degrees, a subordination, as in all other things. The earth yields nourishment 
to vegetables, sensible creatures feed on vegetables, both are substitutes to reasonable 
souls, and men are subject amongst themselves, and all to higher powers, so God 
would have it. All things then being rightly examined and duly considered as they 
ouglit, there is no such cause of so general discontent, 'tis not in the matter itself, 
but in our mind, as we moderate our passions and esteem of things. JYihil aliud 
necessarium ut sis miser fsaith ^^ Cardan) quam ut te miserum credas^ let thy fortune 
be what it will, 'tis thy mind alone that makes thee poor or rich, miserable or happy. 
Vidi ego (saith divine Seneca) in villa hilari et amana mcEStos., et media solitudine 
occupatos; non locus sed animus facit ad tranquillitatem. I have seen men misera- 
bly dejected in a pleasant village, and some again well occupied and at good ease in 
a solitary desert. 'Tis the mind not the place causeth tranquillity, and that gives 
true content. I will yet add a word or two for a corollary. Many rich men, I dare 
boldly say it, that lie on down beds, with delicacies pampered every day, in their 
well^urnished houses, live at less heart's ease, with more anguish, more bodily pain, 
and through their intemperance, more bitter hours, than many a prisoner or galley- 
slave ; ^^ Mcccenas in plmna aque vigilat ac B,egulus in doUo: those poor starved 
Hollanders, whom ''^Bartison their captain left in Nova Zembla, anno 1596, or those 
^° eight miserable Englishmen that were lately left behind, to winter in a stove in 
Greenland, in 77 deg. of lat., 1630, so pitifully forsaken, and forced to shift for 
themselves in a vast, dark, and desert place, to strive and struggle with hunger, cold, 
desperation, and death itself 'Tis a patient and quiet mind (I say it again and again) 
gives true peace and content. So for all other things, they are, as old ^' Chremes 
told us, as we use them. 

" Parentes, patriam, amicos, genus, rognatos, divitias, 
Ha^c perinde sunt ac illius animus (]ui ea pdssidet ; 
Q,ui uti scit, ei bona; qui utitui noii recte, mala." 

" Parents, friends, fortunes, country, birth, alliance, &c., ebb and flow with our con- 
ceit ; please or displease, as we accept and construe them, or apply them to our- 
selves." Faher quisque fortune?, suce^ and in some sort I may truly say, prosperity 
and adversity are in our own hands. JYcemc la^diturnisi a seipso^ ami which Seneca 
confirms out of his judgment and experience. ^^" Every man's mind is stronger than 
fortune, and leads him to what side he will ; a cause to himself each one is ot his 



" Epictctus. Invitatus ad convivium, qua; apponun- 
tur comedis, non quairis ultra ; in miindo multa rogilas 
qnre dii negant. ^'Cap. 6. de providentia. Mor- 

tales cum sint rorum omnium indigi, ideo deiis aliis 
divitias, aliis paupcrtalem distribuit. ut qui opibus 
nollent, materiam subministrent ; qui vero inopes, ex- 
etcitatas artibus nianus admoveant. <= Si sint 

omue£ equales, neces."" est ut omnes fame pereant; 



quis aratro terram .«ulcaret, quis sementem faceret, 
quis plantas sereret, quis vinum exprimeret? ^^Liv 
lib. 1. 47 ijb. a. de cons. •»f Seneca. ^^Vid', 

Isaacum Pontanum descript. Amsterdam, lib. 2. e. 22 
50 Vide Ed. Pelham's book edit. 1030. s' Heauton 

tim. Act. I. Sc. 2. 62 Epist <)H. Omni fortuna va 

lenrior ipse animus, in iitramque part,^iii res suas dun- 
i beata;quc ac miserte vitae sibi causa est. 



Men Remedes against Discontents. 367 

good or baJ life." But will we, or nill we, make the worst of it, aiid suppose a 
man in the greatest extremity, 'tis a fortune which some indeiinitely prefer before 
I>rosperity ; of two extremes it is the best. Luxuriant animi rebus plerumque srcan- 
dis^ men in ^^ prosperity forget God and themselves, they are besotted with their 
wealth, as birds with henbane: ^^ miserable if fortune forsake them, but more mise- 
rable if she tarry and overwhelm them : for when they come to be in great place, 
rich, they that were most temperate, sober, and discreet in their private fortunes, as 
Nero, Otho, Vitellius, Heliogabalus [optimi imperafores nisi imperasscnf) degenerate 
on a sudden into brute beasts, so prodigious in lust, such tyrannical oppressors. See, 
t!iey cannot moderate themselves, they become monsters, odious, harpies, what not ? 
Cum triumphos., opes., honores adepti sunt., ad volwptatem et otium deinceps se conver- 
tunt: 'twas ^^Cato's note, "-they cannot contain." For that car..-e belike 



' Eutrsipilns ciiiciitique iincere volebat, 
Vestiiiieiita dabat pretiosa : beatiis enim jam, 
CiiiM piilchris tunicis siimet nova coiisilia et P|)es, 
Doriiiiet in lucein scorio, poslpouet hi)nestuni 
Officiuin" ■ 



' Entrapilus when he would hurt a knave, 
Gave hnii pay clothes and wealth to make him brave: 
Ik'cause now rich he would (juite change his mind. 
Keep whores, fly out, set honesty behind." 



► 



On the other side, in adversity many mutter and repine, despair, &c., both bad, I 
confess, 

67 " ut caiceiis olim 

Si pede major erit, subvertet: si minor, urel." 

"As a shoe too big or too little, one pincheth, the other sets the foot awry," sed e 
malis ?mnimum. If adversity hath killed his thousand, prosperity hath killed his 
ten thousand : therefore adversity is to be preferred ; ^* hcec frcBuo indiget., ilia solatio: 
ilia fallif^ hcEC insfruit: the one deceives, the other instructs; the one miserably 
happy, the other happily miserable ; and therefore many philosophers have volunta- 
rily sought adversity, and so much commend it in their precepts. Demetrius, in 
Seneca, esteemed it a great infelicity, that in his lifetime he had no misfortune, 7nise' 
rum cm nihil unquam accidissef adversi. Adversity then is not so heavily to I»e 
take;!, and we ought not in such cases so much to macerate ourselves : there is no 
such odds in poverty and riches. To conclude in ''^ Hierom's words, " J will ask 
our magiiificoes that build with marble, and bestow a whole manor on a thread, 
what diiference between them and Paul the Eremite, that bare old man ? Tliey 
drink m jewels, he in his hand : he is poor and goes to heaven, they are rich and 
go to hell." 



MEMB. IV. 

Against Servitude., Loss of Liberty^ Imprisonment^ Banishment. 

Servitude, loss of liberty, imprisonment, are no such miseries as they are held 
to be : we are slaves and servants the best of us all : as we do reverence our mas- 
ters, so do our masters their superiors: gentlemen serve nobles, and nobles subordi- 
nate to kings, omne sub regno graviore regnum., princes themselv-es are God's servants, 
reges in ipsos imperium est Jovis. They are subject to their own laws, and as the 
kings of China endure more than slavish imprisonment, to maintain their state and 
greatness, the}' never come abroad. Alexander was a slave to fear, C<Tsar of pride, 
Vespasian to his money (nihil enim refer!., rerum sis scrims an hominum).,^^ Helioga- 
balus to his gut, and so of the rest. Lovers are slaves to their mistresses, rich men 
to their gold, courtiers generally to lust and ambition, and all slaves to our affec- 
aons, as Evangelus well discourseth in ^' Macrobius, and ^^ Seneca the philosopher, 
assiduam servifufem extremam et ineluctabilcm he calls it, a continual slavery, to be 
*>o captivated by vices ; and who is free "i Why then dost thou repine } Satis est 
potens, Hierom saith, qui servire non cogitur. Thou earnest no burdens, thou art 
no prisoner, no drudge, and thousands want that liberty, those pleasures which thou 



'>3Fortuna quern nimiiim fovet stultum facil. Pub. 
Miiiius. -1 Seneca de heat. vit. cap. 14. miseri si dese- 
rantiir ab ea, miseriores si obruantur. && Plutarch, 

tit. ejus. 56 Hor. epist. 1. l. ep. 18. ^'' Hor. 

'■inoeth. 2. 69 Epist. lib. []. vit. Paul. Ermit. Libet 

eo3 nunc interrogare qui domus marmoribus vestiunt, 
qu uno filo villarum ponunt precia, huic ^uni modo 



quid unquam defuit? vos gemma bibitis, ille concavis 
matiibus naturae satisfecit; ille pauper paradisum capit, 
vos avaros gelienna suscipiet. ^o" n matters little 

whether we are enslaved by men or things. " o'Satur. 
I. 11. Alius libidini scrvit, alius ambitioni, oiUQet 
spei, omues timori. eapfat. lib. 3. 



368 t^'wrc of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. 

lidst. Tbuii art not sick, and what wouldst thou have ? But nifimur in vefiln?7i^ wc 
must all eat of the forbidden fruit. Were we enjoined lo go to such and such places, 
we would not willingly go : but being barred of our liberty, this alone torments our 
wandering soul that we may not go. A citizen of ours, saith ^^ Cardan, was sixty 
years of ao-e, and had never been forth of the walls of the city of Milan ; the prince 
hearing of it, commanded him not to stir out : being now forbidden that which all 
his life he had neglected, he earnestly desired, and being denied, dolore confectus 
mortem obiil^ he died for grief. 

What I have said of servitude, I again say of imprisonment, we are all prisoners. 
''What is our life but a prison.^ We are all imprisoned in an island. The world 
itself to sonie men is a prison, our narrow seas as so many ditches, and when they 
have compassed tlio globe of the earth, they would fain go see what is done in the 
moon. In *^ Muscovy and many other northern parts, all over Scandia, they are 
imprisoned half the year in stoves, they dare not peep out for cold. At ^^Aden in 
Arabia they are penned in all day long with that other extreme of heat, and keep 
their markets in the night. What is a ship but a prison ? And so many cities are 
but as so many hives of bees, ant-hills; but that which thou abhorrest, many seek: 
women keep in all winter, and most part of summer, to preserve their beauties ■ 
some for love of study : Demosthenes shaved his beard because he would cut off" all 
occasions from going abroad : how many monks and friars, anchorites, abandon the 
world. Monachus in urhe^ piscis in arido. Art in prison ? Make right use of it, and 
mortify thyself; *^'" Where may a man contemplate better than in solitariness," or 
study more than in quietness ? Many worthy men have been imprisoned all their 
fives, and it hath been occasion of great honour and glory to them, much public 
good by their excellent meditation, ^^ Ptolemus king of Egypt, cum viribus ailenuatis 
injirma valetudine lahoraret., miro descendi studio ajfcctus, &,€. now being taken with 
d grievous infirmity of body that he could not stir abroad, became Strato's scholar, 
fell hard to his book, and gave himself wholly to contemplation, and upon that occa- 
sion (as mine author adds), pukherrimum regies opulentice monumentam^ ^'C-, to his 
great honour built that renowned library at Alexandria, wherein were 40,000 volumes. 
Severinus Boethius never writ so elegantly as in prison, Paul so devoutly, for most 
of his epistles were dictated in his bands: ".Joseph," saith ^^ Austin, '•'•got more 
credit in prison, than when he distributed corn, and was lord of Pharaoh's house." 
It brings many a lewd, riotous fellow home, many wandering rogues it settles, that 
would otherwise have been like raving tigers, ruined themselves and others. 

Banishment is no grievance at all, Omnc solum forti palria., 4^c. et patria est uhi- 
cungue bene est., that's a man's country where he is well at ease. Many travel for 
pleasure to that city, saith Seneca, to which thou art banished, and what a part of 
the citizens are strangers born in other places ? "^^Incolentibus patria^ 'tis their coun- 
try that are born in it, and they would think themselves banished to go to the place 
which thou leavest, and from which thou art so loath to depart. 'Tis no disparage 
ment to be a stranger, or so irksome to be an exile. '' " The rain is a stranger to the 
earth, rivers to the sea, .Jupiter in Egypt, the sun to us all. The soul is an alien to 
the body, a nightingale to the air, a swallow in a house, and Ganymede in heaven, 
an elephant at Rome, a Phoenix in India; and such things commonly please us best, 
which are most strange and come the farthest off. Those old Hebrews esteemed the 
whole world Gentiles; the Greeks held all barbarians but themselves; our modern 
Italians account of us as dull Transalpines by way of reproach, they scorn thee and 
thy country which thou so much admirest. 'Tis a childish humour to hone after 
home, to be discontent at that which others seek ; to prefer, as base islanders and 
Norwegians do, their own ragged island before Italy or Greece, the gardens of the 
world. There is a base nation in the north, saith '^ Pliny, called Cliauci, that live 
amongst rocks and sands by the seaside, feed on fish, drink water : and yet thest 
base people account themselves slaves in respect, when they come to Rome. Ita est 

esConsnl. 1. 5. ^*0 generose, quid est vita nisi 

career aninii! es Herbastein. «« Vertoinanniis 

navig. I. 2. c, 4. Conitncrcia in nnndinis iioctn iiora 
scciinda oh nitnios qui s.Tviunl interdiu a?sti?s cxtMcerit. 



datnrJospph cum fruments di.«tribueret,ac quuin carce- 
rem liahitaret. ■?" Roetliiiis. '* Pliilostratiis in 

(lelir.iis. Ppreu'rini sunt imiires in terra ct fluvii in 
mari Jupiter apiid ^Eijyiitos, sol apud oinnes; liospes 



«'UI)i verior corilf niplatio quani in solituJine? ulii aiiima in corpse, lnsci'ina in acre, liirundo in domo, 
«tiulinm sniidius quam in (piiote? cs Alex, ah Alex, i Ganymedes cwlo.&c. ''^ [,il). IG. cap. ]. Niiliani fruuem 

jen. dier. lib. 1. can. '2. c" In Ps. Ixxvi. non ita lau- 1 habent ootus ex inibre : Et ha; gentes si viiicantur, &c 



Mem. 5.] Remedies against. Discontents. 369 

profecto (as he concludes) mult is for tuna par cit in pcEnam^ so it is, fortune favours 
some to live at home, to their further punishment: 'tis want of judgment. All j^laces 
are distant from heaven alike, the sun shines happily as warm in one city as in 
another, and to a wise man there is no difference of climes ; friends are everywhere 
to him that behaves himself well, and a prophet is not esteemed in his own country. 
Alexander, Caesar, Trajan, Adrian, were as so many land-leapers, now in the east 
ow in Ithe west, little at home; and Polus Venetus, Lod. Vertomannus, Pinzonus, 
Cadamustus, Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Vascus Gama, Drake, Candish, Oliver 
Anort, Schoutien, got all their honour by voluntary expeditions. But you say such 
men's travel is voluntary; we are compelled, and as malefactors must depart; yet 
know this of ^^ Plato to be true, ultori Deo summa cura peregrlnus est^ God hath an 
especial care of strangers, " and when he wants friends and allies, he shall deserve 
better and find more favour with God and men." Besides the pleasure of peregri- 
nation, variety of objects will make amends; and so many nobles, TuUy, Aristides, 
Themistocles, Theseus, Codrus, &c. as have been banished, will give sufficient credit 
unto it. Read Pet. Alcionius his two books of this subject. 



MEMB. V. 

Against Sorrow for Death of Friends or otherwise^ vain Fear, Sfc. 

Death and departure of friends are things generally grievous, '''^Omnium qucR 
in humana vita contirigunt, luctiis atgue mors sunt acerhissima, the most austere and 
Ditter accidents that can happen to a man in this life, in externum valedicere, to part 
for ever, to forsake the world and all our friends, 'tis ultimum terrihilium, the last 
and the greatest terror, most irksome and troublesome unto us, "^^Homo toties moritur^ 
quoties aiiiiltit suos. And though we hope for a better life, eternal happiness, after 
these painful and miserable days, yet we cannot compose ourselves willingly to die; 
the remembrance of it is most grievous unto us, especially to such who are fortunate 
and rich : they start at the name of death, as a horse at a rotten post. Say what you 
can of that other world, ''^ Montezuma that Indian prince, Bonum est esse hie, they 
had rather be here. Nay many generous spirits, and grave staid men otherwise, are 
so tender in this, that at the loss of a dear friend they will cry out, roar, and tear 
their hair, lamenting some months after, howling '•'• O Hone," as those Irish women 
and '' Greeks at their graves, commit many indecent actions, and almost go beside 
themselves. My dear father, my sweet husband, mine only brother's dead, to whom 
shall I make my moan ? O me miserum ! Quis dabit in lachrymas fontem, Sfc. What 
shall I do .? 

'8"Sed totum hoc studiiini luctu fraterna mihi mors I "My brother's death my study hath undone, 
Abstulit, hei inisero frater adempte mihi ?" | Woe's me, alas my brother he is gone !" 

Mezentius would not live after his son : 

79" Nunc vivo, nee adhuc homines lucemque relinquo, 
Sed linquam" 

And Pompey's wife cried out at the news of her husband's death, 

eo" Turpe mori post te solo non posse dolore, 
Violenta luctu el nescia tolerandi," 

as ^' Tacitus of Agrippina, not able to moderate her passions. So when she heard 
her son was slain, she abruptly broke off her work, changed countenance and colour, 
tore her hair, and fell a roaring downright. 

8'^" subitus niisera; color ossa reliquit, 

Excussi manibus radii, revolutaque pensa: 
Evolat infelix et foemineo ululatu 
Scissa comam" 

"Lib. 5. de legibus. Cumque cognatis careat et ami- I shall resign them." ^OLucan. " Overcome by grie^" 

eii, majorem apud deos el apud homines misericordiain and unable to endure it, she exclaimed, 'Not to be able to 
lueretur. ^^ Cardan, de consol. lib. 2. '^Seneca. I die through sorrow for thee wer« base.' " <" 3Annal. 

'6 Benzo. "Summo mane ululatum oriuntur, pectora ] '■^"The colour suddenly fled her cheek, the distaff for 
percutientes, &c. miserabile spectaculum exhibentes. j sook her hand, the reel revolved, and with dishevelled 
Ortelius in Graecia. 'scatullus. '* Virgil. "I locks she broke away, wailing as a vvouiau." 

Uve now, nor as yet relinquisb society and life, but I ' 

47 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 3. 



370 

Another ^ould needs run upon the sword's point after Euryalus' departure, 

83"Figite me, si qua est pietas, in me omnia tela 
Conjicite 6 Rutili ;" 

O let me die, some good man or other make an end of me. How did Achilles take 
on for Patroclus' departure ? A black cloud of sorrows overshadowed him, saith 
Homer. Jacob rent his clothes, put sackcloth about his loins, sorrowed for hi* son 
a lono- season, and could not be comforted, but would needs go down into the gra^'C 
unto his son. Gen. xxxvii. 37. Many years after, the remembrance of such friends, 
of such accidents, is most grievous unto us, to see or hear of it, though it conceru 
not ourselves but others. Scaliger saith of himself, that he never read Socrates' 
death, in Plato's Phaedon, but he wept: ^^ Austin shed tears when he read the de- 
struction of Troy. But howsoever this passion of sorrow be violent, bitter, and 
scizeth familiarly on wise, valiant, discreet men, yet it may surely be withstood, it 
may be diverted. For what is there in this life, that it should be so dear unto us,'' 
or that we should so much deplore the departure of a friend ? The greatest plea- 
sures are common society, to enjoy one another's presence, feasting, hawking, hunt- 
ing, brooks, woods, hills, music, dancing, &c. all this is but vanity and loss of time, 
as I have sufficiently declared. 



"dum bibimus, dum serta, unguenta, 

puellas 
Poscunus, obrepit non intellecla senectiis." 



Whilst we drink, prank ourselves, with wenches 

dally. 
Old age upon 's at unawares doth sally." 



As alchymists spend that small modicum they have to get gold, and never find it, we 
lose and neglect eternity, for a little momentary pleasure which we cannot enjoy, 
nor shall ever attain to in this life. We abhor death, pain, and grief, all, yet we will 
do nothing of that which should vindicate us from, but rather voluntarily thrust our- 
selves upon it. ^^'""The lascivious prefers his whore before his life, or good estate; 
an angry man his revenge : a parasite his gut; ambitious, honours ; covetous, wealth; 
a thief his booty ; a soldier his spoil ; we abhqr diseases, and yet we pull them upon 
us." We are never better or freer from cares than when we sleep, and yet, which 
we so much avoid and lament, death is but a perpetual sleep; and why should it, as 
^''Epicurus argues, so much affright us? ''■When we are, death is not: but when 
death is, then we are not:" our life is tedious and troublesome unto him that lives 
oest; ^**" 'tis a misery to be born, a pain to live, a trouble to die :" death makes an 
end of our miseries, and yet we cannot consider of it ; a little before ^^ Socrates 
drank his portion of cicuta, he bid the citizens of Athens cheerfully farewell, and 
concluded his speech with this short sentence; "My time is now come to be gone, 
I to my death, you to live on ; but which of these is best, God alone knows." For 
there is no pleasure here but sorrow is annexed to it, repentance follows it. ^ " If 
I feed liberally, I am likely sick or surfeit : if I live sparingly my hunger and thirst 
is not allayed; I am well neither full nor fasting; if I live honest, I burn in lust;" 
if I take my pleasure, I tire and starve myself, and do injury to my body and soul. 
*'' " Of so small a quantity of mirth, how much sorrow i after so little pleasure, how 
great misery .?" 'Tis both ways troublesome to me, to rise and go to bed, to eat and 
provide my meat ; cares and contentions attend me all day long, fears and suspicions 
all my life. I am discontented, and why should I desire so much to live .^ But a 
happy death will make an end of all our woes and miseries ; omnibus una meis certa 
medela malls ; why shouldst not thou then say with old Simeon since thou art so 
well affected, " Lord now let thy servant depart in peace :" or with Paul, " I desire to 
be dissolved, and to be with Christ P"^ Beata mors qucn. ad heatam vitarn aditum aperity 
'tis a blessed hour that leads us to a ^^ blessed life, and blessed are they that die in 
the Lord. But life is sweet, and death is not so terrible in itself as the concomitanttj: 
of it, a loathsome disease, pain, horror, &.c. and many times the manner of it, to be 



83Virg. ^n. 10. "Transfix me, O Riituli, if you have 
any piety; pierce me with your thousand arrows." 
s* Confess. 1. 1. ssjuvenalis. t^ Amatnr scortiim 

vitEB pra?ponit, iracundus vindictain, parasitus gulam, 
anibitiosus honores, avarus opes, miles rapinam, fur 
prajdam ; morbos odimus et accersimus. Card. " Se- 
neca ; quum nos sumus, mors non adest ; cum vero mors 
adest, tuni nos non sumus. *"^ Bernard, c. .3. lucd. 

■<Dasci ni serum, vivere poena, angustia mori. ^ Plato 



Apol. Socratis, Sed jam hora est hinc abire. &c. : 
BiJlJomedi ad satielatem, gra vitas me otl'endit; parciua i 
edi, non est expletum desideriuni; venereas delicias i 
sequor, hinc morbus, lassitudo, &;c. 9' Bern. c. 3. med. 
de tancilla laetitia, quanta tristitia ; posttantam volup- 
tatem quam gravis miseria ? ^^ Est enim morc^ 

piorum ftlix transitusde .'a bore ad refrigeriun, de er 
pectationead praimium, de agoiie ad bravium. 



Mem. 5.1 



Remedies asainst Discontents. 



371 



hanged, to be broken on the wheel, to be burned alive. ^^Servetus the heretic, that 
suffered in Geneva, when he was brought to the stake, and saw the executioner come 
with fire in his hand, homo viso igne tarn horrendum excJamavit^ ut universum popi>- 
turn perterrefecerit, roared so loud, that he terrified the people. An old stoic woulo 
have s(3orned this. It troubles some to be unburied, or so : 



" non te optima mater 

Cnndet liuiiii, patriove oiierabit membra sepulchro ; 
Alitihiis liiigiiere feris, et sinrgitc mersum 
I'lida teret, pi!«cesque impasti vuliiera lambent." 



' Thy gentle parents shall not bury thee, 
Amongst thine ancestors entomb'd to be, 
Bui teral fowl thy carcass shall devour. 
Or drowned corps hungry fish maws shall scour. 



As Socrates told Crito, it concerns me not what is done witli me when I am dead ; 
Facllis jactura sepulchri : J care not so long as I feel it not; let them set mine head 

on the pike of Teneriffe, and my quarters in the four parts of the world, 

pascam licet in cruce corvos^ let wolves or bears devour me; ^'^Ccelo tegi.tur 

qui non liabet urnam^ the canopy of heaven covers him that hath no tomb. So like- 
wise for our friends, why should their departure so much trouble us.'' They are 
better as we hope, and for what then dost thou lament, as those do whom Paul 
taxed in his time, 1 Thes. iv. 13. "that have no hope .^" 'Tis fit there should be 
some solemnity. 

95"Se(! sepelire decet defunctum, pectore forti, 
Constantes, unumque diem flefui indulgentes." 

Job's friends said not a word to him the first seven days, but let sorrow and discon- 
tent take their course, themselves sitting sad and silent by him. When Jupiter him- 
self wept for Sarpedon, what else did the poet insinuate, but that some sorrow is 
good 

86"Q,uis matrem nisi mentis inops in funere nati 
Flere vevat ?" 

who can blame a tender motlier if she weep for her children "i Beside, as ^' Plutarch 
holds, 'tis not in our power not to lament, Indolentla non ciiivis contingil^ it takes 
away mercy and pity, not to be sad ; 'tis a natural passion to weep for our friends, 
an irresistible passion to lament and grieve. " I know not how (saith Seneca) but 
sometimes 'tis good to be miserable in misery : and for the most part all grief evacu- 
ates itself by tears," 

98 " estquaedam flere voluptas, 

Expletur lacliryuiis egeriturque dolor :" 

" yet after a day's mourning or two, comfort thyself for thy heaviness," Eccles. 
xxxviii. 17. ^^JVon decet defunctum ignavo qucestii prosequi ; 'twas Germanicus' 
advice of old, that we should not dwell too long upon our passions, to be desperately 
sad, immoderate grievers, to let them tyrannise, there's indolentice ars^ a medium to 
be kept: we do not (saith '°° Austin) forbid men to grieve, but to grieve overmuch. 
" I forbid not a man to be angry, but 1 ask for what cause he is so ? Not to be sad, 
but why is he sad ? Not to fear, but wherefore is he afraid .'"' I require a moderation as 
well as a just reason. ^ The Romans and most civil commonwealths have set a time to 
such solemnities, they must not mourn after a set day, " or if in a family a child be born, 
a daughter or son married, some state or honour be conferred, a brother be redeemed 
from his bands, a friend from his enemies," or the like, they must lament no more. 
And 'tis fit it should be so ; to what end is all their funeral pomp, complaints, and 
tears.? When Socrates was dying, his friends Apollodorus and Crito, with some 
others, were weeping by him, which he perceiving, asked them what they meant: 
^"■for that very cause he put all the women out of the room, upon which words of 
his they were abashed, and ceased from their tears." Lodovicus Cortesius, a rich 
lawyer of Padua (as ^Bernardinus Scardeonius relates) commanded by his last will, 
and a great mulct if otherwise to his heir, that no funeral should be kept for him, no 
man should lament : but as at a w^edding, music and minstrels to be provided ; and 
instead of black mourners, he took order, " " that twelve virgins clad in green should 



'^Vaticaniis vita ejus. S4Li,c. ^^u. *(. Homer. 

" It is proper that, having indulged in becoming grief 
ior one whole day, you should commit the dead to the 
••epulchre " "SQvid. "'^Consol. ad Apolon. non est 
'ibertate nostra posilum non dolere. misencordiam abo- 
rt, <fcG ssQvid, 4Trist. 99 Tacitus lib. 4. looLib. 
.t. <,ap. 9 de rivitate Dei. Non qurero cnrn irascatursed 
cur, no.- utrim sit tristis sed unde, non utrum timeat 



sed quid timeat. » Festus verbo minuitur. Luctui 

dies indicebatur cum liheri nascantur, cum frater abii, 
amicus ab hospite captivus domum redeat, puella de- 
sponsetur. *Ob hanc causam nmlieres ablegaram n6 
talia facerent ; nos hsc audientes erubuiums et desti. 
timus a lachrymis. » Lib. 1. class. 8. de Claris. Juris- 
consultis Patavinis. 4 12. Innupia pueilae amict* 

viridibus pannis, &.c. 



Cure of Me lancho ly. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 3 



372 

carry him to the church." Ilis will and testament was accordingly performed, and 
he buried in St. Sophia's church. °Tully was much grieved for his daughter Tul- 
liola's deatli at first, until such time that he had confirmed his mind with some phi- 
losophical precepts, ^" then he began to triumph over fortune and grief, and for her 
reception into heaven to be much more joyed than before he was tioubled for her 
loss." If a heathen man could so fortify himself from philosophy, what shall a 
Christian from divinity? Wliy dost thou so macerate thyself.? 'Tis an inevitable 
chance, the first statute in Magna Cliarta^ an everlasting Act of Parliament, all must 
'die. 

?" Constat ffiteriia pnsitumqiie lege est, 
IJt constat genituni nihil." 

It cannot be revoked, we are all mortal, and these all commanding gods and princes 

" die like men:" ^ involvit humile pariter et celsum caput, cBguatgue summis 

injima. "O weak condition of human estate," Sylvius exclaims: '" Ladislaus, king 
of Bohemia, eighteen years of age, in the flower of his youth, so potent, rich, for- 
tunate and happy, in the midst of all his friends, amongst so many " physicians, now 
ready to be '^married, in ihirty-six hours sickened and died. We must so be gone 
sooner or later all, and as Calliopeius in the comedy took his leave of his specta- 
tors and auditors, Vos valete et plaudit e, Calliopeius recensui, must we bid the world 
farewell [Exit Calliopeius), and having now played our parts, for ever be gone. 
Tombs and monuments have the like fate, data sunt ipsis quoque fata sepulchris, 
kingdoms, provinces, towns, and cities have their periods, and are consumed. In 
those flourishing times of Troy, Mycenae was the fairest city in Greece, Grcpcice 
cunctcB imperil ahat^ but it, alas, and that '^'' Assyrian Nineveh are quite overthrown:" 
the like fate hatli that Egyptian and Bteotian Thebes, Delos, commune Grcpcice con- 
ciliabulum, the common council-house of Greece, '^and Babylon, the greatest city 
that ever the sun slione on, hath now nothing but walls and rubbish left. '^" Quid 
Pa7idioni(E rest at nisi nomen .RtheiKEp'' Thus '^Pausanias complained in his times. 
And where is Troy itself now, Persepolis, Carthage, Cizicum, Sparta, Argos, and all 
those Grecian cities .'* Syracuse and Agrigentum, the fairest towns in Sicily, which 
had sometimes 700,000 inhabitants, are now decayed : the names of Hieron, Empe- 
docles, &c., of those mighty numbers of people, only left. One Anacharsis is. re- 
membered amongst the Scythians; the world itself must have an end; and every 
part of it. Ccetercc igitur iirbes sunt mortales, as Peter '''Gillius concludes of Con- 
stantinople, hcEcsane quamdiu erunt homines, futura mihi videtur immortalis; but 'tis 
not so : nor site, nor strength, nor sea nor land, can vindicate a city, but it and all 
must vanish at last. And as to a traveller great mountains seem plains afar off, at 

last are not discerned at all; cities, men, monuments decay, nee solidisprodest 

sua mocJiina terris,^^ the names are only left, those at length forgotten, and are in- 
volved in perpetual night. 

'^ " Returning out of Asia, when I sailed from ^Egina toward Megara, I began 
(saith Servius Sulspicius, in a consolatory epistle of his to TuUy) to view the coun- 
try round about. iEgina was behind me, Megara before, Piraeus on the right hand, 
Corinth on the left, what flourishing towns heretofore, now prostrate and over- 
whelmed before mine eyes } I began to think with myself, alas, why are we men 
so much disquieted with the departure of a friend, whose life is much shorter ? 
^" When so many goodly cities lie buried before us. Remember, O Gervius, thou art 
a man ; and with that I was much confirmed, and corrected myself." Correct then 
likewise, and comfort thyself in this, that we must necessarily die, and all die, that 
we shall rise again: as Tully held ; Jucundiorque multu congressus noster futuruSn 
quam insuavis et acerhus digrcssus, our second meeting shall be much more pUasant 
than our departure was grievous. 



» Lib. de consol. s Prfcceptis philosophias confirma- 
tiis adversiis ointiem fortiitue vini, et te coiisecraia in 
cjulumqiie recepla, tanla affectus ketitia sum ac volup- 
late, qiiantani animo capere possnnri, ac exiiltare plane 
mihi videor, vittorqiie de omni dolore et fortuna triuin- 
phare. lUt lijinutn uri natuin, arista secari, sic 

homines mnri. • Boeth. lib. 2. met. 3. ■ Boeth. 

'" Nic. Ilensel. Broslajrr. fol. 47. n Twenty then pre- 
wnt. " To Magdalen, the daughter of Charles the 



Seventh of France. Olteiint noctesque diesque, &c. 
13 Assyriorum regio funditus deleta. " Omnmm quot 
unqiiani Sol aspexit urbium :i)axima. '6 Ovid. 

"What of ancient Athens but the name remains?" 
'8 Arcad. lib. 8. ''' Priefat. Topogr. C onstantinop. 

18^' ]Vf,r can its own structure pn-serve the solid ulobe." 
i*Epist. 'J'ull. lib. 3. 20Quum tot oppidoz-imradavera 
ante oculus projecta jacent. 



3lem. 5.1 Remedies against Discontents. 373 

I, but he was my most dear and loving friend, my sole friend, 

21 " anis (Icciderio sit pudor aut. modus I .» ,^„j ^^1,0 can blame mv woe ?" 

Tain chaii capitis?" I 

rhou mayest be ashamed, I say with ^^ Seneca, to confess it, "in such a ^^ tempesl 
as this to liave but one anchor," go seek another : and for his part thou dost him 
great injury to desire his longer life. ^''"VVilt thou have him crazed and sickly 
atill," like a tired traveller that comes weary to his inn, begin his journey afresh, 
"or to be freed from his miseries; thou hast more need rejoice that he is gone." 
Another complains of a most sweet wife, a young wife, JVondiim sustulerat Jiavum 
Proserpina crinem., such a wife as no mortal man ever had, so good a wife, but she 
is now dead and s^one, IcethcBoquc jacet condita sarcophogo. I reply to him in Se- 
neca's words, if such a woman at least ever was to be had, ^'"He (hd either so find 
or make her; if he found her, he may as happily find another;" if he made her, as 
Critobuliis in Xenophon did by his, he may as good cheap inform another, ct bona 
tarn sequitur., quam bona prima fait ; he need not despair, so long as the same mastei 
is to be had. But was she good .'' Had she been so tired peradventure as that Ephe- 
sian widow in Petronius, by some swaggering soldier, she might not have held out. 
Many a man would have been willingly rid of his : before thou wast bound, now 
thou art free; ^^"and 'tis but a folly to love thy fetters though they be of gold." 
Come into a third place, you shall have an aged father sighing for a son, a pretty 
child ; 

2' ♦' Iiiipiihe pectus qiia'e vel impia | " He now lies aslf-pp, 

Moiliret Tliiacum peclora." | Would make an impious Thracian weep." 

Or some fine daughter that died young, JYondimi experfa novi gaudia prima tor- 
Or a forlorn son for his deceased father. But why.? Prior exiif., prior infravit., he 
came first, and he must go first. ^^Tu, frusfra piiis^ heu^ Sfc. What, wouldst thou 
have the laws of nature altered, and him to live always .'' Julius Caesar, Augustus. 
Alcibiades, Galen, Aristotle, lost their fathers young. And why on the other side 
shouldst thou so heavily take the djeath of thy little son ? 

29" Nuni quia nee fato, merita nee morte peribat, 
Sed miser ante diem" 

he died before his time, perhaps, not yet come to the solstice of his age, yet was he 
not mortal .'' Hear that divine ^"Epictetus, " If thou covet thy wife, friends, children 
should live always, thou art a fool." He was a fine child indeed, dignus ApoUineis 
lachrymis., a sweet, a loving, a fliir, a witty child, of great hope, another Eteoneus, 
whom Pindarus the poet and Aristides the rhetorician so much lament; but wdio can 
tell whether he would have been an honest man .'' He might have proved a thief, a 
rogue, a spendthrift, a disobedient son, vexed and galled thee more than all the world 
beside, he might have wrangled with thee and disagreed, or with his brothers, as 
Eteocles and Polynices, and broke thy heart; he is now gone to eternity, as another 
Ganymede, in the ^' flower of his youth, " as if he had risen," saith ^^ Plutarch, " from 
the midst of a feast" before he was drunk, " the longer he had lived, the vi^orse he 
would have been," et quo vita longior., (Ambrose thinks) culpa numerosior., more sin- 
ful, more to answer he would have had. If he was naught, thou mayest be glad he 
is gone; if good, be glad thou hadst such a son. Or art thou sure he was good ? It 
may be he was an hypocrite, as many are, and howsoever he spake thee fair, perad- 
venture he prayed, amongst the rest that Icaro Menippus hearci at Jupiter's whisper- 
ing place in Lucian, for his father's death, because he now kept him short, he was 
to inherit much goods, and many fair manors after his decease. Or put case he was 
very good, suppose the best, may not thy dead son expostulate with thee, as he did 
in the same ^^ Lucian, "why dost thou lament my death, or call me miserable that 
am much more happy than thyself.? what misfortune is befallen me? Is it because 1 

21 Hor. lib. 1. 0(l. 24. 22 Do remed. fortuit, 23 ^ru- | Menan. 32Cori5(.l. ad Apol. Apollonius filius tun? 

bepce lanta ti-mpt'state quod ad unain aiichnram stabas. I in flore decessit, ante nos ail a;ternitalem diirreLJsu^. 

21 Vis a?gruiti,et morbiduni.titibundum jiaude potius ] tanquam e convivio ahiens, priusquam in errorem ali 

quod his nialis liberatus sit. ■^sUxorem bonain aut quern e temulentia in('i<ifret, quales in loufra sen.cts 

invenist;, aut sic fecisti ; si inveneris, aliam habere te juxidere soleiit. a^Tom. 1. Tract, de luctu. Qiini 

>.).sseex hoc intclliiiatnus: si fcceiis, lien(!ppi'res, salvus | me niortuuni misfrinn vocas, qui icsum multo felicior 
est arlifux. -6 smlti est compedes licet aureas amare. j aut quid acerlii n)ihi pwtas coiitiiiisse? an (juia non 
■ Hor. 2*Hor lib. 1. Od. 24. -•* Virjf. 4. ^n. sum mains seuex. ut tu facie ru<;r)sua, incurvus, &.r.. 

3"C'.-ip. U». Si id sludes ut uxor, amici. libi ri pcrpetuo j {) diMnetis, quid tilti videtur in vita Ixnii ? nimiruui 

vanl, siultus es. 3i Deos quos diligit juvenes rapit. I amiciiias, ccenas, &.c. Longe melius non ssurire quam 



374 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. 

am IK t so bald, crooked, old, rotten, as thou art? What have I lost, some of your 
good ;:heer, gay clothes, music, singing, dancing, kissing, merry-meetings, thalami 
luhemias^ <^c., is that it? Is it not much better not to hunger at all than to eat : not 
to thirst t.ian to drink to satisfy thirst : not to be cold than to put on clothes to 
drive away cold ? You had more need rejoice that I am freed from diseases, agues, 
cares, anxieties, livor, love, covetousness, hatred, envy, malice, that I lear no more 
thieves, tyrants, enemies, as you do." ^Id cinerem et manes credis curare sepuUos? 
" Do they concern us at all, think you, when we are once dead ?" Condole not 
others then overn)uch, "wish not or fear thy death." ^'^Summum nee ovtes dAem nee 
metuas; 'tis to no purpose. 

" Exressi e vita; aeruinnis facilisqiie lubensqiie I " I left this irksome life with all mine heart. 

No perjora ipsa iiiorte dehiiic videam." ) Lest worse than death should happen to iny part." 

^^ Cardinal Brundusinus caused this epitaph in Rome to be inscribed on his tomb, to 
show his willingness to die, and tax those that were so loth to depart. Weep and 
howl no more then, 'tis to small purpose; and as Tully adviseth us in the like case, 
JVon quos amisimus^ sed quanfum lu.gere par sit, cogitemus : think what we do, not 
whom we have lost. So David did, 2 Sam. xxii., '•^ While the child was yet alive, I 
fasted and wept; but being now dead, why sliould 1 fast? Can I bring him again ? 
I shall go to him, but he cannot return to me." He that doth otherwise is an intem- 
perate, a weak, a silly, and indiscreet man. Though Aristotle deny any part of 
intemperance to be conversant about sorrow, I am of ^'' Seneca's mind, " he that is 
wise is temperate, and he that is temperate is constant, free from passion, and he that 
is such a one, is without sorrow," as all wise men should be. The ''^Thracians 
wept still when a child was born, feasted and made mirth when any man was buried: 
and so should we rather be glad for such as die well, that they are so liappily freed 
from the miseries of this life. When Eteoneus, tliat noble young Greek^ was so 
generally lamented by his friends, Pindarus the poet feigns some god saying, Sileie 
homines^ non enim miser est^ S^c. be quiet good folks, this young man is not so mise- 
rable as you think ; he is neither gone to Styx nor Acheron, sed gloriosus et senii 
cxpers heros^ he lives for ever in the Elysian fields. He now enjoys that happiness 
which your great kings so earnestly seek, and wears that garland for which ye con- 
tend. If our present weakness is such, we cannot moderate our passions in this 
behalf, we must divert them by all means, by doing something else, thinking of 
another subject. The Italians most part sleep away care and grief, if it unseason- 
ably seize upon them, Danes, Dutchmen, Polanders and Bohemians drink it down, 
our countrymen go to plays : do something or other, let it not transpose thee, or by 
^^'•' premeditation make such accidents familiar," as Ulysses that wept for his dog, but 
not for his wife, qudd paratus esset animo objirmato, (Plut. de anim. tranq.) " accus- 
tom thyself, aud harden beforehand by seeing other men's calamities, and applying 
them to thy present estate;" Prcevisum est levius quod fait ante malum. J will con 
elude with ^"Epictetus, •■' If thou lovest a pot, remember 'tis but a pot thou lovest, 
and thou wilt not be troubled when 'tis broken : if thou lovest a son or wife, remem- 
ber they were mortal, and thou wilt not be so impatient." And for false fears and all 
other fortuitous inconveniences, mischances, calamities, to resist and prepare our- 
selves, not to faint is best: ^^^ StuUum est timere quod vitari non potest, 'tis a folly to 
fear that which cannot be avoided, or to be discouraged at all. 

«" Nam qni=quis trepidus pavet vel optat, 
Abjecit clypeuin, loccjque motus 
Neclit qua valeat trahi catenam." 

" For he that so faints or fears, and yields to his passion, flings away his own 
weapons, makes a cord to bind himself, and pulls a beam upon his own head." 

edere ; non =itire, &c. Gaude potiiis quod mofbos et I ninm. Assnefacere non casibiis debenins. Tnll. lib. :^ 
f>-br('s effii{;erini, anjiorem aniini, &c. Ejulatus quid Tuscnlan.qiiffist. ^Cap.S. 8i oilani dilijjas, nienieno 
jirodt'-t quid laeluyinffi, (fee. ^Virjril. ss Hor. | te oliani dili<;ere, non perturbabcris ea confracta ; ^i 

8MJhytreusdelici^Euro|ia;. 37 Kpist.85. ssSardnsI «ilinm aut uxorem, memento homineni a te diligi, ic 
de nior. tren. *■ FVa'medita'ione facilein rwldere ;" Seneca. « Boeth. lib. J. pros. 4. 

quf'niqae casum Tlutarchus consolatione ad Apollo- [ 



Mem. 6.1 



Remedies against D'l scant enU. 



373 



MEMB. VI. 



Against Envy^ Livor^ Emulation^ Hatred, Amhition^ Self-lave, and all other 

Affections. 

Against those other ^^ passions and affections, there is no better remedy than as 
mariners when they go to sea, provide all things necessary to resist a tempest : to 
furnish ourselves with philosophical and Divine precepts, other men's examples, 
^"^Periculiim ex alii s facer e, sibl quod ex usu siet : To balance our hearts with love, 
charity, meekness, patience, and counterpoise those irregular motions of envy, livor, 
spleen, hatred, with their opposite virtues, as we bend a crooked staff another way, 
to oppose ■'^'■*' sufferance to labour, patience to reproach," bounty to covetousness, 
fortitude to pusillanimity, meekness to anger, humility to pride, to examine ourselves 
for what cause we are so much disquieted, on what ground, what occasion, is it just 
or feigned ? And then either to pacify ourselves by reason, to divert by some other 
object, contrary passion, or premeditation. '^^Meditari secum oportet quo panto adver- 
sam cPTumnam fcrat, Paricla, damna, exil'ia peregre rediens semper cogitet, ant filii 
peccaluvi, aut uxoris mortem, aid morhwn filice, communia esse hcBC : fieri, posse, ut ne 
quid animo sit novum. To make them familiar, even all kind of calamities, that when 
they happen they may be less troublesome unto us. In secundis medi.tare, quo pacta 
feras adversa: or out of mature judgment to avoid the effect, or disannul the cause, 
as they do that are troubled with toothache, pull them quite out. 



*7 " Ut vivat castor, sibi testes ampiitat ipse ; 
Tu quoq:ie siqua noceiit, ahjice, tutus eris." 



" The beaver bites off's stones to save the rest : 
Do tlioii the like with that thou art o|)prest." 



Or as they that play at wasters, exercise themselves by a few cudgels how to avoid 
an enemy's blows : let us arm ourselves against all such violent incursions, which 
may invade our minds. A little experience and practice will inure us to it; vetuld 
vulpes, as the proverb saith, laqiieo liaud capitur, an old fox is not so easily taken 
in a snare ; an old soldier in the world methinks should not be disquieted, but ready 
to receive all fortunes, encounters, and with that resolute captain, come what may 
come, to make answer. 



non ulla iaborum 



O viriTO nova iiii" facies inopinaque sureit, 

Omnia percepi atque animo mecunj ante peregj." | 

■Js " non hoc primun 

Senserunt, graviora tuli 



" No labour comes at unawares to me. 
For I have long before cast wliat may be." 

mea pectora vulnus 



The commonwealth of ^° Venice in their armoury have this inscription, " Happy is 
that city which in time of peace thinks of war," a fit motto for every man's private 
house ; happy is the man that provides for a future assault. But many times we 
complain, repine and mutter without a cause, we give way to passions we may resist, 
and will not. Socrates was bad by nature, envious, as he confessed to Zopirus the 
physiognomer, accusing him of it, froward and lascivious : but as he was Socrates, 
he did correct and amend himself Thou art malicious, envious, covetous, impa- 
tient, no doubt, and lascivious, yet as thou art a Christian, correct and moderate thy- 
self 'Tis something, I confess, and able to move any man, to see himself contemned, 
obscure, neglected, disgraced, undervalued, ^' '^ left behind ;" some cannot endure it, 
no not constant Lipsius, a man discreet otherwise, yet too weak and passionate in 
this, as his words express, ^^ collegas oUm, qiios ego sine fremitu non intueor, miper 
lerrcefilios, nunc Mcpcenatcs ct Agrippas hahco, — summo jam monte potitos. But he 
was much to blame for it : to a wise staid man this is nothing, wo cannot all be 
tionoured and rich, all Ctesars ; if we will be content, our present state is good, and 
m some men's opinion to be preferred. Let them go on, get wealth, othces, titles, 
honours, preferments, and what they will themselves, by chance, fraud, imposture, 
simony, and indirect means, as too many do, by bribery, flattery, and parasitical 
insinuation, by impudence and time-serving, let them climb up to advancement in 
despite of virtue, let them " go before, cross me on every side," me non offendunl 



^3Q,ui invidiam ferre non potest, ferre contemptum 
cogitur. "Ter, Heautont. ■»& Kpictotus c. 14. 

Si labor objcctus fiierit tolerantia»,convicium patientiae, 
Ac. si ita consueveris, vitiis non ohtempfrabis. ^«Ter. 
riior. « Alciat Embl. •♦o Virg. -^n. «o-'My 



breast was not conscious of tliis first wounrl, fir I have 
endured still LTeater." o jvat. Chylr.^us delicii» 

I'uropa;, Felix civitas qure tempore picisile hello cogi 
tat. 61 Occupat extrenium scabies; uiihi turfie ri:liti- 
qui est. Hor. ^2 Lipsius epist. quaist. I. 1, ep. 7 



376 Cure of Melancholy. Tart. 2. Sect. 3. 

modo non in oculos i/icwrran//^ as he said, correcting his former error, they do not 
offend me, so long as they run not into mine eyes. I am inglorious and poor, com- 
positd paupertate^ but I live secure and quiet : they are dignified, have great means, 
pomp, and state, they are glorious ; but what have they with it } ^^" Envy, trouble, 
unxietv, as much labour to maintain their place with credit, as to get it at first." I 
am contented with my fortunes, spectator e longinquo^ and love JVeptunum procul a 
terra spectare furentem: he is' ambitious, and not satisfied with his: "but what 
^^ gets he by it ,? to have all his life laid open, his reproaches seen : not one of a 
thousand but he hath done more w^orthy of dispraise and animadversion than com- 
mendation ; no better means to help this than to be private." Let them run, ride, 
strive as so many fishes for a crumb, scrape, climb, catch, snatch, cozen, collogue, 
temporise and fleire, take all amongst them, wealth, honour, ^^ and get what they 
can, it ofl^ends me not : 

5* " me niea tellus 

Lare secrelo tutoque tegat," 

" I am well pleased with my fortunes," ^^Vivo et regno simul ista relinquens. 

I have learned " in what state soever I am, therewith to be contented," Philip, iv 
11. Come what can come, I am prepared. JVave ferar magna an parva^ feraf 
unus et idem. J am the same. 1 was once so mad to bustle abroad, and seek abou 
for preferment, tire myself, and trouble all my friends, sed nihil labor tantus profecit 
nam dum alios amicorum mors avocat^ aliis ignotus sum^ his invisus^ alii large pro- 
mittunt^ intercedunt illi meciim soliciti^ hi vand spe lactant ; diun alios ambio^ hos 
capto^ illis innotcsco^ cetas perit^ anni dejiuunt^ amici fatigantur, ego deferor^ et jani^ 
mundi tcBsus^ humanceque satur injidelitatis acqniesco. ^^And so 1 say still ; although 
I may not deny, but that I have had some ^° bountiful patrons, and noble benefactors, 
ne sim interim ingratus^ and I do thankfully acknowledge it, I have received some 
kindness, quod Dens illis beneftcium rependat^ si non pro votis^fortasse pro meritis^ 
more peradventure than I deserve, though not to my desire, more of them than I did 
expect, yet not of others to my desert ; neither am I ambitious or covetous, for this 
while, or a Suffenus to myself; what I have said, without prejudice or alteration 
shall stand. And now as a mired horse that struggles at first with all his might and 
main to get out, but when he sees no remedy, that his beating will not serve, lies 
«tiU, I have laboured in vain, rest satisfied, and if 1 may usurp that of ^' Prudentius, 

"Inveni portutn ; spes et fortuna valete, I " Mine haven's found, fortune and hope aiiieu. 

Nil uiihi vobiscuin, ludite nunc alios." | Mock others now, for I have done with you." 



MEMB. VII. 

Against Rejmlse, Abuses, Injuries, Contempts, Disgraces, Contumelies, Slanders, 

Scoffs, Sfc. 

Repmlse.] I may not yet conclude, think to appease passions, or quiet the minJ, 
till such time as 1 have likewise removed some other of their more eminent and 
ordinary causes, which produce so grievous tortures and discontents : to divert all, 
I cannot hope ; to point alone at some few of the chiefest, is that which I aim at. 

Repulse and disgrace are two main causes of discontent, but to an understanding 
man not so hardly to be taken. Cffisar himself hath been denied, ^^and when two 
stand equal in fortune, birth, and all other qualities alike, one of necessity must lose. 
Why shouldst thou take it so grievously.? It hath a familiar thing for liiee thyself 
to deny others. If every man might have what he would, we should all be deified, 



63Lipsins epist. lib. 1. epist. 7. ^4 Gloria coinitem i canvassing one partv, captivatins another, making 

liabet invidiam, pari onere premitur retinendo ac ac- , myself known to a third, niv age increases, years glide 

quirendo. s-Uuid aliud ambitiosus sibi parat quam | away, I am put off. and now^ tired of the world, and 

ut probra ejus pateant? nemo viveiis qui non habet in l surfeited with human worthlessness, I rest content." 

vita pliira vituperatione quam laude digna; his nialis «>The right honourable Ladv Francis Countess Dow- 

non melius occiirritur, quam si bene latueris. &b Et ager of Exeter. The l^ord Be'rklev. «' Distichon 

omnes fama per urbesgarrulH laudet. 67 Sen. Her. ejus in militem Christianum eGia?c«. Engraven on the 

^ur. ->* Nor. " 1 live like a king without any of tomb of Fr. Puccius the Florentine in Rome. Chylreui? 

these arquisitions." ea" But all my labour was in deliciis. 62 pjedoralus in .300 LacedaMuouioriim nu- 

unprofitable: for while death took off some of my inerum non elrctus risit, gratulari se tliceus civilateui 

friends, to others I remain unknown, or little liked and habere 300 cives se meliores. 
ihese deceive me with false promises. Whilst 1 am 



Mem. 7.] Remedies against Discontems. 377 

emperors, kings, princes ; if whatsoever vain hope suggests, insatiable appetite affects, 
our preposterous judgment thinks fit were granted, we should have another chaos in 
an instant, a mere confusion. It is some satisfaction to him that is repelled, that 
dignities, honours, offices, are not always given by desert or worth, but for love 
affinity, friendship, affection, ^^ great men's letters, or as commonly they are bough . 
t.nd sold. ^'' " Honours in court are bestowed not according to men's virtues and 
good conditions (as an old courtier observes), but as every man hath means, or nio.-e 
potent friends, so he is preferred." With us in France (^^for so their own country- 
man relates) "most part the matter is carried by favour and grace; he that can get 
a great man to be his mediator, runs away with all the preferment." Indlgnissimus 
plerumque prcefurlur^ Vatiniiis Catoni^ illaudafus laudatissimo; 

66 "servi <iotninaiitur ; aselli 

Ornantur phaleris, dephalerantur equi." 

An illiterate fool sits in a man's seat, and the common people hold him learned, 
grave and wise. "One professeth (^"Cardan well notes) for a thousand crowns, but 
he deserves not ten, when as he that deserves a thousand cannot get ten." Solarium 
non dat midfis salem. As good horses draw in carts, as coaches. And oftentimes, 
which Machiavel seconds, ^^Principes non sunt qui oh insignem virtutern principatu 
digni sunt^ he that is most worthy wants eniployment ; he that hatli skill to be a 
pilot wants a ship, and he that could govern a commonwealth, a world itself, a king 
in conceit, wants means to exercise his worth, hath not a poor office to manage, and 
yet all this while he is a better man that is fit to reign, et.si careat regno^ though he 
want a kingdom, ^^"than he that hath one, and knows not how to rule it:" a lion 
serves not always his keeper, but oftentimes the keeper the lion, and as '°Polydore 
Virgil hath it, multi reges ut pupilli oh inscitiam non regunt sed reguntur. Hieron 
of Syracuse was a brave king, but wanted a kingdom ; Perseus of Macedon had 
nothing of a king, but the bare name and title, for he could not govern it : so great 
places are often ill bestowed, worthy persons unrespected. Many times, too, the 
servants have more means than the masters whom they serve, which ^' Epictetus 
<rounts an eye-sore and inconvenient. But who can lielp it } It is an ordinary thing 
in these days to see a base impudent ass, illiterate, unworthy, insufficient, to be pre- 
ferred before his betters, because he can put himself forward, because he looks big, 
can bustle in the world, hath a fair outside, can temporise, collogue, insinuate, or hath 
good store of friends and money, whereas a more discreet, modest, and better-deserv- 
ing man shall lie hid or have a repulse. 'Twas so of old, and ever will be, and which 

Tiresias advised Ulyses in the '^^ poet, '•'■Accipe qua raiione queas ditescere^ (^c," 

is still in use ; lie, flatter, and dissemble : if not, as he concludes, ^^Ergo pauper 

eris^''^ then go like a beggar as thou art. Erasmus, Melanctiion, Lipsius, Budaeus, Car- 
dan, lived and died poor. Gesner was a silly old man, haculo innixus^ amongst all 
those huffing cardinals, swelling bishops that flourished in his time, and rode on foot- 
clothes. It is not honesty, learning, worth, wisdom, that prefers men, " The race is 
not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong," but as the wise man said, '^Chance, 
and sometimes a ridiculous chance. '^ Casus plerumque ridiculus multos elevavii. 
■•Tis fortune's doings, as they say, which made Brutus now dying exclaim, O misera 
virtus^ ergo nihil qudm verba eras^ aiqui ego te tanquam rem exerceham^ sed tu ser- 
viebas fortunce.''^ Believe it hereafter, O my friends! virtue serves fortune. Yet be 
not discouraged (O my well deserving spirits) with this which I have said, it may 
be otherwise, though seldom I confess, yet sometimes it is. But to your larther 
content, I'll tell you a ^^ tale. In Maronia pia, or Maronia faelix, 1 know not whether, 
nor how long since, nor in what cathedral church, a fat prebend fell void. Tlie 
carcass scarce cold, many suitors were up in an instant. The first had rich friends, 



63 Kissing c;oes by favour. «< ^iieas Syl. (1« miser, 

curia'. DaiUur lioiiores in curiis noii secundum honores 
el viriLtes, sed ut quisqiie ditiorest alque potentior, eo 
magis liorioratur. 6->Sesellius lib. 2. de repuh. Gal- 

lorum. Favore apud nos et gratia plerumque res agitur; 
et qui coinmoduin aliquern nacti sunt intorcessorem, 
Bditum fi-re liabent aci omnes prtefecturas. s^^jjiaves 
goveri. ; asses are decked with trappings; horses are 
ijeprived of rln-ui." ei Imperitus periti munus oc- 

•iupat, et sic apud vulgiis habetur. (lie profitetur mille 
coff^natis, cum nee decern mereatur; alius e diverso 



48 2 G 2 



mille dijrnus, vix decern consequi potest. «? Epist. 

dedict. disput. Zeubbeo BondHmontio. et Cosmo lluce- 
laio. 6yQ,uum is qui regnat, et regnandi sit impe- 

rilus. "0 Lib. 22. hist. " iVIinisiri locupletiores 

sunt iis quibiis ministratur. " Hor. lib. 2. Sat. 5. 

" Learn h()w to grow rich " '3 Solomon Kccles. ix. 11. 
'■•Sat. Menip. ^a^o wretched virtue! you are 

therefore nothing l»ul words, and I have all this time 
been looking upon you as a reality, while yon are your 
self the slave of fortune." ^I'Tale (|uid est apuc 

Valent. Aiidreaui Apolog. manip. 5. apol. 3d 



378 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 3 



a goou piii?e, a id he wa^ resolved to outbid any man befoit ne would lose it, eveiy 
man supposed he should carry it. The second was my lord Bishop's chaplain (in 
whose gift it was), and he thought it his due to have it. The third Avas nobly born, 
and he meant to get it by his great parents, patrons, and allies. The fourth stood 
upon his worth, he had newly found out strange mysteries in chemistry, and other 
rare inventions, which he would detect to the public good. The fifth was a painful 
preacher, and he was commended by the whole parish where he dwelt, he had all 
their hands to his certificate. The sixth was the prebendary's son lately deceased, 
his father died in debt (for it, as they say), left a wife and many poor children. The 
seventh stood upon fair promises, which to him and his noble friends had been for- 
merly made for tlie next place in his lordship's gift. The eighth pretended great 
losses, and what he had suffered for the church, what pains he had taken at home 
and abroad, and besides he brought noblemen's letters. The ninth had married a 
kinswoman, and he sent his wife to sue for him. The tenth was a foreign doctor, 
a late convert, and wanted means. The eleventh would exchange for another, he 
did not like the former's site, could not agree with his neighbours and fellows upon 
any terms, he would be gone. The twelfth and last was (a suitor in conceit) a right 
honest, civil, sober man, an excellent scholar, and such a one as lived private in the 
university, but he had neither means nor money to compass it ; besides he hated al. 
such courses, he could not speak for himself, neither had he any friends to solicit 
his cause, and therefore made no suit, could not expect, neither did he hope for, or 
look after it. The good bishop amongst a jury of competitors thus perplexed, and 
not yet resolved what to do, or on whom to bestow it, at the last, of his own accord, 
mere motion, and bountiful nature, gave it freely to the university student, altogether 
unknown to him but by fame ; and to be brief, the academical scholar had the pre- 
bend sent him for a present. The news was no sooner published abroad, but all 
good students rejoiced, and were much cheered up with it, though some would not 
believe it; others, as men amazed, said it was a miracle; but one amongst the rest 
thanked God for it, and said, JVunc juvat tandem studiosum esse^ et Deo integro corde 
servire. You have heard my tale: but alas it is but a tale, a mere fiction, 'twas 
never so, never like to be, and so let it rest. Well, be it so then, they have wealth 
and honour, fortune and preferment, every man (there's no remedy) must scramble 
as he may, and shift as he can; yet Cardan comforted himself with this, '^" the star 
Fomahant would make him immortal," and that '^ after his decease his books should 
be found in ladies' studies: ''^ Digniim laude virum Miisa vetat mori. But why 
shouldest thou take thy neglect, thy canvas so to heart.? It may be thou art not fit; 
but a ^° child that puts on his father's shoes, hat, headpiece, breastplate, breeches, 
or holds his spear, but is neither able to wield the one. or wear the other ; so 
wouldest thou do by such an office, place, or magistracy: thou art unfit: "And 
wliat is dignity to an unworthy man, but (as ^' Salvianus holds) a gold ring in a 
swine's snout.?" Thou art a brute. Like a bad actor (so ^"^ Plutarch compares such 
men in a tragedy, dlademafert^ al vox non audiiiir: Thou wouldest play a king's 
part, but actest a clown, speakest like an ass. ^^Magna petis Phaeton el. qucB non 
viribus islis^ Sj-c.., as James and John, the sons of Zebedee, did ask they knew not 
what: nescis ttmerarie nescis ; thou dost, as another Sufi^enus, overween thyself; thou 
art wise in thine own conceit, but in other more mature judgment altogether unfit to 
manage such a business. Or be it thou art more deserving than any of thy rank, God 
in his providence hath reserved thee for some other fortunes, sic supcris visum. Thou 
art humble as thou art, it may be ; hadst thou been preferred, thou wouldest havpi 
forgotten God and thyself, insulted over others, contemned thy friends, ^been a 
block, a tyrant, or a demi-god, sequilurque superlia formam : *'" Therefore," saith 
Ciirysostom, "good men do not always find grace and favour, lest they should be 
pufled up with turgent titles, grow insolent and proud." 

Injuries, abuses, are very offensive, and so much the more in that they think veterem 
ferendo invitant novam, " by taking one they provoke another :" but it is an erroneous 



"Stella Fomahant immortalitatein dahit. 'sLih. 

de lib. propiis. '9 Hor. "The muse forbids the praise- 
worthy man to die." fcO(iui induit thorarem aiit 
paleam, &c. **' Lib. 4. de puber. Dei. Quid est diir- 
nitaa indijjno nisi circulus aureus in naribus suis. 



8-' 111 Lysandro. s^Ovid. Mel. 84 !Viaj,'istratii» 

virum indicat. ss i,jeo boni viri aliquand ) <!ratiain 

non accipiunt, ne in superhiam elevenlur vpnositaU 
jactantiffi, ne altitude muiieris neglentiores .flicial. 



Mem. 7.] Remedies against Discontents. 370 

opinion, for if that were true, there would be no end of abusiiior ea:h other; lis 
litem general; 'tis much better wiih patience to bear, or quietly to put it up. If an 
ass kick me, saith Socrates, shall J strike him again } And when ^^his wife Xantippe 
struck and misused him, to some friends that would have had him strike her again, 
he replied, that he would not make them sport, or that they should stand by and 
say, Eiia Socrates, eia Xantippe^ as we do when dogs fight, animate them the more 
by clapping of hands. Many men spend themselves, their goods, friends, fortunes, 
upon small quarrels, and sometimes at other men's procurements, with much vexa- 
tion of spirit and anguish of mind, all which with good advice, or mediation of 
friends, might have been happily composed, or if patience had taken place. Patience 
in such cases is a most sovereign remedy, to put up, conceal, or dissemble it, to 
^'forget and forgive, ^^" not seven, but seventy-seven times, as often as he repents for- 
give him ;" Luke xvii. 3. as our Saviour enjoins us, stricken, " to turn the other side :" 
as our ^^ Apostle persuades us, "• to recompence no man evil for evil, but as much as 
is possible to have peace with all men : not to avenge ourselves, and we shall heap 
burning coals upon our adversary's head." "For ^° if you put up wrong (as Chry- 
sostom comments), you get the victory; he that loseth his money, loseth not the 
conquest in this our philosophy." If he contend with thee, submit thyself unto him 
first, yield to him. Durum et durum nonfaciunt 7nurum^SiS the diverb is, two refrac- 
tory spirits will never agree, the only means to overcome is to relent, ohsequio vinces. 
Euclid in Plutarch, when his brother had angered him, swore he would be revenged; 
but he gently replied, ^' " Let me not live if I d:) not make thee to love me again," 
upon which meek answer he was pacified. 

9- " Flectitur obsequio ciirvatus al» arliore ramus, I " A branch if easily bended yields to thee, 
Fraiigis si virt'S expcrire luas." | Pull liard it breaks : the difference you see." 

The noble family of the Colonni in Rome, when they were expelled the city by 
tliat furious Alexander the Sixth, gave the bending branch therefore as an impress, 
with this motto, Flecti potest^ frangi non potest, to signify that he might break them 
by force, but so never make them stoop, for they fled in the midst of their hard 
usage to the kingdom of Naples, and were honourably entertained by Frederick the 
king, according to their callings. Gentleness in this case might have done much 
more, and let thine adversary be never so perverse, it may be by that means thou 
may est win him ; ^^favore et henevolentia etiam imnianis animus mansuescit, soft words 
pacify wrath, and the fiercest spirits are so soonest overcome; ^'*a generous lion will 
not hurt a beast that lies prostrate, nor an elephant an innocuous creature, but is 
infestus infestis, a terror and scourge alone to such as are stubborn, and make resist- 
ance. It was the symbol of Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, and he was not 
mistaken in it, for 

9j ■' Quo quisque est major, magis est placabilis irjE, I " A greater man is soonest pacified. 

El faciles motus mens generosa capit." | A noble spirit quickly satisfied." 

It is reported by ^Gualter Mapes, an old historiographer of ours (who lived 400 
vears since), that King Edward senior, and Llewellyn prince of Wales, being at an 
interview near Aust upon Severn, in Gloucestershire, and the prince sent for, refused 
to come to the king; he would needs go over to him; which Llewellyn perceiving, 
''"•went up to the arms in water, and embracing his boat, would have carried him 
out upon his shoulders, adding that his humility and wisdom had triumphed over 
liis pride and folly, and thereupon he was reconciled unto him and did his homage. 
If thou canst not so win him, put it up, if thou beest a true Christian, a good divine, 
an imitator of Christ, ^^''for he was reviled and put it up, whipped and sought no 
revenge,") thou wilt pray for thine enemies, ^^'•'■and bless them that persecute thee;" 
be patient, meek, humble, &c. An honest man will not ofl^er thee injury, prohus non 
■cult; if he were a brangling knave, 'tis his fashion so to do; where is least heart is 
most tongue ; quo quisque stultior, eb viagis insolescil, the more sottish he is, still 



sfi^Elian. srinjuriarum remedium est oblivio. 

«^Mat. xviii. 22. Mat. V. 39. t9 Roiri. xii. 17. "oSi 

toleras injuriam, victor evadis; qui enim pecuniis (»ri. 
varus est, non est privatus victoria in hac |>hilosophia. 
*'Di<pereain nisi te ultus fnero: dispHream nisi ut me 
deincepxaines etfecero. 9- Joach. ('anierarius Embl.21. 
cent. 1. "^ Heliodorus s-i Reipsa rt-peri nihi 



9»0vid. a^Camden in Glonc. "'Usque ad pectus 

ingressiis est, aquam. &,c. cyinbain ampl(!Cteiis, sapien- 
tissime rex ait, tua humilitas ineam vicit superbiair., 
et sajiientia lrium|»iiavil inepliam ; colliim ascende 
quod contra te fatiius erexi. intrabis terram quam hodie 
ft'cil tuam benigni'us, &c. 'Jf Chrysosioiii, contunieiiia 
affectiis est et eas ycrtulit; opprobriis, ncc ultus est; 



ease hoinini melius facilitate el dementia. Ter. Adelph. | verberibus ca;sus, nee vicem 7ed<lidil. «" Rum. xii. 14. 



380 Cure of Melancholy. ' [Part. 2. Sec. 3 

the more insolent: '"^""Do not answer a fool according to his folly." If he be thy 
superior, ' " bear it by all means, grieve not at it, let him take his course ; Anitus 
and Melitus ^"may kill me, they cannot hurt me;" as that generous Socrates made 
answer in like case. Mens immola manet^ though the body be torn in pieces with 
wild horses, broken on the wheel, pinched with fiery tongs, the soul cannot be dis- 
tracted. 'Tis an ordinary thing for great men to vilify and insult, oppress, injure, 
tyrannise, to take what liberty they list, and who dare speak against } Mi serum est 
ab CO Icedi., a quo non possis qucri^ a miserable thing 'tis to be injured of him, from 
whom is no appeal : ^ and not safe to write against him that can proscribe and punish 
a man at his pleasure, which Asinius Pollio was aware of, when Octavianus provoked 
him. 'Tis hard I confess to be so injured : one of Chilo's three difficult things : 
*" To keep counsel ; spend his time well ; put up injuries:" but be thou patient, 
und ^ leave revenge unto the Lord. ^"Vengeance is mine and I will repay, saith the 
j^ord" — '' I know the Lord," saith "'David, "will avenge the afflicted and judge the 
poor." — " No man (as ^ Plato farther adds) can so severely punish his adversary, as 
God will such as oppress miserable men." 

8" Iteriini ille rem jiidicatam judical, 
Majoreque mulcta mulctat." 

If there be any religion, any God, and that God be just, it shall be so ; if thou be- 
lievest the one, believe the other : Erit., erlt., it shall be so. JVcmesis comes after, 
Serb sed serid, stay but a little and thou shalt see God's just judgment overtake him. 

iC'Raro antecedentem scelestiirn I "Yet with sure steps, tliou2;h lame and slow, 

Deseruit pede poena claudo." | Vengeance" o'erf'akes the trembling villain's speed." 

Tliou shalt perceive that verified of Samuel to Agag, 1 Sam. xv. 33. " Thy sword 
hath made many M^omen childless, so shall thy mother be childless amongst other 
women." It shall be done to them as they have done to others. Conradinus, that 
brave Suevian prince, came with a well-prepared army into the kingdom of Naples, 
was taken prisoner by king Charles, and put to death in the flower of his youth ; a 
little after (uUionem Conradmi mortis., Pandulphus Collinutius Hist. JVeap. Jib. 5. 
calls it), King Charles's own son, with two hundred nobles, was so taken prisoner, 
and beheaded in like sort. Not in this only, but in all other offences, quo quisque 
peccat in eo punietur^ "they shall be punished in the same kind, in the same part, 
like nature, eye with or in the eye, head with or in the head, persecution with per- 
secution, lust with efl^ects of lust ; let them march on with ensigns displayed, let 
drums beat on, trumpets sound taratantarra, let them sack cities, take the spoil of 
countries, murder infants, deflower virgins, destroy, burn, persecute, and tyrannise, 
they shall be fully rewarded at last in the same measure, they and theirs, and that to 
their desert. 

12" Ad genernm Cereris sine crede et sanguine pauci I " Few tyrants in their beds do die, 

Descendant reges et sicca morte tyranni. " | But stahb'd or maim'd to hell they hie." 

Oftentimes too a base contemptible fellow is the instrument of God's justice to 
punish, to torture, and vex them, as an ichneumon doth a crocodile. They shall be 
recompensed according to the works of their hands, as Haman was hanged on the 
gallows he provided for Mordecai; "They shall have sorrow of heart, and be de- 
stroyed from under the heaven," Thre. iii. 64,65, 66. Only be thou patient: ^^vincit 
qui patifiir: and in the end thou shalt be crowned. Yea, but 'tis a hard matter to 
do this flesh and blood may not abide it; his grave^ grave! no (Chrysostom replies) 
non Cat grave., 6 homo! 'tis not so grievous, '''"neitlier had God commanded it, if it 
had been so difficult." But how shall it be done.? "Easily," as he follows it, "if' 
thou shalt look to heaven, behold the beauty of it, and what God hath promised to 
such as put up injuries," But if thou resist and go about vim vi repellere^ as the 
custom of the world is, to right thyself, or hast given just cause of offence, 'tis no 
injury then but a condign punishment ; thou hast deserved as much : A te princi- 

100 Pro. « Contend not with a greater man, Pro. , " He adjudicates judgment again, and punishes with a 

f)rci(lere pnssii nt. » Non facile aut tutum in eum I still greater penalty." ''^ Hor. 3. od. 2. " Wisd 

pcrihere qui potest proscrihcre. ♦ Arcana tacere, xi. (i. '2 Juvenal. '3 Apud Chrisliynos non v*l 



otiuiii rcrtecollornre, injuriam posse ferre.diilicillimui 
• Ps.ll. xlv. «r{oin. xii. ■» Psa. xiii. 12. • Nullus 
tarn severe initnirum suum y'cisci potest, quam Deus 
solet luiscrorum oppressores » Arcturus ia Flaut. 



patitur, sod qui facit injuriam niise< est. Le. *•%'. 
14 Neqiie pr-Tcepisset Deus si grave fui.^sel, -^t' '^v » 
tione potero? facile si cuelurn suspexeiid; ev ?JU4 jv > 
chnludine, e» quod poliicetur Deus, &c._ 



Mem. 7. J Remedies against Discontents. 38) 

pium., .n te recre^it crimen quod a tefuit; peccasti., quiesce^ as Ambrose txpustulates 
with Cain, Uh 3. de Jlbel et Cain. '^Dionysius of Syracuse, in his exile, was mack 
to sVdnfl wiihoMi dooi.f patienter ferendum., for t.asse nos tale quid fecimus, quum in 
lionore essemus., he wisely put it up, and laid the fault where it was, on his own 
pride and scorn, which in his prosperity he had formerly showed others. 'Tis 
"^TuUy's axiom, y^rre ea moleslissime homines non debent., qucE ipsorum culpa con- 
iracta sunt., self do, self have, as the saying is, tiiey may thank themselves. For 
he that doth wrong must look to be wronged again ; hahet et musca splene?n.) et for- 
miccB sua biUs inest. The least fly hath a spleen, and a little bee a sting. '" An ass 
overwhelmed a thistlewarp's nest, the little bird pecked his galled back in revenge ; 
and the humble-bee in the fable Hung down the eagle's eggs out of Jupiter's lap. 
Bracides, in Plutarch, put his hand into a mouse's nest and hurt her young ones, she 
bit him by the finger : ''^ I see now (saith he) tiiere is no creature so contemptible, 
that will not be revenged. 'Tis lex talionis., and the nature of all things so to do : 
if thou wilt live quietly thyself, '^do no wrong to others; if any be done thee, put 
it up, with patience endure it, for ^'^^'' this is thankworthy," saith our apostle, "if any 
man for conscience towards God endure grief, and suffer wrong undeserved ; for what 
praise is it, if when ye be buffeted for you faults, ye take it patiently ? But if when 
you do well, ye suffer wrong, and take it patiently, there is thanks with God ; for 
hereunto verily we are called." Qui mala nonfcrt., ipse sibi testis est per impatien- 
Ham quod bonus non est., "he that cannot bear injuries, witnesseth against himself 
that he is no good man," as Gregory holds. ^'"'Tis the nature of wicked men to 
do injuries, as it is the property of all honest men patiently to bear them." Impro- 
bitas nuUo Jlectitur obsequio. The wolf in the ^^ emblem sucked the goat (so the 
shepherd would have it), but he kept nevertheless a wolf's nature; ^''a knave will 
be a knave. Injury is on the other side a good man's footboy, \\\sfidus Jlchates., 
and as a lackey follows him wheresoever he goes. Besides, misera est fortuna qucE 
caret inimico., he is in a miserable estate that wants enemies:^* it is a thing not to 
be avoided, and therefore with more patience to be endured. Cato Censorius, that 
upright Cato of whom Paterculus gives that honourable eulogium, bene fecit quod 
aliter facere non potuit., was ^^ fifty times indicted and accused by iiis fellow citizens, 
and as ^''Ammianus well hath it, Quis erit infiocens si clam vel palam accusasse suji- 
ciatf if it be sufficient to accuse a man openly or in private, who shall be free } If 
there were no other respect than that of Christianity, religion and the like, to induce 
men to be long-suffering and patient, yet methinks the nature of injury itself is suf- 
licient to keep them quiet, the tumults, uproars, miseries, discontents, anguish, loss, 
dangers that attend upon it might restrain the calamities of contention : for as it is 
with ordinary gamesters, the gams go to the box, so falls it out to such as contend ; 
the lawyers get all ; and therefore if they would consider of it, aliena pericula cantos^ 
other men's misfortunes in this kind, and common experience might detain them. 
^"The more they contend, the more they are involved in a labyrinth of woes, and 
the catastrophe is to consume one another, like the elephant and dragon's conflict in 
Pliny ;^^ the dragon got under the elephant's belly, and sucked his blood so long, 
till he fell down dead upon the dragon, and killed him with the fall, so both were 
ruined. 'Tis a hydra's head, cor.tention ; the more they strive, the more they may: 
and as Praxiteles did by his glass, when he saw a scurvy face in it, brake it in 
pieces : but for that one he saw many more as bad in a moment: for one injury done 
they provoke another cum foenore.^ and twenty enemies for one. JYoH irritare cra- 
brones.) oppose not thyself to a multitude : hut if thou hast received a wrong, wisely 
consider of it, and if thou canst possibly, compose thyself with patience to bear it. 
This is the safest course, and thou shalt find greatest ease to be quiet. 

^^ I say the same of scoffs, slanders, contumelies, obloquies, defamations, detrac- 



15 Valer. lib. 4. cap. 1. i6£p. Qfrat. I'Came- 

rarius, emb. 75. cen. 2. J« Pape, inquit ; nullum 

animal tarn pusiU n quod non cupiat ulcisci. isQ,uo(l 
tibi fieri nun vis alteri ne feceris. 20 j pej, jj. 

"Siquidem malorum proprinm est inferre damna, et 
bonorum pedissequa est injuria. 22 Alciat. emb. 

^ Naturam expellas furca licet usque recurret. 24 By 
many indignities we come to dignities. Tibi subjicito 
^ua; Aunt aliis, furtum convitia, ik.c. Et in iis in te ad- 



missis non excandesces. Epictetus. 25 Plutarch, 

quinquaiiies Catoni dies dicta ab inimicis. 26 Lib. 18. 
2' Hoc scio pro certo quod si cum stercore cerlo, vinco 
sen vincor, semper ego maculor. 2d ^jb. 8. cap. 2. 

2'JObloquutus est, probrumque tibi intulit quispiam, 
sive vera is dixerit, sive falsa, maximam tibi coronam 
texueris si marisuete convitium tuieris. Ch ys. in 6 
cap. ad Rom. ser. 10. 



382 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 

lions, _-)n-?quilling libels, and the like, which may tend any way to our disgrace : 'tis 
but oimuoii ; if we coidd neglect, contemn, or with patience digest them, they woulo 
reflect on them that ofl^ered Ihem at first. A wise citizen, I know not w^hence, had 
a scold to his wife : when she brawled, he played on his drum, and by that means 
madded her more, because she saw that he would not be moved. Diogenes in a 
crowd when one called him back, and told him how the boys laughed him to scorn, 
Ego^ inquii^ nan rideor^ took no notice of it. Socrates was brought upon the stage 
by Aristophanes, and misused to his face, but he laughed as if it concerned him not ■ 
and as ^lian relates of him, whatsoever good or bad accident or fortune befel him 
going in or coming out, Socrates still kept the same countenance; even so should a 
Christian do, as Hierom describes him^ per inf ami am et honamfamrnn grassari ad 
immorhdiiatem., march on through good and bad reports to immortality, ^ not to be 
moved : for honesty is a suflicient reward, problias sibi prcemium ; and in our times 
the sole recompense to do well, is, to do well : but naughtiness will punish itself at 
last, ^^Improhis ipsa nequitia supvUcium. As the diverb is, 

" aiii bpn6 fccpruiit, illi sua facta sequentur ; I " They that do well, shall have reward at last : 

aiii male feceruiit, facta seqiieiitur ens:" | But they that ill, shall suffer for that's past." 

Yea, but I am ashamed, disgraced, dishonoured, degraded, exploded : my noto- 
rious crimes and villanies are come to light [deprendi miserum est), my filthy lust, 
abominable oppression and avarice lies open, my good name's lost, my fortune's 
gone, I have been stigmatised, whipt at post, arraigned and condemned, I am a com- 
mon obloquv, I have lost my ears, odious, execrable, abhorred of God and men. Be 
content, 'tis but a nine days' wonder, and as one sorrow drives out another, one pas 
sion another, one cloud another, one rumour is expelled by another; everyday 
almost, come new news unto our ears, as how the sun was eclipsed, meteors seen 
in the air, monsters born, prodigies, how the Turks were overthrown in Persia, an 
earthquake in Helvetia, Calabria, Japan, or Ciiina, an inundation in Holland, a great 
plague in Constantinople, a fire at Prague, a dearth in Germany, such a man is made 
a lord, a bishop, another hanged, deposed, pressed to death, for some murder, trea- 
son, rape, theft, oppression, all which we do hear at first with a kind of admiration, 
detestation, consternation, but by and by they are buried in silence: thy father 's 
dead, thy brother robbed, wife runs mad, neighbour hath killed himself; 'tis heavy, 
ghastly, fearful news at first, in every man's mouth, table talk ; but after a while 
who speaks or thinks of it ? It will be so with thee and tliine offence, it will be 
forgotten in an instant, be it theft, rape, sodomy, murder, incest, treason, &c., thou 
art not the first ofl^ender, nor shalt not be the last, 'tis no wonder, every hour such 
malefactors are called in question, nothing so common, Quocunque in populo, quo- 
cunque suh axe?^^ Comfort thyself, thou art not the sole man. If he that were 
guiltless himself should fling the first stone at thee, and he alone should accuse thee 
that were faultless, how many executioners, how many accusers w^ouldst thou have .'' 
If every man's sins were written in his forehead, and secret faults known, how many 
thousands would parallel, if not exceed thine offence i It may be the judge that 
gave sentence, the jury that condemned thee, the spectators that gazed on thee, de- 
served much more, and were far more guilty than thou thyself. But it is thine infe- 
licity to be taken, to be made a public example of justice, to be a terror to the rest ; 
yet should every man have his desert, thou wouldest peradventure be a saint in com- 
parison ; vexat censura columhas, poor souls are punished ; the great ones do twenty 
thousand times worse, and are not so much as spoken of. 

83"Non rete accipitri tenditur neque tiiilvio, I " The net 's not laid for kites or birds of prey, 

Q.U1 male faciunt nobis; illis qui nil faciunt tenditnr." | But fur tiie harmless still our gins we lay." 

Be not dismayed then, liumanum est errare, we are all sinners, daily and houri) 
subject to temptations, the best of us is a hypocrite, a grievous ofTender in God's 
sight, Noah, Lot, David, Peter, &.C., how many mortal sins do we commit .^ Shall 
I say, be penitent, ask forgiveness, and make amends by the sequel of thy life, for 
that foul ofTence thou hast committed ? recover thy credit by some noble exploit, as 
Themistocles did, for he was a most debauched and vicious youth, sed juvenfye ma- 
culas prceclaris factis delevit^ but made the world amends by brave exploits ; H last 



soTulliua npist. Dolabella, tu forti sis animo; et tua I 3i Bnetliius consol. lib. 4. pros. 3. s"'- Amongst pea 

moderatio, constantia, eoruij infamet injunam. j pie in every climate." ^^a 'J'er. Phor. 



iMem. 7.1 Remedies against Discontents. 383 

become a new man, and seek to be reformed. He that runs away in a battle, as 
Demosthenes said, may fight again ; and he that hath a fall may stand as upright as 
ever he did before. JYemo desperet meliora lapsus^ a wicked liver may be reclaimed, 
and prove an honest man ; he that is odious in present, hissed out, an exile, may be 
received again with all men's favours, and singular applause; so Tally was in Rome 
Alcibiades in Athens. Let thy disgrace then be what it will, quod Jit^ infcctuni nou 
potest esse^ that which is past cannot be recalled ; trouble not thyself, vex and grieve 
thyself no more, be it obloquy, disgrace, &c. No better way, than to neglect, con- 
temn, or seem not to regard it, to make no reckoning of it, Deesse robur arguit dica- 
citas : if thou be guiltless it concerns thee not : — 

34" Irrita vaniloqure quid ciiras spicula linsuas, 
Latraiitem curatne alta Uiana caneiii ?" 

Doth the moon care for the barking of a dog } They detract, scofT and rail, saith 
one, ^^ and bark at me on every side, but I, like that Albanian dog sometimes given 
to Alexander for a present, vindico me ah illls solo contemptu^ I lie still and sleep, 
vindicate myself by contempt alone. ^^Expers terroris Achilles armatus: as a tor- 
toise in his shell, ^'^ virtute med me involvo^ or an urchin round, 7ul ?uoror ictus^ ^^ a 
lizard in camomile, I decline their fury and am safe. 

" Integritas virtusque suo inuniinine tuta, I "Virtue and integrity are their own fence, 

Noiipatet adversa; morsihus invidise :" | Care not for envy or wiiat comes from thence." 

Let them rail then, scoff, and slander, sapiens contumelict non ajicitur^ a wise man, 
Seneca thinks, is not moved, because he knows, contra Sycophanfce morsum non est 
remedium., there is no remedy for it: kings and princes, wise, grave, prudent, holy, 
good men, divine, are all so served alike. '^^OJane a tergo quern nulla ciconia pinsit^ 
Antevorta and Postvorta, Jupiter's guardians, may not help in this case, they cannot 
protect ; Moses had a Dathan, a Corath, David a Shimei, God himself is blasphemed : 
nondum felix es si te nondum turba deridet. It is an ordinary thing so to be mis- 
used. '^^Regiiim est cum bene faceris male audire^ the chiefest men and m.ost under- 
standing are so vilified ; let him take his "^ course. And as that lusty courser in 
^sop, that contemned the poor ass, came by and by after with his bowels burst, .\ 
pack on his back, and was derided of the same ass : contemnentur ah Us qiios ips: 
prlus cont.emj)sere^ ct irridebuntur ah Us quos ipsi prius irrisere^ they shall be con- 
temned and laughed to scorn of those whom they have formerly derided. Let them 
contemn, defame, or undervalue, insult, oppress, scofl^, slander, abuse, wrong, curse 
and swear, feign and lie, do thou comfort thyself with a good conscience, in sinu 
gaudcas^ when they have all done, "^^^'a good conscience is a continual feast," inno- 
cency will vindicate itself: and which the poet gave out of Hercules, diis fridtur 
iratis^ enjoy thyself, though all the world be set against thee, contemn and say with 
him.) Elogium mild prcE foribus., my posy is, " not to be moved, that '*^niy palladium, 
my breast-plate, my buckler, with which I ward all injuries, offences, lies, slanders; 
I lean upon that stake of modesty, so receive and break asunder all that foolish force 
of liver and spleen." And whosoever he is that shall observe these short instruc- 
tions, without all question he shall much ease and benefit himself. 

In fine, if princes would do justice, judges be upright, clergymen truly devout, and 
so live as tliey teach, if great men would not be so insolent, if soldiers would quietly 
defend us, the poor would be patient, rich men would be liberal and humble, citizens 
honest, magistrates meek, superiors would give good example, subjects peaceable, 
young men would stand in awe : if parents would be kind to their children, and 
diey again obedient to their parents, brethren agree amongst themselves, enemies be 
reconciled, servants trusty to their masters, virgins chaste, wives modest, husbands 
would be loving and less jealous : if we could imitate Christ and his apostles, live 
after God's laws, these mischiefs would not so frequently happen amongst us ; but 
being most pait so irreconcilable as we are, perverse, proud, insolent, factious, and 

S'JCamerar. cmb. Gl. cent. 3. "Why should you re- insipientis sermone pendere? Tuilius 2. de tinibus. 
gard the harmless shafts of a vain-speaking tongue— i *'^'V\i& te corisrientia salvare, in cuhiculum iiigredcre, 



does the exalted Diana care for the barking of a dog?' 
"'Lipsius elect, lib. 3. ult. Latrant me jaceo, ac taceo, 
&c. stiCatulliis. 37 The symbol of I. Kevenheder, 

a Carinthian baron, saith Sambucus. ssxhe symbol 
of Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. ^^ Pers. sat. 1. 

♦"Magni jnimi est injurias despicere, Seneca ile ira, 
tHd. 31. 't'Quid turpius quam sapientis vitam ex 



ubi secure requiescas. IVIinuic se quodammodo proba 
bonitas conscientiiE secretum, Boelhius, I. 1. pros, s 
■is Ringantur licet et malcdicant; Palladium illud pec- 
tori oppono, non moveri : consisto modestiae veiuti siidi 
innitens, excipio et frango stultissiinuni iajpetuin livo- 
ris. Puttan. lib. 2. episi. 58. 



384 Cure of Melanchohj. [Part 2. Sec. 3 

malicious, prone to contention, anger and revenge, of such fiery spirits, so captious, 
impious, irreligious, so opposite to virtue, void of grace, how should it otherwise 
be ? Many men are very testy by naiure, apt to mistake, apt to quarrel, api to pro- 
voKe and misinterpret to the worst, everything that is said or done, aiid tliereupon 
heap unto themselves a great deal of trouble, and disquietness to others, smatterers 
in other men's matters, tale-bearers, whisperers, liars, they cannot speak in season, 
or hold liieir tongues when they should, '^^Et suam partem ifidem tacere^ cum aliena 
est orano : they will speak more than comes to their shares, in all companies, and 
by those bad courses accumulate much evil to their own souls [qui contendit, sihi 
conviciumfacit)^ their life is a perpetual brawl, they snarl like so many dogs, with 
their wives, children, servants, neighbours, and all the rest of their friends, they can 
agree with nobody. But to such as are judicious, meek, submissive, and quiet, these 
matters are easily remedied : they will forbear upon all such occasions, neglect, con- 
temn, or take no notice of them, dissemble, or wisely turn it off. If it be a natural 
impediment, as a red nose, squint eyes, crooked legs, or any such imperfection, in- 
firmity, disgrace, reproach, the best way is to speak of it first thyself,''^ and so thou 
shalt surely take away all occasions from others to jest at, or contemn, that they 
may perceive thee to be careless of it. Vatinius was wont to scoff at his own de- 
formed feet, to prevent his enemies' obloquies and sarcasms in that kind ; or else by 
prevention, as Cotys, king of Thrace, that brake a company of fine glasses presented 
to him, M'ith his own hands, lest he should be overmuch moved when they were 
broken by chance. And sometimes again, so that it be discreetly and moderately 
done, it shall not be amiss to make resistance, to take down such a saucy companion, 
no better means to vindicate himself to purchase final peace : for he that suffers him- 
self to be ridden, or through pusillanimity or sottishness will let every man baffle 
him, shall be a common laughing stock to flout at. As a cur that goes through a 
village, if he clap his tail between his legs, and run away, every cur will insult over 
him : but if he bristle up himself, and stand to it, give but a counter-snarl, there's 
not a dog dares meddle with him : much is in a man's courage and discreet carriage 
of himself 

Many other grievances there are, which happen to mortals in this life, from friends, 
wives, children, servants, masters, companions, neighbours, our own defaults, igno- 
rance, errors, intemperance, indiscretion, infirmities, &c., and many good remedies 
to mitigate and oppose them, many divine precepts to counterpoise our hearts, special 
antidotes both in Scriptures and human authors, which, whoso will observe, shall 
purchase much ease and quietness unto himself: I will ^point out a few. Those 
prophetical, apostolical admonitions are well known to all; what Solomon, Siracides, 
our Saviour Christ himself hath said tending to this purpose, as " fear God : obey 
the prince : be sober and watch : pray continually : be angry but sin not : remember 
thy last : fashion not yourselves to this world, &.C., apply yourselves to the times : 
strive not with a mighty man : recompense good for evil, let nothing be done through 
contention or vain-glory, but with meekness of mind, every man esteeming of others 
better than himself: love one another;" or that epitome of the law and the prophets, 
which our Saviour inculcates, "love God above all, thy neighbour as thyself:" and 
" whatsoever you would that men should do unto you, so do unto them," which 
Alexander Severus writ in letters of gold, and used as a motto, ^'^ Hierom commends 
to Celantia as an excellent way, amongst so many enticements and worldly provo- 
cations, to rectify her life. Out of human authors take these few cautions, "'''•know 
thyself "^Be contented whh thy lot. ''^ Trust not wealtn, beauty, nor parasites, 
they will bring thee to destruction. ^^Huve peace with all men, war with vice. 
^'Be not idle. ^^ Look before you leap. ^^Beware of Had I wist. ^^ Honour thy 
parents, speak well of friends. Be temperate in four things, Ungua^ locis^ oculis^ et 
pocuUs. Watch thine eye. ^'Moderate thine expenses. Hear much, speak little, 

«Mil. glor. Act. 3. Plaiitus. ^^ Biori said his i 6i D.Tinon te nunqiiam oliosum inveniat. Hieron. 

father was a rojiuc, his inoiher a whore, to prevent oh- i"'^ Din deliberandum quod statuenduni esi seme), ssin- 
h)quy, and to show ttiat nought belonged to him but sipientis est dicere non putarnm. s4 aux's parentem. 
goods of the mind. -le Lib. 2. ep. 25. '•v ivosce teip. si equum. aliter feras ; pra'stes parentibus pielalem, 
Kum. ^BContentus abi. ^i* ]Ve fidas ojiibus, neque amicis dilectionem. ^^Cninprime lin^uam. Q,uid dt» 

parasitis, trahunt in pr:Ecii>iliuni. ^ Pace cum homi- i quoque viro et cui dicas saepe caveto. Libeniius audias 
uibus habe, bellum cum vitiis. Otlio. 2. imperat. symb. [ quam loquaris ; vive ut vivas 



Remedies against Discontents. 



385 



Mem. 7.] 

^sustinc el abstine. If thou seest ought amiss in another, mend it in thyself. Keep 
thine own counsel, reveal not thy secrets, be silent in thine intentions. ^' Give not 
ear to tale-tellers, babblers, be not scurrilous in conversation : ^'^jest without bitter- 
ness : give no man cause of offence :'set thine house in order • ^^ take heed of surety- 
ship. '^°Fide et dijlde^ as a fox on the ice, take heed whom you trust. ^' Live no: 
beyond thy means. ^^Give cheerfully. Pay thy dues willingly. Be not a slave to 
hy money, ^^omit not occasion, embrace opportunity, lose no time. Be humble 
o'thy superiors, respective to thine equals, affable to all, '^'but not familiar. Flatter 
o man. ®^Lie not. dissemble not. Keep thy word and promise, be constant in a 
good resolution. Speak truth. Be not opiniative, maintain no factions. Lay uu 
wagers, make no comparisons. ^**Find no faults, meddle not with other men's mat- 
ters. Admire not thyself ^'^ Be not proud or popular, hisult not. Fortunam reve- 
rentur habe. '^^Fear not that which cannot be avoided. ®^ Grieve not for that which 
cannot be recalled. ™ Undervalue not thyself. " Accuse no man, commend no man 
rashly. Go not to law without great cause. Strive not with a greater man. Cast 
not off an old friend, take heed of a reconciled enemy. " If thou come as a guest 
stay not too long. Be not unthankful. Be meek, merciful, and patient. Do good 
to all Be not fond of fair v/ords. ^''Be not a neuter in a faction ; moderate thy 
passions. '"Think no place without a witness. "'^Admonish thy friend in secret, 
commend him in public. Keep good company. "^^Love others to be beloved thy- 
self. Jlm.a tanquam osurus. Atiiiciis tardofias. Provide for a tempest. JVb/i irritare 
crabroncs. Do not prostitute thy soul for gain. Make not a fool of thyself to make 
others merry. Marry not an old crony or a fool for money. Be not over solicitous 
or curious. Seek that which may be found. Seem not greater than thou art. Take 
thy pleasure soberly. Oci/mum ne terifo. '^^ Live merrily as thou canst. '^ Take 
heed by other men's examples. Go as thou wouldst be met, sit as thou wouldst be 
found, "^ yield to the time, follow the stream. Wilt thou live free from fears and 
cares ? **°Live innocently, keep ihyself upright, thou needest no other keeper, Slc." 
Look for more in Isocrates, Seneca, Plutasch, Epictetus, &c., and for defect, consult 
with cheese-trenchers and painted cloths. 



I 



MEMB. VIII. 

Against Melancholy itself. 

"Every man," saith ^'Seneca, "-thinks his own burthen the heaviest," and a 
melancholy man above all others complains most ; weariness of life, abhorring all 
company and liglit, fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguish of mind, bashfulness, and those 
other dread symptoms of body and mind, must needs aggravate this misery; yet 
compared to other maladies, they are not so heinous as they be taken. For first 
this disease is either in habit or disposition, curable or incurable. If new and in 
disposition, 'tis commonly pleasant, and it may be helped. If inveterate, or a habit, 
yet they have lucida intervalla^ sometimes well, and sometimes ill ; or if more con- 
tinuate, as the ^"^ Vejentes were to the Romans, 'tis hostis magis assiduus qudm gravis, 
a more durable enemy than dangerous : and amongst many inconveniences, some 
comforts are annexed to it. First it is not catching, and as Erasmus comforted him- 
self, when he was grievously sick of the stone, though it was most troublesome, and 
an intolerable pain to him, yet it was no whit offensive to others, not loathsome to 



°* Epictetus : optiine feceris si ea fugeris qiiw in alio 
.'eprehendis. Neinini (iixeris qu;e nolis efferri. °' Fiige 
Busuirones. Percontatorem fugito, &c. swgjnt 

sales sine vilitatp. Sen. ^ggponde, presto noxn. 

s^Camerar. emb. 55. cent. 2. cave cm credas, vel neniini 
Idas Rpicarnius. «' Tecum habita. e^iJisdat 

qui cito dat. ^a po^t est occasio calva. " jvi- 

niia faniiliaritas parit conteniptum. esMendaciiiin 

servile vitinm. 66 Arcanum neque inscrutahcris 

<il)ius iinquam, commissumque teges, Hor. lib. 1, ep. lit. 
Sec tud laudabis studia ant aliena reprendes-. Mor. ep. 
^t. 18. 67 Ne te qua)siveris e.xtra. essinitmi, 

»st tiniere. quod v-rari non potest. 69 De re amissa 

'licjiarabili ne doleas. '"lant eris aliis quanii 



49 



2H 



tibi fueris. "i Neminem esto laudes vel accuser, 

"2 Nullius linspitis grata est mora longa. ''3 Solonis 

lex apud. Arislotelem Gellius lib. 2. cap. 12. ''^ Nullum 
locum putes sine teste, semper adesse Deum cogita 
"Secreto amices admone, lauda palam. '■'^ Ut 

ameris amabilis esto. Eros et anteros gemelli Veneris, 
amatio et redairjatio. Plat. "Duin fata sinunt 

vivite la>ti, Seneca. ^i" Id apprime in viia utile, ex 

aliis observare sibi quod ex iisii siei. Ter. •'•>I)um 

furor in cursii curreiiti cede furori. Cretizandunj cum 
Crete. Temporibus servi, uec confa tiarnitia tlato. 
^" Nulla certiorcustodia itmocenti.^ iiiexpugnaliile iiiu- 
nimenium mnnimento non egere. ''' Unicuique 

suuni onus intolerabile videtur ^"^Liviaa. 



386 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. 

the snectators, ghistly, fulsome, terrible, as plagues, apoplexies, leprosies, wounds, 
sores, letters, pox, pestilent agues are-, ■'•hich eitlier admit ^of no company, terrify or 
-)f!eiid those that are present. In this malady, that which is, is wholly to them- 
::^elvbs : und those symptoms not so dreadful, if they be compared to the opposite 
extrbmes. They are most part bashful, suspicious, solitary, SLc, therefore no such 
ambitious, impudent intruders as some are, no sharkers, no conycatchers, no 
prowlers, no smell-feasts, praters, panders, parasites, bawds, drunkards, whoremas- 
ters , necessity and defect compel them to be honest ; as Mitio told Demea in the 
"^■^ coiiiedy, 

'* HrRc si neqie ego niique tu fociinus, 
Noil SI nit ogestas facere rios." 

" If we be honest 'twas poverty made us so :" if we melancholy men be not as bad 
as he tliat is worst^ His our dame melancholy kept us so : JVon deerat voluntas sed 
faciJlas. ^"* 

Bes^ides they are freed in this from many other infirmities, solitariness makes them 
more apt to contemplate, suspicion wary, which is a necessary humour in these 
times, ^'"JS'am pol qui maxime cave!., is scEpe caulor captus est., '•' he that takes most 
heed, is often circumvented, and overtaken." Fear and sorrow keep them temperate 
and sober, and free them from any dissolute acts, which jollity and boldness thrust men 
upon : tliey are therefore no sicarii^ roaring boys, thieves or assassins. As they are 
soon dejected, so they are as soon, by soft words and good persuasions, reared. 
Wearisomeness of life makes tliem they are not so besotted on the transitory vain 
pleasures of the world. If they dote in one thing, they are wise and well under- 
standing in most other. If it be inveterate, they are inscnsati., most part doting, or 
quite mad, insensible of any wrongs, ridiculous to others, but most happy and secure 
to themselves. Dotage is a state which many much magnify and commend : so is 
simplicity, and follv, as he ii-d\d.,^^Jiic furor 6 superi.,sit mihi perpetuus. Some think 
fools and dizzards live the merriest lives, as Ajax in Sophocles, JV/A// scire vita 
jucundissima^ ''•'tis the pleasantest life to know nothing;" inrrs malorum remedium 
ignorantia.^ '' ignorance is a downright remedy of evils." These curious arts and 
laborious sciences, Galen's, Tully's, Aristotle's, Justinian's, do but trouble the world 
some think; we might live better with that illiterate Virginian simplicity, and gross 
ignorance; entire idiots do best, they are not macerated WMth cares, tormented with 
fears, and anxiety, as other wise men are : for as ^"^ he said, if folly were a pain, you 
should hear them howl, roar, and cry out in every house, as you go by in the street, 
but they are most free, jocund, and merry, and in some ^*^ countries, as amongst the 
Turks, honoured for saints, and abundantly maintained out of the common stock. ^^ 
They are no dissemblers, liars, hypocrites, for fools and madmen tell commonly 
truth. In a word, as they are distressed, so are they pitied, which some hold better 
than to be envied, better to be sad than merry, better to be foolish and quiet, quam 
saperc et ringi., to be wise and still vexed ; better to be miserable than happy : of 
itwo extremes it is the best. 



SECT. IV. MEMB. I. 

SuBSECT. I. — Of Physic which ciireth icith Medicines 

After a long and tedious discourse of these six non-natural thiiigs and their 
•several rectifications, all which are comprehended in diet, I am come now at last to 
Phartnaceutice^ or that kind of physic which cureth by medicines, which apotheca- 
ries most part make, mingle, or sell in their shops. Many cavil at this kind of 
physic, and hold it unnecessary, unprofitable to this or any other disease, because 
those countries which use it least, live longest, and are best in health, as ^° Hector 
iBoethius relates o*^ the isles of Orcades, the people are still sound of body and 
nlind, without any use of physic, they live commonly 120 years, and Ortelius in his 

«3Ter. sceii.2. Adelphus. 84 " 'Twas not the will I dires. es Busheqiiius. Sands, lih. 1. fol. 8!). saauis 

but the way tliat was wanting." 8.piautns. hodie beatior, quam ciii licet stulluin esse, <t eorunnam 

««l>etronius Catul. *' Parineno Cwlestina;, Act. 8. imamnuatibus frui. Sal. Menip. «" Lih. Hihl 

Si stultitia dolor esset, in nulla non doino ejulatus au- ' 



Mem. 1.] Medicinal Phusic. o87 

Itinerary of tlie inhabitants of the Forest of Araen, "'"they are very painful, ]on<r- 
ived, sound," kc. ^^ Martianus Capella, speaking- of the Indians of his time, saitli 
they were (much like our western Indians now) " bigger than ordmarv men, bred 
coarsely, very long-lived, insomuch, that he that cl:ed at a hundred years of age, 
went before his time," &c. Damianus A-Goes, Saxo-Grammaticus, Aubanus Bohe- 
mus, say the like of them that live in Norway, Lapland, Finmark, Biarmia, Corelia, 
all over Scandia, and those northern countries, they are most healthful, and very 
long-lived, in which places there is no use at all of physic, th^ name of it is not once 
heard. Dithmarus Bleskenius in his accurate description of Iceland, 1607, makes 
mention, amongst other matters, of the inhabitants, and their manner of living, 
^'^<''- which is dried fish instead of bread, butter, cheese, mu\ salt meats, most part they 
drink water and wliey, and yet without physic or physician, they live many of them 
250 years." I find the same relation by Lerius, and some other writers, of Indians 
in America. Paulus Jovius in his description of Britain, and Levinus Lemnius, ob- 
serve as much of this our island, that there was of old no use of ^^ physic amongst 
us, and but little at this day, except it be for a few nice idle citizens, surfeiting cour- 
tiers, and stall-fed gentlemen lubbers. The country people use kitchen physic, and 
common experience tells us, that they live freest from all manner of infirmities, that 
make least use of apothecaries' physic. Many are overthrown by preposterous use of it, 
and thereby get their bane, that might otherwise have escaped : ^^sonie think physicians 
kill as many as they save, and who can tell, ^Quot Tliemison cegros autmnno occi- 
derit unoV' '•'• How many murders they make in a year," qidbus impuni' licet homi- 
nem occidere, " that may freely kill folks," and have a reward for it, and according 
to the Dutch proverb, a new physician must have a new church-yard ; and who 
daily observes it not,? Many that did ill under physicians' hands, have happily 
escaped, when they have been given over by them, left to God and nature, and them- 
selves ; 'twas Pliny's dilemma of old, ^'''' every disease is either curable or incurable, 
a man recovers of it or is killed by it; both ways physic is to be rejected. If it be 
deadly, it cannot be cured ; if it may be helped, it requires no physician, nature will 
expel it of itself" Plato made it a great sign of an intemperate and corrupt com- 
monwealth, where lawyers and physicians did abound ; and the Romans distasted 
them so much that they were often banished out of their city, as Pliny and Celsus 
relate, for 600 years not admitted. It is no art at all, as some hold, no not worthy 
the name of a liberal science (nor law neither), as ^^Pet. And. Canonherius a patri- 
cian of Rome and a great doctor himself, " one of their own tribe," proves by sixteen 
arguments, because it is mercenary as now used, base, and as fiddlers play for a re- 
ward. Juridicis^ medicis^ Jisco^ fas vicere rapto^ 'tis a corrupt trade, no science, art, 
no profession ; the beginning, practice, and progress of it, all is naught, full of im- 
posture, uncertainty, and doth generally more harm than good. The devil himself 
was the first inventor of it : hwentum est medicina nicnm^ said Apollo, and what 
was Apollo, but the devil .? The Greeks first made an art of it, and they were all 
deluded by Apollo's sons, priests, oracles. If we may believe Varro, Plinv, Colu- 
mella, most of their best medicines were derived from his oracles. iEsculapius his 
son had his temples erected to his deity, and did many famous cures ; but, as Lac- 
fantius holds, he was a magician, a mere impostor, and as his successors, Phaon, 
Podalirius, Melampius, Menecrates, (another God), by charms, spells, and ministry 
of bad spirits, performed most of their cures. The first that ever wrote in physic 
to any purpose, was Hippocrates, and his disciple and commentator Galen, whom 
Scaliger calls Fimhriam Hi'ppocratis ; but as ^^ Cardan censures them, both imme- 
thodical and obscure, as all those old ones are, their precepts confused, their medi- 
cines obsolete, and now most part rejected. Those cures which they did, Paracelsus 
holds, were rather done out of their patients' confidence, '°"and good opinion they 

9; Parvo viventcs laboriosi, longaevi, suo conienti, ad iinpiinitas siimma. Plinius. "sjiiven. ^''Ortinis 

coiiluin anuos vivunt. 92 Lib. 6. df Nup. Philol. morbus lethalis ant ciirabilis. in vitarti dcfinit a 

Ultra hiuiia lain fragilitatem prolixi, ut itnniatiire pc- 
re:it (im c^ntenarius moriatur, &c. 93 Victus eonitn 

( aseo et lacte corisistit, potus aqua et ser.iiti; pisces 
liico paiiis habont; iia inullos annos sa;pe 250 absque 
iiicdjco et mndicina vivunt. ^^ Lib. de 4. complex. 

»'' Per mortes asuiit e.xperimenta et aniu>as rio«iras ne 
^rjtiantur .-« quod aliis exiliale homiiieni occid**"" ■•^ 



mnrlem. Ulroque ii^itur inodo mediciiia iiiutilis; «i 
bahalis, curari iioii potest ; si curabilis, noti rcquini 
medicum: nalura expellet. S'' In interpretation, s 

politico-morales in 7 Aphorism. Hippoc. lihros. '•'J i*ra> 
fat. de contrad. med. 'oo Opinio facit mcdiros: a fail 
g.-^wn, a velvet cap, th? vame of a doctor is ull in all. 



388 Cure of Melancholy. ■ [Part. 2. Sec. 4. 

had of them, ttiaii out of any skill of tlieirs, which was very small, he saith, they 
themselves idiots and infants, as are all their academical followers. Tlie Arabians 
eceived it from the Greeks, and so the Latins, adding new precepts and medicines 
of their own, but so imperfect still, that through ignorance of professors, impostors, 
juountebanks, empirics, disagreeing of sectaries, (which are as many almost as there 
he diseases) envy, covetousness, and the like, they do much harm amongst us. They 
are so difierent in their consultations, prescriptions, mistaking many times the par^ 
ties' constitution, 'disease, and causes of it, they give quite contrary physic • '"^''one 
saith this, another that," out of singularity or opposition, as he said of Ad/ian, mul- 
litudo mcdicorum prlncipem mterfecii^'''"d. multitude of physicians hath H.illed the 
}rnperor;" plus a medico quam a morho periculi^ *•'■ more danger there is from the 
physician, than from the disease." Besides, there is much imposture ^nd malice 
nmongst them. "All arts (saith ^Cardan) admit of cozening, physic, amongst the 
rest, doth appropriate it to herself;" and tells a story of one Curtius, a physician 
m Venice : because he was a stranger, and practised amongst them, u«e re^t of the 
physicians did still cross him in all his precepts. If he prescribed not medicines 
.hey would prescribe co\6^ mi scentes pro calidis frigida^ pro frigitis humida^ pro 
purgantibus astringentia, binders for purgatives, omnia perturhahani. If the party 
miscarried, Curtium damnahant^ Curtius killed him, that disagreed fr^ m them : if he 
recovered, then ''they cured him themselves. Much emulation, im^/osture, maHce, 
diere is amongst them : if they be honest and mean well, yet a ki ive apothecary 
tliat administers the physic, and makes the medicine, may do infin ie harm, by his 
old obsolete doses, adulterine drugs, bad mixtures, quid pro quo^ Sfi.. See Fuchsius 
lib. 1. sect. 1. cap. 8. Cordus' Dispensatory, and Brassivola's Ex mien simpl. S)^c. 
But it is their ignorance that doth more harm tlian rashness, their a . is wholly con- 
jectural, if it be an art, uncertain, imperfect, and got by killing ol men, they are a 
kind of butchers, leeches, men-slayers; chirurgeons and apothecarn j especially, that 
are indeed the physicians' hangman, carnijices^ and common exec*, tioners ; though 
to say truth, physicians themselves come not far behind ; for accor aug to that facete 
epigiam of Maximilianus Urentius, what's the difference } 

»"Chiriirgicus medico quo (iiffert ? scilicet isto, 
Eiiecal flic siiccis, enecat ille inaiiu : 
Carnifice hoc ainbo taiitum differre videntur, 
Taidius hi faciuiit, quod facit ille cito." 

But I return to their skill ; many diseases they cannot cure at all, as apo})Iexy, 
epilepsy, stone, stranguiy, gout, Tollere nodosum nescit medicina Podagram ; ^ quar- 
tan agues, a common ague sometimes stumbles them all, they cannot so much as 
ease, they know not how to judge of it. If by pulses, that doctrine, some hold, is 
wholly superstitious, and I dare boldly say with ^Andrew Dudeth, "that variety of 
pulses described by Galen, is neither observed nor understood of any." And for 
urine, that is meretrix medicorum^ the most deceitful thing of all, as Forestus and 
some other physicians have proved at large : I say nothing of critic days, errors in 
indications, &c. The most rational of them, and skilful, are so often deceived, that 
as **Tholosanus infers, " I had rather believe and commit myself to a mere empiric, 
than to a mere doctor, and I cannot sufficiently commend that custom of the Baby- 
lonians, that have no professed physicians, but bring all their patients to the market 
to be cured :" which Herodotus relates of the Egyptians : Strabo, Sardus, and Au- 
banus Bohemus of many other nations. And those that prescribed physic, amongst 
them, did not so arrogantly take upon them to cure all diseases, as our professors 
do, but some one, some another, as their skill and experience did serve; ^"One 
cured the eyes, a second the teeth, a third the head, another the lower parts," Sec, 
not for gain, but in charity, to do good, they made neither art, profession, nor trade 



' Morbus alius pro alio curatur; aliud reinedium pro 
alio. *Contrarias proferunt sententias. Card. 

> Lib. 3. do sap. Omnes artes fraudem adn)iUunt, sola 
jiiedicina sporite cam accersit. «Omiiis £E;j;rotus, 

jtropria culpa peril, sed nemo nisi mediri beneficio resti- 
tiiitur. Afjrippa. » "How does the surgeon differ 

from ti)e doctor? In thi.s respect: one kills l)y drugs, 
the otiier by the hand; both only differ from the hang- 
nan in this way, they do slowly what he does in an in- 
iiant " •" Medicine cannot cure the knotty gout." 



iLib. 3. Crat. ep. W^inceslao Raphscno. Ausim dicere, 
tot puisuuin differentias, qune describuntur a Galeno, 
nee a quoquam intelligi, nee observari posse. ^Lib. 

2H. cap. 7. syntax, art. mirab. Mallem ego expertis 
credere solum, quam mere ratiocinantibus; neque 
satis laudare possum itistitutum Babylonicum, &;c. 
• Herod. Euterpe de Egyptiis. Apnd eos singiiloruin 
morborum sunt singuli medici ; alius curat oculos, aliiiii 
deiites, alius caput, partes occulcas at'iis. 



[ 



I 



«»lem l. Subs. 2.] Medicinal Physic. 3B9 

uC it, xv'liich in other places was accustomed : and therefore Carnbyi^PS in '° Xenophon 
lold Cyrus, that to liis thinking, physicians ^' were like tailors and cobblers, the one 
mended our sick bodies, as the other did our clothes." But I will urge these cavil- 
ling and contumelious arguments no farther, lest some physician should mistake me, 
and deny me physic when I am sick : for my part, I am well persuaded of physic : 
I can distinguish the abuse from the use, in this and many other arts and sciences : 
^^Miiui v'miim^ oliud ehrictas., wine and drunkenness are two distinct things. I 
acknowledge it a most noble and divine science, in so much that Apollo, JEsculapius, 
and the first founders of it, merltd pro dlis hahiti^ were worthily counted gods by suc- 
ceeeding ages, for the excellency of their invention. And whereas Apollo at Delos, 
Vcnu« at Cyprus, Diana at Ephesus, and those other gods were confined and adored 
alone in some peculiar places : A^-sculapius and his temple and altars everywhere, in 
Corinth, Laceda^mon, Athens, Thebes, Epidaurus, 8cc. Pausanius records, for the 
latitude of his art, diety, worth, and necessity. With all virtuous and v/ise men 
therefore I honour the name and calling, as I am enjoined " to honour the physician 
for necessity's sake. The knowledge of the physician liftetli up his head, and in 
the sight of great men he shall be admired. The Lord hath created medicines of the 
earth, and he that is wdse will not abhor them," Eccies. Iviii 1. But of this noble 
.'■ubject, how many panegyrics are worthily written.^ For my part, as Sallust said 
of Carthage, prcEstat silcrc, quam pauca diccre ; 1 have said, yet one thing I will add, 
that tliis kind of physic is very moderately and advisedly to be used, upon good 
occasion, when the former of diet will not take place. And 'tis no other which 1 
say, than that which Arnoldus prescribes in his 8. Aphoris. '^" A discreet and goodly 
physician doth first endeavour to expel a disease by medicinal diet, than by pure 
medicine:" and in his ninth, '^'^he that may be cured by diet, must not meddle 
with physic." So in 11. Aphoris. '''"A modest and wise physician will never hasten 
lo use medicines, but upon urgent necessity, and that sparingly too:" because fas 
he adds in his 13. Aphoris.) '^'•'•Whosoever takes much physic in his youth, shall 
soon bewail it in his old age :" purgative physic especially, which doth much debi- 
litate nature. For which causes some physicians refrain from the use of purgatives, 
or else sparingly use them. '^ Henricus Ayrerus in a consultation for a melancholy 
person, would have him take as few purges as he could, "because there be no such 
medicines, which do not steal away some of our strength, and rob the parts of our 
body, weaken nature, and cause that cacochymia," which '" Celsus and others observe, 
or ill digestion, and bad juice through all the parts of it. Galen himself confesseth, 
'*''•' that purgative physic is contrary to nature, takes away some of our best spirits, 
and consumes the very substance of our bodies :" But tliis, without question, is to 
be understood of such purges as are unseasonably or immoderately taken: they have 
their excellent use in this, as well as most other infirmities. Of alteratives and cor- 
dials no man doubts, be they simples or compounds. I will amongst that infinite 
variety of medicines, which I find in every pharmacopoeia, every physician, herb- 
alist, &c., single out some of the chiefest. 

SuBSECT. II. — Simples proper to Melancholy^ against Exotic Simples. 

Medicines properly applied to melancholy, are either simple or compound. 
Simples ar'^ alterative or purgative. Alteratives are such as correct, strengthen 
nature, alter, any way hinder or resist the disease ; and they be herbs, stones, mim^ 
rals, &LC. all proper to this humour. For as there be diverse distinct infirmities 
•continually vexing us, 

Avrop^aroi <poLru>ai va/cr. ^^irolac .pipovaai Diseas-s steal both clay and M.i:ht on mcri 

V - ' ; > -f -A • r, ■ .' I For Jupiter liafli taken voice from tticm:" 

So there be several remedies, as ^^ he saith, "each disease a medicine, for evenc 



loCyiip. lib. 1. Veliit vestiuin fractarnrn resarcina- 
tores, &C. " Chrya. horn. '' Priulcns et pins 

iMcdiciis, inorbuni ante expellere satairit, cibis tnedjci 
iialibus, qnain puris niedifiiiis. laCiiiriiiKine potest 

per alinienta restitni sanitas, frnL'iendus est [lenitiis 
usiis rnedicaineiitoruni. i' Modestus et sapifiis niedi 



tiitp, deflebit in senertntp. '« Hildish. spic. t!. d.» 

niel. fol 270. Nnlla est firnie medieina pnr!.'atis, iiii:? 
lion aliqiiatn deviribnset partibns corporis (b'prjEdatiir. 
•' l.ili. ]. et Hart. lib. H. c:i[t. V2. 'f De virt. aciit. 

Oniiie piirjrans medicainentiim, corpori piirirato con- 
(fee. snccos et spiritiis abducit. sMbstantiani 



CMS, nunquHn) properabit ad piiarinaciain, nisi coj;eiite cor[)()ns aiifert. '» Hesiod. op. 20 Heurniijs pref, 

aecf.Bsiiate. i^Quicunqut- pliariiiueatur in Jnveii- pra. lued. Quot murborum sunt ideas, tot remediortiiu 



300 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sect. 4. 



Ijumour; and as some hold, every clime, every country, and more tlian lliat, every 
private place hath liis proper remedies growing in it, peculiar amiost to tiie domi- 
neering and most frequent rialadies of it. As ^' one discourseth, '^ wormwood grow ? 
sparingly in Italy, because most part there they be misaffected with liot diseases : 
but henbane, poppy, and such cold herbs : with us in Germany and Poland, great 
store of it in every waste." Baracellus Horto geniaU., and Baptista Porta Physiog- 
nomlccE., lib. G. cap. 23, give many instances and examples of it, and bring many 
other proofs. For that cause belike that learned Fuchsius of Nuremburg, ^" when 
he came into a village, considered always what herbs did grow most frequently 
about it, and those he distilled in a silver alembic, making use of others amongst 
them as occasion served." I know that many are of opinion, our northern simples 
are weak, imperfect, not so well concocted, of such force, as thosfe in the southern 
parts, not so fit to be used in physic, and will therefore fetch their drugs afar off: 
senna, cassia out of iEgypt, rhubarb from Barbary, aloes from Socotra ; turbith, 
agaric, mirabolanes, hermodactils, from the East Indies, tobacco from the west, and 
some as far as China, hellebore from the Anticyr«, or that of Austria which bears 
the purple flower, which Mathiolus so much approves, and so of the rest. In the 
kingdom of Valencia, in Spain, ^^Maginus commends two mountains, Mariola and 
Renagolosa, famous for simples ;^^ Leander Albertus, ^^ Baldus a mountain near the 
Lake Benacus in the territory of Verona, to which all the herbalists in the country 
continually flock; Ortelius one in Apulia, Munster Mons major in Istria; others Mont- 
pelier in France ; Prosper Altinus prefers Egyptian simples, Garcias ab Horta Indian 
l)efore the rest, another those of Italy, Crete, &.c. Many times they are over- curious 
in this kind, whom Fuchsius taxeth, Insfit. I. I. sec. 1. cap. 1. ^^'•'•that think they 
do nothing, except they rake all over India, Arabia, A^ithiopia for remedies, and fetch 
their physic from the tliree quarters of the world, and from beyond the Garamantes. 
Many an old wife or country woman doth often more good with a few known and 
common garden herbs, than our bombast physicians, with all their prodigious, sump- 
tuous, far-fetched, rare, conjectural medicines :" without all question if we have 
not these rare exotic simples, we hold that at home, which is in virtue equivalent 
unto them, ours will serve as well as theirs, if they be taken in proportionable quan- 
tity, fitted and qualified aright, if not much better, and more proper to our constitu- 
tutions. But so 'tis for the most part, as Pliny writes to Gallus, ^'" We are careless 
of tliat which is near us, and follow tliat which is afar off, to know which we will 
travel and sail beyond the seas, wholly neglecting that which is under our eyes." 
Opium in Turkey doth scarce offend, with us in a small quantity it stupifies ; cicuta 
or hemlock is a strong poison in Greece, but with us it hath no such violent effects : 
1 conclude with I. Voschius, who as he much inveighs against those exotic medi- 
cines, so he promiseth by our European, a full cure and absolute of all diseases ; a 
capite ad ca/cem^ nostrcc reglonis herbce nosiris corporihus magls conducunt., our own 
simples agree best with us. It was a tiling that Fernelius much laboured in his 
French practice, to reduce all his cure to our proper and domestic physic ; so did 
^^ Janus Cornarius, and Martin Rulandus in Germany. T. B. with us, as appeareth by 
a treatise of his divulged in our tongue 1615, to prove the sufficiency of English 
medicines, to the cure of all manner of diseases. If our simples be not altogether 
of such force, or so apposite, it may be, if like industry were used, those far fetched 
drugs would prosper as well with us, as in those countries whence now we have 
them, as well as cherries, artichokes, tobacco, and many such. There have been 
diverse worthy physicians, which have tried excellent conclusions in this kind, and 
many diligent, painful apothecaries, as Gesner, Besler, Gerard, &c., but amongst the 
rest those famous public gardens of Padua in Italy, Nuremburg in Germany, Leyden 



^oiiera variis pntetitiis decoratn. 21 Pennttiisdenar. 

iiK.'d. Q,iia"cimque regio prodiicit simplicia, pro inorhis 
)('<;ioiiis; crescit raro altsynihiiiin in Italia, quod ihi 
j.lrnimquf niorlii calidi, scd ciciita, papaver, el hurUw 
fri<.'iilii' ; apud iios Geiinaiios et Poloiios iibique proveiiil 
al'sy iitliiiiin. 22Q,ii(im in villatn venil, consideravit 
qiKT ihi crt'sccliant tiiedicainoiita, simplicia tVctiucntiora, 
«'i lis |il(,'riiiiqiio iisiis distillatis, el aliler, aliuiliacnin 
i(.'"o aijienteinn ciiciiinfiTcns. 23 Herlia; niedicis utiles 
oiiiniiiin in Apulia feracissimjr. '^^Geo^. ad qiios 

liiagnus herbariorum nuuierus ijndique confluit. Siu- 



ceriip [liner. Gallia. "SBuldus inons prnpe Benacum 
hrrhilcfris niaxinie notns. '■^•'(ini se nihil eftWis.-e 

arliitraiitiir, nisi Indiam, ^thiopiani, Arabiain, et ultra 
Garamantas a tribus inundi parli4)iis exquisita reniedia 
corradnnt Tulins s;ppe medetgr rustica anus una, <fcc 
'-' E(). 'ib>. Proxitnoruiri incuriosi 'onjjinqna sectaninr, 
et ad ea cotrnoscenda iter ingredi et mare transniitliTt 
solenins; at qnte sub oculis posila aegligi tins. 2h ^x 
oiir.a rej-cit, doineslicis solum nC' conti iitos esse vo 
luit. Melch. Adamiis vit ejus. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.1 



Medicinal Physic. 



39J 



in Holland, Montpelior in France, (and oui's in Oxford now m fieri, at the cost and 
charges of the Right Honourable the Lord Danvers Earl of Danby) are mucli to he. 
commended, vvherem all exotic plants almost are to be seen, and liberal allowance 
yearly made for their better maintenance, that young students may be the sooner 
informed in the knowledge of them: which as ^^Fuchsius holds, " is most neces- 
sary for that exquisite manner of curing," and as great a shame for a physician not 
to observe them, as for a workman not to know his axe, saw, square, or any othei 
tool which he must of necessity use. 

SuBSECT. HI. — JlUeraiives, Herbs, other Vegetables, <^c. 

Amongst these 800 simples, which Galeottus reckons up, lib. 3. de promise, doc- 
tor, cap. 3, and many exquisite herbalists have written of, these few following alone 
I find appropriated to this humour: of which some be alteratives; ^" which by a 
secret force," saith Renodaeus, " and special quality expel future diseases, perfectly 
cure those which are, and many such incurable effects." This is as well observed 
in other plants, stones, minerals, and creatures, as in herbs, in other maladies as in 
this. How many things are related of a man's skull ? What several virtues of 
corns in a horse-leg, ^' of a wolf's liver, &c. Of ^^ diverse excrements of beasts, all 
good against several diseases ? What extraordinary virtues are ascribed unto plants.'* 
^ Satyr lam et eruca penem erlgunt, vitex et ny?iiphea se?nen txt'mguunt, ^'^ some herbs 
provoke lust, some again, as agnus caslus, water-lily, quite extinguisheth seed ; poppy 
causeth sleep, cabbage resisteth drunkenness, &c., and that which is more to be ad- 
mired, that such and such plants should have a peculidr virtue to such particular 
parts, '^^as to the head aniseeds, foalfoot, betony, calamJnt, eye-bright, lavender, bays, 
roses, rue, sage, marjoram, peony, &c. For the lungs calamint, liquorice, ennula 
campana, hyssop, horehound, water germander, &c. For the heart, borage, bugloss, 
saffron, balm, basil, rosemary, violet, roses, &c. For the stomach, wormwood, mints, 
betony, balm, centaury, sorrel, parslan. For the liver, darthspine or cama2pr.;'<. ger- 
mander, agrimony, fennel, endive, succory, liverwort, barberries. For the sclfen, 
maiden-hair, finger-fern, dodder of thyme, hop, the rind of ash, betony. Jh or the 
kidneys, grumel, parsley, saxifrage, plaintain, mallow. For the womb, mugwori, 
pennyroyal, fetherfew, savine, &.c. For the joints, camomile, St. John'^s wort, organ, 
rue, cowslips, centaury the less, &c. And so to peculiar diseases. To this of me- 
lancholy you shall find a catalogue of herbs proper, and that in every part. See 
more in Wecker, Renodeus, Heurnius lib. 2. cap. 19. Sec. I will briefly speak of 
them, as first of alteratives, which Galen, in his third book of diseased parts, prefers 
before diminutives, and Trallianus brags, that he hath done more cures on melan- 
choly men ^ by moistening, than by purging of them. 

Borage?[ In this catalogue, borage and bugloss may challenge tlie chiefest place, 
whether in substance, juice, roots, seeds, flowers, leaves, decoctions, distilled waters, 
extracts, oils, Stc, for such kind of herbs be diversely varied. Bugloss is hot and 
moist, and therefore worthily reckoned up amongst those herbs which expel melan- 
choly, and ^^exhilarate tiie heart, Galen, lib. 6. cap. 80. de simpl. med. Dioscorides, 
lib. 4. cap. 123. Pliny much magnifies this plant. It may be diversely used; as in 
broth, in ^^ wine, in conserves, syrups, &c. It is an excellent cordial, and against 
this malady most frequently prescribed ; a herb indeed of such sovereignty, tliat as 
Diodorus, lib. 7. bibl. Plinius, lib. 25. cap. 2. et lib. 21. cap. 22. Plutarch, sympos. 
lib. 1. cap. 1. Dioscorides, lib. 5. cap. 40. Caelius, lib. 19. c. 3. suppose it was 
that famous Nepenthes of ^^ Homer, which Polydamna, Thonis's wife (then king of 
Thebes in Egypt), sent Helena for a token, of such rare virtue, ^^ that if taken 
steeped in wine, if wife and children, father and mother, brother and sister, and all 
tl y dearest friends should die before thy face, thou couldst not grieve or shed a tear 
for them." 



'•^ Instit 1.1. cap. 8. sec. 1. ad exquisitam curaridi 
I atiiiiieiii, (|uoi'uiii cogiiitio iiiipriiins iieces^aria e»l. 
*^Q,nsi caeca vi ac spicifica qiialitate inorbos futuros 
.=*rcei)t. lib. l.ca|». 10. Intent. Pilar. si Galen. Iih. 



«.par lupi ppat! 
tupaiaiii. ice. 



Slt^rciis oecoris ad Epi- 



i3 F'icstpiiitle, rotkul 



^^Sabiua 



raituin educit. 3^ Wecker. Vide Oswald urn Crn II in ir., 
Iih. de interni? reriini si'.'iiatuns, de herlns pariiciilin 
bus parti cuiqiie cuiivenie'ilibiij. 3o idem Lanrt-u 

tins, c. 9. 37 Dicor horaL'o gaiidia seiiip<;r agu 

3S Vino infusuni hilaritatein facit. '"(Viy.ss. A- 



392 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Src. 4 

"Ini semel id patera niistuin Nepenthes laccho 
llaiiserit, liic lachrymam, iion si snavissima proles, 
si germanus ei charus, materqiie palerque 
OppelaC, ante oculos ferro coiifossus atroci.'" 

Helena's commended bowl to exhilarate the heart, had no other ingredient, as most 
of our critics conjecture, than this of borage. 

Balm.] Melissa balm hath an admirable virtue to alter melancholy, be it steeped 
in our ordinary drink, extracted, or otherwise taken. Cardan, lib. 8. much admires 
this herb. It heats and dries, saiih " Keiirnius, in the second degree, with a wonder- 
ful virtue comforts the heart, and purgeth all melancholy vapours from the spirits, 
Matthiol. in lib. 3. cap. 10. in Dioscoridem. Besides they ascribe other virtues to it, 
*' '•' as to help concoction, to cleanse tlie brain, expel all careful thoughts, and anxious 
imaginations :" the same words in effect are in Avicenna, Pliny, Simon Sethi, Fuch- 
sius, Leobel, Delacampius, and every herbalist. Nothing better for him that is me- 
lancholy than to steep this and borage in his ordinary drink. 

Mathiolus, in his fifth book of Medicinal Epistles, reckons up scorzonera, '^^'■'not 
against poison only, falling sickness, and such as are vertiginous, but to this malady; 
the root of it taken by itself expels sorrow, causeth mirth and lightness of heart." 

Antonius Musa, that renowned physician to Caesar Augustus, in his book which 
he writ of the virtues of betony, cap. 6. wonderfully commends that lierb, animas 
hominum et corpora custodit, securas de mctu reddif, it preserves both body and mind, 
from fears, cares, griefs ; cures falling sickness, this and many other diseases, to 
whom Galen subscribes, lib. 7. simp. med. Dioscorides, lib. 4. cap. 1. ^'c. 

iMarigold is much approved against melancholy, and often used therefore in our 
ordinary broth, as good against this and many other diseases. 

Hop.] Lupulus, hop, is a sovereign remedy ; Fuchsius, cap. 58. Plant, hist, much 
extols it; "^^ it purgeth all choler, and purifies the blood. Matthiol. cap. 140. in 4. 
Dioscor. wonders the physicians of his time made no more use of it, because it 
rarities and cleanseth : we use it to this purpose in our ordinary beer, which before 
was thick and fulsome. 

Wormwood, centaury, pennyroyal, are likewise magnified and much prescribed 
(as I shall after show), especially in hypochondriac melancholy, daily to be used, 
sod in whey : and as Ruffus Ephesias, ""^ Areteus relate, by breaking wind, helping 
concoction, many melancholy men have been cured with the frequent use of them 
alone. 

And because the spleen and blood are often misaffected in melancholy, I may not 
omit endive, succory, dandelion, fumitory, Sec, which cleanse the blood, Scolopen- 
dria, cuscuta, ceterache, mugwort, liverwort, ash, tamarisk, genist, maidenhair, &c., 
which must help and ease the spleen. 

To these 1 may add roses, violets, capers, featherfew, scordium, staechas, rosemary, 
ros solis, saffron, ochyme, sweet apples, wine, tobacco, sanders, ccc. That Peruvian 
chamico^ monslrosa facuUafe^ «^-c., Linshcosteus Datura; and to such as are cold, the 
*^ decoction of guiacum, China sarsaparilla, sassafras, the flowers of carduus bene- 
dictus, which 1 find much used by Montanus in his Consultations, Julius Alexandri- 
nus, Lelius, Egubinus, and others. '^^ Bernardus Penottus prefers his herba solis, or 
Dutch sindaw, before all the rest in this disease, "• and will admit of no herb upon 
the earth to be comparable to it." It excels Homer's moly, cures this, falling sick- 
ness, and almost all other infirmities. The same Penottus speaks of an excellent 
balm out of Aponensis, which, taken to the quantity of three drops in a cup of wine, 
'*''•'• will cause a sudden alteration, drive away dumps, and cheer up the heart." Ant. 
Guianerius, in his Antidotary, hath many such. ''^Jacobus de Dondis the aggre- 
gator, repeats ambergrease, nutmegs, and allspice amongst the rest. But that cannot 
be general. Amber and spice will make a hot brain mad, good for cold and moisL 



■•0 Lib. 2. cap. 2. prax. med. mira vi liEtitjam prabet et 
cor contirmat, vapores iiielanchdiicos puryat a spiriii- 
hus. * Propriiiin est ejus aiiiiiiiiin hilarem nddere. 

coiicoclioiiHiii juvare, cerebri obsiructioiies res<'care, 
Follicitudities fu^are, sollicitas itiia<;inatini)es tolltre. 



cap. 5. Laiet. occit. Indise descrip. lib. 10. cap. 2. 
4a Meurniiis, I. 2. consil. 18.5. Scolizii coiisil.TT. ■"' l'ra;f. 
denar. med. Omiies capitis dolnres (!t pliantiismala tol- 
Jjt; scias nullam herham in terns hiiic coinptrandain 
vinbus el bonitaie nasci. ••' Opliniiim inedicainen- 



P«:<»r7.()nera *'^ Non solum ad viperarum morsus, I turn in ceteri cordis confortatione. *-t ad omiiesqui tris- 

foinitiuli's, vertiginosDs; sed per se acoiiumodata radix i tantiir, &,c. <« Roniloleliii.>«. Klemim quod vim 

Uistitiam discutit, hilaritatenique coiiciliat. ^^Bilem | habet niiram ad hilaritatem et multi pro secreto habent 
Ulramque delruhil, saiiguinem purgal. *^Lib. 7. | Sckeiikius observ. med. an. 5. observ, SO. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Medicinal Phvsic. 39M 

Garcias ab Horto hath many Indian plants, whose virtues he mucli magnifies in this 
disease. Lemnius, insdt. cap. 58. admires rue, and commends it to have excellent 
virtue, ''^"to expel vain imaginations, devils, and to ease afflicted souls." Olhe 
things are much maenified ^° by writers, as an old cock, a ram's head, a wolfs iiear. 
borne or eaten, which Mercurialis approves ; Prosper Altinus the water of Nilus . 
Gomesius all sea-water, and at seasonable times to be sea-sick : goat's milk 
whey, &LC. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Precious Stones., Metals, Minerals, Alteratives. 

Precious stones are diversely censured; many explode the use of them or an}' 
minerals in physic, of whom Thomas Erastus is the chief, in his tract against Para- 
celsus, and in an epistle of his to Peter Monavius, ^' " That stones can work any 
wonders, let them believe that list, no man shall persuade me ; for my part, I havt 
found by experience there is no virtue in them," But Matthiolus, in his comment 
upon ^^ Dioscorides, is as profuse on the other side, in their commendation ; so is 
Cardan, Renodeus, Alardus, Rucus, Encelius, Marbodeus, &c. ^^ Matthiolus specifies 
in coral : and Oswaldus Crollius, Basil. Chym. prefers the salt of coral. ^^Christoph. 
Paicelius, lib. 3. cap. 131. will have them to be as so many several medicines against 
melancholy, sorrow, fear, dulness, and the like; ^'Renodeus admires them, " besides 
they adorn kings' crowns, grace the fingers, enrich our household stuff, defend us 
from enchantments, preserve health, cure diseases, they drive away grief, cares, and 
exhilarate the mind." The particulars be these. 

Granatus, a precious stone so called, because it is like the kernels of a pomegid- 
granale, an imperfect kind of ruby, it comes from Calecut; ^^^'if hung about the 
neck, or taken in drink, it much resisteth sorrow, and recreates the heart." The 
same properties I find ascribed to the hyacinth and topaz. °^They allay anger, grief, 
diminish madness, much delight and exhilarate the mind. ^*"' If it be either carried 
about, or taken in a potion, it will increase wisdom," saith Cardan, '•'• expel fear; he 
brags that he hath cured many madmen with it, which, when they laid by the stone, 
were as mad again as ever they were at first." Petrus Bayerus, lib. 2. cap. 13, vem 
mecum, Fran. Rueus, cap. 19. de gemmis, say as much of the chrysolite, ^^a friend 
of wisdom, an enemy to folly. Pliny, lib. 37, Solinus, cap. 52. Albertus de Lapid. 
Cardan. Encelius, lib. 3. cap. 66. highly magnifies the virtue of the beryl, '^^'•'it 
much avails to a good understanding, represseth vain conceits, evil thoughts, causeth 
mirth," &c. In the belly of a swallow there is a stone found called chelidonius, 
^''* which if it be lapped in a fair cloth, and tied to the right arm, will cure lunatics, 
madmen, make them amiable and merry." 

There is a kind of onyx called a chalcedony, which hath the same qualities, 
^■^" avails much against fantastic illusions which proceed from melancholy," preserves 
the vigour and good estate of the whole body. 

The Eban stone, which goldsmiths use to sleeken their gold with, borne about or 
given to drink, ^'■^ hath the same properties, or not much unlike. 

Levinus Lemnius, Institut. ad vit. cap. 58. amongst other jewels, makes mention 
of two more notable ; carbuncle and coral, ^^ "^ which drive away childish fears, devils, 
overcome sorrow, and hung about the neck repress troublesome dreams," which pro- 
perties almost Cardan gives to that green-coloured ^^ emmetris if it be carried about, 
or worn in a ring ; Rueus to the diamond. 

Nicholas Cabeus, a Jesuit of Ferrara, in the first.book of his Magnetical Philoso- 

■•sAfflictas ineiiles relevat, animi imaginatioiies et sedat et aniini Iristitiani pellit. as Lapis liic ges- 

daenioiies expt-llit. sogcke.nkins, Mixuldus, Rhasis. tatiis aut ttjiiiilns priKleiitiam auget. nocturiios tiniores 

51 Oaloriis ep. vol. 1. Credat qui vult getriinas iiiirahilia pellit ; insaiios hac saiiavi,el quiiin lapidfni ahjpcerint, 
«rii«:ere ; iiiilii qui et ratione el e.\perientia di.lici all- erupil itcniin stultitia. 5j|,„|u,;it siapienliaiii, 

tei rem iiabere, iiullus facile persuadel)it falsuiu esse : fn^at stultitiaiii. Idem Cardatuis, lunaticos >iivat. 
vefum. -2 L. de fremmij:. as Margiritte et co- eoCoiitVrl ad boiiuin intellocium, coiiipriiiiii malas co-ii. 

rallum ad meiaiicholiam pr;ncipue valent. ^* Mar- | tatioiies, &c. Aiacres reddit. S' Alherlus, Eiice- 

pritai et gemiiiib spiritus confortaiit et cor, melaiiclio- liiis, cap 44. lib. ;{. Plin. lib. :\~. cap. JO. JacDbiis de 

lam f.ifiant. ss Prajfat. ad lap. prec. lib. 2. s. ct. 2. | Doiidis: dexlio brachiu allijialus sajiat luiiaticos, iiisa- 

tieinat.ined. Regiiiii coronas oriiaiit, digitos illustrant, j iios, tacit ainabiles, juciindos. ^Valet contra 

supelleciilem <litant. e fascino tuentur, inorbis iiiedeii- j piiantasticas iJliisioMes e.\ melancholia. 6i Anientes 

ur. sanilateni conservant, nientem exhilarant tristi- | sanat, tri.«tiliain pellit, iram, ice. ^4 Valet ad fu- 

\iaiu peiliint. ^6 Encelius, 1. 3. c. 4. Suspensus ^ gaiidos timores et diPmones. turbiileiita souuiia abijiit 

Vfii ebibitiis tristitise niiiltum resislil, et cor recreat. et nortuinos puerorum tiniores coinpescil. «iSomiiia 
*< Jdem. cap. 5. el cap. G. de Hyaciuttio et Topazio. Iram | lana facU urgeiileo aiiiiulo gestalus. 

50 



394 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. 

pliy, cap. 3. speaking of the virtues of a loadstone, recites many several opinions; 
some say (hat if it be taken in parcels inward, si qiiis per f rust r a voret^ juerdutem 
restituet^ it will, like viper's wine, restore one to his youth; and yet if carried about 
them, others will have it to cause melancholy; let experience determine, 

Mercurialis admires the emerald for its virtues in pacifying all affections of the 
mind; others the sapphire, which is "the ^^ fairest of all precious stones, of sky 
colour, and a great enemy to black choler, frees the mind, mends manners," &c. 
Jacobus de Dondis, in his catalogue of simples, hath ambergrease, os in corde cervi, 
^the bone in a stag's heart, a monocerot's horn, bezoar's stone (®^ of which else- 
where), it is found in the belly of a little beast in the East Indies, brought into 
Europe by Hollanders, and our countrymen merchants. Renodeus, cap. 22. lib. 3. 
de ment. med. saith lie saw two of these beasts alive, in the castle of the Lord of 
Vitry at Coubert. 

Lapis lazuli and armenus, because they purge,. shall be mentioned in their place. 

Of tlie rest in brief thus much 1 will add out of Cardan, Renodeus, cap. 23. Z/Z>. 3. 
Rondoletius, //Z». \.de Tesial. c. IS.c^x'.es^^That almost all jewels and precious stones 
have excellent virtues to pacify the affections of tlie mind, for which cause rich men 
so much covet to have them : ™and those smaller unions which are found in shells 
amongst the Persians and Indians, by the consent of all writers, are very cordial, and 
most part avail to the exhilaration of the heart." 

Minerals.] Most men say as much of gold and some other minerals, as these 
have done of precious stones. Erastus still maintains the opposite part. Disput. 
in Paracelsum. cap. i.fol. 196. he confesseth of gold, ^'"thai it makes the heart 
merry, but in no other sense but as it is in a miser's chest :" at mihi plaudo simul 
oc niimmos contemplor in arca^ as he said in the poet, it so revives the spirits, and is 
an excellent recipe against melancholy, 

72 For gold in physic is a cordial, 
Therefore he loved gold in special. 

Aurum potahile^'^ he discommends and inveighs against it, by reason of the corrosive 
waters which are used in it : which argument our Dr. Guin urgeth against D. Anto- 
nius. '^'* Erastus concludes their philosophical stones and potable gold, &c. " to be 
no better than poison," a mere imposture, a non ens ; dug out of that broody hill 
belike this golden stone is, uhi nascclur ridiculus mus. Paracelsus and his chemis- 
tical followers, as so many Promethei, will fetch fire from heaven, will cure all man- 
ner of diseases with minerals, accounting them the only physic on the other side. 
"''Paracelsus calls Galen, Hippocrates, and all their adherents, infants, idiots, sophis- 
ters, &,c. Jlpagesis istos qui Vulcanias istas metamorphoses sugillant^ inscitice sobo- 
les^ supince pcrtinacicB alumnos^ (^x\, not worthy the name of physicians, for want 
of these remedies : and brags that by them he can make a man live IGO years, or to 
the world's end, with their '^^Jllexipharmacums., Panaceas^ Mmnmias^ unguvniiim .Br' 
marium.) and such magnetical cures, Lampas vitce. et mortis., Balneum Diunce^ Bal- 
samum^ Electrum Magi co-physicum^ Aniuleta Martialia., Sfc. What will not he and 
his followers effect .'' He brags, moreover, that he was primus medicorum.^ and did 
more famous cures than all the physicians in Europe besides, '^ " a drop of his pre- 
parations should go farther than a drachm, or ounce of iheirs," those loathsome and 
fulsome filthy potions, heteroclitical pills (so he calls them), horse medicines, ad 
quoram aspectum Cyclops Polyphemus exhorresceret. And though some condemn 
their skill and magnetical cures as tending to magical superstition, witchery, charms 
&c., yet they admire, stiffly vindicate nevertheless, and infinitely prefer them. But 
these are both in extremes, the middle sort approve of minerals, though not in so 
high a degree. Lemnius lib. 3. cap. 6. de occult, nat. mir. commends gold inwardly 



ssAtraE bill advcrsatur, omnium gemmarum pulch'^-- 
riiiia, coeli cnlorem refert, animum ab errore liberal, 
mores in melius inutat. «' Longis moeroribus feiiciter 
medetur, deliqiiiis, &c. «8g,,,; 5. JVlcnb. I. Subs. 5. 

s^Gestariien lapiduni et jjcmmanim maxiniun) fori anxi- 
liiim el juvanien; undo qui diles sunl gemnias srcnm 
ferre siudent. '" Margarilaj et uniones <iua; a con- 

chis el [)iscibus apud Persas wl Indos, valde cordiales 
dunl, (See. ^ 71 Aiiruin la'titiaui general, non in corde, 
*e'l in area viroruni. ^Chaucer. '3 Auruni non 



aurum. Noxiuni ob aquas rodentes. '* fc^p. ad Mona- 
vium. Metallica omnia in universum quovisinodo pa- 
rala, nee lulo nee eommode inlra corpus snaii. '6jp 
parag. Stullissimus pilus occipitis niei plus soil, quam 
onines vestri doctores, el calceorum im oruui annuli 
docliores sunt quam vesler Galeniis et Aviceiina, larb» 
mca plus pxpcrla est quam vestrai oumes Acadtmir 
'6 Vide Ernestum IJurgralium. edit. Franakcr. t-\i 
Kill. Crollius and otiiers. '' Plus iroficicigiittv j»m t 
quam tot eorum dracbnize el uncia3. 



M?.m. 1. Subs. 5.1 



Compound Jlllcralivcs. 



3^)5 



and oiUvvardly used, as in rings, excellent good in medicines; and such mixtures as aie 
made for melancholy men, saith VVecker, anfid.spec. lib. 1. to whom Renodeus sub- 
scribes, hb. 2. cap. 2. Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 19. Fernel. melJi. med. lib. 5. cap. 21. dr 
Cardiacis. Daniel Sennertns, Z/7>. I. part. 2. cap. 9. Audernacus, Libaviiis, Quer- 
cetanus, Oswaldus CroUius, Euvonymus, Rubens, and Matthiolus in the fourth book 
of bis Episdes, Andreas d Blawcn eplst. ad Maffhiolum^ as commended and formerly 
useil by Avicenna, Arnoldus, and many others: '* Matthiolus in the same place ap- 
proves' of potable gold, mercury, with many such chemical confections, and goes so 
iar in approbation of them, that he holds '^"no man can be an excellent pliysician 
that hath not some skill in chemistical (Hstillations, aud that chronic diseases can 
hardly be cured without mineral medicines:" look for antimony among purgers. 

SuBSECT. V. — Compound Alteratives ; censure of Compounds^ and mixed Physic. 

Pliny, lib. 24. c. 1, bitterly taxeth all compound medicines, ^° ^' Men's knavery, 
imposture, and captious wits, liave invented those shops, in which every man's life 
is set to sale : and by and by came in those compositions and inexplicable mixtures, 
far-fetched out of India and Arabia; a medicine for a botch must be had as far as 
the Red Sea." And 'tis not without cause which he saith; for out of question they 
are much to ^' blame in their compositions, wliilst they make infinite variety of mix- 
tures, as ^^Fuchsius notes. ''They think they get themselves great credit, excel 
others, and to be more learned tban the rest, because they make many variations ; 
but he accounts them fools, and whilst they brag of their skill, and think to get 
themselves a name, they become ridiculous, betray their ignorance and error." A 
{e\\ simples well prepared and understood, are better than such a heap of nonsense, 
confused compounds, which are in apothecaries' shops ordinarily sold. '' In which 
many vain, superfluous, corrupt, exolete, things out of date are to be had (saith 
Cornarius) ; a company of barbarous names given to syrups, juleps, an unnecessary 
company of mixed medicines ;" rudis indigestaque moles. Many times (as Agrippa 
taxeth) there is by this means ^^'' more danger from the medicine than from the dis 
ease," when they put together they know not what, or leave it to an illiterate apolhe 
cary to be made, they cause death and horror for health. Those old physicians had 
no such mixtures ; a simple potion of hellebore in Hippocrates' time was the ordi- 
nary purge; and at this day, saith ^*Mat. Riccius, in that flourishing commonwealth 
of China, >■' their physicians give precepts quite opposite to ours, not unhappy in 
tlieir physic ; they use altogether roots, herbs, and simples in their medicines, and 
all their physic in a manner is comprehended in a herbal: no science, no school, no 
art, no degree, but like a trade, every man in private is instructed of his master." 
'"'Cardan cracks that he can cure all diseases with water alone, as Hippocrates of old 
did most infirmities with one medicine. Let the best of our rational physicians de- 
monstrate and give a sufficient reason for those intricate mixtures, why just so many- 
simples in mithridate or treacle, why such and such quantity; may they not be re- 
duced to half or a quarter "^ Frustrafi, per plura (as the saying is) quod fieri potest 
per pauciora ; 300 simples in a julep, potion, or a little pill, to what end or pur- 
pose ^ I know not what ^^ Alkindus, Capivaccius, Montagna, and Simon Eitover, the 
best of them all and most rational, have said in this kind ; but neither he, they, nor 
any one of them, gives his reader, to my judgment, that satisfaction which he ought; 
why such, so many simples ? Rog. Bacon hath taxed many errors in his tract de 
graduationibus^ explained soms things, but not cleared. Mercurialis in his book de 
composit. medicin. gives instance in Hamech, and Philonium Romanum, which Ha- 
mech an Arabian, and Philonius a Roman, long since composed, but crasse as the 



■'8 Noiitiulli huic supra modiini in liil^eiit, iisuin elsi 
mm ;ideo magiuiin, iioii taineii alijicii'iiduiu ceiiseo. 
'S Ausim direre iieinirn'in meilicuMi excellcntfin i]ui iinn 
111 liac distillatione chymica sit ve saliis M^rhi cliro- 
riifi doviiici citra iiieiallir-a vix possiut, aut ul)i sanguis 
'•omiMipitur. '■« Fraiides hnuiirium et iniicnioruin 

cripiur.o, otficinas inveiiere istas. in qiiihiis sua ciiique 
VHiialis promittitir viia ; statiiii coiripositioiics ft inix- 
'tirm iii.-xplicabilcs ex Aral)i.i el India, ulceri parvn 
rn ■dicina a ruhri) inari iinportitur. *"' Anmldns 

Aplior. 1.5. Failax niedirus qui potens mederi simplici 
bus, cotnposita dolose aut I'msfra qiL-erit. '■^ I jb. 1. 

•ect. 1. cap. 8. Duni iiifinita meJicuiueiita iiiiscent. 



laufiom sibi couiparare student, et in hoc studio alter 
alteruui supe-rare conatur, duin quisque quo plura mis 
cu(!rit, eo se doctionun putet, iiide fit ut suaui prodaii. 
iiiscitiau). duni ostentant peiitiain, el se ridiculos ex- 
hibeant, &c. 83\inito plus periculi a inedicaineuto, 

quani a morbo, &,c. 84£Ypedit. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. 5. 

Pra'cepta uiedici dant iiostus diversa, in inednndo noii 
infeiices, pharniacis ntuntur simplicibiis, herbis, radi- 
cibus, &c. tola eoruin uiedicina nostne htrbaria; prre- 
ceptis coutinetur, nulli.# udus hnjus artis, quisquc pri 
vaius a quo ibet magistro orud'tur. »>*lab. de A»iua 
^6 Opusc. de Do9. 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 4 



'S9Q 

rest. If they be so exact, as by him it seems they were, and those mixtures so per- 
fect, why doth Ferneliiis alter the one, and why is the other obsolete? ^"Cardar 
taxeth Galen for presuming out of his ambition to correct Theriachum Andromachi 
and we as justly may carp at all the rest. Galen's medicines are now exploded anc 
rejected ; what Nicholas Meripsa, Mesne, Celsus, Scribanius, Actuarius, &c. writ of 
old, are most part contemned. Mellichius, Cordus, Wecker, Querecetan, Rhenodeus 
the Venetian, Florentine states have their several receipts, and magistrals : they of 
Nuremburg have theirs, and Augustana Pharmacopoeia, peculiar medicines to the 
meridian of the city: London hers, every city, town, almost every private man haL, 
his own mixtures, compositions, receipts, magistrals, precepts, as if he scorned anti- 
quity, and all others in respect of himself. But each man must correct and alter to 
show his skill, every opinionative fellow must maintain his own paradox, be it what 
it will ; Delirant reges., pJeclunlur Achivi : they dote, and in the meantime the poor 
patients pay for their new experiments, the commonalty rue it. 

Thus othe-s object, thus I may conceive out of the weakness of my apprehension ; 
but to say truth, there is no such fault, no such ambition, no novelty, or ostentation, 
as some suppose ; but as ''^ one answers, this of compound medicines, '^ is a most 
noble and profitable invention found out, and brought into physic witli great judg- 
ment, wisdom, counsel and discretion." Mixed diseases must have mixed remedies, 
and such simples are commonly mixed as have reference to the part allected, some 
to qualify, the rest to comfort, some one part, some another. Cardan and Brassavola 
both hold that JVullum simplex medicament um sine noxd^ no simple medicine is with- 
out hurt or offence ; and although Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Diodes of old, in the 
infancy of this art, were content with ordinary simples: yet now, saith ^^.Etius, 
"necessity compelleth to seek for new remedies, and to make compounds of simples, 
as well to correct their harms if cold, dry, hot, thick, thin, insipid, noisome to 
smell, to make them savoury to the palate, pleasant to taste and take, and to preserve 
them for continuance, by admixtion of sugar, honey, to make them last months and 
years for several uses." In such cases, compound medicines may be approved, and 
Arnoldus in his 18. aphorism, doth allow of it. ^°"If simples cannot, necessity 
compels us to use compounds ;" so for receipts and magistrals, dies diem docef^ one 
day teaclieth another, and they are as so many words or phiases. Que nunc sunt in 
honore vocabula si volet usus^ ebb and flow with the season, and as wits vary, so 
they may be infinitely varied. " Quisque suum placifum quo capiatur hahtt?'' '^ Every 
man as he likes, so many men so many minds," and yet all tending to good pur- 
pose, though not the same way. As arts and sciences, so physic is still perfected 
amongst the rest; HorcB musorum nulrices^ and experience teacheth us every day 
^'many things which our predecessors knew not of. Nature is not eflete, as he 
saith, or so lavish, to bestow all her gifts upon an age, but hath reserved some for 
posterity, to show her power, that she is still the same, and not old or consumed. 
Birds and beasts can cure themselves by nature, ^^naturce usu ea plerumque cognos- 
cunt qucB homines vix longo lahore et doctrind assequuntur, but " men must use much 
labour and industry to find it out." But I digress. 

Compound medicines are inwardly taken, or outwardly applied. Inwardly taken, 
be either liquid or solid : liquid, are fluid or consisting. Fluid, as wines and syrups 
Tlie wines ordinarily used to this disease are wormwood v/ine, tamarisk, and bu- 
glossatum, wine made of borage and bugloss, the composition of which is specified 
in Arnoldus Villanovanus, lib. de vinis, of borage, bdm, bugloss, cinnamon, &c. and 
highly commended for its virtues : ^^" it drives away leprosy, scabs, clears the blood, 
recreates the spirits, exhilarates the mind, purgeth the brain of those anxious black 
melancholy fumes, and cleanseth the whole body of that black humour by urine. 
To which I add," saith Villanovanus, " that it will bring madmen, and such raginj? 



*" Subtil, cap. de snientiis. 6su,iia;rcF!lan. phar- 

iiiacop. rcstitiit. cap. 2. Nobilissimiiiii et utilissiimitu 
iiiventuin summa cum necessitate adinventum et in- 
trodiiclum. ^'^Cap. 25. Tetrahib. 4. ser. 2. Neces- 

sitas iiiiik; cnjrit aliqiiando rioxia quserere remedia, et 
ex siinplicibiis coinpositas facere, tiiin ad saporein, 
ndiirHiii, [lalali (.'latiaiii, ad correctioiiem siinpliciuni, 
tniii ad fiituros usiis, conscrvationem, &c. yuCum 

siuiplicia 11(111 posstiut iiccessitas co^jit ad coinposita. 
81 Lips. Epist. 3.!'riiti)(l. Podroinus .Amor. lib. 9. 

*3Satuj:uiiieiii corruptuii* einaculat, scabioin abolet, 



loprairi curat, spiritus recreat, et animum exliilarat. 
Melaiiclioiicos hiiiiiDres per uriiiam educit, et cerebrum 
a crassis, o^rumtiosis iiielaiicholiie fiiiiiis pur<.'at, quibiis 
addodementeset furiosos vjiiciilis retitieiidds plurimuin 
juvat, et ad rationis usuin ducit. Testis est iiiilii c<tii- 
scieiitia, quod viderim matroiiaiii quaiidam hiiic libera- 
taiii, quae frequentius ex iracuiidia demeits, et impn^ 
aniini diceuda taceiida loqueliatur, adeo tureiis ul lij:ari 
cojieretiir. Fiiil ei pnustaiitissimo remedio, viui i'stms 
usus, iiidicatus a peregriiio liomiiie nieiidico, eleemosy- 
nam prs foribus dictie matrons implorante. 



Mem. 2. Subs 1.] Compound Mterutives. 307 

bedlamites as are tied in chains, to the use of their reason again. My conscience 
bears me witness, that I do not lie, I saw a grave matron helped by this means; she 
was so choleric, and so furious sometimes, that she was almost mad, and beside her- 
self ; she said, and did she knew not what, scolded, beat her maids, and was now 
ready to be bound till she drank of this borage wine, and by this excellent remed) 
was cured, which a poor foreigner, a silly beggar, taught her by chance, that came 
to crave an alms from door to door." The juice of borage, if it be clarified, and 
drunk in wine, will do as much, the roots sliced and steeped, &c. saith Ant. Mizaldus, 
art. mcd. who cities this story verbatim out of Villanovanus, and so doth Magninus 
a physician of Milan, in his regimen of health. Such another excellent compound 
water I find in Rubeus dc distill, sect. 3. which he highly magnifies out of Savauarola, 
^'*"for such as are solitary, dull, heavy or sad witliout a cause, or be troubled with 
trembling of heart." Other excellent compound waters for melancholy, he cites in 
the same place. ^^" If their melancholy be not inflamed, or their temperature over- 
hot," Evonimus hath a precious aqucwiice to this purpose, for such as are cold. But 
he and most commend aurum potahile^ and every writer prescribes clarified whey, 
with borage, bugloss, endive, succory, &c. of goat's mdk especially, some indefinitely 
at all times, some thirty days together in the spring, every morning fasting, a good 
draught. Syrups are very good, and often used to digest this humour in the heart, 
spleen, liver, &.c. As syrup of borage (there is a famous syrup of borage highly 
commended by Laurentius to this purpose in his tract of melancholy), ^Ze, pomis of 
king Sabor, now obsolete, of thyme and epithyme, hops, scolopt;ndria, fumitory, 
maidenhair, bizantine, Stc. These are most used for preparatives to other physic, 
mixed with distilled waters of like nature, or in juleps otherwise. 

Consisting, are conserves or confections \ conserves of borage, bugloss, balm, 
fumitory, succory, maidenhair, violets, roses, wormwood, &lc. Confections, treacle, 
mithridate, eclegms, or linctures. Sec. Solid, as aromatical confections : hot, diambra, 
diamargaritum calidum^ diantlms^ dlamosclmm dulce^ electuarium de gemmis Icetiji' 
cans Galcni et Rhasis^ diagalinga^ diacimynuin dianisiim^ dialrion pipcrion^ diaziu' 
ziher., diacapers^ diacinnamonum : Cold, as diamargaritum frigidum, diacorolli., diar^ 
rhodon abbatis., diacodion^ 6^c. as every pharmacopusia will show you, with their 
tables or losings that are made out of them : with condites and the like. 

Outwardly used as occasion serves, as amulets, oils hot and cold, as of camomile, 
staechados, violets, roses, almonds, poppy, nymphea, mandrake, &c. to be used after 
bathing, or to procure sleep. 

Ointments composed of the said species, oils and wax. Sec, as Mablastritum Popii' 
Icum^ some hot, some cold, to moisten, procure sleep, and correct other accidents. 

Liniments are made of the same matter to the like purpose : emplasters of herbs, 
flowers, roots, Stc, with oils, and other liquors mixed and boiled together. 

Cataplasms, salves, or poultices made of green herbs, pounded, or sod in water 
till they be soft, which are applied to the hypochondries, and other parts, when the 
body is empty. 

Cerotes are applied to several parts and frontals, to take away pain, grief, heat, pro- 
cure sleep. Fomentations or sponges, wet in some decoctions, &c., epithemata, or 
those moist medicines, laid on linen, to bathe and cool several parts misafTected. 

Sacculi, or little bags of herbs, flowers, seeds, roots, and the like, applied to the 
head, heart, stomach, &.c., odoraments, balls, perfumes, posies to smell to, all which 
have their several uses in melancholy, as shall be shown, when I treat of the cure 
of the distinct species by themselves. 



MEMB. II. 

SuBSE^r. I. — Purging Simples upward. 

xMelanagoga, or melancholy purging medicines, are either simple or compound, 
(vnd that gently, or violently, purging upward or downward. These following purge 
upward. ^^ Asarum, or Asrabecca, which, as Mesne saith, is hot in the second degree, 

«lis qui tristaiitur sine causa, et vitant ainicoriim I riiPtiir intlancholia, am calidiore temperamento sinl. 
•vicieialein et tremunt corde a^Modo non inflani- ( *> EJuurnius: datur in sero lactis, aui vino 

2 1 



Cure of Me lane holy. 



Part. 2. Sec. 4, 



and (Iry in tlie lliird, " it ii commonly taken in wine, whey," or as with us, the juice 
of Ivvo or three leaves or more sometimes, pounded in posset drink qualified with a 
little liquorice, or aniseed, to avoid the fulsomeness of the taste, or as Dlaserum 
Fernelii. Brassivola m Ca/ar/. reckons it up amongst those simples that only pu.ge 
nelanclioly, and Ruellius confirms as much out of his experience, that it purgeth 
"black choler, like hellebore itself. Galen, lib. 6. sijnplic. and ^^Matthiolus ascribe 
other virtu?s to it, and will have it purge other humours as well as this. 

Laurel, bv lieurnius's method, ad prax. lib. 2. cap. 24. is put amongst the strong 
purgers of melancholy ; it is hot and dry in the fourth degree. Dioscorides, lib. 1 1. 
rap. 114. adds other effects to it. ''^ Pliny sets down fifteen berries in drink for a 
sufficient potion : it is commonly corrected with his opposites, cold and moist, as 
juice of endive, purslane, and is taken in a potion to seven grains and a half. But 
fliis and asrabecca, every gentlewoman in the country knows how to give, they are 
two common vomits. 

Scilla, or sea-onion, is hot and dry in the third degree. Brassivola in Catart. out 
of Mesne, others, and his own experience, will have this simple to purge '^° melan- 
choly alone. It is an ordinary vomit, vinum scilliticum^ mixed with rubel in a little 
white wine. 

White hellebore, which some call sneezing-powder, a strong purger upward, which 
many reject, as being too violent: Mesne and Averroes will not admit of it, '"by 
reason of danger of suffocation," ^" great pain and trouble it puts the poor patient 
to," saith Dodoureus. Yet Galen, lib. (». sinipl. med. and Dioscorides, cap. 145. allow 
of it. It was indeed ^"terrible in former times," as Pliny notes, but now familiar, 
insomuch that many took it in those days, " " that were students, to quicken their 
wits," which Persius Sat. 1. objects to Accius the poet, Ilias Acci ebria veralro. 
^" It helps melancholy, the falling sickness, madness, gout, &c., but not to be taken 
of old men, youths, such as are weaklings, nice, or effeminate, troubled with head- 
ache, high-coloured, or fear strangling," saith Dioscorides. ^ Oribasius, an old phy- 
sician, hath written very copiously, and approves of it, " in such affections which 
can otherwise hardly be cured." Hernius, lib. 2. prax. med. de vouiitoriis^ will not 
have it used ^" but with great caution, by reason of its strength, and then when 
antimony will do no good," which caused Hermophilus to compare it to a stout 
captain (as Codroneus observes cap. 7. comment, de Helleb.) that will see all his 
soldiers go before him and come post principia. like the bragging soldier, last him- 
self;^ when other helps fail in inveterate melanclioly, in a desperate case, this vomit 
is to be taken. And yet for all this, if it be well prepared, it may be ^securely given 
at first. '"Matthiolus brags, that he hath often, to the good of many, made use of 
it, and Heurnius, ""that he hath happil) used it, prepared after his own prescript," 
and with good success. Christophorus a Vega, lib. 3. c. 41, is of the same opinion, 
that it may be lawfully given ; and our country gentlewomen find it by their common 
practice, that there is no such great danger in it. Dr. Turner, speaking of this plant 
in his Herbal, telleth us, that in his time it was an ordinary receipt among good 
wives, to give hellebore in powder to ii' weight, and he is not much against it. But 
they do commonly exceed, for who so bold as blind Bayard, and prescribe it by 
pennyworths, and such irrational ways, as I have heard myself market folks ask for 
it in an apotliecary's shop : but with what success God knows; they smart often for 
their rash boldness and folly, break a vein, make their eyes ready to start out of 
their heads, or kill themselves. So that the fault is not in the physic, but in ihe 
rude and indiscreet handling of it. He that will know, therefore, when to use, how 
to prepare it aright, and in what dose, let him read Heurnius lib. 2. prax. med. Bias- 
sivola de Catart. Godefridus Stegius the emperor Rudolphus' physician cap. 16, 



"'Veratri tiiodo expurgat cprehrum, roborat niemo- 
riani. Fiiclisius. wsCrasHos et bilictsos hiiniore? 

\H'V voiiiituin ediicit. "'•' Voiiiitiiiii et ineiises cit. 

vaU;t ad liydrop. &c. wo Materias atras educit. 

J Al) arU; ideo rejiciondutn, ol) periculurii suftbcationis. 
2 Cap. IG iiiacna vi educit., cl rnoleslia cum smiiuna. 
" QiioiKlarii lerribile. •» Miilti .sludioruiii fjratia ad 

pioviilciida acriiis i\\\rE comiiKMitahantiir. ^ Medeliir 

cntiiitialiliii», iiielaiiciiolicis. podajin is; vrtatur soiii- 
biis, pueris, mollibus el etiit'iiiinatis. "(Joilcct. lib. 



8. cap. ^^. in afiectionibus iis qua? difficulter ciiraiitur, 
Helliljonitii datuiis. "> Noii sine suinnia cautio ne 

lioc rtinedii) uteniur ; est eniin validissimuin, et qiiurii 
vires Antinionii conteinnit morbus, in auxilium evoca- 
tnr, niodo valide vires eftiorescant. ^fiEtius tiliab. 

cap. 1. ser. 2. lis solum dari vuit Helleborum album, 
qui secns spcrn non habent, non iis qui Syiicoiti'm ti- 
ment, &,c. 9 Cum salute multorum. '"Ct/>. 

12. de niorhis cap. n Nos f^ifill^uie utuiiur notr- -r 

prepaerato ilelleboro albo. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] 



Purging Simples. 



399 



Malthiolus ill Dioscor. and that excellent commentary of Baptista Codroncus, which 
is insfar omnium de Helleb. alb. where we shall find great diversity of examples and 
receipts. 

Antimony or stibium, which our chemists so much magnify, is either taken ni 
substance or infusion, Stc, and frequently prescribed in this disease. " It helps all 
infirmities," saith '' Matthiolus, " which proceed from black chole'-, falling sickness, 
and hypochondriacal passions ;" and for farther proof of his assertion, he gives 
several instances of such as have been freed with it: '^ one of Andrew Gallus. a phy- 
sician of Trent, that after many other essays, "imputes the recovery of his health, 
next afier God, to this remedy alone." Another of George Handshius, that in like 
sort, when other medicines failed, '**" was by this restored to his former health, a»c' 
which of his knowledge others have likewise tried, and by the help of this adun- 
rable medicine, been recovered." A third of a parish priest at Prague in Bohemia, 
'^"that was so far gone with melancholy, that he doted, and spake he knew not 
what; but after he had taken twelve grains of stibium, (as I myself saw, and can 
witness, for I was called to see this miraculous accident) he was purged of a deal of 
black choler, like little gobbets of flesh, and all his excrements were as black blood 
(a medicine fitter for a horse than a man), yet it did him so much good, that the 
next day he was perfectly cured." This very story of the Bohemian priest, Scken- 
kius relates verbatim^ Exofer. experiment, ad. var. morb. cent. 6. obsc.rv. 0. with great 
approbation of it. Hercules de Saxonia calls it a profitable medicine, if it be taken 
after meat to six or eight grains, of such as are apt to vomit. Rodericus a Fonseca 
the Spaniard, and late professor of Padua in Italy, extols it to this disease, Tom. 2. 
consul. 85. so doth Lod. Mercatus de inter, morb. cur. lib. 1. cap. 17. with many 
others. Jacobus Gervinus a French physician, on the other side, lib. 2. de vencnis 
confut. explodes all this, and saith he took three grains only upon Matthiolus and 
some others' commendation, but it almo. t killed him, whereupon he concludes, 
'^"antimony is rather poison than a medicine." Th. Erastus concurs with him in 
his opinion, and so doth yElian Moiitaltus cap. 30 de melan. But what do I talk } 
'tis the subject of whole books; I might cite a century of authors pro and con. I 
will conclude with ''^Zuinger, antimony is like Scanderbeg's sword, which is either 
good or bad, strong or weak, as the party is that prescribes, or useth it : "a worthy 
medicine if it be rightly applied to a strong man, otherwise poison." For the pre- 
paring of it, look in Evonimi thesaurus., Quercetan, Osiualdus CroUius., Basil. Chim. 
Basil. Valentius., &^~c. 

Tobacco, divine, rare, superexcellent tobacco, which goes far beyond all the pana- 
ceas, potable gold, and philosopher's stones, a sovereign remedy to all diseases. A 
good vomit, I confess, a virtuous herb, if it be well qualified, opportunely taken, and 
medicinally used ; but as it is commonly abused by most men, which take it as 
tinkers do ale, 'tis a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, health, 
hellish, devilish and damned tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul. 

SuBSECT. II. — Simples purging Melancholy downvmrd. 

Polypody and epithyme are, without all exceptions, gentle purgers of melan- 
choly. Dioscorides will have them void phlegm ; but Brassivola out of his expe- 
rience averreth, tliat they purge this humour; they are used in decoction, infusion, 
&.C. simple, mixed, &c. 

Mirabolanes, all five kinds, are happily '^ prescribed against melancholy and quar- 
tan agues ; Brassivola speaks out '^'•'•of a thousand" experiences, he gave them in 
pills, decoctions, &c., look for peculiar receipts in him. 

Stoechas, fumitory, dodder, herb mercury, roots of capers, genista or broom, pen- 



I'ln lih.5. Dioscor. cap. 3. Omnilius opitiiiatiir mor- 
bis, quos atrabilis excitavit comilialibus lisquo prescr- 
tim qui Hvpocondriacas ohtitient pas^iones. '3 An- 

dreas Gallus, Tridenlitius iiiedicus, saliilem huic niedi- 
camenlo post Deuin debet. '^ IntogrcP saiiitati, 

brevi rt'stitulus. Id quod aliis accidisse scio, qui hoc 
rnirabili ruoilicamento usi sunt. i^Q^ni nielancho- 

>ir.us factns plane desipiebat, niultaque stulte loqueDa- 
lu*, liuic exhibilum 12. gr. stibium, quod paulo post 
airam bilein ex alvo eduxit (ut ego vidi, qui vocatua 



tanquani ad miraculum adfui testari possum,) et ra- 
nienta tatujuam carnis dissecta in partes totuni fxrre- 
inentum tanquatn sanguineni niuerriniuni repr;Esenia- 
bat. '6 Antiinoniuni venenuui, non niedicuinf^itiiin. 

" Cratonis ep. sect, vel ad Motiaviuni ep. In utraniquc 
partem dignissimum medicamentum, si recte utenlur. 
secus venenum. i8 >ja;rores fugaiit ; ntilissinid 

ilantur melancliolicis et qiialernariis. i^Millied 

horuin vires expertus sum. 



400 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 4 i 



nyroyal and half-boiled cabbage, I find in this catalogue of purgers of black cholei, 
origan, feaiherfew, ammoniac "^^ salt, saltpetre. But these are very gentle ; alyppus, 
dragon root, centaury, ditany, colulea, which Fuchsius cap. 168 and others take for 
senna, but most distinguish. Senna is in the middle of violent and gentle purgers 
downward, hot in the second degree, dry in the first. Brassivola calls it ^' '''• a won- 
deriul herb against melancholy, it scours the blood, lightens the spirits, shakes olT 
sorrow, a most profitable medicine," as ''Dodonacus terms it, invented by the Arabians, 
and not heard of before. It is taken diverse ways, in powder, infusion, but most 
commonly in the infusion, with ginger, or some cordial Uowers added to correct it. 
Actuarius commends it sodden in broth, with an old cock, or in w^hey, which is the 
common conveyor of all such things as purge black choler; or steeped in wine, 
which Heurnius accounts sulficient, without any farther correction. 

Aloes by most is said to purge choler, but Aurelianus lib. 2. c. 6. de niorh. chron. 
Arculanus cap. 6. in 9. Rhasis Julius Alexandrinus, consil. 185. Scoltz. Crato con- 
sil. 189. Scollz. prescribe it to this disease; as cood for the stomach and to open the 
hcEmorrhoids, out of Mesne, Rhasis, Serapio, Avicenna: Menardus ep. lib. l.epist. 1. 
opposeth it, aloes ^"doth not open the veins," or move the haemorrhoids, which 
Leonhartus Fuchsius paradox, lib. 1. likewise affirms; but Brassivola and Dodonaeus 
defend Mesne out of their experience ; let '^'* Valesius end the controversy. 

Lapis armenus and lazuli are much magnified by ^'Alexander lib. 1. cap. 16. Avi- 
cenna, ^tius, and Actuarius, if they be well washed, that the water be no more 
coloured, fifty times some say. ^^''^That good Alexander (saith Guianerus) puts 
such confidence in this one medicine, that he thought all melancholy passions might 
be cured by it ; and 1 for my part have oftentimes happily used it, and was never 
deceived in the operation of it." The like may be said of lapis lazuli, though it be 
somewhat weaker than the other. Garcias ab Horto, hist. lib. 1. cop. 65. relates, 
that the '^'^ pfiysicians of the Moors familiarly prescribe it to all melancholy passions, 
and Matthiolus ep. lib. 3. ^' brags of that happy success which he still had in the 
administration of it. Nicholas Meripsa puts it amongst the best remedies, sect.. 1. 
cap. 12. in Antidotis; ^^'•'•and if this will not serve (saith Rhasis) then there remains 
nothing but lapis armenus and hellebore itself." Valescus and Jason Pratensis much 
commend pulvis hali, which is made of it, James Damascen. 2. cap. 12. Hercules 
de Saxonia, &c., speaks well of it. Crato will not approve this ; it and both helle- 
bores, he saith, are no better than poison. Victor Trincavelius, lib. 2. cap. 14. found 
it in his experience, ^°''to be very noisome, to trouble the stomacli, and hurt their 
bodies that take it overmuch." 

Black hellebore, that most renowned plant, and famous purger of melancholy, 
which all antiquity so much used and admired, was first found out by Melanpodius 
a shepherd, as Pliny records, lib. 25. cap. 5. ^' who, seeing it to purge his goats when 
they raved, practised it upon Elige and Calene, King Pro3tus' daughters, that rulec 
in Arcadia, near the fountain Clitorius, and restored them to their former health. ]r 
Hippocrates's time it was in only request, insomuch that he writ a book of it, a 
fragment of which remains yet. Theophrastus, ^^ Galen, Pliny, Caglius Aurelianus 
as ancient as Galen, lib. I. cap. 6. Aretus lib. 1. cap. 5. Oribasius lib. 7. collect, a 
famous Greek, ^tius ser. 3. cap. 1 12 8t 113 p. TEgineta, Galen's Ape, lib. 7. cap. 4 
Actuarius, Trallianus lib. 5. cap. 1 5. Cornelius Celsus only remaining of the ok 
Latins, lib. 3. cap. 23, extol and admire this excellent plant ; and it was generally 
so much esteemed of the ancients for this disease amongst the rest, tiiat they seu' 
all such as were crazed, or that doted, to the Anticyrae, or to Phocis in Aciiaia, to 
be purged, where this plant was in abundance to be had. In Strabo's time it was ar 
ordinary voyage, JVaviget Anticyras ; a common proverb among the Greeks anc^' 
Latins, to bid a dizzard or a mad man go take hellebore ; as in Lucian, Menippus tc 



20 Sal nitriim, sal an)inoniacum, Dracontij radix, dc.c- 
tamnuin. 21 Calct ordine secundo, siccat prinio, 

adversus omnia vitia atrie hilis valet, sanguinem inun- 
dat, spiritiis illnstrat, in^rorcin discutit lierba inirifica. 
22 Cap. 4. lib. 2. 23 Jii-cemiores negaiit ora veiiarnrn 

resecare. -* An aloe aperial ora vinarnni. lil) !•. 

cont. .3. 2s Vapores abt^tergit a vilaiihiis parlibiis. 

'•'* Tract. 15. c. 0. Bonus Alexander, tantani lapide .'\r- 
nieno confidentiatn hahuit. nt otnnes melancliolicas pas- 
<ion«-s ab eo curari posse crederet, et ego inde sxpia 



sinie usus sum. et in ejus exiiibitione niiuquani fraiida 
tusfiii. 27 ]v[aiirorum medici hoc lapide plferumqu< 

[)urgant melancholiam, &c. 25Qyo egosiepc; felicite* 
usus sum, et magiio cum auxilio. 29 g; ,,oti hoc 

nihil restat nisi Helleborus, et lapis Armenus. Consil 
184. Siiollzii. 30 Muita corpora vidi gravissime him 

agitata, et stomacho muitum ohfuisse. ^i Cuiu vidi» 
sit ab eo curari capras furentes, &c. ^2 Lib. 6. siinpi 
med. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Purging S'uujjIcs. 401 

Tantalus, Taniale desipis^ hclkhoro epotn tihi opus esf, coqjie sane meraco^ thou arl 
out of thy little wit, O Tantalus, and must needs drink hellebore, and that without 
mixture. Aristophanes in Vespis^ drink hellebore, &c. and Harpax in the ^^ Comoe- 
dian, told Simo and Ballio, two doting fellows, that they had need to be purged with 
this plant. When that proud Menacrates 6 ^iv^, had writ an arrogant letter to Philip 
of Macedon, he sent back no other answer but this, Consulo tihi ut ad Antiajram 
te confrras^ noting thereby that he was crazed, afque ellebore indigere^ had much 
need of a good purge. Lilius Gerald us saith, that Hercules, after all his mad 
pranks upon his wife and children, was perfectly cured by a purge of helle- 
bore, which an Anticyrian administered unto him. They that were sound com- 
monly took it to quicken their wits, (as Ennis of old, ^Qui non nisi polns ad 
arma — prosiluit. diccnda^ and as our poets drink sack to improve their inven- 
tions (1 find it so registered by Agellius lib. 17. cap. 15.) Carneades the academic, 
when he was to write against Zeno the stoic, purged himself with hellebore first, 
which ^' Petronius puts upon Chrysippus. In such esteem it continued for many ages, 
till at length Mesne and some other Arabians began to reject and reprehend it, upon 
whose authority for many following lustres, it was much debased and quite out of 
request, held to be poison and no medicine; and is still oppugned to this day by 
^Crato and some junior physicians. Their reasons are, because Aristotle I. 1. de 
plant, c. 3. said, henbane and hellebore were poison; and Alexander Aphrodiseus, in 
the preface of his problems, gave out, that (speaking of hellebore) ^"^ '•^ Quails fed on 
that which was poison to men." Galen. /. 6. Epid. com. 5. Text. 35, confirms as 
much : ^^ Constantine the emperor in his Geoponicks, attributes no otiier virtue to 
it, than to kill mice and rats, flies and mouldwarps, and so Mizaldus, Nicander of 
old, Gervinus, Sckenkius, and some other Neoterics that have written of poisons, 
speak of hellebore in a chief place. ^^ Nicholas Leonicus hath a story of Solon, 
that besieging, I know not what city, steeped hellebore in a spring of water, v/hich 
by pipes was conveyed into the middle of the town, and so either poisoned, or else 
made them so feeble and weak by purging, that they were not able to bear arms. 
Notwithstanding all these cavils and objections, most of our late writers do much 
approve of it. "^^ Gariopontus lib. 1. cap. 13. Codronchus com. dc hclleh. Fallopius 
lib. dc med. purg. simpl. cap. 69. et consil. 15. Trincavelii, Montanus 239. Friseme- 
lica consil. 14. Hercules de Saxonia, so that it be opportunely given. Jacobus de 
Dondis, Agg. Amatus, Lucet. cent. 66. Godef. Stegius cap. 13. HoUerius, and all our 
herbalists subscribe. Fernelius meth. med. lib. 5. cap. 16. " confesseth it to be a 
^' terrible purge and hard to take, yet well given to strong men, and such as have 
able bodies." P. Forestus and Capivaccius forbid it to be taken in substance, but 
allow it in decoction or infusion, both which ways P. Monavius approves above all 
others, Epist. 231. Scoltzii, Jacchinus in 9. Rhasis, commends a receipt of his own 
preparing; Penottus another of his chemically prepared, Evonimus another. Hilde- 
she'm spicel. 2. de mel. hath many examples how it should be used, with diversity 
of receipts. Heurnius lib. 7. prax. med. cap. 14. "calls it an ''^innocent medicine 
howsoever, if it be well prepared." The root of it is only in use, which may be 
kept many years, and by some given in substance, as by Fallopius and Brassivola 
amongst the rest, who ^'^ brags that he was the first that restored it again to its use. 
and tells a story how lie cured one Melatasta, a madman, that was thought to be 
possessed, in the Duke of Ferrara's court, with one purge of black hellebore in sub- 
stance : the receipt is there to be seen ; his excrements were like ink, " he perfectly 
healed at once ; Vidus Vidius, a Dutch physician, will not admit of it in substance, 
to whom most subscribe, but as before, in the decoction, infusion, or which is all in 
all, in the extract, which he prefers before the rest, and calls suave medi camentmn., a 
sweet medicine, an easy, that may be securely given to women, children, and weak- 
lings. Baracellus, horto geniali, terms it maximce prcRsfantia medicamentum^ a medi- 



3» Pseuilolo act. 4. seen. ult. hellehoro hisce hoininibiis 
opU5 est. ^4 Hor. 35 In Salyr. 3«Crato 

consil. 16. 1.2. Etsi inulti majini viri probent, in hnnain 
j)ciiiem accipiatil niedici, tioii probeiii. 3' Vescuu- 

Uir veratro cotiiriiices quod hoininibiis loxicmii est. 
> r.ih. 23. c. 7. 11. ]4. 3^ De var. Iiist. 40 Corpus 

incolunie redijit, et juvenile efficit. 4i Veteres non 

fine CciuFa usi sunt : Diliicilis ex Helleboro purgatio, et 

51 2i2 



terroris plena, sed robustis dattir tam^n, &c. •''■' In- 

nocens niedicamentum, modo rite paretur. •'* Absit 

jactantia, ei,'o primus |»r;Ebere c;epi, <fec. 44 [„ jj^. 

tart. Ex una sola evacuatione furor cessavit et (luieius 
inde vixit. 'I'ale exempkun apud Sckenkiurn ot aoud 
Scollziuni, ep. 21)1. P. Monavius se stnlidum cuia&ti* 
jaclat hoc epolo tribus aut quatuor vicibus. 



102 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. 

cine of ^reat worth and note. Qiiercetan in his Spaglr Phar. and many others, tel' 
wonders of the extract. Paracelsus, above all the rest, is the greatest admirer of this 
plant ; and especially the extract, he calls it Theriacum^ terrestre Balsamum^ another 
treacle, a terrestrial balm, instar omnium^ " all in all, the ''^ sole and last refuge to cure 
this malady, the gout, epilepsy, leprosy, &c." If this will not help, no physic in 
the world can but mineral, it is the upshot of all. Matthiolus laughs at those that 
except against it, and though some abhor it out of the authority of Mesne, and dare 
not adventure to prescribe it, ^^'^yet J (saith he) have happily used it six hundred 
limes without otfence, and communicated it to divers worthy physicians, who have 
given me great thanks for it." Look for receipts, dose, preparation, and other 
cautions concerning this simple, in him, Brassivola, Baracelsus, Codronchus, and 
die rest. 

SuBSECT. III. — Compound Purgers. 

Compound medicines which purge melancholy, are either taken in the superior oi 
inferior parts : superior at mouth or nostrils. At the mouth swallowed or not swal- 
lowed : If swallowed liquid or solid : liquid, as compound wine of hellebore, scilla 
or sea-onion, senna, Vinum ScillUlcum^ HclUhoratum^ which "''^ Quercetan so much 
applauds "for melancholy and madness, either inwardly taken, or outwardly applied 
to the head, with little pieces of linen dipped warm in it." Oxymel. Scilliticum^ 
S,yrupus Hellehoratus major and minor in Quercetan, and Syrupus GenistcE for hypo- 
chondriacal melancholy in the same author, compound syrup of succory, of fumitory, 
polipody, &c. Heurnius his purging cock-broth. Some except against these syrups, 
as appears by ''^ Udalrinus Leonorus his epistle to Matthiolus, as most pernicious, and 
that out of Hippocrates, cocfa movere^ et medicare non cruda^ no raw things to be 
used in physic ; but this in the following epistle is exploded and soundly confuted 
by Matthiolus : many juleps, potions, receipts, are composed of these, as you shall 
find in Hildesheim spicel. 2. Heurnius lib. 2. cap. 14. George Sckenkius Ital. med. 
prax. SfX. 

Solid purges are confections, electuaries, pills by themselves, or compound with 
others, as de lapide lazulo.^ armeno^ pil. indcE., of fumitory .^ Sfc. Confection of Ha- 
mech, which' though most approve, Solenander sec. 5. consil. 22. bitterly inveighs 
against, so doth Rondoletius Pharmacop. officina, Fernelius and others ; diasena, 
diapolypodium, diacassia, diacatholicon, Wecker's electuarie de Epithymo, Ptolemy's 
hierologadium, of which divers receipts are daily made. 

iEtius 22. 23. connnends Hieram Rujfi. Trincavelius consil. 12. lib. 4. approves 
of Hiera; non^ inquit., invenio melius medicamcnfum., I find no better medicine, he 
saith. Heurnius adds pil. aggregat. pills de Epiihymo. pil. Ind. Mesue describes 
in the Florentine Ardidotary^ PilulcB sine quibus esse nolo^ Pilulcje CochicB cum Hcl- 
leboro., Pil. Jlrabicce, FcpJida., de quinque generibus mirabolanorwn.^ 4'^- More proper 
to melancholy, not excluding in the meantime, turbith, manna, rhubarb, agaric, 
elescophe, &c. which are not so proper to this humour. For, as Montaltus holds 
cap. 30. and Montanus cholera etiam purganda., quod atrce sit pabulu?/!., choler is to 
be purged because it feeds the other : and some are of an opinion, as Erasistratus 
and Asclepiades maintained of old, against whom Galen disputes, '*^" that no physic 
doth purge one humour alone, but all alike or what is next." Most therefore in 
their receipts and magistrals which are coined here, make a mixture of several sim- 
ples and compounds to purge all humours in general as well as this. Some rather 
use potions than pills to purge this humour, because that as Heurnius and Crate 
observe, hie succus a sicca remedio agre trahitur., this juice is not so easily drawn 
by dry remedies, and as Montanus ad viselh 25 cow.s. '•'•All ^° drying medicines are 
to be repelled, as aloe, hiera," and all pills whatsoever, because the disease is dry of 
itself 

I might here insert many receipts of prescribed potions, boles, &c. The doses of 



45 Ultuniim refugium, exlremum meditamentum. quod 
tsetera t-ninia clamlit, quEecunque caeteris laxativis pelli 
non possunt ad hunc perlinent ; si non huic, nulli ce- 
U'U'it. ^fi'i'estari possum me sexcentis homiiiibus 

Hfl.'cborum nigrum exhibuisse, nullo prorsus incomtno- 
do, &r. 4; Pharmacop. Opliniuni est ad maniam et 

imncs molancholir.os alfecfis. turn intz-a assumptum, 



turn extra, SGCus capiti cum linteolis in eo ina'lefactis 
lepide admotum. ■»» Epist. Math. Iil). :<. Tales 

Syrupi nocentissimi et omnibus modis extirpandi. 
^yPurgantia censobant medicamenta, non unum huujo- 
rem aitrahere, sed quemcunque attigerint in suain na- 
turam convertero. so Relig^ntiir omnes exsiccante* 

medicinie, ut Aloe, Hiera piluliB quxcunque. 



'\Teni. 3.] Chirurgical Remedies. 403 

these, but that they are common in every good physician, and that I am loth to incur 
the censure of Forestus, lib. 3. cap. 6. de urinis^ ^' " against those that divulge cw^il pub- 
lish medicines in their mother-tongue," and lest I should give occasion thereby to tstniie 
ignorant reader to practise on himself, without the consent of a good physician. 

Such as are not swallowed, but only kept in the mouth, are gargarisms used com 
monly after a purge, when the body is soluble and loose. Or apophlegmatisms, ma? 
ticatories, to be held and chewed in the mouth, which are gentle, as hyssop, origan, 
pennyroyal, thyme, mustard ; strong, as pellitory, pepper, ginger, &c. 

Such as are taken into the nostrils, errhina are liquid or dry, juice of pimpernel, 
onions, &c., castor, pepper, white hellebore, &c. To these you may add odora- 
ments, perfumes, and suffumigations, &c. 

Taken into the inferior parts are clysters strong or weak, suppositories of Castilian 
soap, honey boiled to a consistence; or stronger of scammony, hellebore, &c. 

These are all used, and prescribed to this malady upon several occasions, as shall 
be shown in its place. 

MEMB. III. 

Chirurgical Remedies. 

In letting of blood three main circumstances are to be considered, ^^"Who, how 
much, when." That is, that it be done to such a one as may endure it, or to whom 
it may belong, that he be of a competent age, not too young, nor too old, ovcrweak, 
fat, or lean, sore laboured, but to such as have need, are full of bad blood, noxious 
humours, and may be eased by it. 

The quantity depends upon the party's habit of body, as he is strong or weak, 
full or empty, may spare more or less. 

In the morning is the fittest time : some doubt whether it be best fasting, or full, 
whether the moon's motion or aspect of planets be to be observed ; some afhrm, 
some deny, some grant in acute, but not in chronic diseases, whether before or after 
physic. ""Tis Heurnius' aphorism a phkbofomia auspicandum esse ciiriati(me?n, Jiori 
a pharmacia., you must begin with blood-letting and not physic ; some except this 
peculiar malady. But what do I } Horatius Augenius, a physician of Padua, hath 
lately writ 17 books of this subject, Jobertus, &c. 

Particular kinds of blood-letting in use ^^are three, first is that opening a vein in 
the arm with a sharp knife, or in the head, knees, or any other parts, as shall be 
thought fit. 

Cupping-glasses with or without scarification, ocyssime corapescunt., saith Ferne- 
lius, they work presently, and are applied to several parts, to divert humours, aches, 
winds, &c. 

Horse-leeches are much used in melancholy, applied especially to the haemorrhoids. 
Horatius Augenius., lib. 10. cap. 10. Platerus de mentis alienat. cap. 3. Altomarus, 
Piso, and many others, prefer them before any evacuations in this kind. 

^* Cauteries., or searing with hot irons, combustions, borings, lancings, which, 
because they are terrible, Dropax and Sinapismus are invented by plasters to raise 
blisters, and eating medicines of pitch, mustard-seed, and the like. 

Issues still to be kept open, made as the former, and applied in and to several 
parts, have their use here on divers occasions, as shall be shown. 



SECT. V. MEMB. I. 

SuBSECT. I. — Particular Cure of the three several Kinds; of Head Melancholy. 

The general cures thus briefly examined and discussed, it remains now to apply 
these medicines to the three particular species or kinds, that, according to the several 
parts affected, each man may tell in some sort how to help or ease himself. I will 



"Contra eos qui lingua vulgari er vernacula remedia 
et medicamc^iita prrescribunt, et quihusvi'^ coininunia 
faciuiit. ^-Q.uis, quautuu), quando. "Foruelius, 



lib. 2. cap. 19. 6<Renndeus, lib. 5. cap. 21. do his 

Mfrcurialis lib. 3. de coniposit. med. cap. 24. Hclirnius. 
lib. 1. prax. med. Wecker, <fcc. 



404 Cure of Melancholy. [Pait. 2. Sec. 5 

treat of head melancholy first, in which, as in all other ^ood cures, we must beg^in 
with diet, as a matter of most moment, able oftentimes of itself to work this efiect 
1 have read, saith Laurentius, cap. 8. de Melanch. that in old diseases which have 
gotten the upper hand or a habit, the manner of living is to more purpose, than 
M'hatsoever can be drawn out of the most precious boxes of the apothecaries. This 
diet, as I have said, is not only in choice of meat and drink, but of all those other 
non-natural things. Let air be clear and moist most part : diet moistening, of good 
juice, easy of digestion, and not windy: drink clear, and well brewed, not too 
strong, nor too small. " Make a melancholy man fat," as " Rhasis saith, '' and thou 
hast finished the cure." Exercise not too remiss, nor too violent. Sleep a little more 
than ordinary. ^^ Excrements daily to be voided by art or nature; and which Fer- 
nelius enjoins his patient, consil. 44, above the rest, to avoid all passions and pertur- 
bations of the mind. Let him not be alone or idle (in any kind of melancholy), but 
still accompanied with such friends and familiars he most affects, neatly dressed, 
washed, and combed, according to his ability at least, in clean sweet linen, spruce, 
handsome, decent, and good apparel ; for nothing sooner dejects a man than want, 
squalor, and nasiiness, foul, o^^old clothes out of fashion. Concerning the medicinal 
part, he that will satisfy himself at large (in this precedent of diet) and see all at 
once the whole cure and manner of it in every distinct species, let him consult witii 
Gordonius, Valescus, with Prosper Calenius, lih. de atra bile ad Card. Caesium, Lau- 
rentius, cap. 8. et 9. de Diela. ^lian Montaltus, de mcl. cap. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Donat. 
ah. Altomari^ cap. 7. artis med. Hercules de Saxonia, in Panth. cap. 7. et Tract, ejus 
peculiar, de melan. per Bolzetam., edit. Vcnetiis 1620. cap. 17. 18. 19. Savanarola, 
Ruh. 82. Tract. 8. cap. 1. Sckenkius, in prax. curat. Ital. med. Heurnius, cap. 12. 
de morh. Victorius Faventius, pract. Magn. et Empir. Hildesheim, Spicel. 2. de man. 
et mel. Feb Platter, Stokerus, Bruel. P. Baverus, Forestus, Fuchsius, Cappivaccius, 
Rondoletius, Jason Pratensis. Sullust. Salvian. de remed. lib. 2. cap. 1 . Jacchinus, in 9 
i2/<fl5/s, Lod.Mercatus, de Inter, morb. cur. lih. Leap. 17. Alexan. Mess-aria., pr act. med. 
lib. 1. cap. 21. de mel. Piso. HoUerius, &c. that have culled out of those old Greeks, 
Arabians, and Latins, whatsoever is observable or fit to be used. Or let him read 
those counsels and consultations of Hugo Senensis, consil. 13. et 14. Renerus Soli- 
nander, consil. 6. sec. 1. et consil. 3. sec. 3. Crato, consil. 16. lib. 1. Montanus 20. 
22. and his following counsels, Lselius a Fonte. Egubinus, consult. 44. 09. 77. 125. 
129. 142. Fernelius, consil. 44. 45, 46. Jul. Caesar Claudinus, Mercurialis, Frambe- 
sarius, Sennertus, &c. Wherein he shall find particular receipts, the whole method, 
preparatives, purgers, correcters, averters, cordials in great variety and abundance : 
out of which, because every man cannot attend to read or peruse them, I will collect 
for the benefit of the reader, some few more notable medicines. 

Sue SECT. H. — Blood-letting. 

Phlebotomy is promiscuously used before and after physic, commonly before, 
and upon occasion is often reiterated, if there be any need at least of it. For Galen, 
and many others, make a doubt of bleeding at all in this kind of head-melancholy. 
If the malady, saith Piso, cap. 23. and Altomarus, cap. 7. Fuchsius, cap. 33. ^^ " shall 
proceed primarily from the misaffected brain, the patient in such case shall not need 
at all to bleed, except the blood otherwise abound, the veins be full, inflamed blood, 
and the party ready to run mad." In immaterial melancholy, which especially comes 
from a cold distemperature of spirits, Hercules de Saxonia, cap. 17. will not admit 
of phlebotomy; Laurentius, cap. 9, approves it out of the authority of the Arabians; 
but as Mesne, Rhasis, Alexander appoint, ^^''' especially in the head," to open the 
veins of the forehead, nose and ears is good. They commonly set cupping-glasses 
on the party's shoulders, having first scarified the place, they apply horse-leeehes 
m the head, and in all melancholy diseases, whether essential or accidental, they 
tause the haemorrhoids to be opened, having the eleventh aphorism of tlie sixth 

sscont. lib. 1. c. 9. festines ad impinguationem, et | nisi ob alias causas sanguis mittatiir, si miiltiis in 
cucn iinpinguantur, removetur nialiiin. ^6 Beneficiiim i vasis, &c. fnistra eiiim fatigatur corpus, &c. /' ' om 
ViMitris. &'Si ex priinario cerebri affectu melan- I petit iis pnlebotumia frontis. 

rfholiri evaserint, sanguinis detractione aon ludigent. | 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Preparatives and Purgers. 405 

book of Hippocrates for their ground and warrant, which saith, " Thai in melan 
^holy and mad men, the varicose tumour or haemorroids appearing doth heal tho 
same." Valescus prescribes blood-letting in all three kinds, whom Sallust, Salvian 
follows. ^^ ^' If the blood abound, which is discerned by the fulness of the veins, 
his precedent diet, the party'^s laughter, age, &c. begin with the median or middle 
vein of ihe arm : if the blood be ruddy and clear, stop it, but if black in the spring time, 
or a good season, or thick, let it run, according to the party's strength : and some eight or 
twelve days after, open the head vein, and the veins in the forehead, or provoke it 
out of the nostrils, or cupping-glasses," &c. Trallianus a''iows of this, "'^'•'If there 
have been any suppression or stopping of blood at nose, or haemorrhoids, or women's 
months, then to open a vein in the head or about the ankles " Yet he doth hardly 
approve of this course, if melancholy be situated in the head alone, or in any other 
dotage, ^'"except it primarily proceed from blood, or that the malady be increased 
by it; for blood-letting refrigerates and dries up, except the body be very full of 
blood, and a kind of ruddiness in the face." Therefore I conchide with Areteus, 
''"^''before you let blood, deliberate of it," and well consider all circumstances be- 
longing to it. 

SuBSECT. IJI. — Preparatives and Purgers. 

After blood-letting we must proceed to other medicines; first prepare, and then 
purge, AugecE stahulam purgare., make the body clean before we hope to do any 
good. Walter Bruel would have a practitioner begin first with a clyster of his, 
which he prescribes before blood-letting: the common sort, as Mercurialis, Montal- 
tus CAip. 3U. Sfc. proceed from lenitives to preparatives, and so to purgers. Lenitives 
are well known, electuarium leniticurn^ diaphenicum diacathoUcon., ^c. Preparatives 
are usually syrups of borage, bugloss, apples, fumitory, thyme and epithyme, with 
double as much of the same decoction or distilled water, or of the waters of bu- 
gloss, balm, hops, endive, scolopendry, fumitory, 8lc. or these sodden in whey, which 
must be reiterated and used for many days together. Purges come last, ^' which 
must not be used at all, if the malady may be otherwise helped," because they 
weaken nature and dry so much ; and in giving of them, ^^^' we must begin with the 
gentlest first." Some forbid all hot medicines, as Alexander, and Salvianus, &c. 
JVe insaniores indejiant., hot medicines increase the disease ^^ "• by drying too much." 
Purge downward rather than upward, use potions rather than pills, and when you 
begin physic, persevere and continue in a course ; for as one observes, ^'^movere et 
non educere in omnibus malum est ; to stir up the humour (as one purge commonly 
\loth) and not to prosecute, doth more harm than good. They must continue in a 
course of physic, yet not so that they tire and oppress nature, danda quies nature?., 
they must now and then remit, and let nature have some rest. The most gentle 
purges to begin with, are ^^ senna, cassia, epithyme, myrabolanea, catholicon : if these 
prevail not, we may proceed to stronger, as the confection of hamech, pil. Indae, 
fumitoritfi, de assaieret, of lapis armenus and lazuli, diasena. Or if pills be too 
dry; ^^some prescribe both hellebores in the last place, amongst the rest Aretus, 
^'''' because this disease will resist a gentle medicine." Laurentius and Hercules de 
Saxonia would have antimony tried last, ^' if the ^^ party be strong, and it warily 
given." ™Trincavelius prefers hierologodium, to whom Francis Alexander in his 
Apol. rad. 5. subscribes, a very good medicine they account it. But Crato in a 
counsel of his, for the duke of Bavaria's chancellor, wiiolly rejects it. 

I find a vast chaos of medicines, a confusion of receipts and magistrals, amongst 
writers, appropriated to this disease ; some of the chiefest I will rehearse. '^' To be 

6MSi saii};uis uhundet, quod scitur ex venanitn rcple- sansuinein detraliere oporlet, deliberatioiie indigct 
tioiie, victus r.itiuiie pra'cedeiiie, iisu a;gri, ;etat(i <^t , Areteus, ljl» 7. «;. .I. «3 A lenioritius aiispicatidnm. 

aliis. Ttuidatiir meiliaiia ; el si sanjruis apparel clams i (Valescus, Piso, Bruel) rariusijue inedicaiiieiitis (Hiruau- 
et nilier, suppnirialur; aut si vere, si iiiger aut crassus ! tibus titetiduiii, iii sit opus. eiUuia corpus exiccanf. 
penniilatur iiuere pro viribus aegri, (\(>:<n post 8. vel. Vl. morbum au<r<'tit. e&Guiatieriu^ 'I'ract. l'>. o. <j. 

diein aperiatur ceplialiea partis niaaih atfectCG, el vena ^ Piso. a- Rhasis, s;ipe valeiit ex [Jellehoro. <» I.ilv 
Iroiilis, aut saiisjuis provocetur s^etis per nares, &c. 7. Exis;ius medicameutis morbus non obsequitur. 
» Si quilius consuetse suaj supi)ress(e sunt menses, &c. 69 ivfodo cante detur et robust is. 'oConsil. 10. 1. I, 

talo secare oporlet, aut vena frontis si sanguis peccet '' Plin. I. 31. c. G. Navii;ationes ob vomitionem prosuni 
reiebro. «> Nisi orlum ducat a sanguine, ne morbus plurimis morbis capitis. et omnibus ob qme Hellebornr'i 

Hide au2f.= tur- ohlebutomia refrigerat et exsiccal, nisi bibitiir. Idem Dioscorides. lib. 5. cap. J3. Avicenria 
iurpus su valdc frang'jiueum, rubicuiidum. e^Cum tenia imprimis. 



406 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. :>. 



soa-sick first is very good at seasonable times. Helleborismus Matthioli, with wliit 1j 
ne vaunts and boasts he did so many several cures, '^" J never gave it (saith he), but 
after once or twice, by the help of God, they were happily cured." Tlie manner 
of making it he sets down at large in his third book of Epist. to George llankshius 
a physician Walter Bruel, and Heurnius, make mention of it with great approba- 
tion • so doth Sckenkius in liis memorable cures, and experimental medicines, cerj 0. 
ohscr. 37. That famous Helleborisme of Montanus, which he so often repeats in 
his consultations and counsels, as 28. pro. melan. sacerdote, et consil. 148 pro hypo- 
chojidriaco^ and cracks, "^"to be a most sovereign remedy for all melancholy per- 
6ons, which he hath often given without otfence, and found by long experience and 
observations to be such." 

Quercetan prefers a syrup of hellebore in his Spagirica Pharmac. and Hellebore's 
extract cap. 5. of his invention likewise (^^a most safe medicine ''^and not unfit to 
be given children") before all remedies whatsoever. 

Paracelsus, in his book of black hellebore, admits this medicine, but as it is pre- 
pared by him. '''"•'' It is most certain (saith he) that the virtue of this herb is great 
and admirable in effect, and little differing from balm itself; and he that knows well 
how to make use of it, hath more art than ^11 their books contain, or all the doctors 
in Germany can show." 

jElianus Montaltus in his exquisite work de morh. capitis^ cap. SI. de mel. sets a 
special receipt of his own, which in his practice '^ "'• he fortunately used ; because it 
is but short I will set it dov/n." 

"R Syriipe de pomis 3'j. aquje borag. 3'''J' 
Ellehori iijiiri per noctem infusi in li^atura 
6 vcl 8 gr. inane facta collatura e.xhibe." 

Other receipts of the same to this purpose you shall find in him. Valesciis admires 
pulvis Hah., and Jason Pratensis after him : the confection of which our new Lon- 
don Phannacopoeia hath lately revived. "'""Put case (saith he) all other medicines 
fail, by the help of God this alone shall do it, and 'tis a crowned medicine which 
must be kept in secret." 

"R. Epitliymi semunc. lapidis lazuli, agarici ana 3ij' 
Scaminoiiii. 3.1. Chariophilioruni numero, 20 piilverisentur 
Omnia, et ipsius pulveris scrup. 4. singulis sepiimanis assumal." ( 

To these I may adil ^riioJdi vinum Bug lossalum^ or borage wine before mentioned, 
which '^Mizaldus calls vinuni mirabile^ a wonderful wine, and Stockerus vouchsafe;! 
to repeat verbathn amongst other receipts. Rubeus his '^ compound w^ater out ol 
Savonarola: Pinetus his balm; Cardan's Pulvis Hyacinth^ with which, in his booli 
de curis admirandis., he boasts that he had cured many melancholy persons in eight 
days, which **° Sckenkius puts amongst his observable medicines ; Altomarus his 
syrup, with which ^' lie calls God so solemnly to witness, he hath in his kind done 
many excellent cures, and which Sckenkius cent. 7. ohserv. 80. mentioneth, Daniel 
Sennertus lib. l.part. 2. cap. 12. so much commends; Rulandus' admirable water 
for melancholy, which cent. 2. cap. 96. he names Spirifum vittE aureum, Panaceanu 
what not, and his absolute medicine of 50 eggs, curat. Empir. cent. 1. cur. 5. to be 
taken three in a morning, with a powder of his. ^^ Faventinus prac. Emper. dou- 
bles this number of eggs, and will have 101 to be taken by three and three in like 
sort, which Sallust Salvian approves de red. med. lib. 2. c. I. with some of the same 
powder, till all be spent, a most excellent remedy for all melancholy and mad men. 

"R. Epithyini, thymi, ana drachmas duas, sacchari albi unciam unam, croci grana tria. 
Cinamomi dracbmam unam; misce, fiat pulvis." 



''2 Nnnquam dedimus, quin ex una aut altera asssump- 
tionc. !)('<) juvante, f'uerint ad salutem restituti. '3 Lib. 
2 liift r compnsila piirgantia melancholiam. '< Longo 
cxjseriniiMito a se observalum esse, nielancholicos sine 
otltMi.-a eLM'egie cnrandos valere. litem respoiisione ad 
Aubcrliim, vcratrum niL'rnm, alias timidum et pericu- 
losiim villi spiritu itiiim et olco commodum sic usui 
reddilur ul etiiim piieris tuto administrari [)Ossit. 
"'■Ccrtiim est hujus herbje virtntem maximam et niira- 
b;li'ni esse, parumque distare a balsamo. Kt qui nont 
*-'> ri cie uti. plus liabet artis quam tola scribentium r,<i- 
bjrs aut oinues doclores iu Germania. '"'Quo fcli- 



citer usus sum. '7 Hoc posito quod alife medicina 

non valeant, ista tunc Dei misericordia valebit, et est 
medicina coronata, qute secretissime teneatur. '« lj 
de artif. med. ^^Sect. 3. Optimum remediuuj 

aqua comi)osita Savanarolffi. f<T Sckenkius, ohserv. 

31. 81 Donatus ah Altomari, cap. 7. Testor Deuni, 

mo multos melancliolicos hujus solius syrupi usu cu- 
rasse, facta prius purgatione. s^CIentum ova et 

unum, quolibet mane sumant ova sorl)ilia,cum seque Hi 
pulvere supra ovum aspersa, et c(uitiiieanl (piou.««<'i* 
assum|)serint centum et unum, man.iacis et uielanc.v? 
Iicis utilissimum remedium. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] jiverters. 407 

All these vet are nothing to those ^^ chemical preparatives of ^gua Chalidon «, quint- 
essence of hellebore, salts, extracts, distillations, oils, Aiirum potahile, <^r. Dr. 
Anthony in his book de euro pofab. edit. 1600. is all in all for it. ^'*"Ancl though 
all the schools of Galenists, with a wicked and unthankful pride and scorn, detest it 
in their practice, yet in more grievous diseases, when their vegetals will do no good," 
they are compelled to seek the help of minerals, thouo^h they " use them rashly, 
unprofitably, slackly, and to no purpose." Rhenanus, a Dutch chemist, in his book 
de Sale e piUco emergenle^ takes upon him to apologise for Anthony, and sets light 
by 3l11 that speak against him. But what do J meddle with this great controversy, 
which is the subject of many volumes .? Let Paracelsus, Q,uercetan, Crollius, and 
tne brethren of the rosy cross, defend themselves as they may. Crato, Erastus, and 
the Galenists oppugn. Paracelsus, he brags on the other side, he did more famous 
cures by this means, than all the Galenists in Europe, and calls himself a monarch ; 
Galen, Hippocrates, infants, illiterate, 8tc. As Thessalus of old railed against those 
ancient Asclepiadean writers, ^'•Mie condemns others, insults, triumphs, overcomes 
all antiquity (saith Galen as if he spake to him), declares himself a conqueror, and 
crowns his own doing's. ^^One drop of their chemical preparatives shall do more 
good than all their fulsome potions." Erastus, and the rest of the Galenists vilify 
them on the other side, as heretics in physic; ^'''•Paracelsus did that in physic, 
which Luther in Divinity. ^^ A drunken rogue he was, a base fellow, a magician, he 
had the devil for his master, devils his familiar companions, and what he did, was 
done by the help of the devil." Thus they contend and rail, and every marl write 
books pro and con^ et adhuc sub judice Us est: let them agree as they will, I proceed. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Jlverfers. 

AvERTERS and purgers must go together, as tending all to the same purpose, to 
divert tliis rebellious humour, and turn it another way. In this range, clysters and 
suppositories challenge a chief place, to draw this humour from the brain and heart, 
to the more ignoble parts. Some would have them still used a few days between, 
and those to be made with the ' boiled seeds of anise, fennel, and bastard saffron, 
hops, thyme, epithyme, mallows, fumitory, bugloss, polypody, senna, diasene, 
hamech, cassia, diacatholicon, hierologodium, oil of violets, sweet almonds, &c. 
For without question, a clyster opportunely used, cannot choose in this, as most 
other maladies, but to do vtry much good; Clysteres nutriunt., sometimes clysters nou- 
rish, as they may be prepared, as J was informed not long since by a learned lecture 
of our natural philosophy *^ reader, which he handled by way of discourse, out ot 
some other noted physicians. Such things as provoke urine most commend, but not 
sweat. Trincavelius consil. 10. cap. 1. in head-melanclioly forbids it. P. Byarus 
and others approve frictions of the outward parts, and to badie them with warm 
water. Instead of ordinary frictions. Cardan prescribes rubbing with nettles till they 
blister the skin, which likewise ^"Basardus Visontinus so much magnifies. 

Sneezing, masiicatories, and nasals are generally received. Montaltus c. 34. Hil- 
desheim spicel. S.foL 136 and 238. give several receipts of all three. Hercules de 
Saxonia relates of an empiric in Venice ^' "• that had a strong water to purge by the 
mouth and nostrils, which he still used in head-melancholy, and would sell for uo 
gold." 

To open months and haemorrhoids is very good physic, ^^ " If they have been 
formerly stopped." Faventinus would have them opened with horse-leeches, so 
would Hercul. de Sax. Julius Alexandrinus consil. 185. Scoltzii thinks aloes fitter: 
^laost approve horse-leeches in this case, to be applied to the forehead, ^''nostrils, 
and other places. 

Montaltus cap. 29. out of Alexander and others, prescribes ^^ " cupping-glasses, and 



*'Uuercetan,cap. 4. Phar. Oswaldus Crolljiis. WCap. 
1. Licet tola G;ilenistarum scliola, mineralia noii sine 
iinpio et ingrato fastu a sua practica detestentur ; tamen 
in gravioiihus niorbis omiii vegetabiliuni derelicto sub- 
B»(iif< ad mineralia confiigiunt, licet ea teinere, igiiavi 



logia. ^8 Dispiit. in eiindern, parte 1. Ma>;iis ehrin?, 
illiteratus, d;eiuoneni prieceptorein Iiahiiit, difniones fa- 
iniliares, &c. *''* Master D. Lapworth. 9" y\nt. 

riiilos. cap. de melan. friclio veriice, &c. ^i Aqua 

fortissinia purfrans os, nares, quani non vult airo v»u- 



ter, et inulilitiT nsnr()eut. Ad fineni libri. ^'' Vtteres i dero. 'J'^ Mcri iirialis consil G. et :)0. luvmnrr )i(lnin et 



iTjale<tictis incessii, vincit, et contra oinnem antiquita- 
teni coronatur, ipseque a se victor declaratur. Gal. lib. 
1 metli. c. ii. ssCodronchns de sale absyniliii. 

*• Idem Paracelsus in medicina,quod Lullierus in Theo- 



niensium provocatio juvat, niodo ex eornni suppn-ssione 
ortutn habueril. 93 l^aurentius, Bruel, &c ^^ P. 

Bayerus, 1. 2. cap. 13. naribus, &c. "s Cucuvbilul» 

sicca;, et fontanellK cruru sinislro. 



408 ^ure of MelanclioJy. [Part. 2. Sect, b 

issues in the left thigh." Aretus lib. 7. cap. 5. ^Pauliis Regolinus, Sylvius will 
have them without scarification, " applied to the shoulders and back, thighs and feet:'* 
"^ Montaltus cap. 34. "bids open an issue in the arm, or hinder part of the head." 
'*Piso enjoins ligatures, frictions, suppositories, and cupping-glasses, still without 
scarification, and the rest. 

Cauteries and hot irons are to be used ^^"in the suture of the crown, and the 
seared or ulcerated place suffered to run a good wliile. 'Tis not amiss to bore the 
skull with an instrument, to let out the fuliginous vapours." Sallus. Salvianus de re 
medic, lib. 2. cap. 1. '°°" because this humour hardly yields to other physic, would 
have the leg cauterised, or the left leg, below the knee, ' and the head bored in two 
or three places," for that it much avails to the exhalation of the vapours; ^"I saw 
(saith he) a melancholy man at Rome, that by no remedies could be healed, but 
when by chance he was wounded in the head, and the skull broken, he was excel- 
lently cured." Another, to the admiration of the beholders, ^" breaking his head 
with a fall from on high, was instantly recovered of his dotage." Gordonius cap. 
13. part. 2. would have these cauteries tried last, when no otlier physic will serve. 
*''The head to be shaved and bored to let out fumes, which without doubt will do 
much good I saw a melancholy man wounded in the head with a sword, his brain- 
pan broken ; so long as the wound was open he was well, but when his wound was 
healed, his dotage returned again." But Alexander Messaria a professor in Padua, 
lib. l.pract. med. cap. 21. de melancliol. will allow no cauteries at all, 'tis too stiff 
a humour and too thick as he holds, to be so evaporated. 

Guianerius c. 8. Tract. 15. cured a nobleman in Savoy, by boring alone, ^"leaving 
the hole open a month together," by means of which, after two years' melancholy 
and madness, he was delivered. All approve of this remedy in the suture of the 
crown ; but Arculanus would have the cautery to be made with gold. In many 
other parts, these cauteries are prescribed for melancholy men, as in the thighs, 
[Mercurialis consil. 86.) arms, legs. Idem consil. 6. and 19 and 25. Montanus 86. 
Rodericus a Fonseca torn. 2. consult. 84. pro hypochond. coxd dextrd^ 4'^., but most 
ill the head, " if other physic will do no good." 

SuBSECT. V. — Alteratives and Cordials^ corroborating., resolving the Reliques^ and 

mending the Temperament. 

Because this humour is so malign of itself, and so hard to be removed, the re- 
liques are to be cleansed, by alteratives, cordials, and such means: the temper is to 
be altered and amended, with such things as fortify and strengthen the heart and 
brain, ^ " which are commonly both affected in this malady, and do mutually mis- 
affect one another : which are still to be given every other day, or some few days 
inserted after a purge, or like physic, as occasion serves, and are of such force, thai 
many times they help alone, and as ' Arnoldus holds in his Aphorisms, are to be 
"preferred before all other medicines, in what kind soever." 

Amongst this number of cordials and alteratives, J do not find a more present 
remedy, than a cup of wine or strong drink, if it be soberly and opportunely used. 
It makes a man bold, hardy, courageous, ^" whetteth the wit," if moderately taken, 
(and as Plutarch ^ saith, Symp. 7. qucpst. 12.) "it makes those which are otherwise 
dull, to exhale and evaporate like frankincense, or quicken (Xenophon adds) '°as 
oil doth fire. "" A famous cordial" Matthiolus in Dioscoridum calls it, " an excel- 
so Hiidpsheim s|)icel. 2. Va|)orps a cerebro traheiidi i tioiiem ; vidi melanclioljcum a fnrtuiia jjladjo vuliiera- 
Biint frictiniiibus nuiversi, cuciirbilulis sicris, hunn^ris ! turn, et cranium fractiim, qiiatii diii viilnus apHrtiim, 



ac dorso alfixis;, circa pedes et crura. «''FontHiiellain 
aperi jii.xta occipitiiin, aut bracliiiiin. *^ Baleiii, lijja- 
turn;, ("nctioiies, &c. «9Cauterium fiat suliira corn- 

iiali, dill fl;iere penniltaiitur loca ulcerosa. Tropaiio 
ttiam cranii densitas inuninui poterit, ut vaporibus 
fuligiiK.sis exitus pateat. '""(iuoiiiaui difficulter 

cedit aliis medicaiiientis, ideo fiat in vertice cauterium, 
ant crure siiiistro infra genu. > Fiant (iuo aut tria 

cautcria, cnin ossis perforatione. ^ Vidi Roiiibb me- 

lancholicum qui adhibitis inultis remeriiis, sanari non 
poterat ; sed cum cranium gladio fractum esset, nptime 
sanatus est. » Et alterum vidi melancholicum, qui 

pxaltocadens non sine astaniium admiratione, libe- 
ralus t^st. « Kadatur caput et fiat cauterium in 

caiiite; procal dubio ista faciuut ad fumuruiii exhala- 



curatns optiine; at cum vulnus saiiatum, revtrsa est 
mania. £ Usque ad dnram matrem irepanari feci, 

et per mensam aperte stotit. s Cordis ratio semper 

habeuda quod cerebro compatitur, et sese invicem offi- 
ciunt. lAphor. 38. Medicina Theriacalis pra-cceteris 
eligenda. » Galen, de temp. lib. 3. c. 3. tnoderale 

viuum sumplum, acait in»enium. sTardos aliter et 
Iristes thuris in modum exhalare facit. 'OHilarita- 

tem ut oleum flammarn excitat. ii Viribus rftinendis 
cardiacum eximium, nntriendo corpori alimenlum ou 
timnm, a^tatem floridam facit, calorem innatum fovet, 
concoctionem juvat, stomachum roborat, excrementia 
viam parai, iirinam movet, somnum coiiciliat, veneria 
fri^idos flatus dissipat, crassos humores atteuuat, CO 
quit, discutit, &.c. 



Mem. 1 Subs. 5.1 



Alteratives. 



409 



lent nutriment to refresh the body, it malves a good colour, a flourishing age, holps' 
concoction, fortifies the stomach, takes away obstructions, provokes urine, drives out 
excrements, procures sleep, clears the blood, expels wind and cold poisons, attenu- 
ates, concocts, dissipates all thick vapours, and fuliginous humours." And thai 
which is all in all to my purpose, it takes away fear and sorrow. ^^Curas educes 
dissipat Eoius. "It glads the heart of man," Psal. civ. 15. hilaritatis dulce s^ml- 
narium. Helena's bowl, the sole nectar of the gods, or that true nepenthes in 
'^ Homer, which puts away care and grief, as Oribasius 5. Colled, cap. 7. and some 
others will, was nought else but a cup of good wine. " It makes the mind of llie 
king and of the fatherless both one, of the bond and freeman, poor and rich ; it 
turneth all his thoughts to joy and mirth, makes him remember no sorrow or debt, 
but enricheth his heart, and makes him speak by talents," Esdras iii. 19, 20, 21. It 
gives life itself, spirits, wit, &c. For which cause the ancients called Bacchus, 
Liher pater a liberando^ and '"^ sacrificed to Bacchus and Pallas still upon an altar. 
'5u Wine measurably drunk, and in time, brings gladness and cheerfulness of mind, 
it cheereth God and men," Judges ix. 13. IcetUlce Bacchus dator, it makes an old 
wife dance, and such as are in misery to forget evil, and be '® merry. 



Bacchus el atflictis requiem mortalibus affert, 
Crura licel duio couipede viticta fureiit." 



' Wine niaites a troubled soul to rest, 
Tliougli feet with fetters be opprest.' 



Demetrius in Plutarch, when he fell into Seleucus's hands, and was prisoner in Syria, 
''"spent his time with dice and drink that he might so ease his discontented mind, 
and avoid those continual cogitations of his present condition wherewith he was 
tormented." Therefore Solomon, Prov. xxxi. 6, bids " wine be given to liim that 
is ready to '^ perish, and to him that hath grief of heart, let him drink that he forget 
his poverty, and remember his misery no more." SolUcitis animis onus eximit., it 
easeth a burdened soul, nothing speedier, nothing better; which the propiiet Zacha- 
riah perceived, when he said, " that in the time of Messias, they of Ephraim should 
be glad, and their heart should rejoice as through wine." All which makes me very 
well approve of that pretty description of a feast in '^ Bartholomeus Anglicus, when 
grace was said, their hands washed, and the guests sufficiently exhilarated, with good 
discourse, sweet music, dainty fare, exhila.raiionis gratia., pocula Iterum alque Iteruni 
offeruntur., as a corollary to conclude the feast, and continue their mirth, a grace cup 
came in to cheer their hearts, and they drank healths to one another again and again. 
Which as 1. Fredericus Alatenesius, Cr'it. Christ, lib. 2. cap. 5, 0, & 7, was an old 
custom in all ages in every commonwealth, so as they be not enforced, bihere per 
vlolentiam., but as in that royal feast of ^"^ Ahasuerus, which lasted 180 days, ^^ with- 
out compulsion they drank by order in golden vessels," when and what they would 
themselves. This of drink is a most easy and parable remedy, a common, a cheap, 
still ready against fear, sorrow, and such troublesome thoughts, that molest the mind ; 
as brimstone with fire, the spirits on a sudden are enlightened by it. " No better 
physic" (saith ^' Rhasis) " for a melancholy man : and he that can keep company, 
and carouse, needs no other medicines," 'tis enough. His countryman Avicenna, 
,*U. doc. 2; cap. 8. proceeds farther yet, and will have him that is troubled in mind, 
or melancholy, not to drink only, but now and then to be drunk : excellent good 
physic it is for this and many other diseases. Magninus Reg. san. part. 3. c. 31. 
will have them to be so once a month at least, and gives his reasons for it, ""be- 
cause it scours the body by vomit, urine, sweat, of all manner of superfluities, and 
keeps it clean." Of the same mind is Seneca the philosopher, in his book de tran- 
quil, lib. I. c. lb . nonnunquani ut in aids jnorbis ad eb, ietatejn usque veniendum ; 
Cur as deprimit.) tristitice, m.edetur, it is good sometimes lo be drunk, ii helps sorrow, 
depresseth cares, and so concludes thi« tract with a cup of wine : Habes., Serene 
clbarissime, qucB ad tranquilUtatem animis pertinent. But these are epicureal tenets, 



=* Hoi lib. 2. od. II. "Bacchus dissipates corrodiri<( 
cares." '3 (Jdyss. A. " Pausanias. isgyrncides, 
31. 28. 1*5 Lei^itur et prisci Catonis. Sa*pe luero 

raluisse virtMS. '^ In pocula etaieamse prrecipitavit, 
et us fere teinpiis traduxit, ut JEgraui crapiila mentein 
levaret, et ctiiKlitioiiis prjeseiitis cofritationes qiiibus 
ajjitabatur sobrius vitaret. '* So did the Athenians 

)f o J, as Suidas relates, and so do tiie Germans at this 
day '9 Lib ii, cap. 23. et'24. de reruin proprielat. 

52 2 



20 Esther, i. 8. 21 Tract, l.cont. 1. 1. Non estres lauda- 
bilior eo, vel ciira melior; qui inelaiicholicus, ulalur 
societate hominum et biberia; et qui potest susti.iore, 
usum vini, iioii iiidiget alia mediciiia, quod eo s'»»v 
omnia ad usum necessaria hujus passionis. 
quod si^quatur iiide sudor, vomitio, urina. 
nuperfluitates a corpore removentur et remai 
mutidum. 



22 Turn 
a quibus 
let corpis 



K 



.^_jmj.^.va'j.v%s ^ .E..J .k^.t..^ . -,. 



410 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec 5. 



fendint; to looseness of life, luxury and atheism, maintained alone by some heath^iis, 
dissolute Arabians, profane Christians, and are exploded by Rabbi Mosos. !ract. 4. 
Guliel. Plaoentius, lib. 1. cap. 8. Valescus de Taranta, and most accurately venti- 
lated by Jo. Sylvaticus, a late writer and physician of Milan, med. cont. cap. 14, 
where you shall find this tenet copiously confuted. 

Howsoever you say, if this be true, that wine and strong drink have such virtue 
to expel fear and sorrow, and to exhilarate the mind, ever hereafter let's drink and 
be merry. 

23 '• Prome reconditum, Lyde sirenua, csecubum, I " Come, lusty [ jda, fills a cup of sack, 

Capaciores piier hue affer Scyphos, And, sirrali drawer, hi<j£;er pots we lack, 

El Cilia villa aut Lesbia." | And Scio wines that liave so good a smack." 

I say with him in ^^ A. Gellius, "let us maintain the vigour of our souls with a mo- 
derate cup of wine," ^^JVafis in usum Idtitice scyphis., " and drink to refresh our mind; 

if there be any cold sorrow in it. or torpid bash fulness, let's wash it all away." 

JVunc vino vcllite cur as' ; so saith ^^ Horace, so saith Anacreon, 

*' yitdvovra ya^ fi£ KdaOai 
HoXii KptKTCov ri davSvTa." 

Let's drive down care with a cup of wine : and so say I too, (tliough / drink none 
myself) for all this may be done, so that it be modestly, soberly, opportunely used: 
so that '' they be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess," which our ^'Apostle fore- 
warns ; for as Chrysostom well comments on that place, ad IcEtitiam datum est vinum 
nan ad ehrietateni^ his (or mirth wine, but not for madness: and will you know 
where, when, and how that is to be understood .'* Vis discere uhi bonum sit vinum ^ 
Audi quid dicat Scripiura., hear the Scriptures, "Give wine to them that are in soi 
row," or as Paul bid Timothy drink wine for his stomach's sake, for concoction, 
health, or some such honest occasion. Otherwise, as ^^ Pliny telleth us ; if singular 
moderation be not had, ^^ " nothing so pernicious, 'tis mere vinegar, blandus dccmoii^ 
poison itself." But hear a more fearful doom, Habac. ii. 15. and 16. " Woe be to 
him that makes his neighbour drunk, shameful spewing shall be upon his glory." 
Let not good fellows triumph therefore (saith Matthiolus) that I have so much com- 
mended wine; if it be immoderately taken, " instead of making glad, it confounds 
both body and soul, it makes a giddy head, a sorrowful heart." And 'twas well said 
of the poet of old, "Vine causeth mirth and grief, ^"nothing so good for some, so 
bad for others, especially as ^^ one observes, qui a causa calida male habent., that are 
hot or inflamed. And so of spices, they alone, as I have showed, cause head-me 
lancholy themselves, they must not use wine as an ^^ ordinary drink, or in their diet 
But to determine with Laurentius, c. 8. de melan. wine is bad for madmen, and such 
as are troubled with heat in their inner parts or brains ; but to melancholy, which 
IS cold (as most is), wine, sobeny used, may be very good. 

I may say the same of the decoction of China roots, sassafras, sarsaparilla, guaia- 
cum : China, saith Manardus, makes a good colour in the face, takes away melan- 
choly, and all infirmities proceeding from cold, even so sarsaparilla provokes sweat 
mightily, guaiacum dries, Claudinus, consult. 89. & 46. Montanus, Capivaccius, 
consult. 188. Scoltzii, make frequent and good use of guaiacum and China, '^^" so 
that the liver be not incensed," good for such as are cold, as most melancholy men 
r-ire. but by no means to be mentioned in hot. 

The Turks have a drink called coffee (for they use no wine), so named of a berry 
as black as soot, and as bitter, (like that black drink which was in use amongst the 
Lacedaemonians, and perhaps the same,) which they sip still of, and sup as warm as 
they can suffer ; they spend much time in those coffee-houses, which are somewhat 
like our alehouses or taverns, and there they sit chatting and drinking to drive away 
the time, and to be merry together, because they find by experience that kind of 
drink, so used, helpeth digestion, and procureth alacrity. Some of them take opium 
to this purpose. 



23 Hor. 24 Lii,. ]5. 2. noct. Att. Vigoretn nnimi 

moderato vini usu tueainur, et calefacio simul, refo- 
-Kjue aniirio si quid in eo vel frijijidaj trislitiae, vel tor- 
pentis verecundiffi fuerit, diliiamus. 25 n„r. ]_ |_ 

od. 27. 26 od. 7. lib. 1. 2(5. Nam pra^stat ebrium me 

qiiam mortuiim jacpre. 27 Ephe'S. v. 18. ser. !•). in 

tap. 5. 2e Lib. 14. 5. Nihil perniciosus viribus si 



modus absit, veneniim. 29 Theocritus idyl. 13. vin« 

dari IcEtitiam et dolorem. ^o Ri^tiodeus. ^i Merc-i- 
riaiis con.=!il. 25 Vinum frijridis optimum, et pessiii)U[% 
ferina melancholia. 3- Fernelius consil. 14 et 4j 

vinum prohibet assiduum, et aroniata. ^ Moiic .' ^t.-.j 
non incendatur. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 5.J Cure of Ih ad-Melancholy. 411 

Borage, balm, safTion, gold, I have spoken of; Montaltus, c. 23. commends scor- 
zonera roots condite. Garcius ab Horto, plant, hist. lib. 2. cap. 25. makes mtnlion 
of an herb called datura, ^^ ^' whirli, if it be eaten for twenty-four hours f(»llo\vin^-, 
takes away all sense of grief, makes them incline to laughter and mirth :" and an- 
other called bauge, like in effect to opium, " which puts them for a time into a kind 
of ecstacy," and makes them gently to laugh. One of the Roman emperors had a 
see<l, which he did ordinarily eat to exliilarate himself. ^^ Christophorus Ayrerus 
prefers bezoar stone, and the confection of alkermes, before other cordials, and amber 
in some cases. ^ ^' Alkermes comforts the inner parts;" and bezoar stone hath an 
especial virtue against all melancholy affections, ^"^ '■' it refresheth the heart, and cor- 
roborates the whole body." ^' Amber provokes urine, helps tlie body, breaks wind, 
Sec. After a purge, 3 or 4 grains of bezoar stcme, and 3 grains of ambergrease, 
drunk or taken in borage or bugloss water, in which gold hot hath been quenched, 
will do much good, and the purge shall diminish less (the heart so refreshed) of the 
strength and substance of the body. 

"R. confect. Alkermes 3fi lap. Bezor. 9j. 
Siiccini alhi siibtiliss. pulverisat. 9jj. cum 
Syrup, cle c.orl. citri ; fiat elecluariuiu." 

To bezoar stone most subscribe, Manardus, and ^^many others; " it takes away 
sadness, and makes him merry that useth it; I have seen some that have been much 
diseased with faintness, swooning, and melancholy, that taking the weight of three 
grains of this stone, in the water of oxtongue, have been cured." Garcias ab Horto 
brags how many desperate cures he hath done upon melancholy men by this alone, 
when all physicians had forsaken them. But alkermes many except against ; in some 
cases it may help, if it be good and of the best, such as that of Montpelier in France, 
whicii ^° lodocus Sincerus, Itinerario Gallice., so much magnifies, and would have no 
traveller omit to see it made. But it is not so general a medicine as tlie other. Fer- 
nelius, consil. 49., suspects alkermes, by reason of its heat, "*' '•^ jiothing (saith he) 
sooner exasperates this disease, than the use of hot working meats and medicines, 
and would have them for that cause warily taken." I conclude, therefore, of this 
and all other medicines, as Thucydides of the plague at Athens, no remedy could 
be prescribed for it, J\"am quod uni profuit., hoc aids erat exilio : there is no Catholic 
medicine to be had : that which helps one, is pernicious to another. 

Di amargaritum frlgidum., diambra^ diaboraginatum, electuarlum Icet'tficans Galeni 
etHhasis., de gemmls., dianihos., dla?noscum dulce el amarum., electuarlum concUiatoris^ 
syrup. Cidoniorum de poniis., conserves of roses, violets, fumitory, enula campana, 
satyrion, lemons, orange-pills, condite, Sec, have their good use. 

^^"R. Dianinsclii dulcis et amari ana 3JJ- 

Diabuglojsali, Diabora<;iiiau, sacchari violacei 
ana j. misce cum syrupo de pomis." 

Every physician is full of such receipts : one only I will add for tlie rareness of it, 
which 1 find recorded by many learned authors, as an approved medicine against 
dotage, head-melancholy, and such diseases of the brain. Take a ^^ ram's head that 
never meddled with an ewe, cut off at a blow, and the horns only take away, boil 
it well, skin and wool together; after it is well sod, take out the brains, and put 
these spices to it, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, mace, cloves, ana 3 fS, mingle the 
powder of these spices with it, and iieat them in a platter upon a chafing-dish of coals 
together, stirring them well, that they do not burn ; take heed it be not overmuch 
dried, or drier than a calf's bmins ready to be eaten. Keep it so jprepared, and for 
three days give it the patient fasting, so that he fast two hours after it. It may be 

3^ Per 24 horas sensum doloris omnem tollit, et ridere I electuarium fit preciocissiinuui Alcherm. &c. -"i jvihil 

facit 33 niidesheiin, spicel.'i. 36 Alkerines, omnia niorhum hunc reque exasperat, ac aliinentorum vel 

vitalifi viscera mire confortat. 3' Contra omnes calidiorutn iisus. Alchermcs ideo suspect us, et (jiod 

r.ielanclii)lic()S affectus confert, ac certum est ipsius usu semel moneam, caute adhibenda calida medicame«t«. 

'inme„ cordis et corporis vires mirum in modum refici. "gckcukius I. 1. Obscrvat. de Mania, ad mentis ahen<t- 

*Miciinum vero albissimum conl'ortat veniriculum, , tionem.et desipicntiam vitio cerebri obortam, in manu- 
disculil, urinam movet, &.C. s^G.Mtias ab j scripto codici' Germanico. tale medicamentiim reperi. 



rtatu 

Horto aromatuin lib. 1. rap. 15. adversus omnes morbos 
inelanclvilicos conducit, et venetium. Eso (inqiiit) utor 
in m<)rh,s melancholicis. &c. et depioratos hujus usu ad 
pristinam sanitatem restitui. See more in Bauhinns' 
»o«k dtt la;'. Bezoar c. 4i; *>Edit. 1G17. Monspelii 



Caput arietis nondiini e.Kperli venerein, uno irtu 
amputatiim, cornibus tantuin demotis, inteajrum cum 
lanaet pelle ix-ne clixabis, tum aperto cerebrum exiu»C3, 
et adilens aromata, &,c. 



412 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part, 2, Sec. 5. 



»-aten witii bread in an egg or broth, or any way, so it be taken. For fourteen days 
.ft him use this diet, drink no wine, See. Gesner, hist, animal, lib. l.pag. 917. 
Caricterius, prar^. 13. in JVich. de melri. pag. 129. lafro : Witenberg. edit. Tubing 
pag. 62, mention this medicine, thoug-h vvith some variation; he that list may try 
it, '*'*and many such. 

Odoraments to smell to, of rose-water, violet flowers, balm, rose-cakes, vinegar, &c., 
do mucii recreate the brains and spirits, according to Solomon. Prov. xxvii. 9. ^' They 
rejoice the heart," and as some say, nourish; 'tis a question commonly contro- 
verted in our schools, an odores nutriant ; let Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 18. decide it; 
*^ many arguments he brings to prove it ; as of Demo^ritus, that lived by the smell 
of bread alone, applied to his nostrils, for some few da\s, when for old age he could 
eat no meat. Ferrerius, lib. 2. meth. speaks of an excellent confection of his making, 
of wine, saffron, &c., which he prescribed to dull, weak, feeble, and dying men to 
smell to, and by it to have done very mucli good, ceque fere profuisse oifactu^ et 
polu., as if he had given them drink. Our noble and learned Lord "^^Verulam, in liis 
book dc vita et inorte., commends, therefore, all such cold smells as any way serve 
to refrigerate the spirits. JVIontanus, consil. 31, prescribes a form which he would 
have his melancholy patient never to have out of his hands. If you will have them 
spagirically prepared, look in Oswaldus CroUius, basil. Chymica. 

Irrigations of the head shaven, ''^"of the flowers of water lilies, lettuce, violets, 
camomile, wild mallows, wether's-head, &c.," must be used many mornings together. 
Montan. consil. 31, would have the head so washed once a week. La^lius a fonte 
Eugubinus consult. 44, for an Italian count, troubled with head-melancholy, repeats 
many medicines which he tried, "***" but two alone which did the cure; use of v/hey 
made of goat's milk, with the extract of hellebore, and irrigations of the head with 
water lilies, lettuce, violets, camomile, &.C., upon the suture of the crown." Piso 
cfAumends a ram's lungs applied hot to the fore part of the head, ''^or a young lamb 
divided in the back, exenterated, &c. ; all acknowledge the chief cure in moisten- 
ing throughout. Some, saith Laurentius, use powders and caps to the brain ; but 
forasmuch as such aromatical things are hot and dry, they must be sparingly ad- 
ministered. 

Unto the heart we may do well to apply bags, epithemes, ointments, of which 
Laurentius, c. 9. de melan. gives examples. Bruel prescribes an epitheme for the 
heart, of bugloss, borage, water-lily, violet waters, sweet-wine, balm leaves, nutmegs, 
cloves, &c. 

For the belly, make a fomentation of oil, °° in which the seeds of cummin, rue, 
carrots, dill, have been boiled. 

Baths are of wonderful great force in this malady, much admired by ^' Galen, 
^-jEtius, Rhasis, &c., of sweet water, in which is boiled the leaves of mallows, roses, 
violets, water-lilies, wether's-head, flowers of bugloss, camomile, melilot, &.c. Guianer, 
cap. 8. tract. 15, would have them used twice a day, and when they came forth of 
the baths, their back bones to be anointed with oil of almonds, violets, nymphea, 
fresh capon grease, &ic. 

Amulets and things to be borne about, I find prescribed, taxed by some, approved 
by Renodeus, Platerus, [a.muht.a inquit non negligenda) and others ; look for them 
in Mizaldus, Porta, Albertus, &c. Bassardus Viscontinus, ant. philos. commends 
hypericon, or St. John's wort gathered on a ^^ Friday in the hour of '^ Jupiter, when 
it comes to his effectual operation (that is about the full moon in July); so gathered 
and borne, or hung about the neck, it mightily helps this aflection, and drives away 
all fantastical spirits." ^^ Philes, a Greek author that flourished in the tinje of Michael 
Paleologus, writes that a sheep or kid's skin, whom a wolf worried, ^'"Hcedus inhu- 
mani raptus ab ore lupi, ought not at all to be worn about a man, " because it causeth 



^-iCiriis tnstiidinis ustus, et vino potus melaiicholiam 
curat, cl rasiira cornii Rhinocerotis, &c. Sckerikius. 
^i Instal ill matrice, quod sursiiru ct d«.'orsmii ad odoris 
Ferisuiii priBcipilalur. ^6 Viscount St. Alban's. *"> Ex 
decocio floruin nyinpheae, lactiiit, violaruin/rhainoriiila!, 
Hiihcse, capitis vcrvecum, &c. •»» Inter auxilia niulta 
ftdhihita, duo visa sunt reincdium adferre, usus seri 
raprini rum extracto Holl(?hori, et irri(,'alio ex lacte 
Nyniplii'T, viohiruni, &(•,. suturiE coronali adhihita; liis 
eiuediis oUMitate pristiuani adeptus est. *'■> Confert 



et pultno arietis, calidus agnus per dorsum divisus 
oxenteratus, aduiotus sincipili. ^^ Seuiina cuiiiini, 

ruta;, dauci anethi cocta. s' Lib. 3. de locis aft'eot 

62Tetrab. 2. ser. 1. cap. 10. ^^(jap. do nu'l. collectum 
die vener. hora Jovis cum ad Enerjriam venil c. J. ad 
plenilutiium Julii, inde gesta et collo appensa hunc 
atiectuiii ap|)riti;e juvat et fanaticos spintus expellil. 
'j^ L. de proprietat. auimal. ovis a lupo correptm peliem 
non esse pro indumento corporis usurpaudani. cordis 
euiui palpilationeiu excitat &c. "•' Marl. 



■^n 



Mem. 1. Subs 6.] Cure of Head-Melandioly. 413 

palpitation of the heart," not for any fear, but a secret virtue whicli amulrts have 
A ring made of the hoof of an ass's right fore foot carried about, &.c. J say will 
^^Renodeus, they are not altogether to be rejected. Pneony doth cure epilepsy 
precious stones most diseases; ^^a wolf's dung borne with one helps the colic, '""^ \ 
spider an ague, &c. Being in the country in the vacation time not many years since 
at Lindley in Leicestershire, my father's house, I first observed this amulet of a spidej 
in a nut-shell lapped in silk, &c., so applied for an ague by ^^my motlier ; whom 
although I knew to have excellent skill in cliirurgery, sore eyes, aches, &c., and 
such experimental medicines, as all the country where she dwelt can witness, to 
liave done many famous and good cures upon diverse poor folks, that were other- 
wise destitute of help : yet among all other experiments, this methought was most 
absurd and ridiculous, I could see no warrant for it. Quid aranra cumfebrcf For 
wliat antipathy.^ till at length rambling amongst authors (as often I do) I found 
this very medicine in Dioscorides, approved by Matthiolus, repeated by Alderovan- 
dus, cap. de Aranea^ lib. de inseclis^ I began to have a better opinion of it, and to 
give more credit to amulets, w^hen I saw it in some parties answer to experience. 
Some medicines are to be exploded, that consist of words, characters, spells, and 
charms, which can do no good at all, but out of a strong conceit, as Pomponatius 
proves ; or the devil's policy, who is the first founder and teacher of them. 

SuBSECT. VI. — Correctors of .Occidents to procure Sleep. Against fiarf id Dreams^ 

Redness^ &^'c. 

When you have used all good means and helps of alteratives, averters, diminu- 
tives, yet there will be still certain accidents to be corrected and amended, as wakinor, 
fearful dreams, flushing in the face to some ruddiness, &c. 

Waking, by reason of their continual cares, fears, sorrows, dry brains, is a symp- 
tom that much crucifies melancholy men, and must therefore be speedily helped, and 
sleep by all means procured, which sometimes is a sufficient ^"remedy of itself with- 
out any other physic. Sckenkius, in his observations, hath an example of a woman 
that was so cured. The means to procure it, are inward or outward. Inwardly 
taken, are simples, or compounds ; simples, as poppy, nymphea, violets, roses, 
lettuce, mandrake, henbane, nightshade or solanum, saffron, hemp-seed, nutmegs, 
willows, with their seeds, juice, decoctions, distilled waters. Sec. Compounds are 
syrups, or opiates, syrup of poppy, violets, verbasco, which are commonly taken 
with distilled waters. 

R diacodii 3j. diascordii 3lS aqua lactncre 3iij. jj 
luisia flat [mtio ad horaiii somiii siiiiienda. 

Reqiiies JVichoJai^ Philonium Romanum^ Tripliera iiwgna^ pilulce de CynogJossa, 
Dioscordium^ Laudanum Paracelsi, Opium^ are in use. Sec. Country folks com- 
monly make a posset of hemp-seed, which Fuchsius in his herbal so much discom- 
mends ; yet J have seen the good effect, and it may be used where better medicines 
are not to be had. 

Laudanum Paraceisi is prescribed in two or three grains, with a drachm of Dios- 
cordium^ which Oswald. Crollius commends. Opium itself is most part used out- 
wardly, to smell to ill a ball, though commonly so taken by the Turks to the same 
quantity ^' for a cordial, and at Goa in the Indies ; the dose 40 or 50 grains. 

Rulandus calls Requiem JVicholai^ ultimum refugiunu the last refuge ; but of this 
ind the rest look for peculiar receipts in Victorius Faventinus, cap. de phrensi. 
Heurnius cap. de mania. Hildesheim spicel. 4. de somno et vigil. <^c. 0#itwardly used, 
as oil of nutmegs by extraction, or expression with rosewater to anoint the temples, 
ods of poppy, nenuphar, mandrake, purslan, violets, all to the same purpose. 

Montan. consil. 24 «^ 25. much commends ordoraments of opium, vinegar, and 
fosewater. Laurentius cap. 9. prescribes pomanders and nodules; see the receip-ts 
in him ; Codronchus ^^ wormwood to smell to. 

Uuguentmn Alabastritum^ populeum^ are used to anoint the temples, nostrils, or if 

s« ['liar, lib 1. cap. 12. " ^tjus cap. 31. Tet. 3. I 6' Bellotiius ohstTvat. 1. 3. c. 15. Iassitudin<-iii et lahor/^s 

^'tr. 4. ^"s Dioscorides, Uly.-^ses Alderovandus' de aniriii tollunt; inde Garcias ah llr)rto, lih. I. cap 4 

Branca. ^3 Misiress Dorothy Burton, she died, 1629. simp. med. «» Absynlhiuin somnos allicit olfactu 

^ S'v'o «omno curata est citra niedici auxilium, fol. 154. ' 

2k2 



414 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 5 



llie) be too weak, they mix saffron and opinm. Take a grain or two of opium, and 
dissolve it with three or four dro])s of rosewater in a spoon, and after mingle with it 
as much JJnguentum populciim as a nut, use it as before : or else take half a drachm 
of opium, Unguenlitm populcinn^ oil of nenuphar, rosewater, rose-vinegar, of each, 
half an ounce, with as. much virgin wax as a nut, anoint your temples with some 
o^" it, ad horam somni. 

Sacks of wormwood, ^^ mandrake, ^Mienbane, roses made like pillows and laid 
under the patient's head, are mentioned by ^^ Cardan and Mizaldus, "to anoint the 
soles of the feet with the fat of a dormouse, the teeth with ear wax of a dog, swine's 
(rail, hare's ears :" charms, &c. 

Frontlets are well known to every good wife, rosewater and vinegar, with a little 
woman's milk, and nutmegs grated upon a rose-cake applied to both temples. 

For an emplaster, take of castorium a drachm and a half, of opium half a scruple, 
mixed both together with a little water of life, make two small plasters thereof, and 
apply them to the temples. y 

Rulandus cent. 1. cur. 17. cent. 3. cur. 94. prescribes epithemes and lotions of the 
head, with the decoction of flowers of nymphea, violet-leaves, mandrake roots, 
nenbane, white poppy. Here, de Saxonia, sfillicidia., or droppings, &c. Lotions of 
the feet do much avail of the said herbs : by these means, saith Laurentius, I think 
vou may procure sleep to the most melancholy man in the world. Some use horse- 
ieeclies behind the ears, and apply opium to the place. 

^^ Bayerus lib. 2. c. 13. sets down some remedies against fearful dreams, and such 
as walk and talk in their sleep. Baptista Porta Mag. nai. I. 2. c. 6. to procure plea- 
sant dreams and quiet rest, would have you take hippoglossa, or the herb horse- 
tongue, balm, to use them or their distilled waters after supper, &c. Such men must 
not eat beans, peas, garlic, onions, cabbage, venison, hare, use black wines, or any 
meat hard of digestion at supper, or lie on their backs, &.c. 

Rusticus pudor^ bashfulness, flushing in the face, high colour, ruddiness, are com- 
mon grievances, which much torture many melancholy men, when they meet a man, 
or come in ^'company of their betters, strangers, after a meal, or if they drink a cup 
of wine or strong drink, they are as red and fleet, and sweat as if they had been at 
a mayor's feast, prcesertim si meius accesserif., it exceeds, ^^ they think every man 
observes, takes notice of it : and fear alone will efl'ect it, suspicion without any other 
cause. Sckenkius ohserv. med. lib. 1. speaks of a waiting gentlewoman in the Duke 
of Savoy's court, that was so much oflended with it, that she kneeled down to him, 
and offered Biarus, a physician, all that she had to be cured of it. And 'tis most 
true, that ^^Antony Ludovicus saith in his book de Pudore^ "bashfulness either hurts 
or helps," such men I am sure it hurts. If it proceed from suspicion or fear, ''^ Felix 
Plater prescribes no other remedy but to reject and contemn it : Id populus curat 
scilicet^ as a " worthy physician in our town said to a friend of mine in like case, 
complaining without a cause, suppose one look red, what m.atter is it, make light of 
it, who observes it } 

If it trouble at or after meals, (as '^ Jobertus observes med. pr act. I. \. c. 7.) after 
a little exercise or stirring, for many are then hot and red in the face, or if they do 
nothing at all, especially women; he would have them let blood In both arms, first 
one, then another, two or three days between, if blood abound ; to use frictions of 
the other parts, feet especially, and washing of them, because of that consent which 
is between the head and the feet. '^ And withal to refrigerate the face, by washing 
it often with rose, violet, nenuphar, lettuce, lovage waters, and the like : but the best 
of all is that lac virginale., or strained liquor of litargy; it is diversely prepared ; by 
Jobertus thus; R. liihar. argent, unc. y cerusscE caTididissimm^ 3jjj. caphur<E^ 9 jj. 
dissolvantur aquaruvi solani., lactuccB., et nenupharis ana unc. jjj. aceti vini albi. nnc. 
jj. aliquot horas resideat: dtinde transmittatur per philt. aqua servetur in vase vitreo^ 



fis Read Leninius lih. her. bib. cap. 2. of Mandrake. 
" Hyoscyaiiius sub cervicali viridis. e* Plantum 

pedis imin};<;ro piiiguedine gliris diciuit eflicacissiiiiuin, 
et quod vix c.redi potest, denies inunctos ex sorditie an- 
lium canis soninuni profundum conciliare, &c. Cardan 
de rerum varietal. es Veni mecuin lib. 67 ^ut 

si quid incautius excideril aiit, &c. ^ Nam qua 

••urte p.'wor siinul est pudor adriitua illi. Statins. 



"9 Olysipponensis medicus; pudor aut juvat ant la^dii. 
■"0 De mentis alienat. " M. Doctor Ashwortli. 

"2 Facies nonnullis maxime calel rubetque si se paulu- 
lum exercuerint; nonnullis quiescentibus idem accidit, 
fieminis pr:esertini ; causa quicquid fervidum aut hali- 
tuosuni sanguinem facit. 'S Interim faciei prnspi 

ciendum ut ipsa refrij^eretiir : utriimque pnvstubit fn 
quens polio ex aqua rosarum, violarum, nenupharis, &.t 



Me4i. 2.1 



Cure of Melancholy over all the Body. 



415 



ac ea bis ferve fades guofidle irrorelur. '^ Quercetan spagir. phar. cap. 0. commends 
the water of frog's spawn for ruddiness in the face. ''^Crato consil. 283. Scoltzii 
would fain have tliem use all summer the condite flowers of succory, strawberry 
water, roses (cupping-glasses are good for the time), consil. 285. ei 286. and to defe- 
cate impure blood with the infusion of senna, savory, balm w^ater. '^ HoUerius knew 
one cured alone witli the use of succory boiled, and drunk for five months, every 
morning in the summer. "It is good overnight to anoint the face with l)are's 
blood, and in the morning to wash it with strawberry and cowslip water, the juice 
of distilled lemons, juice of cucumbers, or to use the seeds of melons, or kernel;? 
of peaches beaten small, or the roots of Aron, and mixed with wheat bran to bake 
it in an oven, and to crumble it in strawberry water, '*or to put fresh cheese curds 
to a red lace. 

If it trouble them at meal times that flushing, as oft it dotli, with sweating or th? 
like, they must avoid all violent passions and actions, as laughing, &c., strong drink, 
and drink very little, '^ one draught, saith Crato, and that about the midst of their 
meal; avoid at all times indurate salt, and especially spice and windy meat. 

^° Crato prescribes the condite fruit of wild rose, to a nobleman his patient, to be 
taken before dinner or supper, to the quantity of a chestnut. It is made of sugar, 
as that of quinces. The decoction of the roots of sowthistle before meat, by the 
same author is much approved. To eat of a baked apple some advice, or of a pre- 
served quince, cumminseed prepared with meat instead of salt, to keep down fumes : 
not to study or to be intentive after meals. 

R. Nucleonim persic. seminis melonum ana unc. 9i-> 
aquae fra^'roruiii I. ij. rnisce, utatur mane." 

^' To apply cupping glasses to the shoulders is very good. For the other kind of 
ruddiness which is settled in the face with pimples, Slc, because it pertains not to 
my subject, 1 will not meddle with it. I refer you to Crato's counsels, Arnoldus 
lib 1. breviar. cap. 39. 1. Rulande, Peter Forestus de Fuco, lib. 31. obser. 2. To 
Fldterus, Mercurialis, Ulmus, Rondoletius, Heurnius, Menadous, and others that have 
written largely of it. 

Those other grievances and symptoms of headache, palpitation of heart, Vertigo, 
deliquiiim^ 4'c., which trouble many melancholy men, because they are copiously 
handled apart in every physician, I do voluntarily omit. 



MEMB. IJ. 

Cure of Melancholy over all the Body. 

Where the melancholy blood possesseth the whole body with the brain, ^Mt is 
best to begin with blood-letting. The Greeks prescribe the ^'^ median or middle vein 
to be opened, and so much blood to be taken away as the patient may well spare, 
and the cut that is made must be wide enough. The Arabians hold it fittest to be 
taken from that arm on which side there is more pain and heaviness in the head : if 
black blood issue forth, bleed on ; if it be clear and good, let it be instantly sup- 
pressed, '^■''* because the malice of melancholy is much corrected by the goodness of 
the blood." If the party's strength will not admit much evacuation in this kind at 
once, i1 must be assayed again and again: if it may not be conveniently taken from 
the arm, it must be taken from the knees and ankles, especially to such men or 
women whose haemorrhoids or months have been stopped. ^^ If the malady continue. 
It is not amiss to evacuate in a part in the forehead, and to virgins in the ankles, who 
•re melancholy for love matters ; so to widows that are much grieved and troubled 
with sorrow and cares : for bad blood flows in the heart, and so crucifies the mind. 



''* Ad faciei rnborem aqna spermatis ranarnni. 
's Kecte utantur in aestate fioribus Cichorii sacchoro 
conditis vel saccharo rosaceo, &c. 'sgolo nsii decocti 
Cichorii. ■>■? Utile imprimis noctu faciem illinire 

sanguine lepnrino, et mane aqua frafrroruin vel aqua 
florihiis verhasci cum succo limonum distillato abluere. 
^'^ Utile ruheiiti faciei caseum recentern imponere. 
^rousil. 2' ''b unico vini haustu sit contentus. 



80 Idem crnsil. 2H3. Scoltzii laudatiir conditus rosw 
caniniB fructus ante ftrandiiim et cfnem ad magnitudi- 
nem castancfE. Decoctum radium Sonclii,«!i ante cit)utri 
sumafur, valet plurinium. ^i Cucurbit, ad scapulas 

appopita;. 82 pjso. ^3 Modi ana pne cajti-ris. 

'■'• Succi melancbniici malitia a sanguinis bonitate cor- 
riffitur. «* Pcrseverante malo ex fpiacunque pari* 

sanguinis detrahi debet. 



416 



Cure oj Mclanclioly. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 



The hemorrhoids are to be opened with an instrument or horse-leeches, Stc. See 
more in Montaltus, cap. 29. ^^ Sckenkins hath an example of one that was cured by 
an accidental wound in liis thigh, much bleeding freed him from melancholy. Diet, 
diminutives, alteratives, cordials, correctors as before, intermixed as occasion serves, 
*^"all their study must be to make a melancholy man fat, and then the cure is 
ended." Diuretics, or medicines to procure urine, are prescribed by some in this 
kind, hot and cold : hot where the heat of the liver doth not forbid ; cold where the 
^leat of the liver is very great: ^^ amongst hot are parsley roots, lovage, fennel, Sec. : 
cold, melon seeds, &c., with whey of goat's milk, which is the common conveyer. 

To purge and ^purify the blood, use sowthistle, succory, senna, endive, carduus 
bonedictus, dandelion, hop, maiden-hair, fumitory, bugloss, borage, &.c , with their 
juice, decoctions, distilled waters, syrups, &c. 

Oswaldus, Crollius, hasil Chym. much admires salt of corals in this case, and 
i^tius, tetrahib. ser. 2. cap. 114. Hieram Archigenis, which is an excellent medicine 
to purify the blood, " for all melancholy affections, falling sickness, none to be com- 
pared to it." 



MEMB. III. 

Sub SECT. I. — Cure of Hypochondriacal Melancholy. 

1a this cure, as in the rest, is especially required the rectification of those six non 
natural things above all, as good diet, which Montanus, consil. 27. enjoins a French 
nobleman, " to have an especial care of it, without which all other remedies are in 
vain." Blood-letting is not to be used, except the patient's body be very full of 
blood, and that it be derived from the liver and spleen to the stomach and his vessels, 
then ^° to draw it back, to cut the inner vein of either arm, some say the salvafella, 
and if the malady be continuate, ^' to open a vein in the forehead. 

Preparatives and alteratives may be used as before, saving that there must be 
respect had as well to the liver, spleen, stomach, hypochorttlries, as to the heart and 
brain. To comfort the ^^ stomach and inner parts against wind and obstructions, by 
Areteus, Galen, ^tius, Aurelianus, Slc, and many latter writers, are still prescribed 
the decoctions of wormwood, centaury, penny r-^yal, betony sodden in whey, and 
daily drunk : many have been cured by this medi^nne alone. 

Prosper Altinus and some others as much magnify the water of Nile against this 
malady, an especial good remedy for windy melancholy. For which reason belike 
Ptolemeus Philadelphus, when he married his daughter Berenice to the king of 
Assyria (as Celsus, lib. 2. records), magnis impensis JVili aqiiam afferri jussit^ to his 
great charge caused the water of Nile to be carried with her, and gave command 
that during her life she should use no other drink. I find those that commend use 
of apples, in splenetic and this kind of melancholy (lamb's-wool some call it), which 
howsoever approved, must certainly be corrected of cold rawness and wind. 

Codronchus in his book dc sale absyn. magnifies the oil and salt of wormwood 
above all other remedies, ^^" which works better and speedier than any simple what- 
soever, and much to be preferred before all those fulsome decoctions and intrusions 
which must offend by reason of their quantity; this alone in a small measure taken, 
expels wind, and that most forcibly, moves urine, cleanseth the stomach of ail gross 
humours, crudities, helps appetite," &c. Arnoldus hath a wormwood wine which 
he vvould have used, which every pharmacopoeia speaks of. 

Diminutives and purges may ^^ be taken as before, of hiera, manna, cassia, which 
Montanus consil. 230. for an Italian abbot, in this kind prefers before all other simples. 



s^Ohscrvat. fol. 154. curatns ex viilnere in criire oli 
cruorerii aiiiissum. ^7 Studiiiin sit omne ut rnelan- 

ctiolicus impinguetiir : ex quo eniin pingues el carnosi, 
illico sani sunt. fs Hikit.sheim sp'icel. 2. Inter caiida 

radix petrofelini, apii, feniculi ; Inter frigida cniulsio 
seminis uielonuin cum sero caprino quod est rninmune 
vehiculum. 69 Hoc unum proRmoneo doinine ut sis 

dili^ens circa victum, sine quo cetera remedia frustra 
adhibentur. ao Laurentius caj*. 15. evulsionis gratia 

venani internam altenus brachii secainus. '"Si 



pertinax morhus, venam fronte secabis. Bruell. 32 Egc 
inaxiniam curani stouiacho delegabo. Octa. Horatianu? 
lib. 2. c. 7. 93Citius et etticacius suas vires exercel 

quam solont decocta ac diluta in quantitate niulta. el 
magna cum assumentium molestia desun)pta Flatus 
hie sal efficaciter dissipat, urln.'<ni niovet, humorei 
crassos abstergit, stoihachutn egregie confortat, crudi 
tatem, nauseam, appetentiam inirum in moduin reno 
vat,&c. »*Piso, AItO(uaru.^, fjaurentius c. 16. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Cure of Hypochondriacal Me lajicholy. 417 

^^"And these must be often used, still abstaining from those which are more violent, 
lest they do exasperate the stomach, &c., and the mischief by that means be in- 
creased." Thouo-h in some physicians I find very strong purgers, hellebore itseh' 
prescribed in this affection. If it long continue, vomits may be taken after meat, or 
otherwise gently procured with warm water, oxymel, &c., now and then. Fuchsius 
cap. 33. prescribes hellebore ; but still take heed in this malady, which I have ufleii 
warned, of hot medicines, ^''because (as Salvianus adds) drought follows iieat, 
which increaseth the disease:" and yet Baptista Sylvaticus confrov. 32. forbids cold 
medicines, ^^ " because they increase obstructions and other bad symptoms." But 
this varies as the parties do, and 'tis not easy to determine which to use. ^'^ '^ The 
stomach most part in this infirmity is cold, the liver hot; scarce therefore (which 
Montanus insinuates cons'il. 229. for the Earl of Manfort) can you help the one and 
Hot hurt the other:" much discretion must be used; take no physic at all he con- 
cludes without great need. Lrelius ^gubinus cons'il. for an hypochondnacal German 
prince, used many medicines; but it was after signified to him in ^^ letters, that the 
decoction of China and sassafras, and salt of sassafras wrought him an incredible 
good." In his 108 consult, he used as happily the same remedies; this to a; third' 
might have been poison, by overheating his liver and blood. 

For the other parts look for remedies in Savanarola, Gordanius, Massaria, Merca- 
tus, Johnson, &c. One for the spleen, amongst many other, I will not omit, cited 
by Hildesheim, spicel. 2. prescribed by Mat. Flaccus, and out af the authority of 
Benevenius. Antony Benevenius in a hypochondriacal passion, "^" cured an exceed- 
ing great swelling of the spleen with capers alone, a meat befitting that infirmity, 
and frequent use of the water of a smith's forge ; by this physic he helped a sick 
man, whom all other physicians had forsaken, that for seven years had been sple- 
netic." And of such force is this water, '"that those creatures as drink of it, have 
commonly little or no spleen." See more excellent medicines for the spleen in him 
and ^ Lod. Mercatus, who is a great magnifier of this medicine. This Chalyhs prce- 
paralus^ or steel-drink, is much likewise commended to this disease by Daniel Sen- 
nertus I. 1. part. 2. cap. 12. and admired by J.Caesar Claudinus Respons. 29. he calls 
steel the proper ^alexipharmacum of this malady, and much magnifies it; look for 
receipts in them. Averters must be used to the liver and spleen, and to scour the 
meseraic veins : and they are either too open or provoke urine. You can open no 
place better than the haemorrhoids, " which if by horse-leeches they be made to 
flow, ^ there may be again such an excellent remedy," as Plater holds. Sallust. Sal- 
vian will admit no other phlebotomy but this ; and by his experience in an hospital 
which he kept, he found all mad and melancholy men worse for other blood-letting 
Laurentius cap. 15. calls this of horse-leeches a sure remedy to empty the spleep 
and meseraic membrane. Only Montanus consil. 241. is against it; ^'^ to other mer 
(saith he) this opening of the haemorrhoids seems to be a profitable remedy; for my 
part I do not approve of it, because it draws away the thinnest blood, and leaves the 
\hickest behind." 

iEtius, Vidus Vidius, Mercurialis, Fuchsius, recommend diuretics, or such things 
as provoke urine, as aniseeds, dill, fennel, germander, ground pine, sodden in water, 
or drunk in powder : and yet ^ P. Bayerus is against them : and so is Hollerius ; ''•All 
melancholy men (saith he) must avoid such things as provoke urine, because by 
them the subtile or thinnest is evacuated, the thick^'r matter remains." 

Clysters are in good request. Trincavelius llh. 3. cap. 38. for a young nobleman, 
esteems of them in the first place, and Hercules de Saxonia Panfh. lib. 1. cap. 16. is 
a great approver of them. ''"I have found (saith he) by experience, that many 



05 His utenduin p.^Bpiiis iteratis: a vf-hementioribus 
semper al)stineiKium lie veiitretn exasperent. sej^jb. 
2. cap. 1. Q,uoiiiam caliditate conjuricta est siccitas 
qiiifi malum aujret. ^7 Quistjuis frigidis auxiliis hoc 

inorbo ususfuerit, is obstrnctioiiem aliaqiiesymptomata 
augebit. «** Ventriculus plerumque frigidus, epar 

calirium ; quomodo ergo ventriciilum calefaciet, vel re- 
frigerabit liepar sine alterius maximo delninento? 
*>* Siutiificatiim per literas, incredibilcni utilitatoiii ex 
decocto Chinae, et Sassafras percepisso. 'O" Tuino- 

rem splenis incurabilem sola cappari curavit, cibo tali 
Hiuritiidine aptissimo: Soloque usu aquse, in qua faber 
ferrarius sa^pe candens ferruin extinxerat, &.c. > Ani- 

53 



malia quse apud hos fabros educantur, exigiios liabent. 
lieries. 2 l,. i_ cap 17. s Contiiiuus ejus usus 

semper felicem in iegris finem est asseq>mtus. ^ gj 

Heiiiorroides fluxeriiit, nullum priestaiuius esset reme- 
dium, quffisanguifugis adtnotis provocari poterutit. ob- 
servat. lib. 1. pro hypoc. leaulcio. & Aliis apertio 

base in hoc morbo videtur utiiissima ; mihi non adnio- 
duni probatur, quia sansruinem teuuem attrahil et eras- 
sum relinquit. 6 Lib. 2. cap. i:{. omnes melancholici 
debenl oiniitere urinam provocantia, iiuoniam per ea 
cducitur subtile, et remanet crassuiu. ^ Kgo expo 
rientia probavi, multos Hypocoiidrjacos solo usu Clys 
teruni fuisse sanatos. 



.,1. .'ie,it^9. 



418 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. b 



hypocliondriacal melancholy men have been cured by the sole use of clysters,'' 
receipts are to be had in him. 

Besides those fomentations, irrigations, inunctions, odorameiits, prescribed for thft 
head, there must be the like used for the liver, spleen, stomach, hypochondries, &.c. 
**'In cru(Hty (saith Piso) 'tis good to bind the stomach hard" to hinder wind, ana 
to help concoction. 

Of inward medicines I need not speak; use the same cordials as before. In this 
kind of melancholy, some prescribe ^ treacle in winter, especially before or after 
purges, or in the spring, as Avicenna, '° Trincavellius mithridate, " Montaltus p^eony 
seed, unicorn's horn ; os de corde cervi^ Sfc. 

Amongst topics or outward medicines, none are more precious than baths, but of 
them I liave spoken. Fomentations to the hypochondries are very good, of wine 
and water in which are sodden southernwood, melilot, epithyme, mugwort, senna,^ 
polypody, as also '^ cerotes, '^plaisters, liniments, ointments for the spleen, liver, and 
hypochondries, of which look for examples in Laurentius, Jobertus lib. 3. c. I. pra. 
vied. Montanus consil. 231. Montaltus cap. 33. Hercules de Saxonia, Faventinus. 
And so of epi themes, digestive powders, bags, oils, Octavius Horatianus lib. 2. c. 5. 
prescribes calastic cataplasms, or dry purging medicines; Piso. '^ dropaces of pitch, 
and oil of rue, applied at certain times to the stomach, to the metaphrene,. or part of 
the back which is over against the heart, ^Etius sinapisms ; Montaltus cap. 35. would 
have the thighs to be '^cauterised, Mercurialis prescribes beneath the knees; Laelius 
^gubinus consil. 77. for a hypochondriacal Dutchman, will have the cautery made 
in the right thigh, and so Montanus consil. 55. The same Montanus consil. 34. 
approves of issues in the arms or hinder part of the head. Bernardus Paternus in 
Hildesheim spicel 2. would have '^ issues made in both the thighs ; '^ Lod. Mercatus 
f)rescribes them near the spleen, aut prope ventriculi regimen^ or in either of the 
thighs. Ligatures, frictions, and cupping-glasses above or about the belly, without 
scarification, which '^ Felix Platerus so much approves, may be used as before. 

SuBsECT. II. — Correctors to expel Wind. Against Cosliveness^ fyc. 

]n this kind of melancholy one of the most offensive sympt'^ms is wind, which, 
as in the other species, so in this, hath great need to be corrected and expelled. 

The medicines to expel it are either inwardly taken, or outwardly. Inwardly to 
expel wind, are simples or compounds : simples are herbs, roots, Sec, as galanga, 
gentian, angelica, enula, calamus aromaticus, valerian, zeodoti, iris, condite ginger, 
aristolochy, cicliminus, China, dittander, pennyroyal, rue, calamint, bay-berries, and 
bay-leaves, betony, rosemary, hyssop, sabine, centaury, mint, camomile, staechas, 
agnus c^stus, broom-flowers, origan, orange-pills, &c. ; spices, as saffron, cinnamon, 
bezoar stowe, myrrh, mace, nutmegs, pepper, cloves, ginger, seeds of annis, fennel, 
amni, cari, nettle, rue, &c., juniper berries, grana paradisi; compounds, dianisum, 
diagalanga, diaciminum, diacalaminth, electuarium de baccis lauri., henedicta laxaiiva^ 
pulvis ad status, antid. Jlorent. pulcis carminativus., aromaticum rosatum., treacle, 
mithridate^ Sfc. This one caution of '^ Gualter Bruell is to be observed in the admin- 
istering of these hot medicines and dry, '•'• that whilst they covet to expel wind, 
they do not inflame the blood, and increase the disease ; sometimes (as he saithj 
medicines must more decline to heat, sometimes more to cold, as the circumstances 
require, and as the parties are inclined to heat or cold. 

Outwardly taken to expel winds, are oils, as of camomile, rue, bays, Slc. ; foment- 
ations of the hypochondries, with the decoctions of dill, pennyroyal, rue, bay leaves, 
cunmiin, &c., bags of camomile flowers, aniseed, cummin, bays, rue, wormwood, 
ointments of the oil of spikenard, wormwood, rue, &.c, ^"Areteus prescribes 



bfri cniditate optimum, veritnculum arctius alljgari. 
* oJ- TlieriariB, Vere prtesertim et .Tstate. loCons. 

12. I. 1. I'Cap. 33. 12 Trincavellius consil. 13. 

•cerotiim pro sene melancholico ad jocur optimum. 
13 Eiiiplastra pro spleiie. Fernel. consil. 45. " Dropax 
•e pice; iiavali, et oleo rutaceo affigatiir veiilriculo, el 
■toti inetaphreni. 'sCauleria cruribus inusta. 

16 Foiitanellae sint in utroqne criire. i" Lib. 1. c. 17. 

i^titi luentJs alienat. c. 3 flatus egregie discuiiunt ma- 



teriamqiie evocaiit. '^(lavendiim hie diligenter a 

mulliim calefacientibus, alque exsiccantibiis, sive aJi- 
merita fuerint hxc, sive medicamenia: nonnulli enim 
Mt ventositates et rugitus conpescant, hnjusmodi uten- 
tes medicamentis, plurimiim peccant, uiorbum sit au- 
gentes : debent enini medicarnenta declinare ad caliduin 
vel frigidiim secundum exigenliam circumstantiaruin 
vel ut paliens inclinat ad cal e». frigid. aoCap. i 

lib. 7. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 2.] Cure of Hypochondriacal Melancholy. 419 

cataplasms of camomile flowers, fennel, aniseeds, cummin, rosemary, wormwood 
leave*, &c. 

^' Cupping-glasses applied to the hypochondries, wii'hout scarification, do wonder- 
fully resolve wind. Fernelius consil. 43. much approves of them at the lower end 
of the belly; ^Lod. Mercatus calls them a powerful remedy, and testifies moreover 
out of his own knowledge, how many he hath seen suddenly eased by them. Julius 
Caesar Claiidinus respons. med. resp. 33. admires these cupping-glasses, which he 
calls out of Galen, ^^^'a kind of enchantment, they cause such present help." 

Empyrics have a myriad of medicines, as to swallow a bullet of lead, &c., which 
I voluntarily omit. Amatus Lusilanus, cent. 4. curat. 54. for a hypochondriacal per- 
son, that was extremely tormented with v.ind, prescribes a strange remedy. Put 
a pair of bellows end into a clyster pipe, and applying it into the fundament, open 
rhe bowels, so draw forth the wind, natura non admittit vacuum. He vaunts he was 
the first invented this remedy, and by means of it speedily eased a melancholy man. 
Of the cure of this flatuous melancholy, read more in Flenus de Jlatihus^ cap. 26. 
et passim alias. 

Against headache, vertigo, vapours which ascend forth of the stomach to molest 
the head, read Hercules de Saxonia, and others. 

If costiveness offend in this, or any other of the three species, it is to be corrected 
with suppositories, clysters or lenitives, powder of senna, condite prunes. Sec. R. 
Elect. Unit, e siicco rosar. ana 3 j. misce. Take as much as a nutmeg at a time, 
half an hour before dinner or supper, or pil. mastichin. 3 j. in six pills, a pill or two 
at a time. See more in Montan. consil. 229, Hildesheim spicel. 2. P. Cnemander, 
and Montanus commend ^'^ " Cyprian turpentine, which they would have familiarly 
taken, to the quantity of a small nut, two or three hours before dinner and supper, 
twice or thrice a week if need be ; for besides that it keeps the belly soluble, it clears 
the stomach, opens obstructions, cleanseth the liver, provokes urine." 

These in brief are the ordinary medicines which belong to the cure of melan- 
choly, which if they be used aright, no doubt may do much good ; Si non levando 
saltern leniendo valent, peculiaria bene selecta^ saith Bessardus, a good choice of par- 
ticular receipts must needs ease, if not quite cure, not one, but all or most, as occa- 
sion serves. Et qicce non prosunt singula., multa juvant. 

SI Piiio Bruel. mire flatus resolvit. 22 Ljb. 1. c. 17. tern deglutiant nucis parvae, tribiis horis ante praiidium 

no inullos praeiensione ventris deploratos illico resiim- vel ccBnam.ter singulis septimanis prout expedite vide- 

to*- hi^ vjdemus. 23 Velut incantarnenCuin quoddain bitur; nam prEeterquam quod alvuin mollem efficit, ob- 

ei ^.luoso spiritu, doIorenjQrtum levant. «Tere- structionesaperit, ventriculumpurgat, urinara jirovocal 

^' >inaiu Cypriam babeaut familiarein, ad quanlita- bepar nundificat. 



ijxm ' u.'^ ' .juj 



^ 



(420 ) 



THE 



SYNOPSYS OF THE THIRD PARTITION 



f Preface or Introduction. Subsed 1. 
Love's definition, pedigree, object, fair, amiable, gracious, and pleasant, from whicr. come« 
beauty, grace, which all desire and love, parts affected. 

fNatural, in things without life, as love and hatred of elements; and with life, as 
vegetable, vine and elm, sympathy, antipathy, &c. 
Sensible, as of beasts, for pleasure, preservation of kind, mutual agreement, c.lstorw, 
bringing up together, &c. 

f Health, wealth, honour, we love our benefactors: 



Division 
or kinds, 
Subs. 2. 



Profitable, 
Subs. 1. 



r Simple, 
which 
hath three 
objects, 
as M. 1. 






Pleasant, i 
Subs. 2. < 



nothing so amiable as profit, or that which hath 

a show of commodity. 
Things without life, made by art, pictures, sports, 

games, sensible objects, as hawks, hounds, horses; 

Or men themselves for similitude of manners, 

natural affection, as to friends, children, kinsmen, 

&.C., for glory such as commend us. 

r Before marriage, as fiteroical Mel. Sect. 
Of wo- J 2. vide cp 
men, as j Or after marriage, as Jealousy, 



Honest, 
Subs. 3 



Mixed of 
all three, 
which 
extends to 
M.S. 



Causes, 
Memb. 2. 



T 

Heroical 
or Love- 
Melan- 
choly, in 
which 
consider, 



Sect. 3. 

vide ^ 

fFucate in show, by some error or hypocrisy ; some 

} seem and are not ; or truly for virtue, honesty, 

[ good parts, learning, eloquence, &c. 

Common good, our neighbour, country, friends, which is 

charity ; the defect of which is cause of much discontent and 

<; melancholy. 

or rin excess, vide n 

\^M. a. I God, Sect. 4. [In defect, vide gs. 

(Memb. 1. 

His pedigree, power, extent to vegetables and sensible creatures, as well as men, to 

spirits, devils, &c. 
His name, definition, object, part affected, tyranny. 

r Stars, temperature, full diet, place, country, clime, condition, idleness, 
S. L 
Natural allurements, and causes of love, as beauty, its praise, how it 

allureth. 
Comeliness, grace, resulting from the whole or some parts, as face, eyes, 
hair, hands, &c. Subs. 2. 
i Artificial allurements, and provocations of lust and love, gestures, apparel, 

dowry, money, &c. 
I Quest. Whether beauty owe more to Art or Nature? Subs. 3. 
1 Opportunity of time and place, conference, discourse, music, singing, 
dancing, amorous tales, lascivious objects, familiarity, gifts, promises, 
&c. Subs. 4. 
i. Bawds and Philters, Subs. 5. 

f Dryness, paleness, leanness, waking, sighing, &c. 
I Quest. An detur pulsus amaforius? 
( [Tear, sorrow, suspicion, anxiety, &c. 

Bad, as -^ A hell, torment, fire, blindness, &c. 
i^ui minu. { or [Dotage, slavery, neglect of business. 

P , JSpruceness, neatness, courage, aptness to learn 
[ ' \ music, singing, dancing, poetry, &c. 

Prognostics ; despair, madness, phrensy, death, Memb. 4. 
TBy labour, diet, physic, abstinence. Subs. 1. 

To withstand the beginnings, avoid occasions, fair and foul means, change 
j of place, contrary passion, witty inventions, discommend the former, 
Cures, j bring in another. Subs. 2. 
Memb. 5. | By g- >d counsel, persuasion, from future miseries, inconveniences, &c. S. 3. 
Bj philters, magical, and poetical cures. Subs. 4. 

To let them have their desire disputed pro and con. Impediments re* 
I moved, -easons for it. Subs. 5. 



Symp- 
toms or 
signs, 
Memb. 3. 



Of body 



Of mind. 



m 



Synopsis of the Third Partition. 

fJIis name, definition, extent, power, tyranny, Memb. 1. 
Division, 
Equivo- 
cations, 
kinds. 
Subs. 1. 



4il 



Causes, 
Sect. 2. 



Iti 



Improper 

or 

Proper 

In the par- 



To many beasts ; as swans, cocks, bulls. 

To kings and princes, of their subjects, successors. 

To friends, parents, tutors over their children, or otherwiflc. 
[ Before marriage, corrivals, &c. 
\ After, as in this place our present subject, 
r Idleness, impotency in one party, melancholy, long absence. 



ties themselves, <( They have been naught themselves. Hard usage, unkindness. 



Symptoms, 
I Memb. 2. 
Prognostics, 
Memb. 3. 

Cures, 
Memb. 4. 



loOifci, 



fin excess 
of such as 
do that 
which is 
not re- 
quired. 
Memb. 1. 



Causes, 
Subs. 2. 



From others 

or 
from them- 
selves. 



General 



Syoptorns^ 
Subs. 3. 



In defect, 
as Memb. 
2. 



or I^ wantonness, inequality of years, persons, fortunes, &c. 

from others. Outward enticements and provocations of others. 
Fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguish of mind, strange actions, gestures, 
speeches, locking up, outrages, severe laws, prodigious trials, &c. 
\ Despair, madness, to make away themselves, 
) and others, 
f By avoiding occasions, always busy, never to be idle. 

By good counsel, advice of friends, to contemn or dissemble it. Subs. 1. 
; By prevention before marriage. Plato's communion. 

j To marry such as are equal in years, b:rth, fortunes, beauty, of like conditions, &c. 
I Of a good family, good education. To use them well. 

( X proof that there is such a species of melancholy, name, object God, what his 
beauty is, how it allureth, part and parties alTected, superstitious, idolators, 
prophets, heretics, &c. Subs. 1. 

The devil's allurements, false miracles, priests for 

their gain. Politicians to keep men in obedience, 

bad instructors, blind guides. 

Simplicity, fear, ignorance, solitariness, melancholy, 

curiosity, pride, vain-glory, decayed image of Goj. 

Zeal without knowledge, obstinacy, superstition, 

strange devotion, stupidity, confidence, stiff' defence 

' of their tenets, mutual love and hate of other 

sects, belief of incredibilities, impossibilities. 
Of heretics, pride, contumacy, contempt of others, 
wilfulness, vain-glory, singularity, prodigious para- 
doxes. 
In superstitious blind zeal, obedience, strange works, 
fasting, sacrifices, oblations, prayers, vows, pseudo- 
martyrdom, mad and ridiculous customs, ceremo- 
nies, observations. 
In pseudo-prophets, visions, revelations, dreams, 
prophecies, new doctrines, &c., of Jews, Gentiles. 
Mahometans, «fec. 
[New doctrines, paradoxes, blasphemies, madness, stu- 
[ pidity, despair, damnation. 

fBy physic, if need be, conference, good counsel, 

{ persuasion, compulsion, correction, punishment. 

[ Quseritur an cogi debent 7 Ajffir. 

Epicures, atheists, magicians, hypocrites, such as have cauterised 

consciences, or else are in a reprobate sense, worldly-secure, 

some philosophers, impenitent sinners. Subs. 1. 

'The devil and his allurements, rigid preachers, that 
wound their consciences, melancholy, contempla- 
tion, solitariness. 
I How melancholy and despair differ. Distrust, weak- 
I ness of faith. Guilty conscience for offence com- 
l mitted, misunderstanding Scr. 

fFear, sorrow, anguish of mind, extreme tortures 
{ and horror of conscience, fearful dreams, con- 
(^ ceits, visions, &c. 

Blasphemy, violent death. Subs. 4. 
f Physic, as occasion serves, conference, not to be 
idle or alone. Good counsel, good company, all 
comforts and contents, &c. 



i Pariicalar. \ 



I'rognostics, Subs. 4. 



Cures, Subs. 5. 



Secure, void 
of grace and 
fears. 



Distrustful, 
or too timor 
ous, as des- 
perate. In 
despair con- 
l.sider. 



Causes, 

Subs. 2. 



Symptoms, 
Subs. 3. 

Prognostics. 
[^ Cures, S. 5. 



i 

2L 



-S-TTSTTTTI^a^ 



422) 



THE THIRD PARTITION 

LOVE-MEL A NCIIOLT. 



THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, SUBSECTION. 



The Preface. 

SPHERE wiU not be wanting, I presume, one or other that will much discommend 
J- some part of this treatise of love-melancholy, and object (which 'Erasmus in 
his preface to Sir Thomas More suspects of his) " that it is too light for a divine, too 
comical a subject to speak of love symptoms, too fantastical, and fit alone for a 
•*'anton poet, a feeling young love-sick gallant, an effeminate courtier, or some such 
■lile person.'' And 'tis true they say : for by the naughtiness of men it is so come 
to pass, as ^ Caussinus observes, ut castis auribus vox amoris suspecta sit,, et invisa^ 
\he very name of love is odious to chaster ears ; and therefore some again, out of 
&zi affected gravity, will dislike all for the name's sake before they read a word ; dis- 
sembling with him in ^ Petronius, and seem to be angry that their ears are violated 
with such obscene speeches, that so they may be admired for grave philosophers 
and staid carriage. They cannot abide to hear talk of love toys, or amorous dis- 
courses, vuJtu^ gestUn, oculis in their outward actions averse, and yet in their cogita- 
tions they are all out as bad, if not worse than others. 

4" Erubuit, posuitque nieuin Luci^tia librum 
Se(J coram Brulo, Brule recede, legit." 

But let these cavillers and counterfeit Catos know, that as the Lord John answered 
the Queen in that Italian ^Guazzo, an old, a grave discreet man is fittest to discourse 
of love matters, because he hath likely more experience, observed more, hath a more 
staid judgment, can better discern, resolve, discuss, advise, give better cautions, and 
more solid precepts, better inform his auditors in such a subject, and by reason of 
his riper years sooner divert. Besides, nihil in hue amoris voce suhtimendum^ there 
is nothing here to be excepted at ; love is a species of melancholy, and a necessary 
part of this my treatise, which I may not omit ; operi suscepto inserviendum fuit : 
so Jacobus Mysillius pleadeth for himself in his translation of Lucian's dialogues, 
and so do I ; I must and will perform my task. And that short excuse of Mercerus, 
for his edition of Aristaenetus shall be mine, ^ " If 1 have spent my time ill to wriie, 
let not them be so idle as to read." But I am persuaded it is not so ill spent, I oughi 
not to excuse or repent myself of this subject, on which many grave and worthy 
men have written whole volumes, Plato, Plutarch, Plotinus, Maximus, Tyrius, Alci 
nous, Avicenna, Leon Hebreus in three large dialogues, Xenoplion sympos. Theo 
phrastus, if we may believe Athenaeus, lib. 13. cap. 9. Picus Mirandula, Marius^ 
/Equicola, both in Italian, Kornmannus de linea Amoris., lib. 3. Petrus Godefridus 

' Encom. Moriffi leviores esse niigas quam ut Theo- qnam unam ex Philosophis inluerentur. « Martial 

iogum deceant. a Lib. 8. KloqiieiU. cap 14. de affec- "In Brutus' presence Lucretia blushed andlaid my book 

tibiis niortalium vitio fit qui pra;clara quieque in pravos aside; when he retired, slie took it up again and read." 

Msus vertuiiS sQuoties de aniatoriis nientio facta ' Liti. 4. of civil conversation. sgi male locals fsl 

«"t, tarn vehementer excandui ; tarn scvera tristiiia opera scribendo, ne ipsi locent in legendo. 
» 'olari aures meas obsceno sermoiu! moIliI, u< me tan- 



Mem. 1. Subs 1.' Preface. 423 

hath handled in three books, P. Haedus, and wliich almost every physician, as Arnol- 
dus, V^illanovanus, Valleriola observat. iried. lib. 2. observ. 7. iElian Montalins and 
Laurentius in their treatises of melancholy, Jason Pratens's de morh. cap. Vnlescus 
de Taranta, Gordonius, Hercules de Saxonia, Savanarola, Lanj^ius, Stc, have treated 
of apart, and in their works. I excuse myself, therefore, with Peter GoUefridus, 
Valleriola, Ficinus, and in ' Langius' words. Cadmus Milesius writ fourteen books 
of love, •' and why should I be ashamed to write an epistle in favour of younjr men, 
of this subject.?" A company of stern readers dislike the second of the iEneids, 
and Virgil's gravity, for inserting such amorous passions in an heroical subject; bnt 
^Servius, his commentator, justly vindicates the poet's worth, wisdom, and discretion 
in doing as he did. Castalio would not have young men read the ^ Canticles, be- 
cause to his thinking it was too light and amorous a tract, a ballad of ballads, as 
our old English translation hath it. He might as well forbid the reading of Genesis, 
because of the loves of Jacob and Rachael, the stories of Sichem and Dinah, Judah 
ai»^ Tliamar; reject tlie Book of Numbers, for the fornications of the people of 
Israel with the Moabites ; that of Judges for Samson and Dalilah's embracings ; that 
of the Kings, for David and Bersheba's adulteries, the incest of Amnion and Thamar, 
Solomon's concubines, &c. The stories of Estlier, Judith, Susanna, and many such. 
Dicearchus, and some other, carp at Plato's majesty, that he would vouchsafe to 
indite such love toys : amongst the rest, for that dalliance with Agatho, 

"Siinvia datis Asfitlioni, aniiiiaiii ipse in labru tetiebain; 
yEgra eleniin properaiis taiiquaiii ahitura f.iil." 

For my part, saith '^Maximus Tyrius, a great platonist himself, me non Lantum 
admlratlo habef^ sed etiam stupor^ I do not only admire, but stand amazed to read, 
that Plato and Socrates both should expel Homer from their city, because he writ 
of such light and wanton subjects, Quod Junonem cam Jove in Ida conaunbentes 
inducit^ ab iminortall nube contectos^ Vulcan's net. Mars and Venus' fopperies bijfore 
all the gods, because Apollo tied, when he was persecuted by Achilles, tiie "gods 
were wounded and ran whining away, as Mars that roared louder than Sientor, and 
covered nine acres of ground with his fall ; Vulcan was a summer's day falling down 
from heaven, and in Lemnos Jsle brake his leg, Sec, with such ridiculous passages ; 
when as both Socrates and Plato, by his testimony, writ lighter tiiemselves : quid 
enim tarn distat (as he follows it) quani ainans a iemperante^ formaram admiraior d 
demenfe., what can be more absurd than for grave philosophers to treat of such 
fooleries, to admire Autiloquus, Alcibiades, for tlieir beauties as they did, to run after, 
to gaze, to dote on fair Phaedrus, delicate Agatho, young Lysis, tine Charmides, 
haccine Philosophum decent? Doth this become grave philosophers.'' Thus perad- 
venture Callias, Thrasimachus, Polus, Aristophanes, or some of his adversaries and 
emulators might object; but neither they nor '^Anytus and Melitus his bitter ene- 
mies, that condemned, him for teaching Crilias to tyrannise, his impiety for swearing 
by dogs and plain trees, for his juggling sopliistry, Stc, never so much as upbraided 
him with impure love, writing or speaking of that subject; and therefore without 
question, as he concludes, both Socrates and Plato in this are justly to be excused. 
But suppose they had been a little overseen, should divine Plalo be defamed i noy 
rather as he said of Cato's drunkenness, if Cato were drunk, it should be no vice at 
all to be drunk. They reprove Plato then, but without cause (as '^ Ficinus pleads) 
" for all love is honest and good, and they are w^orthy to be loved that speak well 
of love." Being to speak of this admirable afiection of love (saith '^\ alleriola) 
"there lies open a vast and philosophical held to my discourse, by which many 
lovers become mad ; let me leave my more serious meditations, wander in these phi- 
losophical fields, and look into those pleasant groves of the Muses, where with 
unspeakable variety of flowers, we may mrake garlands to ourselves, not to adorn U3 
only, but with their pleasant smell and juice to nourish our souls, and till our minds 

■'Medepist.l. I.ep 14. Cadmus Milesius le.-te Suida. de i amor, &c. 'SCarpuiit alii Platouicaiii tnajcstatem 

hoc Erotic o Amore. 14. libros scripsit nee me pigebit in j quod amori niiuium indiilserit, Dicearcliiis; ct alii; sed 
gratiani adc'lescentum haiicscribereepjs-tolam. "Coin- i male. Oinnis amor lione.-itus el bonii.'j. et amore dijjni 
menl. in -J. ^neid. " Meros amores meram impiidi- qui bene dicunl de Amore. n Med. obser. lili^2. 



iam sonare viJetur nisi, &c. i" Ser. 8. J' (Imtd leap. 7. de admirnndo anioris affectu diclnrws; 



risum et eoriim amores conuDcnioret. i^^uum miilta 
ei olijecissent quod Critiam tyrannidem docuisset, quod 
P(3ion-3m juraret loquacem sophistem, &c. accusa- 
tiuneui umuris iiullain fecerunt. Ideoque honestus 



ingeii'S 



patet campis <!i pliilosophicus, quo siupe homilies 
ducuntnr ad insaniam. Iiheal modo vaiiari, -tc. Clua 
mm ornent liiodo, sed fraj,'raiitia et succulenlia iucuiC 
plenius aiant. Jic. 



^BB-WIB?" 



424 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1 

ilesirons of knowledge," &.c. After a harsh and unpkasing discourse of melancholy; 
which hath hitherto molested your patience, and tired the author, give him leave 
with '^Godefridus the lawyer, and Laurentius [cap. 5.) to recreate himself ii; ^his 
kind after his laborious studies, " since so many grave divine? and worthy men have 
without offence to manners, to help themselves and others, voluntarily written of 
it." Heliodorus, a bishop, penned a love story of Theagines and Chariclea, and 
when some Catos of his time reprehended him for it, chose rather, saith '^ Nicepho- 
rus, to leave his bishopric than his book. jEneas Sylvius, an ancient divine, and past 
forty years of age, (as '^he confesseth himself, after Pope Pius Secundus) indited 
that wanton history of Euryalus and Lucretia. And how many superintendents of 
learning could I reckon up that have written of light fantastical subjects ? Beroaldus, 
Erasmus, Alpheratius, twenty-four times printed in Spanish, &c. Give me leave then 
tn refresh my muse a little, and my weary readers, to expatiate in this delightsome 
field, hoc deliciarum ca?npo, as Fonseca tern)s it, to '^season a surly discourse with 
a more pleasing aspersion of love matters : Edulcare vitam convcnit^ as the poet 
•nvites us, curas migis^ Sfc.^ 'tis good to sweeten our life with some pleasing toys to 
relish it, and as Pliny tells us, magna pars studiosorum amainitates queer Imns., most 
of our students love such pleasant '^ subjects. Though Macrobius teach us other- 
wise, ^" *•' that those old sages banished all such light tracts from their studies, to 
nurse's cradles, to please only the ear;" yet out of Apuleius I will oppose as honour- 
able patrons, Solon, Plato, ^' Xenophon, Adrian, &.c. that as highly approve of these 
treatises. On the other side methinks they are not to be disliked, they are not so 
unfit. I will not peremptorily say as one did ^^/«m suavia dicam facinora.^ ul male 
sit ei qui talihus non delecfetur, I will tell you such pretty stories, that foul befall 
him that is not pleased with tliem; JVeque dicam ea quce vohis usiii sit audivisse, et 
voluptati meminisse.) with that confidence, as Eeroaldus doth his enarrations on Pro- 
pertius. I will not expet^t or hope for that approbation, which Lipsius gives to his 
Epictetus; pluris facio quum relego ; semper ul novum., et qwmi repetivi., repefendum^ 
the more I read, the more shall I covet to read. I will not press you with my 
pamphlets, or beg attention, but if you like them you may. Pliny holds it expedient, 
and most fit, severitatem jucunditate etiam in scriptis condire., to season our works 
with some pleasant discourse ; Synesius approves it, licet in ludicris ludere., the 
^poet admires it, Omne tulit punctitm qui miscuit utile dulci; and there be those, 
without question, that are more willing to read such toys, than ^^ 1 am to write : 
" Let me not live," saith Aretine's Antonia, " If I had not rather hear thy discourse, 
'^^than see a play.^" No doubt but there be more of her mind, ever have been, ever 
will be, as ^ Hierome bears me witness. A far greater part had rather read Apuleius 
than Plato : Tully himself confesseth he could not understand Plato's Timaeus, and 
therefore cared less for it: but every schoolboy hath that famous testament of Grun- 
nius Corocotta Porcellus at his fingers' ends. The comical poet, 

2' " rd sihi negoti" credidit sojiim dari, 

Popiilo ul placerent, quas fecissit fabulas," 

made this his only care and sole study to please the people, tickle the ear, and to 
delight; but mine earnest intent is as much to profit as to please; non fam ut populo 
plocerem^ quam ut populum juvarem., and these my writings, I hope, shall take like 
gilded pills, which are so composed as well to tempt the appetite, and deceive the 
palate, as to help and medicinally work upon the whole body; my lines shall not 
only recreate, but rectify the mind. I think I have said enough; if not, let him that 
is otherwise minded, remember that of ^^ Maudarensis, "he was in his life a philoso- 
pher (as Ausonius apologizeth for him), in his epigrams a lover, in his precepts most 



'•Lib. 1. prti'fat. de ninoribus agens rela.xandi aniiiii 
eausa laboriosissiinis siudiis fatigati ; quaiido et 'i'lieo- 
logi se his juvari et juvare illa^sis moribus volniit? 
»6 Hist. lib. 12. cap. 34. " Pra^fat. quid quadraj.'ena- 

rio coiivenit cum ainore ? Ego vero agnosco amatoriutn 
Bcriptuni mihi non convenire: qui jam meridiem prre- 
tergressuB in vesperem Ceror. ^Eneas Sylvius pra.'fat. 
*• Ut severiora studia iis amrenitatibus lector cotidire 
possit. Accius. 's Discum quam philosophum au- 

dire nialunt. 20 jn Som. Sip. e sacrario suo turn ad 

cutias niitrirurn sapientes eliiiiinarurit, solas auriuui 
delitias profitiMiirs. 21 Babylouius et Epliet-ius qui 



de Amore scripsenint, uterqueaniores MyrrluT.Cyrrnes. 
et Adonidis. Siiidas. '■'2 Pet. Aretiiie dial. ital. 

23 Ftor. "He has accomplished every point \v ho has 
joined the useful to the aureealde." '^* Legendi cu» 

pidi<»res, quam ego scribeu<li. saith Liiciaii. '^ Plus 

capio volu|)tatis inde.qiiam spectandis in tlieatro ludis. 
26 I'rooBMiio in Isaim. Multo major pars Milesias fabu- 
las revolvenlinm quam Platonis lil)ros. 27 "This 
he took to be his only business, that the plays v\hich he 
wrote should please the people." 2b |,, vita phiiw 
sophus, in Epi:;ram. atnaior, in Epistolis pclulaus, ir 
nraxeptis soverus. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Preface. 425 

severe ; in his epistle to Caeiellia, a wanton. Annianus, Sulpicius, Eveiii is, Menan- 
der, and many old poets besides, did in script'is prurire, write Fescennines.^ Attellanes, 
and lascivious songs ; Icetam materiam; yet they had in moribus censuram, el severi 
tate?iij they were chaste, severe, and upright livers. 

39 "Castum esse decet piiiin poetain 
Ipsuni, versiculos nihil necesse est, 
(iui turn denique habent salein et leporem." 

am of Catullus' opinion, and make the same apology in mine own behalf; Hoc 
etiam quod scribo^pendet plerumque ex aUorum sententid et auctoritaie; nee ipse for' 
san insanio^ sed insani.entes sequor. Atqid detur hoc insanire me; Semel insanivimus 
omnes^ ct tute ipse opinor insanis aliquando, et /s, et ille^ et ego., scilicet.^ Homo 
sum., humani. a me nihil alienum puto:^^ And which he urgeth for himself, accused 
of the like fault, I as justly plead, ^^lascica est nobis pagina^ vita proba est. How- 
soever my lines err, my life is honest, ^^ vita verecunda est^ musa jocosa ?nihi. But 
I presume I need no such apologies, I need not, as Socrates in Plato, cover his face 
when he spake of love, or blush and hide mine eyes, as Pallas did in her hood, 
when she was consulted by Jupiter about Mercury's marriage, quod super nuptiis 
virgo consulitur., it is no such lascivious, obscene, or wanton discourse ; I have not 
offended your chaster ears with anything that is here written, as many French and 
Italian authors in their modern language of late have done, nay some of our Latin 
pontificial writers, Zanches, Asorius, Abulensis, Burchardus, &c., whom ^ Rivet 
accuseth to be more lascivious than Virgil in Priapeiis, Petronius in Catalectis, Aris- 
tophanes in Lycistratae, Martialis, or any other pagan profane writer, qui tarn atrociter 
C^one notes) hoc genere peccarunt ut multa ingen'i osissime scripta obsccenitatum 
gratia castce. mentes abhorreant. 'Tis not scurrile this, but chaste, honest, most part 
serious, and even of religion itself. ^^ " Incensed (as he said) with the love of find- 
ing love, we have sought it, and found it." More yet, I have augmented and added 
something to this light treatise (if light) which was not in the former editions, I am 
not ashamed to confess it, with a good '^ author, quod extendi et Jocupletarl hoc sub- 
'>ectum pleri.que poslulabant^ et eorum import unitafe victus., animum ufcunque reni- 
entem eo adegi., ut jam sexta vice calamum in manum sumerem., scriptionique longe 
et a studiis et professione meet alienee me accingerem., Iioras aliquas a seriis meis 
occupatlonibus interim suffuratus., casque veluti ludo cuidam ac recreationi destinans; 

38"Cogor retrorsurii 

Vela dare, atque lilerare cursus 
Oliin relictos" 

Etsi non igfiorarein novos fortasse detractores novis hisce inter polationibus meis 
minime defuturos.^^ 

And thus much I have thought good to say by way of preface, lest any man 
(which "^"Godefridus feared in his book) should blame in me lightness, wantonness, 
rashness, in speaking of love's causes, enticements, symptoms, remedies, lawful ancl 
unlawful loves, and lust itself, ■*' I speak it only to tax and deter others from it, not 
to teach, but to show the vanities and fopperies of this heroical or herculean love,'*^ 
and to apply remedies unto it. I will treat of this with like liberty as of the rest. 

43 " Sed dicam vobis, vns porro dicite inultis 

Millibiis, et facile lirec cliarta loquatur anus." 

Condemn me not good reader then, or censure me hardly, if some part of this trea- 
tise to thy thinking as yet be too light; but consider better of it; Omnia munda 



29 "The poet himsi^lf sliould be chaste and pious, but 
*iis verses need not imitate liim in tliese respects; they 
may therefore contain wit and humour." J* " This 

that I write depends sometimes upon the opinion and 
authority of others: nor perhaps am I frantic, I only 
follow madmen: But thus far I may be deransrcd: we 
have all been go at some onetime, and yourself, I think, 
art soinetimei insane, and this man, and that man, and 
1 also." 81 " I am mortal, and think no humane 

action unsuitod to me." ^2 Mart. JaOvid. 

s* Isago. ad sac. scrip, cap. 13. ^5 Barthius tiotis in 

'Joelestinam, ludum Hisp. 36 Ficinus Conunent c. 

17. Amnre incensi inveniendi amoris, amoreif quasi- 
vimus et invenimus. 3" Author Ca'iestinie Barlh. 

interprete. "That, overcotne by the solicitations of 
friends, who requested me to enlar^te and improve my 
volumes, I have devoted my otherwise reluctant mind 
lo the labour ; and now for the sixth time have I taken 
ap my pen, and applied myself to literature very foreign 



54 2 L 2 



indeed to my studies and professional occupations, 
stealing a few hours from serious pursuits, and devot- 
ing them, as it were, to recreation." 3f Hor. lib. I. 
Ode 34. " I am compelled to reverse my sails, and re- 
trace my former course." s-* "Although 1 was by 
no means ignorant tliat new calumniators would not 
be wantine to censure my new introductions " ■*" Ha'c 
pra»(lixi ne q lis temere nos putaret scripsissede amorum 
lenociniis, de praxi, fornicationibus, adulteriis, &c. 
4iTaxando el al> his deterrendo humanam lasciviam et 
insaniam, sed et remedia docerulo : non igitur candidua 
lector nobis surcenseat, &c. Commonitio erit juvenibus 
haec, hisce ut abstineant magis, et omissa lascivia qu."? 
homines reddit insanos, virtutis incumbanl studiis 
(.^neas Sylv.) et curam amoris si quis nescit liinc pote- 
rit scire. ^2 jyiartianus Capella lib. ]. de nupt. phi- 
lol. virgitiali suffiisa rubore oculos pcpio obnubens, jtc 
<■' Catullus. "What I tell you, do you tell to the multi 
tude, and make this treatise gossip like an old woman."' 



426 



Lov e-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 1. 



n}ttnf'<5, '^a naked man to a modest woman is no otherwise than a picture, as Augusta 
Livia truly said, and ^^ mala mens, malus animus, 'tis as 'tis taken. If in thy censure 
it be too light, I advise thee as Lipsius did his reader for some places of Plautus, 
istos quasi Sirenum scopulos prcEtervehare, if they like thee not, let them pass ; or 
oppose that which is good to that which is bad, and reject not therefore all. For to 
invert that verse of Martial, and with Hierom Wolfius to apply it to my present pur^ 
pose, sunt mala, sunt qucedam mediocria, sunt bona plura; some is good, some bad, 
some is indifferent. I say further with him yet, I have inserted {^^kvicula qucBdam 
et ridicula ascribere non sum gravatus, circumforanea qucedam e theatris, e plateis^ 
etiam e popinis) some things more homely, light, or comical, I'ltans gratiis, Sfc. 
which I would request every man to interpret to the best, and as Julius Caesar Sca- 
liger besought Cardan (si quid urbaniuscule lusiim a nobis, per deos immortales te 
oro Hieronyme Cardane ne me male capias). I beseech thee, good reader, not to 
mistake me, or misconstrue what is here written ; Per Musas ei Charites, et omnia 
Poetarum numina, benigne lector, oro te ne me male capias. 'Tis a comical subject; 
in sober sadness f crave pardon of what is amiss, and desire thee to suspend thy 
judgment, wink at small faults, or to be silent at least; but if thou likest, speak 
well of it, and wish me good success. Extremum hunc Arethusa mihi concede 
laborem.'^'' 

I am resolved howsoever, velis, nolis, audacter stadium intrare, in the Olympics, 
with those ^Eliensian wrestlers in Philostratus, boldly to show myself in this com- 
mon stage, and in this tragi-comedy of love, to act several parts, some satirically, 
some comically, some in a mixed tone, as the subject I have in hand gives occasion, 
and present scene shall require, or offer itself. 

SuBSECT. II. — J/Oue's Beginning, Object, Definition, Division. 

"Love's limits are ample and great, and a spacious walk it hath, beset with 
thorns," and for that cause, which ""^Scaliger reprehends in Cardan, " not lightly to 
be passed over." Lest I incur the same censure, 1 will examine all the kinds of love, 
his nature, beginning, difference, objects, how it is honest or dishonest, a virtue or 
vice, a natural passion, or a disease, his power and effects, how far it extends : of 
which, although something has been said in the first partition, in those sections of 
perturbations (^^"for love and hatred are the first and most common passions, from 
which all the rest arise, and are attendant," as Picolomineus holds, or as Nich. 
Caussinus, the primum mobile of all other affections, which carry them all about 
them) I will now more copiously dilate, through all his parts and several branches, 
that so it may better appear what love is, and how it varies with the objects, how in 
defect, or (which is most ordinary and common) immoderate, and in excess, causeth 
melancholy. 

Love universally taken, is defined to be a desire, as a word of more ample signifi- 
cation : and though Leon Hebreus, the most copious writer of this subject, in his 
third dialogue make no difference, yet in his first he distinguisheth them again, and 
defines love by desire. ^°"Love is a voluntary affection, and desire to enjoy that 
which is good. ^' Desire wisheth, love enjoys ; the end of the one is the beginning 
of the other; that which we love is present: that which we desire is absent." ^^" It 
is worth the labour," saith Plotinus, " to consider well of love, whether it be a god 
or a devil, or passion of the mind, or partly god, partly devil, partly passion." He 
concludes love to participate of all three, to arise from desire of that which is beau- 
tiful and fair, and defines it to be " an action of the mind desiring that which is 
good." ^^ Plato calls it the great devil, for its vehemency, and sovereignty over all 
other passions, and defines it an appetite, ^"^ " by which we desire some good to be 
present." Ficinus in his comment adds the word fair to this definition. Love is a 



**Viros nndos casta; feminae nihil si statuis distare. 
^ Horiy soil qui mal y pt^iise. ^e Prief. Suid. «' " O 
Arcthiisa smile on this my last lahoiir," ^ Exerc. 

301. Campds amoris maximus et spiiiis ohsitus, nee 
ievissimo pede transvolandus. ''"Grad. 1. cap. 29. 

Ex I'laione, prima; et communissimae perturhationes ex 
quihiis ceterie oriiintiir et earuin sunt pedissequa?. 
•Amor est voluntarius atfectus ct desiderium re bona 



fruendi. 6i Desiderium optantis, aMior eorum qui- 

bus fruimur; amoris principium,desi(lei.i finis, amatum 
adest. M Principio 1. de amore. Operie pretiuhi esi 

de amore considerare, utrum Dens, an Dajniiui, an pas- 
sio qufEdam aninia;, an partim Deus, partim IlsBmon, 
passio partim, <fec. Amor est actus aninii bonum desi- 
derans. ^^ Mai^nus Dicmon convivir. ** Boni 

pulchrique fruendi desiderium. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Objects of Love. 427 

desire of enjoying that wliich is good and fair. Austin dilates this covnmon defini- 
tion, and will have love to be a delectation of the*heart, ^^^for something which wc 
seek to win, or joy to have, coveting by desire, resting in joy." ^*' Scaliger exerc. 
301. taxeth these former definitions, and will not have love to be defined by desire 
or appetite ; '•*• for when we enjoy the things we desire, there remains no more appe- 
tite :" as he defines it, '» Love is an affection by wliich we are either united to the 
tning we love, or perpetuate our union ;" which agrees in part with Leon Hebreus. 
Now this love varies as its object varies, which is always good, amiable, fair, gia 
cious, and pleasant. ^''■'All things desire that which is good," as we are taught in 
the Ethics, or at least that which to them seems to be good ; quid tnlm vis mail (as 
Austin well infers) die mild ? puto nihil in omnibus aclionibus; thou wilt wish no 
harm, J suppose, no ill in all thine actions, thoughts or desires, nihil mali vis; ^"^thou 
wilt not have bad corn, bad soil, a naughty tree, but all good ; a good servant, a good 
horse, a good son, a good friend, a good neighbour, a good wife. From this good- 
ness comes beauty; from beauty, grace, and comeliness, which result as so many 
rays from their good parts, make us to love, and so to covet it : for were it not 
pleasing and gracious in our eyes, we should not seek. ^^" No man loves (saith 
Aristotle 9. mor. cap. 5.) but he that was first delighted with comeliness and beauty." 
As this fair object varies, so doth our love ; for as Proclus holds, Omne pulchrujn 
amabile, every fair thing is amiable, and what we love is fair and gracious in our 
eyes, or at least we do so apprehend and still esteem of it. ^"'•'•Amiableness is the 
object of love, the scope and end is to obtain it, for whose sake we love, and which 
our mind covets to enjoy." And it seems to us especially fair and good ; for good, 
fair, and unity, cannot be separated. Beauty shines, Plato sailh, and by reason of its 
splendour and shining causeth admiration ; and the fairer the object is, the more 
eagerly it is sought. For as the same Plato defines it, ^' " Beauty is a lively, shining 
or glittering brightness, resulting from effused good, by ideas, seeds, reasons, sha- 
dows, stirring up our minds, that by this good they may be united and made one. 
Others will have beauty to be the perfection of the whole composition, ^^" caused 
out of the congruous symmetry, measure, order and manner of parts, and that come- 
liness: which proceeds from this beauty is called grace, and from thence all fair 
things are gracious." For grace and beauty are so wonderfully annexed, ^^ '^ so 
sweetly and gently win our souls, and strongly allure, that they confound our judg- 
ment and cannot be distinguished. Beauty and grace are like those beams and 
shinings that come from the glorious and divine sun," which are diverse, as they 
proceed from the diverse objects, to please and affect our several senses. ^^^^As the 
species of beauty are taken at our eyes, ears, or conceived in our inner soul," as 
Plato disputes at large in his Dialogue de pulchro^ Phccdro^ Hyppias^ and after many 
sophistical errors confuted, concludes that beauty is a grace in all things, delighting 
the eyes, ears, and soul itself; so that, as Valesius infers hence, whatsoever pleaseth 
our ears, eyes, and soul, must needs be beautiful, fair, and delightsome to us. ^^^'And 
nothing can more please our ears than music, or pacify our minds." Fair houses, 
pictures, orchards, gardens, fields, a fair hawk, a fair horse is most acceptable unto 
us; vvhatsoever pleaseth our eyes and ears, we call beautiful and fair; "^^^ Pleasure 
belongeth to the rest of the senses, but grace and beauty to these two alone." As the 
objects vary and are diverse, so they diversely affect our eyes, ears, and soul itself 
Which gives occasion to some to make so many several kinds of love as there be 
objects. One beauty ariseth from God, of which and divine love S. Dionysius,^^ with 

«JG()defridiis,I.l.cap. 2. Amor est delectatiocordis.ali- i idefe, semina, rationes, umbras etfusus, animos exci- 
ujus ad aliquid, propter aliquod dusiderium in appeten- tans iit per bonuin in unum redijiantur. "^puifhri. 

CO, et gaudium perfruendo per desideriuni current, requi- | tiido est pertectio compositi ex congruente ordine, men 
^scensporgaudiuni. 66 jVon est amor desiderium aut ap- 
petitus ul ab omnibus liactenus tradilum ; nam cum 
potimur amata re, non inanet aj)petilus; est ijjitur af- 
tectus quo cum re amata aut unimur, ant unionem per- 
;»etuainus. =" On)nia ap(»etunt bonnm. ''H I'erram 

non vis malatn, malam seoetem, sed bonam arborem, 
equum bnnum.&c. "^ Nemo amore ca|>itur nisi qui 

fuerit ante forma specieque delectatns. 'o Amabile 

objectum anioris et scopus, cujus adeplio est finis, cujus 
gratia amanius. Animus enim aspirat ut eo friiatur, 
et formam boni habet et prascipue vi(ietur et placet. 
Picolomineus, grad. 7. cap. 2. et urad. 8. cap :15 
B^ Forma est vitalii fuigur ex ipao bono manans poi 



sura et ratione partium consurgens, et venustas indt 
prodiens gratia dicitur et res omnes piilchra^ gratiot'je 
83 Gratia et piilchritudo ita suaviter animos demu!cem 
Ua vehementer alliciunt,et admirabiliterconnectuntur 
ut in unum confundant et distingui non possunt, et sun . 
tanquam radii et splendores divini solis in rel)us variij 
vario mode fulgenles. w Species pulchrituiiin;^ 

hauriuiitur oculis, auribus, aut concipinntur interna 
mente. ^' Nihil hinc magis animos conriiiat qiuim 

musica, pulchrse picture?, redes, &;c. "6 [„ reliqiii* 

sensibus voluptas, in his piilchritudo et gratia, e; j_,ii, 
4. de divinis. Convivio Plalonis. 



428 



Love-Melancholy. 



I^Part. 3. Sec. 1 



mail} falhers and Neoterics, have written just volumes, De amore Dei, as they term it, 
man}! paraenelical discourses; ancfther from his creatures; there is a beauty of the body, 
a beauty of the soul, a beauty from virtue,yormam martyrum, Austin calls it, quam vide- 
mus ocuUs aninii, which we see with the eyes of our mind; which beauty, as Tully 
saith, if we could discern with these corporeal eyes, adinirabili sui amoves excitaret, 
would cause admirable affections, and ravish our souls. This other beauty which ariseth 
from those extreme parts, and graces which proceed from gestures, speeches, several 
motions, and proportions of creatures, men and women (especially from women, 
which made those old poets put the three graces still in Venus' company, as attend- 
ing on her, and holding up her train) are infinite almost, and vary their names with 
their objects, as love of money, covetousness, love of beauty, lust, immoderate de- 
sire of any pleasure, concupiscence, friendship, love, good-will, &c. and is either 
virtue or vice, honest, dishonest, in excess, defect, as shall be showed in his place. 
Heroical love, religious love, Stc. which may be reduced to a twofold division, ac- 
cording to the principal parts which are affected, the brain and liver. Amor et am'i- 
citia, which Scaliger exercUat. 301. Valesius and Melancthon warrant out of Plato 
^asip and ipdv from that speech of Pausanias beliiie, that makes two Veneres and two 
loves. ^^" One Venus is ancient without a mother, and descended from heaven, 
whom we call celestial; the younger, begotten of Jupiter and Dione, whom com- 
monly we call Venus." Ficinus, in his comment upon this place, cap. 8, following 
Plato, calls these two loves, two devils, ^^or good and bad angels according to us, 
which are still hovering about our souls. '° '•^ The one rears to heaven, the other de- 
presseth us to hell ; the one good, which stirs us up to the contemplation of that 
divine beauty for whose sake we perform justice and all godly offices, study philoso- 
phy, &c. ; the other base, and though bad '^^t to be respected ; for indeed both are 
good in their own natures : procreation of children is as necessary as that finding 
out of truth, but therefore called bad, because it is abused, and withdraws our souls 
from the speculation of that other to viler objects," so far Ficinus. S. Austin, lib. 
15. de civ. Dei et sup. Psal. Ixiv., hath delivered as much in effect. ''" Every crea- 
ture is good, and may be loved well or ill:" and '^^'Two cities make two loves, 
Jerusalem and Babylon, the love of God the one, the love of the world the other; 
of these two cities we all are citizens, as by examination of ourselves we may soon 
find, and of which." The one love is the root of all mischief, the other of all good. 
So, in his 15. cap. lib. de amor. EcclesicB, he will have those four cardinal virtues to 
be nought else but love rightly composed; in his 15. book de civ. Dei, cap. 22. he 
calls virtue the order of love, whom Thomas following 1. part. 2. qucest. 55. art. 1. 
and qucest. 56. 3. qucest. 62. art. 2. confirms as much, and amplifies in many words. 
'^Lucian, to the same purpose, hath a division of his own, "One love was born in 
the sea, which is as various and raging in young men's breasts as the sea itself, and 
causeth burning lust : the other is that golden chain which was let down from 
heaven, and with a divine fury ravisheth our souls, made to the image of God, and 
stirs us up to comprehend the innate and incorruptible beauty to which we were once 
created." Beroaldus hath expressed all this in an epigram of his : — 



'Dogmata divini memorant si vera Platonis, 
Sunt geniiiiaj Veneres, et geriiinatns amor. 

Coelestis Venus est nullo geiierata pareiite, 
QufE casto sanctos nectit aiiioie viros. 

Altera sed Venus est toturii vulgata per orbem, 
Q.u{e divurn mentes alligat, atque lioininuiii ; 

linproha, seductrix, petulans, &c." 



" If divine Plato's tenets they be true, 
Two Veneres, two loves there be , 
The one troni heaven, unbegotten still, 

Which knits our souls in uiiitie. 
The other famous over all the world. 
Binding the hearts of gods and men ; 
Dishonest, wanton, and seducing she, 
Rules whom she will, both where and when. 



This twofold division of love, Origen likewise follows, in his Comment on the 
Canticles, one from God, the other from the devil, as he holds (understanding it in 
the worse sense) which many others repeat and imitate. Both which (to omit all 
subdivisions) in excess or defect, as they are abused, or degenerate, cause mtdan- 



68 Duae Veneres duo amores; quarum una antiquior 
et sine matre, ccelo nata, quam coeiestem Venerem 
iiuncupamus; altera vero junior a Jove et Dione prog- 
nata, quam vulgarem Venerem vocamus. ^^ Alter ad 
superna nrigit, alter deprimit ad inferna. '"' Alter 

excitat hiiminem ad divinam pulchritudinem luslran- 
':<'<i, cujus causa philosophise studia et justitiie, &,c. 



'1 Omnis creatura cum bona sit, et bene amari potest c. 
male. '2 {)uas civitates duo faciunt amores; Jeru 

salem facit amor Dei. Bahylonem amor sieculi; inus- 
qiiisque se quid amet interroget, et inveniet um* sjl 
civis. '^Altermari orlus, ferox, varius, fluclnans 

inanis, juvenum, marereferens, &c. Alter aurea catena 
c(£lo deiuissa bonum furorem ment'bus mittens, &c. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Objects of Love. 429 

choly in a particular kind, as shall be shown in his place. Austin, in anothei Tract, 
makes a threefold division of this love, which we may use well or ill : '^ " Gc d, ouf 
neighbour, and the world : God above us, our neighbour next us, the world beneath 
us. In the course of our desires, God hath three things, the world one, our neigh- 
bour two. Our desire to God, is either from God, with God, or to God, and ordi 
narily so runs. From God, when it receives from him, whence, and for which it 
should love him : with God, when it contradicts his will in nothing : to God, when 
it seeks to him, and rests itself in him. Our love to our neighbour may proceed 
from him, and run with him, not to him : from him, as when we rejoice of his good 
safety, and well doing : with him, when we desire to have him a fellow and com- 
panion of our journey in the way of the Lord : not in him, because there is no aid, 
hope, or confidence in man. From the world our love comes, when we begin to 
admire the Creator in his works, and glorify God in his creatures : with the world 
it should run, if, according to the mutability of all temporalities, it should be de- 
jected in adversity, or over elevated in prosperity : to the world, if it would settle 
itself in its vain delights and studies." Many such partitions of love I could repeat, 
and subdivisions, but least (which Scaliger objects to Cardan, Exercifaf. 501.) '^^^ I 
confound filthy burning lust with pure and divine love," 1 will follow that accurate 
division of Leon Hebreus, dial. 2. betwixt Sophia and Philo, where he speaks of 
natural, sensible, and rational love, and handleth each apart. Natural I'ove or hatred, 
is that sympathy or antipathy which is to be seen in animate and inanimate crea- 
tures, in the four elements, metals, stones, gravia tendiint deorsiim., as a stone to his 
centre, fire upward, and rivers to the sea. The sun, moon, and stars go still around, 
'^Amantes naturcE dehita exercerc^ for love of perfection. This love is manifest, I 
say, in inanimate creatures. How comes a loadstone to draw iron to it.'' jet chaff? 
the ground to covet showers, but for love ? No creature, S. Hierom concludes, is 
to be found, quod non aliquid amaf., no stock, no stone, that hath not some feeling 
of love. 'Tis more eminent in plants, herbs, and is especially observed in vege- 
tables ; as between the vine and elm a great sympathy, between the vine and the 
cabbage, between the vine and the olive, '''Virgo fug it Bromiitm^ between the vine 
and bays a great antipathy, the vine loves not the bay, '^^ " nor his smell, and will 
kill him, if he grow near him ;" the bur and the lentil cannot endure one another, 
the olive '^and the myrtle embrace each other, in roots and branches if they grow 
near. Read more of this in Picolomineus grad. 7. cap. 1. Crescentius lib. 5. de 
agric. Baptista Porta de mag. lib. 1. cap. de plant, dodio et element. sy?n. Fracasto- 
rius de sym. et antip. of the love and hatred of planets, consult with every astrologer. 
L-eon Hebreus gives many fabulous reasons, and moraliseth them withal. 

Sensible love is that of brute beasts, of Vt^hich the same Leon Hebreus dial. 2 
assigns these causes. First for the pleasure they take in the act of generation, male 
and female love one another. Secondly, for the preservation of the species, and 
desire of young brood. Thirdly, for the mutual agreement, as being of the same 
kind : Sus sui^ canis cani^ bos bovi^ et asinus asino pulcherrimus videtur., as Epichar- 
mus held, and according to that adage of Diogenianus, Adsidet usque graculus apud 
graculum^ they much delight in one another's company, ^^FornufccE grata estfonnica. 
cicada cicadce, and birds of a feather will gather together. Fourthly, for custom, 
use, and familiarity, as if a dog be trained up with a lion and a bear, contrary to 
their natures, they will love each other. Hawks, dogs, horses, love their masters 
and keepers : many stories I could relate in this kind, but see Gillius de hist. anim. 
lib. 'S. cap, 14. those two Epistles of Lipsius, of dogs and horses, Agellius, &.c. 
Fifthly, for bringing up, as if a bitch bring up a kid, a hen ducklings, a hedge-spar- 
row a cuckoo, &.C. 

The third kind is Amor cognitionis., as Leon calls it, rational love, Intellectivus 
amor^ and is proper to men, on which I must insist. This appears in God, angels^ 
men. God is love itself, the fountain of love, the disciple of love, as Plato styles 



■iTria sunt, quae amari a nobis bene vel male pos- 
Bunt ; Deus, proximus, mundus; Deus supra nos;juxta 
iios proximus; infra nos mundus. Tria Deus, duo 
proximus, unum mundus habet, &c. ">'= Ne confiin- 

dam vesanos et fredos amores bpatis, sceleratum cum 



Augustini forsan lib. ll.de Civit. Dei. Amore incon 
cussus Stat mundus, &c. " Alciat. '« Porta Vilis 

laurum non am;it, nee ejus odorem ; si propn cresrat, 
enecat. Lappus Icnti adversatur. ^^ Sympaihia 

olei et myrti ramorum et radicum se complectentium. 



puro divine et vero, &.r. 76Fonspca cap. 1. Amor ex Mizaldus secret, cent. 1. 47. ^ Theocritus, eidyll.9. 



430 Love-MeJancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1 

him; the servant of peace, the God of love and peace; have peace with all men and 
God is with you. 

ei" Qiiiccinis veneratiir Olympiim, 

Ipse sibi nmiuium sulijicit atqiie Deurii." 

^^ " By this love (saith Gerson) we purchase heaven," and buy the kingdom of 
God. This ^love is either in the Trinity itself (for the Holy Ghost is the love of the 
Father and the Son, &c. John iii. 35, and v. 20, and xiv. 31), or towards us his crea- 
tures, as in making the world. ^77ior mundum fecit ^ love built cities, mundi anivia,, 
invented arts, sciences, and all ^^ good things, incites us to virtue and humanity, com- 
bines and quickens ; keeps peace on earth, quietness by sea, mirth in the winds and 
elements, expels all fear, anger, and rusticity; Circuhis a bono in bonum^ a round 
circle still from good to good; for love is the beginner and end of all our actions, 
the efficient and instrumental cause, as our poets in their symbols, impresses, 
^ emblems of rings, squares, &c., shadow unto us. 



Si rerum quaeris fuerit quis finis et ortus, 
Desine ; nam causa est unica solus amor. 



If first and last of anything you wit. 
Cease; love's tlie sole and only cause of it. 



Love, saith ^ Leo, made the world, and afterwards in redeeming of it, '' God so loved 
the world, that he gave his only begotten son for it," John iii. 16. "Behold what 
love the Father hath showed on us, that we should be called the sons of God," 
1 John iii. 1. Or by His sweet Providence, in protecting of it; either all in general, 
or His saints elect and church in particular, whom He keeps as the apple of His 
eye, whom He loves freely, as Hosea xiv. 5. speaks, and dearly respects, " Charior 
est ipsis homo qacim sibi. Not that we are fair, nor for any merit or grace of ours, 
for we are most vile and base; but out of His incomparable love and goodness, out 
of His Divine Nature. And this is that Homer's golden chain, which reacheth down 
from heaven to earth, by which every creature is annexed, and depends on his Crea- 
tor. He made all, saith ^^ Moses, " and it was good ;" He loves it as good. 

The love of angels and living souls is mutual amongst themselves, towards us 
militant in the church, and all such as love God ; as the sunbeams irradiate the earth 
from those celestial thrones, they by their well wishes reflect on us, ^^in salute homi- 
num promovendd alacres^ et constantes administri^ there is joy in heaven for every 
sinner that repenteth ; they pray for us, are solicitous for our good, ^° Casti genii. 

91" Uhi regnat charitas, suave desiderium, 
LsRtitiaque et amor Deo conjunctus." 

Love proper to mortal men is the third member of this subdivision, and the subject 
of my following discourse. 



MEMB. H. 

SuBSECT. L — Love of Men^ which varies as his Objects^ Profitable^ Pleasant, 

Honest. 

Valesius, lib. 3. confr. 13, defines this love which is in men, "to be ®^an affec- 
tion of both powers, appetite and reason." The rational resides in the brain, the 
other in the liver (as before hath been said out of Plato and others); the heart is 
diversely alfected of both, and carried a thousand ways by consent. The sensitive 
faculty most part overrules reason, the soul is carried hoodwinked^ and the under- 
standing captive like a beast. ^''"The heart is variously inclined, sometimes they 
are merry, sometimes sad, and from love arise hope and fear, jealousy, fury, despera- 
tion." Now this love of men is diverse, and varies, as the object varies, by which 
they are enticed, as virtue, wisdom, eloquence, profit, wealth, money, fame, honour, 
or comeliness of person, 8tc. Leon Hubreus, in his first dialogue, reduceth them all 
to these three, utile^ jucundum^ honestum., profitable, pleasant, honest; (out of Aris- 



81 Mantuan. s^Charitas munifica, qua mprcaniur 

de Deo regnum Dei. " poianus parlit. Zaiichius 

de iiatura Dei, c. 3. copiose de lioc ainore Dei agit. 
6^ Nich. Bellus, discurs. 28. de anialoribus, virlutem 
prnvocat, conservat pacem in terra, tranquillitateni in 
aere, ventis lae itiam, &c. t^&Camerarius Emh. JOO. 

cen. 2. « Dial. 3. e^juven. b^Uen. 1, 



esCaussinus. WTheodoret 6 Plotino. 9i" Where 
charily prevails, sweet desire, joy, and love towards 
God are also present." ^2 Atfectus nunc appetiliva 

notentia;, nunc rationalis, alter cerebro residet allei 
hepate, corde, &c. ascor varie iiiclinatur^ nunc 

gaudens, nunc mcerens; statim ex timore UL^itut 
Zelotypla, furor, spes, deeperet'o. 



PRff 



Mem. 2. Subs. ,.J 



Objects of Lot 



431 



iotle 6elike 8. moral.) of which he discourseth at large, and whatsover is beautiful 
and fair, is '•eferred to them, or any way to be desired. ^^" To profitable is abscribed 
health, wealth, honour, &c., which is rather ambition, desire, covetousness, than 
love:" friends, children, love of women, '^^all delightful and pleasant objects, are 
referred to the second. The love of honest things consists in virtue and wisdom, 
and is preferred before that which is profitable and pleasant : intellectual, about thai 
which is honest. ^^ St. Austin calls " profitable, worldly ; pleasant, carnal ; honest, 
piritual. ^'Of and from all three, result charity, friendship, and true love, which 
respects God and our neighbour." Of each of these I will briefly dilate, and show 
i.T what sort they cause melancholy. 

Amongst all these ran* enticing objects, which procure love, and bewitch the soul 
r-f »7ian there is none so moving, so forcible as profit ; and that which carrieth with 
it a show of commodity. Health indeed is a precious thing, to recover and preserve 
which we will undergo any misery, drink bitter potions, freely give our goods : 
restore a man to his health, his purse lies open to thee, bountiful he is, thankful and 
beholding to thee ; but give him wealth and honour, give him gold, or what shall be 
for his advantage and preferment, and thou shalt command his affections, oblige him 
eternally to thee, heart, hand, life, and all is at thy service, thou art his dear and 
loving friend, good and gracious lord and master, his Mecaenas; he is thy slave, thy 
vassal, most devote, affectioned, and bound in all duty: tell him good tidings in this 
kind, there spoke an an^el, a blessed hour that brings in gain, he is tliy creature, 
and thou his creator, he hugs and admires thee; he is thine for ever. No loadstone 
so attractive as that of profit, none so fair an object as this of gold; ^* nothing wins a 
man sooner than a good turn, bounty and liberality command body and soul : 



Munera (crede mi hi) placnnt liotninesque deosque; 
Placatur doiiis Jupiter ipse dalis." 



Good turns dolh pacify both God and men, 
Aiid Jupiter himself is won by th< ni." 



Gold of all Other is a most delicious object; a sweet light, a goodly lustre it hath; 
gratius aurum qunm solem intuemur^ saith Austin, and we had rather see it than the 
sun. Sweet and pleasant in getting, in keeping; it seasons all our labours, intole- 
rable pains we take for it, base employments, endure bitter flouts and taunts, long 
journeys, heavy burdens, all are made light and easy by this hope of gain : ^t m'lhi 
plaudo ipse domi^ simul ac nummos contemplor in area. The sight of gold refresheth 
our spirits, and ravisheth our hearts, as that Babylonian garment and ^''golden wedge 
did Achan in the camp, the very sight and hearing sets on fire his soul with desire 
of it. It will make a man run to the antipodes, or tarry at home and turn parasite, 
lie, flatter, prostitute himself, swear and bear false witness ; he will venture his body 
kill a king, murder his father, and damn his soul to come at it. Formosior auri 
massa^ as '°° he well observed, the mass of gold is fairer than all your Grecian pictures, 
that Apelles, Phidias, or any doaling painter could ever make : we are enamoured 
with it, 

*" Prima ferS vota, et cunctis notissima tcmplis, 
Divitife ut crescant." 

All our labours, studies, endeavours, vows, prayers and wishes, are to get, ho\t 
to compass it. 

*" H<TC est ilia cui famulatur maximns orbis, 
Diva potens rerum, domitrixque |)ecunia fati." 

" This is the great goddess we adore and worship ; this is the sole object of our 
desire." If we have it, as we think, we are made for ever, thrice happy, princes, 
lords, &c. If we lose it, we are dull, heavy, dejected, discontent, miserable, des- 
perate, and mad. Our estate and bene esse ebbs and flows with our commodity ; and 
as we are endowed or enriched, so are we beloved and esteemed : it lasts no longer 
than our wealth ; when that is gone, and the object removed, farewell friendship . 
as long as bounty, good cheer, and rewards were to be hoped, friends enough ; they 
were tied to thee by the teeth, and would follow thee as crows do a carcass : but 
when thy goods are gone and spent, the lamp of their love is out, and thou shalt be 



w Ad utile sanitas refertur; utilium est ambitio, 
tiipido desideriuin potius quam amorexcessus avaritia. 
« Picolon). <(rad. 7. cap. 1. i» Lib. de amicit. utile 

uundanum, carnale jucundum, spirituale honestum. 
" £x singulis tribus ht charitas et amicitia, quts re- 



spicit deum et proximum. 88 Uenefactores prfBcipue 

amamus. Vives 3. de aiiima. "^ Jos. 7. i"" Pelro- 
nius Arbiter. « Juvenalis. '^ Joli Secund. lit 

sy I varum. 



432 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1. 

contemned, scorned, hated, injured. ^Lucian's Timon, when he lived in prosperity, 
was the sole spectacle of Greece, only admired ; who but Timon } Everybody 
loved, honoured, applauded him, each man offered him his service, and sought to be 
kin to him; but when his gold was spent, his fair possessions gone, liirewell Timon: 
none so ugly, none so deformed, so odious an object as Timon, no man so ridiculous 
on a sudden, they gave him a penny to buy a rope, no man would know him. 

'Tis tlie general humour of the world, commodity steers our affections through- 
out, we love those that are fortunate and rich, that thrive, or by whom Ave may 
receive mutual kindness, hope for like courtesies, get any good, gain, or profit" hate 
those;, and abhor on the other side, which are poor and miserable, or by whom we 
may sustain loss or inconvenience. And even tiiose tliat were now familiar and deai 
unto us, our loving and long friends, neighbours, kinsmen, allies, with whom we 
have conversed, and lived as so many Geryons for some years past, striving still to 
give one another all good content and entertainment, with mutual invitations, feast- 
ings, disports, offices, for whom we would ride, run, spend ourselves, and of whom 
we have so freely and lionoiirably spoken, to whom we have given all those turgent 
titles, and magnificent eulogiums, most excellent and most noble, worthy, wise, grave, 
learned, valiant, &c., and magnified beyond measure : if any controversy arise be- 
tween us, some trespass, injury, abuse, some part of our goods be detained, a piece 
of land come to be litigious, if they cross us in our suit, or touch the string of our 
commodity, we detest and depress them ifpon a sudden : neither aflinity, consan- 
guinity, or old acquaintance can contain us, but "^rupto jecore cxlerit Caprificus. A 
golden a])ple sets altogether by the ears, as if a marrowbone or honeycomb were 
flung amongst bears : father and son, brother and sister, kinsmen are at odds : and 
look what malice, deadly hatred can invent, that shall be done, TemZ'/e, ^/rw/i, pes//- 
lens, atrox^ferum^ mutual injuries, desire of revenge, and how to hurt them, bin. 
and his, are ail our studies. If our pleasures be interrupt, we can t^olerate it : our 
bodies liurt, we can put it up and be reconciled : but touch our commodities, we are 
most impatient : fair becomes foul, the graces are turned to harpies, friendly saluta- 
tions to bitter imprecations, mutual feastings to plotting villanies, minings and (K)un- 
terminings ; good words to satires and invectives, we revile e contra^ nought but his 
imperfections are in our eyes, he is a base knave, a devil, a monster, a caterpillar, a 
viper, a hogrubber, &c. Des'm'it in piscem muUer formosa superne ;^ the scene is 
altered on a sudden, love is turned to hate, mirth to melancholy : so furiously are 
we most part bent, our affections fixed upon this object of commodity, and upon 
money, the desire of which in excess is covetousness : ambition tyranniseth over 
our souls, as ^ J have shown, and in defect crucifies as much, as if a man by negli- 
gence, ill husbandry, improvidence, prodigality, waste and consume his goods and 
fortunes, beggary follows, and melancholy, he becomes an abject, ^ odious and "• worse 
than an infidel, in not providing for his lamily." 

SuBSECT. IJ. — Pleasant Objects of Love. 

Pleasant objects are infinite, whether they be such as have life, or be without 
life ; inanimate are countries, provinces, towers, towns, cities, as he said, ^Pu/cherri- 
mam insuhmi videmus^ etiam cum nan videmus, we see a fair island by description, 
when we see it not. The ^sun never saw a fairer city, Thessala Tempe, orchards, 
gardens, pleasant walks, groves, fountains, &lc. The heaven itself is said to be '"fair 
or foul: fair buildings, "fair pictures, all artificial, elaborate and curious works, 
clothes, give an admirable lustre: we admire, an^ gaze upou them, ut pueri Jimonis 
avem^ as children do on a peacock : a fair dog, a fair horse and hawk, &ic. '^ Thes- 
salus amat equum pulllnum^ huculwn uEgyplius^ LacedcEinonius Catulum., 4'c., such 
things we love, are most gracious in our sight, acceptable unto us, and whatsoever 
else may cause this passion, if it be superfluous or immoderately loved, as Guianerius 
observes. These things in themselves are pleasing and good, singular ornaments, 
necessary, comely, and fit to be had ; but when we fix an immoderate eye, and dote 

sLucianiis Timon. « Pers. »" The bust of a | serenum. coelum visum faedum. Polid. lib. 1. de Anglia 

beaijlifiil woman with the tail of a fish." s Fart. 1. h Credo eqiiidem vivos ducent e marmore vultua 

eec. 2. meiiib. sub. 12. i ITini. i. 8. s Ljps. epist. | 'sjviax. Tyrius, ser. 9. 

t'MMdeuo. &Lelaudof Ht Edmoiidsbury. >»Ca'iuin 



Mom. 2. Subs. 2.] 



Objects of Love. 



438 



on them over much, tliis pleasure may turn to pain, bring much sorrow and dii^con- 
tent unto us, work our final overthrow, and cause melancholy in the end. Many 
are carried away with those bewitching sports of gaming, hawking, hunting, and 
such vain pleasures, as '^ I have said : some with immoderate desire of fame, to be 
crowned in the Olympics, knighted in the field, &c., and by these means ruinate, 
themselves. The lascivious dotes on his fair mistress, the glutton on his dishes. 
which are infinitely varied to please the palate, the epicure on his several pleasures, 
the superstitious on his idol, and fats himself with future joys, as Turks feed them- 
selves with an imaginary persuasion of a sensual paradise : so several pleasant ob- 
jects diversely affect diverse men. But the fairest objects and enticings proceed 
from men themselves, which most frequently captivate, allure, and make them dote 
beyond all measure upon one another, and that for many respects : first, as some 
suppose, by that secret force of stars, {quod me tibi temperat asirumf) They do 
singularly dote on such a man, hate such again, and can g^ve no reason for it, '\Yo« 
amo te Sabidij 4'c. Alexander admired Ephestion, Adrian Antinous, Nero Sporus, 
&CC. The physicians refer this to their temperament, astrologers to trine and sextile 
aspects, or opposite of their several ascendants, lords of *heir genitures, love 
and hatred of planets ; '^ Cicogna, to concord and discord of spirits ; but most to 
outward graces. A merry companion is welcome and acceptable to all men, and 
therefore, saith '^Gomesius, princes and great men entertain jesters and players com- 
monly in their courts. But ^" Pares cum paribus facilllme congregantur^ 'tis that 
'^similitude of manners, which ties most men in an inseparable link, as if they be 
addicted to the same studies or disports, they delight in one another's companies, 
" birds of a feather will gather together :" if they be of divers inclinations, or oppo- 
site in manners, they can seldom agree. Secondly, '^affability, custom, and fami- 
liarity, may convert nature many times, though they be different in manners, as if 
they be countrymen, fellow-students, colleagues, or have been fellow-soldiers, ^° bre- 
thien in affliction, C^' acerba calainitalnm socictas^ diversi efiam ingenii homines con- 
jungit) affinity, or some such accidental occasion, tliough they cannot agree amongst 
themselves, they will stick together like burrs, and hold against a third ; so after 
some discontinuance, or death, enmity ceaseth ; or in a foreign place : 

" Pa«:citiir in vivis livor, post fata qiiiescil : 
Et cecidere odia, et tristes mors ohruil iras." 

A third cause of love and hate, may be mutual offices, acceptum benejicium^ ^^ com- 
mend him, use him kindly, take his part in a quarrel, relieve him in his misery, thou 
winnest him for ever ; do the opposite, and be sure of a perpetual enemy. Praise 
and dispraise of each other, do as much, though unknown, as ^^Schoppius by Scali- 
ger and Casaubonus : mulus mulum scabit; who but Scaliger with him } what enco- 
miums, epithets, eulogiums .? Jlnfistes sapienti.ce., perpetuus dictator., literarum 
ornamenfum., EuropcB miraculum, noble Scaliger,^* incredibilis ingenii prcestantia^ 
SfC.^ diis potius quam hominibus per omnia comparandus.) scripta ejus aurea ancylia 
de coelo delapsa poplitibus veneramur Jlexis^^ ^c, but when they began to vary, 
none so absurd as Scaliger, so vile and base, as his books de Burdonum familid^ and 
other satirical invectives may witness. Ovid, in Ibin., Archilocus himself was not 
so bitter. Another great tie or cause of love, is consanguinity: parents are dear to 
their children, children to their parents, brothers and sisters, cousins of all sorts, as 
a hen and chickens, all of a knot : every crow thinks her own bird fairest. Many 
memorable examples are in this kind, and 'tis portenti simile., if they do not : ^^"*a 
mother cannot forget her child :" Solomon so found out the true owner ; love of 
parents may not be concealed, 'tis natural, descends, and they that are inhuman in 
this kind, are unworthy of that air they breathe, and of the four elements; yet many 
unnatural examples we have in this rank, of hard-hearted parents, disobedient chil- 



w Part 1. sec. 2. memb. 3. " Mart. is Omnif. 

mng. lib. 12. cap. 3. i« De sale geniali, 1. 3. c. 15. 

" Theod. Prodromup, amor. lib. 3. '^Similitiido 

morurii parit ainiciliam. '9 Vives 3. de aniina. 

*>Q.ui siiiiiil fecere iiaiifradfiim, ant una pertiilere vin- 
cula vel consilii conjurationisve societate jun^nnlur, 
inviccni ainaiit: Briitum et Cassiuin inviceni infensos 
Ciesarianus doininatus conciliavit. ^Einilius Lepidus 
et Julius Flaccus, quutn essent inimicissiini, censores 
'enunciati siniultates illico deposuere. Scultet. cap. 4. 



de causa amor. 21 Papjnius. « [sorrate* 

demonico prsecipit ut quum alicujus amicitiam vclle- 
ilium laudet, quod laus initium amons sit, vitupfiratio 
simultaiuin. « Suspect lect. lib. 1. cap. 2. ^t'-Th: 
priest of wisdom, perpetual dictator, oriiament of lite- 
rature, wonder of Europe." 2., qi, incredible excr.v 
lence of genius, &c., more com[)arable to gods' thai) 
man's, in ev<;ry respect, we venerate youi writings on 
bended knees, as we do the shield that fell from beft 
ven." »; jsa. xlix. 



55 



2M 



434 Love-Melancholy. [Part. J Sec J. 

ilren, of ^^d'sagreeing brothers, nothing so common. The love of kinsmen is grown 
cold, ^^"many kinsmen (as the saying is) few friends;" if thine estate be good, anti 
.hou able, par pari referre., to requite their kindness, there will be mutual corre- 
spondence, otherwise thou art a burden, most odious to them above all others. Thfl 
last object that ties man and man, is comeliness of person, and beauty alone, as men 
love women with a wanton eye : whicli xo.r i^oxrjv is termed heroical, or love-melan- 
choly. Other loves (saith Picolomineus) are so called with some contraction, as the 
love of wine, gold, &c., but this of women is predominant in a higher strain, whose 
part affected is the liver, and this love deserves a longer explication, and shall be 
dilated apart in the next section. 

SuBSECT. III. — Honest Objects of Love. 

Beauty is the connnon object of all love, ^^" as Jet draws a straw, so doth beauty 
love :" virtue and honesty are great motives, and give as fair a lustre as the rest, 
especially if they be sincere and right, not fucate, but proceeding from true form, 
and an incorrupt judgment; those two Venus' twins, Eros and Anteros, are then 
most firm and fast. For many times otherwise men are deceived by their flattering 
gnathos, dissembling camelions, outsides, hypocrites that make a show of great love, 
learning, pretend honesty, virtue, zeal, modesty, with aflected looks and counterfeit 
gestures : feigned protestations often steal away the hearts and favours of men, and 
deceive them, specie virtutis et umhra^ when as reverd and indeed, there is no worth 
or honesty at all in them, no truth, but mere hypocrisy, subtilty, knavery, and the 
like. As true friends they are, as he that Caelius Secundus met by the highway side; 
and hard it is in this temporising age to distinguish such companions, or to find them 
out. Such gnathos as these for the most part belong to great men, and by this 
glozing flattery, affability, and such like philters, so dive and insinuate into their 
favours, that they are taken for men of excellent worth, wisdom, learning, demi- 
gods, and so screw themselves into dignities, honours, offices ; but these men cause 
harsh confusion often, and as many times stirs as Rehoboam's counsellors in a com- 
monwealth, overthrew themselves and others. Tandlerus and some authors make a 
doubt, v/hether love and hatred may be compelled by philters or characters ; Cardan 
and Marbodius, by precious stones and amulets ; astrologers by election of times, 
&c. as '^^l shall elsewhere discuss. The true object of this honest love is virtue, 
wisdom, honesty, ^' real worth. Interna forma., and this love cannot deceive or be 
compelled, ut ameris amahilis esto^ love itself is the most potent philtrum, virtue and 
wisdom, gratia gratum faciens., the sole and only grace, not counterfeit, but opeii, 
honest, simple, naked, ^^''^ descending from heaven," as our apostle hath it, an infused 
habit from God, which hath given several gifts, as wit, learning, tongues, for which 
they shall be amiable and gracious, Eph. iv. II. as to Saul stature and a goodly pre- 
sence, 1 Sam. ix- I. Joseph found favour in Pharaoh's court. Gen. xxxix, for ^^his 
person; and Daniel with the princes of the eunuchs, Dan. xix. lU. Christ was gra- 
cious with God and men, Luke ii. 52. There is still some peculiar grace, as of good 
discourse, eloquence, wit, honesty, which is the primum mobile.) first mover, and a 
most forcible loadstone to draw the favours and good wills of men's eyes, ears, and 
affections unto them. When " Jesus spake, they were all astonished at his answers, 
(Luke ii.47.) and wondered at his gracious words which proceeded from his mouth." 
An orator steals away the hearts of men, and as another Orpheus, quo vult^ undc 
vult., he pulls them to him by speech alone: a sweet voice causeth admiration; and 
he that can utter himself in good words, in our ordinary phrase, is called a proper 
man, a divine spirit. For which cause belike, our old poets, Senatus populusque poeta- 
rum., made Mercury the gentleman-usher to the Graces, captain of eloquence, and those 
charities to be Jupiter's and Eurymone's daughters, descended from above. Though 
they be otherwise deformed, crooked, ugly to behold, those good parts of the mind 
.denominate them fair. Plato commends the beauty of Socrates ; yet who was more grim 
of countenance, stern and ghastly to look upon.^ So are and have been many great phi- 

21 Rara est Concordia fratruni. *Grad. 1. cap. 22. I homine probo. 82 james iii. 10. ^(rratioreA 

*> Vives 3. de aniina, nt paleatn succitium sic forniam | pulchro veniens C corpore virtus. 
«mor irahit. »Sect. seq. »' Nihil diviiiius i 



Mfm. 2 Subs. 3. 



Honest Objects of Love. 



435 



•< fiophers, as ^^ Gregory Nazianzen observes, ^'deformed most part in that whicli is to 
le seen with the eyes, but most elegant in that which is not to be seen," Scppe sub 
attrita latitat sapicntia veste. iEsop, Democritus, Aristotle, Politianus, Melancthon, 
^iesner, &c. withered old men, Slleni Jllcibiadis., very harsh and impolite to the eye ; 
but who were so terse, polite, eloquent, generally learned, temperate and modest? 
No man then living was so fair as Alcibiades, so lovely quo ad superjiciem., to the 
eye, as ^"^Boethius observes, but he had Corpus turpi ssirnum iiiterne, a most deformed 
«5oul; honesty, virtue, fair conditions, are great enticers to such as are well given, 
and much avail to get the favour and good-will of men. Abdolominus in Curtius, a 
poor man, (but which mine author notes, '^'^''the cause of this poverty was his 
honesty") for his modesty and continency from a private person (for they found him 
digging in his garden) was saluted king, and preferred before all the magnificoes of 
his time, injecta el vestis purpura auroque distmcta^ " a purple embroidered garment 
was put upon him, ^'and they bade him w^ash himself, and, as he was worthy, take 
upon him the style and spirit of a king," continue his continency and the rest of his 
good parts. Titus Pomponius Atticus, that noble citizen of Rome, was so fair con- 
ditioned, of so sweet a carriage, that he was generally beloved of all good men, of 
Caesar, Pompey, Antony, Tuljy, of divers sects, &.c. multas hmrtditates (^^ Cornelius 
Nepos writes) sold bonitate conscauutus. Operce pretiinn audire., Sfc. It is %vorthy 
of your attention, Livy cries, ^^"•you that scorn all but riches, and give no esteem 
to virtue, except they be wealthy withal, Q. Cincinnatus had but four acres, and by 
the consent of the senate was chosen dictator of Rome. Of such account were 
Cato, Fabricius, Aristides, Antonius, Probus, for their eminent worth : so Caesar, 
Trajan, Alexander, admired for valour, ""ITcTephestion loved Alexander, but Parmenio 
the kmg: Titus delicice humani generis., and which Aurelius Victor hath of Vespatian, 

the darlino: of his time, as '*' Edg-ar Ethelinof was in EiiMand, for his "'^ excellent vir- 
es ' ri O o " 

lues : their memory is yet fresh, swen, and we love them many ages after, though 
they be dead : Suavcin uiimoriam sui reliquit, saith Lipsius of his friend, living and 
dead they are all one. "''" I have ever loved as thou knovvest (so Tully wrote to 
Dolabella) Marcus Brutus for his great wit, singular honesty, constancy, sweet con- 
ditions ; and believe it '*'' there is nothing so amiable and fair as virtue." ^M ^'do 
mightily love Calvisinus, (so Pliny writes to Sossius) a most industrious, eloquent, 
upright man, which is all in all with me :" the affection came from his good parts. 
And as St. Austin comments on the 84th Psalm, ''^ " there is a peculiar beauty of jus- 
tice, and inward beauty, which we see with the eyes of our hearts, love, and arc 
enamoured with, as in martyrs, though their bodies be torn in pieces with wild 
beasts, yet this beauty shines, and we love their virtues." The "^ stoics are of opinion 
that a Avise man is only fair; and Cato in Tully 3 de Finibus contends the same, 
that the lineaments of the mind are far fairer than those of the body, incomparably 
beyond them : wisdom and valour according to '*^ Xenophon, especially deserve the 
name of beauty, and denominate one fair, et incomparabiliter pulchri.or est (as Austin 
holds) Veritas ChriMiariorum quam Helena GrcBcorum. ''Wine is strong, the king is 
strong, women are strong, but truth overcometh all things," Esd. i. 3, 10, 11, 12. 
••' Blessed is the man that findeth wisdom, and getteth understanding, for the mer- 
chandise thereof is better than silver, and the gain thereof better than gold : it is 
more precious than pearls, and all the things thou canst desire are not to be com- 
pared to her," Prov. ii. 13, 14, 15, a wise, true, just, upright, and good man, I say 
it again, is only fair : '^^ it is reported of Magdalene Queen of France, and wife to 
Lewis 11th, a Scottish woman by birth, that walking forth in an evening with her 
ladies, she spied M. Alanus, one of tlie king's chaplains, a silly, old, ^° hard-favoured 



31 Oral. 18. deformes plerumque philosoplii ad id quod 
In aspectiiin cadil ea parte ele-^antes quae oculos fiifrit. 
*5 43 de cnnsol. 3s Causa ei paupertaiis, philosopliia, 
sicul plerissque piottitas fuit. 37 ^hlue corpus et 

ca[)e regis aiiiinuin, et in earn fortunam qua dignus es 
contlneutiatn istam profer. 3-< Vita ejus. 39Q^i,i 

nrx divitii!- Immana speniunt, necvirtnti locum putant 
jiisi opes affluant. Q,. Cincinnatus consensu patriiin in 
dictatoreni Romanuui electus. "^''tirtius. ^i Edcar 
••^theling, England's darling. ■i^Morum suavitas, 

ohvia coniitas, prompta officia mortaliuni aiiimos de- 
morentur *3Epis[. ijh. p. Semper amavi nt tu scis, 

M. Rruluin propter ejus summum ingeniuni, suavissi- 



mos mores, singularem probitatem et constantians : 
nihil est, niihi crede, virtute forniosiiis, nihil aniahilius. 
^•JArdentes amores excitaret, si simulacrum ejus arl 
oculos penetraret, Plato Phaedone. '•a Epist. lib. 4 

Validissime diligo virum rectum, disertuni, quod a[)ud 
me potenlissimum est. 46 Est quffidam pulchritudo 

justitifE quam videmus oculis cordis, amamus, et exar 
descimus, nt in martyribus, quum eorum inemltra 
bestis laccrarent, etsi alias deformes, <fcc. 47 L.jpsius 
manuduc. ad Phys. Stoic, lib. 3. diff 17, solus sapeiif 
pulcher. ^eportitudo et prudentia pulchritud lur 

laiidem pra^cipue nierentur. ^s pranc. Belforist iu 

liist, an. 1430. ^ Erat autem foede deformis, et ei 



430 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. I 

man fast asleep in a bower, and kissed him sweetly; when the young ladies laughed 
at her lor it, she replied, that it was not his person that she did embrace and reve- 
rence, but, with a platonic love, the divine beauty of ^' his soul. Thus in all ages 
virtue liath been adored, admired, a singular lustre hath proceeded from it : and the 
more virtuous he is, the more gracious, the more admired. No man so much fol- 
lowed upon earth as Christ himself: and as the Psalmist saith, xlv. 2, ''He was 
lairer than the sons of men." Chrysostom Horn. 8 hi Mat. Bernard Ser. 1. de omni- 
h(s Sanctis; Austin, Cassiodore, Hier. in 9 Mat. interpret it of the ^^ beauty of his 
person ; there was a divine majesty in his looks, it shined like lightning and drew 
all men to it : but Basil, Cyril, lih. 6. super. 55. Esay. Theodoret, Arnobius, &c, of 
the beauty of his divinity, justice, grace, eloquence, &c. Tliomas in Psal. xliv. of 
both; and so doth Bara(hus and Peter Morales, lib de piilchritud. Jesu et MaricB., 

adding as much of Joseph and the Virgin Mary, hcec alias forma prcBcesserit 

omnes^ ^^ according to that prediction of Sibylla Cumea. Be they present or absent, 
near us, or afar off, this beauty shines, and will attract men many miles to come and 
visit it. Plato and Pythagoras left their country, to see those wise ^Egyptian priests: 
Apollonius travelled into ^Ethiopia, Persia, to consult with the Magi, Brachmanni, 
gymnosophists. The Queen of Sheba came to visit Solomon ; and " many, saith 
'"^ Hierom, went out of Spain and remote places a thousand miles, to behpld thai 
eloquent Livy :" ^'"Midti Romam non iit iirhem pulcherrijnam., aut urhis et orhis domi- 
nwn Octavianum^ sed ut himc unum inviserent aitdirentqiie., a Gadihus profecti sunt. 
No beauty leaves such an impression, strikes so deep, ^ or links the souls of men 
closer tlian virtue. 

5T " !Von per dens aiit pictor posset, 
Am statiiiirius ulliis fingere 
'i'ali-MU pulc.hritudineiii (pialem virtus habel ;" 

•' no painter, no graver, no carver can express virtue's lustre, or those admirable ray?. 
that come from it, those enchanting rays that enamour posterity, those everlasting 
rays that continue to the world's end." Many, saith Phavorinus, that loved and 
admired Alcibiades in his youth, knew not, cared not for Alcibiades a man, nunc 
infuenles qucErehant Alcihiadem ; but the beauty of Socrates is still the same; ^^ vir- 
tue's lustre never fades, is ever fresh and green, semper viva to all succeeding ages, 
and a most attractive loadstone, to draw and combine such as are present. For that 
reason belike. Homer feigns the three Graces to be linked and tied hand in hand, 
because the hearts of men are so firmly united with such graces. ^®'' O sweet bands 
(Seneca exclaims), which so happily combine, that those which are bound by them 
love their binders, desiring withal much more harder to be bound," and as so many 
Geryons to be united into one. For the nature of true friendship is to combine, to 
be like affected, of one mind, 

60" Velle et nolle ambobus idem, satiataque toto 
Mens JEvo" 

as the poet saith, still to continue one and the same. And where this love takes 
place there is peace and quietness, a true correspondence, perfect amity, a diapason 
of vows and wishes, the same opinions, as between ^' David and Jonathan, Damon 
and Pythias, Pylades and Orestes, ^^Nysus and Euryalus, Theseus and Pirithous, 
^^they will live and die together, and prosecute one another with good turns. ^^JYam 
vinci in amore turpi ssimum putant., not only living, but when their friends are dead, 
with tombs and monuments, Nenias, epitaphs elegies, inscriptions, pyramids, obe- 
lisks, statues, images, pictures, histories, poems, annals, feasts, anniversaries, many 
ages after (as Plato's scholars did) they will parentare still, omit no good office that 
may tend to the preservation of their names, honours, and eternal memory, ^-'lllum 
(olorihus^ ilium cera^ ilium cerc^ 6^c. " He did express his friends in colours, in wax, 
i'j brass, in ivory, marble, gold, and silver (as Pliny reports of a citizen in Rome), 

tbrma, qua citius pueri terreri possent, qiiam invitari gari et in uniim redigi. soSfatius. «' " He 

ad it-culum puellre. si Doformis iste etsi videatiir 

t-enex, rlivinuin aniinuni habet. 62 pulgebat viiltu 

Kuo : fiilfjor et divina n)njestas homines ad se trahcns. 

fy " She excelled ail others in beauty." 64 Prajfat. bib. 

vulgar. 65 Pars jnscrip. Til. Livii status Fatavii. 

^ A true love's kiict. 67StoDaeus e Grteco. sssoij. 

nus, pulchri nulla est facies. saO dulcissimi laquei, 

•J"> tarn feliciter deviiiciunt, ut etiarn A vinctis dili- 

gftfiur, qui a gratiis vincti sunt, cupiunt arclius deli- 



loved hiui as he loved his own soul," 1 Sam. xv. 1. 
"Beyond the love of women." ^2 Virg. 9. ^En. 

Q.Mi super exanimem sese conjecit amicum confessus. 
""Amicus anima; dimidium, Austin, confess. 4. cap. 6. 
Q.uod de Virgilio Horatius, et serves anima dimidium 
meie. "4 piinius. CaiHum argento et auro, ilium 

ebore, marmore effingit, el nuper ingenti adhib-to 
auditorio ingenteni de vita ejus libruin recitavit. epist 
lib. 4. epist. 66. 



Mem. 3.] Division of Love. 437 

and in a great auditory not long since recited a Just volume of his life." In anothci 
place, ^"^ sp^-aking of an epigram which Martial had composed in praise of him, ^^""He 
gave me ys much as he- might, and would have done more if he could : though what 
can a man give more tl.an honour, glory, and eternity ?" But' that which he wrote 
peradveuture, will not continue, yet he wrote it to continue. 'Tis all the recom- 
pense a poor scholar can make his well-deserving patron, Mecaenas, friend, to men- 
tion him in his works, to dedicate a book to his name, to write his life, &c., as all 
our poets, orators, historiographers have ever done, and the greatest revenge such 
men take of their adversaries, to persecute them with satires, invectives, kc, and 
'tis both ways of great moment, as ^^ Plato gives us to understand Paulus Jovius, 
in the fourth book of the life and deeds of Pope Leo Decimus, his noble patron.^ 
concludes in these words, ^^ " Because I cannot honour him as other rich men do, 
with like endeavour, aiFection, and piety, I have undertaken to write his life; since 
my fortunes will not give me leave to make a more sumptuous monument, I will 
perform those rites to his sacred ashes, which a small, perhaps, but a liberal wit can 
afford." But 1 rove. Where this true love is wanting, there can be no firm peace, friend- 
ship icoiri teeth outward, counterfeit, or for some by-respects, so long dissembled, 
till they have satisfied their own ends, which, upon every small occasion, breaks ou. 
into enmity, open war, defiance, heart-burnings, whispering, calumnies, contentions, 
and all manner of bitter melancholy discontents. And those men which have nc 
other object of their love, than greatness, wealth, authority, &c., are rather feared 
than beloved; nee amant Quemquam^ nee amantur ab ullo : and howsoever borne 
with for a time, yet for their tyranny and oppression, griping, covetousness, currish 
hardness, folly, intemperance, imprudence, and such like vices, they are generally 
odious, abhorred of all, both God and men. 

" Non uxor salviiiii te viilt, iioii filius, oiniies 
Vicini oilerunt," 

" wife and children, friends, neighbours, all the world forsakes them, would feign be 
rid of them," and are compelled many times to lay violent hands on them, or else 
God's judgments overtake them : instead of graces, come furies. So when fair 
'° Abigail, a woman of singular wisdom, was acceptable to David, Nabal was churlish 
and evil-conditioned ; and therefore '' Mordecai was received, when Haman was 
executed, Haman the favourite, "that had his seat above the other princes, to whom 
all the king's servants that stood in the gates, bowed their knees and reverenced." 
Though they flourislied many times, such hypocrites, such temporising foxes, and 
blear the world's eyes by flattery, bribery, dissembling their natures, or other, men's 
weakness, that cannot so apprehend their tricks, yet in the end they will be dis- 
cerned, and precipitated in a moment : "'• surely," saith David, " thou hast set them 
in slippery places," Ps. xxxvii. 5. as so many Sejani, they will come down to the 
Gemonian scales; and as Eusebius in '^Ammianus, tliat was in such authority, ad 
jubendum I?nperatore?]i^ be cast down headlong on a sudden. Or put case they 
escape, and rest unmasked to their lives' end, yet after their death their memory 
stinks as a snuff of a candle put out, and those that durst not so much as mutter 
against them in their lives, will prosecute their name with satires, libels, and bitter 
imprecations, they shall male audire in all succeeding ages, and be odious to the 
world's end. 



MEMB. III. 

Charity composed of all three Kinds, Pleasant, Profitable, Honest. 

Besides this love that comes from profit, pleasant, honest (for one good turn ask« 
another in equity), that which proceeds from the law of nature, or from discipline 
and philosophy, there is yet another love compounded of all these three, which is 



66 Lib. iv. ep. (jl. Prisco suo ; Dedit initii quaiitmii 
potuit inaxiiiiuiii, daturus aiiiplius si |K>tuissc't. ']"a- 
m^'.Ui quill hoiiiiiii dari potei't inajiis (|uain gloria, lati: 



eniin vim habeiit, &c. s** Peri tainen studio el pm- 

lale coiiscribuiidie vita? ejus rnuiius susccpi, et post quain 

iiiiipliiosa coiidere pro fortiina iioii licuit, exiguo scd 



el itieriiitas? At iioii eruiit fortasse qua; scrijisit. llle vo tortt; liberalis iii<r«iiii iiioimineiito justa saiictissiiuci 
taiiieii SI ripsit taiiquaiii tsseiit tiilura. «' For, i;emis j cineri solvt'iilur. '*> 1 Saiu. xxv. 3. '^ Ebllier, in. X 
•fitubile valuui. *> Lib. 13 de Legibus. Magiiain I '^ Aium. Marcelliuus, I. 14. 

2 M 2 



^fW^ 



438 Lovc-MdancJtoly. [Part. 3. Sec. 1 

charity, anJ includes piety, dilection, benevolence, friendship, even all those virtuous 
habits •, for love is the circle equant of all other affections, of which Aristoile dilates 
at larg-'? in his Ethics, and is commanded by God, which no man can well perform, 
but ht that is a Christian, and a true regenerate man ; this is, ''^"To love God above 
all, anvi our neighbour as ourself ;" for this love is lychnus accendens et accenfms^ a 
communicating light, apt to illuminate itself as well as others. All other objecva 
are fair, and very beautiful, I confess ; kindred, alliance, friendship, the love that we 
owe to our country, nature, wealth, pleasure, honour, and such moral respects, &c., 
of which read ''^copious Aristotle in his morals; a man is beloved of a man, in that 
he is a man ; but all these are far more eminent and great, when they shall proceed 
from a sanctified spirit, that hath a true toucli of religion, and a reference to God. 
Nature binds all creatures to love their young ones; a hen to preserve her brood 
will run upon a lion, a hind will fight with a bull, a sow with a bear, a silly sheep 
with a fox. So the same nature urgeth a man to love his parents, C" dii me pater 
omnes oderinf., ni le magis quani ocvJos amtm meos !) and this love cannot be dis- 
solved, as Tully holds, '^"' without detestable offence:'' but much more God's com- 
mandment, which enjoins a filial love, and an obedience in tliis kind. ''"The love 
of brethren is great, and like an arch of stones, where if one be displaced, all comes 
down," no love so forcible and strong, honest, to the combination of which, nature, 
fortune, virtue, happily concur ; yet this love comes sliort of it. ''^Dulce el decorum 
pro patrid mori, " it cannot be expressed, what a deal of charity that one name of 
country contains. Amor laudls et patricB pro stipeiidio est ; the Decii did se devo- 
vere^ Horatii, Curii, Scaevola, Regulus, Codrus, sacrifice themselves for their country's 
peace and good. 



t^" " Una dies Fabios ad helium triiserat omnes, 
Ad belluiii inissos perdidit una dies." 



One day the Fahii stoutly warred, 
One day the Fabii were destroyed." 



Fifty thousand Englishmen lost their lives willingly near Battle Abbey, in defence 
of their country. '^' P. ^milius /. 6. speaks of six senators of Calais, that came 
with halters in their hands to the king of England, to die for the rest. This love 
makes so many writers take such pains, so many historiographers, physicians, &c., 
or at least, as they pretend, for common safety, and their country's benefit. ^"^Sanc- 
tum nomen amicitice^ sociorum communio sacra ; friendship is a holy name, and a 
sacred communion of friends. ^^" As the sun is in the firmament, so is friendship in 
tlie world," a most divine and heavenly band. As nuptial love makes, this perfects 
mankind, and is to be preferred (if you will stand to the judgment of ^^ Cornelius 
Nepos) before affinity or consanguinity ; plus in amicitid valet simiVitudo ?norum, 
quam ajinitas^ <^t., the cords of love bind faster than any other wreath whatsoever. 
Take this away, and take all pleasure, joy, comfort, happiness, and true content out 
of the world ; 'tis the greatest tie, the surest indenture, strongest band, and, as our 
modern Maro decides it, is much to be preferred before the rest. 



'** Hard is the doubt, and difficult to deem, 
Wiien all three kinds of love together meet; 
Atnl do dispart the heart with power extreme. 
Whether shall weigh the balance down; to wit, 
'i"he dear affection unto kindred sweet. 
Or racing fire of love to women kind. 
Or zeal of frieiuis, combin'd by virtues meet ; 
But of them all the band of virtuous mind, 

Meihinks the gentle heart should most assured bind. 



" For natural affection soon doth cease. 
And quenched is with Cupid's greater fiame; 
Bit faithful friendship doth them both suppress. 
And them with mastering disr;ipline doth tame, 
Through thoughts aspiring to eternal fame. 
For as the soul doth rule the earthly mass. 
And all the service of the body frame. 
So love of soul doth love of body pass, [hrass," 

No less than perfect gold surmounts the tiieaiiest 



^ k faithful friend is better than ^''gold, a medicine of misery, ^^an only possession ; 
yet this love of friends, nuptial, heroical, profitable, pleasant, honest, all three loves 
put together, are little worth, if they proceed not from a true Christian illuminated 
•soul, if it be not done in ordlnc ad Deum^ for God's sake. " Though I had the gift 
of prophecy, spake with tongues of men and angels, though I feed the poor with al 
my goods, give niy body to be burned, and have not this love, it pro£».eth me no- 



"Ulmundiis duobus polis sustentatiir : ita lex Dei, 
aniore Dei et proximi ; duobiis his fundameiitis vin- 
titur; machiua iniindi corruit, si una de polis turba. 
tur; lex perit diviua si una ex his. '* 8 et 

libro. 15'1'er. Adelph 4. 5. "'' De 

nmicit. "Charitas parentum dilui nisi detestabili 

v.elcre non potest, lapidiim forniciiius simillima.casura, 
wii Be iiivicem sustenlaret. Seneca. '** 



to die for one's country." '^Dii iminirtah s, dici non 
potf^st quantum charilatis nomen illiid .label, fo Ovid. 
Fast. 81 Anno VM7. .Tacob Mayer. An lal. Fland. 

lib. 12. 82'1'iiiiy, *3 Lucianus Toxari. Amicitia 

lit sol in mundo, ice. ''^ Vit. Pompon. Aitni. 

f5 Spencer, Faerie (iueene, lib. 5. cant. 9. staff. I, % 



^'^ Svracides. 



"'' Plutarch, preciosum numisma. 



It is sweet i «* Xeiioplion, verus amicus pra;staiilissima posses.sio. 



■mpi 



Mem. 3.] Division of Love. 439 

thing," 1 Cor. xiii. 1, 3. 'tis splendidinn pcccatum^ without chanty. This is an all- 
apprehending love, a deilying love, a refined, pure, divine love, the quintessence of 
all love, the true philosopher's stone, jYon potest enun^ as *^ Austin infers, vcraciter 
amicus esse hominis^ nisi fnerit ipsius primitus veritatis., He is no true mend that 
loves not God's truth. And therefore this is true love indeed, the cause of all good 
to mortal men, that reconciles all creatures, and glues them together in perpetual 
amity and firm league ; and can no more abide bitterness, hate, malice, than fair and 
foul weather, light and darkness, sterility and plenty maybe togetlier; as the sun in 
the firmament (I say), so is love in the world; and for this cause 'tis love without 
an addition, love, love of God, and lovi of men. ^" The love of God begets the 
love of man ; and by this love of our neighbour, the love of God is nourished and 
increased." By this happy union of love, ^' "■ all well-governed families and cities 
are combined, the heavens annexed, and divine souls complicated, the world itself 
composed, and all that is in it conjoined in God, and reduced to one. ^^This love 
causeth true and absolute virtues, the life, spirit, and root of every virtuous action, 
it finisheth prosperity, easeth adversity, corrects all natural incumbrances, inconve- 
niences, sustained by faith and hope, which with this our love make an indissoluble 
twist, a Gordian knot, an equilateral triangle, and yet the greatest of them is love," 
1 Cor. xiii. 13, ^^" which inflames our souls wiih a divine heat, and being so inflamed, 
purged, and so purgetli, elevates to God, makes an atonement, and reconciles us unto 
him. ^*That other love infects the soul of m^n, this cleanseth ; that depresses, this 
rears; that causeth cares and troubles, this quietness of mind ; this informs, that 
deforms our life ; that leads to repentance, this to heaven." For if once we be truly 
linked and touched with this charity, we shall love God above all, our neighbour as 
ourself, as we are enjoined, Mark xii. 31. Matt, xix. 19. perform those duties and 
exercises, even all the operations of a good Christian. 

" This love suffereth long, it is bountiful, envieth not, boasteth not itself, is not 
puffed up, it deceiveth not, it seeketh not his own things, is not provoked to anger, 
"t thinketh not evil, it rejoiceth not in iniquity, but in truth. It suflereth all things, 
believeth all things, hopeth all things," 1 Cor. xiii. 4, 5, 6, 7 ; " it covereth all tres- 
passes," Prov. X. 12; ^' a multitude of sins," I Pet. 4, as our Saviour told the womaa 
in the Gospel, that washed his feet, " many sins were forgiven her, for she loved 
much," Luke vii. 47; "it will defend the fatherless and the widow," Isa, i. 17; "will 
seek no revenge, or be mindful of wrong," Levit. xix. 18; "will bring home his 
brother's ox if he go astray, as it is commanded," Deut. xxii. I ; " will resist evil^ 
give to him that asketh, and not turn from him that borroweth, bless them that curse 
him, love his enemy," Matt, v; "bear his brother's burthen," Gal. vi. 7. He that so 
loves will be hospitable, and distribute to the necessities of the saints ; he will, if it 
be possible, have peace with all men, " feed his enemy if he be hungry, if he be 
athirst give him drink ;" he will perform those seven works of mercy, " he will 
make himself equal to them of the lower sort, rejoice with them that rejoice, weep 
with them that weep," Rom. xii; he will speak truth to his neighbour, be courteous 
and tender-hearted, "forgiving others for Christ''s sake, as God forgave him," Eph. 
iv. 32; "he will be like minded," Phil. ii. 2. " Of one judgment ; be humble, meek, 
long-suffering," Colos. iii. "Forbear, forget and forgive," xii. 13. 23. and what he 
doth shall be heartily done to God, and not to men. " Be pitiful and courteous," 1 
Pet. iii. "Seek peace and follow it." He will love his brother, not in word and 
tongue, but in deetl and truth, John iii. 18. "and he that loves God, Christ will love 
him that is begotten of him," John v. I, &c. Tims should we willingly do, if we 
had a true touch of this charity, of this divine love, if we could perform this which 
we are enjoined, forget and forgive, and compose ourselves to those Christian laws 
of love. 

9j"0 felix hominmn aeiius. 
Si vesiros aniiiios amor 
Q,uo coBium regitur regat !" 



w Epist. 52. *>Grt'g. Per anmrem Dei, prnximi 

l?igiiitiir; et per huiic ariiorcm proxiini, Dti milritiir. 
*' I'iccoloriiineus. gra<l. 7. cap. -J?, lioc fclici amoris nolo 
ligaritiir fainilia; civitatjs, &c. ^^ Veras aUsoliitas 

ha;c, parit virtutcs, radix nniiiiuin virtdtmri, tiiens et 
H'ifitu:] ^ Diviiii) calore .aiiiinos iiicmuiit, iiictiii- 



sos purgat, purgatos elovat ad Deiitn, Deiim pKvat. ho 
rniDt'iii Deo coriciliat. BiTiiard. ^ llle mfn it, Iii« 

pcrficil, illo deprimit, hie cit'vat ; hie traii(]uillitateiE 
illc cnras narit: hie vitam rectd iiiformat, illedeforinai 
&c. ^^ Uoethius, lib. 2. met. 8. 



440 Love -Melancholy [Part. 3. 3cc 1. 

"Ang-elical souls, how blessed, how happy should we be, so loving, how might we 
triumph over the devil, and have another heaven upon earth !" 

But this we cannot do; and which is the cause of all our woes, miseries, discon- 
tent, melancholy, ^ want of this charity. We do invicem angariare^ contemn, con- 
sult, vex, torture, molest, and hold one another's noses to the grindstone hard, pro- 
voke, rail, scoff, calumniate, challenge, hate, abuse (hard-hearted, implacable, mali- 
cious, peevish, inexorable as we are), to satisfy our lust or private spleen, for *' toys 
trifles, and impertinent occasions, spend ourselves, goods, friends, fortunes, to be 
revenged on our adversary, to ruin him and his. 'Tis all our study, practice, and 
business how to plot mischief, mine, countermine, defend and offend, ward ourselves, 
injure others, hurt all ; as if we were born to do mischief, and that with such eager- 
ness and bitterness, with such rancour, malice, rage, and fury, we prosecute our 
intended designs, that neither affinity or consanguinity, love or fear of God or men 
can contain us : no satisfaction, no composition will be accepted, no offices will 
serve, no submission ; though he shall upon his knees, as Sarpedon did to Glaiicus 
in Homer, acknowledging his error, yield himself with tears in his eyes, beg his par- 
don, we will not relent, forgive, or forget, till we have confounded him and his 
" made dice of lUs bones," as they say, see him rot in prison, banish his friends, 
followers, et omm invisum genus, rooted him out and all his posterity. Monsters 
of men as we ire, dogs, wolves, ®^ tigers, fiends, incarnate devils, we do not only 
contend, oppress, and tyrannise ourselves, but as so many firebrands, w-e set on, and 
animate others : our whole life is a perpetual combat, a conflict, a set battle, a snarl- 
ing fit. Eris (lea is settled in our tents, ^^ Omnia de lite, opposing wit to wit, wealth 
to wealth, strength to strength, fortunes to fortunes, friends to friends, as at a sea- 
fight, we turn our broadsides, or two millstones with continual attrition, we fire our- 
selves, or break another's backs, and both are ruined and consumed in the end. 
Miserable wretches, to fat and enrich ourselves, we care not how^ we get it, Quocun- 
que modo rem; how many thousands we undo, whom we oppress, by whose ruin 
and downfall we arise, whom we injure, fatherless children, widows, common soci- 
eties, to satisfy our own private lust. Though we have myriads, abundance of 
wealth and treasure, (pitiless, merciless, remorseless, and uncharitable in the highest 
degree), and our poor brother in need, sickness, in great extremity, and now ready 
to be starved for want of food, we had rather, as the fox told the ape, his tail should 
f'veep the ground still, than cover his buttocks ; rather spend it idly, consume it with 
dogs, hawks, hounds, unnecessary buildings, in riotous apparel, ingurgitate, or iet it 
be lost, than he should have part of it; '°° rather take from him that little which he 
hath, than relieve him. 

Like the dog in the manger, we neither use it ourselves, let others make use of or 
enjoy it; part with nothing while we live: for want of disposing our household, 
and setting things in order, set all the world together by the ears after our death. 
Poor Lazarus lies howling at his gates for a few crumbs, he only seeks chippings, 
offals ; let him roar and howl, famish, and eat his own flesh, he respects him not. 
A poor decayed kinsman of his sets upon him by the way in all his jollity, and runs 
begging bareheaded by him, conjuring by those former bonds of friendship, alliance, 
consanguinity, &c., uncle, cousin, brother, father, 

" Per ejro has lachryinas, dt-xtramqiie tuam te, 

Fi quidqiiaiM (ie tc iiierni, fuil aut tibi quidquam 
Duli.e iiieuni, iiiisere inei." 

" Show some pity for Christ's sake, pity a sick man, an old man, &c.," he carca 
not, ride on : pretend sickness, inevitable loss of limbs, goods, plead suretyship, or 
shipMTCck, fires, common calamities, show thy wants and imperfections, 

" Et si per sanctum jiiratiis dicat Osyrim, 
Credite, noii ludo, crudeles toUite claudurn." 

" Swear, protest, take God and all his angels to witness, qucere peregrinum, thou 
art a counterfeit crank, a cheater, he is not touched with it, pauper uhiquc jacet, ridn 
on, he takes no notice of it." Put up a supplication to him in the name of a thou- 

»6Dpli.i.iiiiin palitiir charitas, odium ejus loco succo- I ^^ Heraclitus. iO"Si iiiffehennain abit, paiiperein qu» 
dit. Basil. . ser. dp instil, iiion. S' Nodum in .ecirpn noii alat. quid de eo fiet qui pau|iereiu deniirtal? 



qiiaErentes. *" liircaniuque admorunt ubera tijfrei. I Austin. 



Mem. 3.] 



Charity. 



441 



sand f^rphatis, a hospital, a spittel, a prison, as he goes by, they cry out to liim fo; 
aid, ride on, surdo narras^ he cares not, let them eat stones, devour themselves with 
vermin, rot in their own dung, he cares not. Show him a decayed haven, a bridge. 
a school, a fortification, &.C., or some public work, ride on; good your worship, 
your honour, for God's salve, your country's sake, ride on. But show him a roll 
whereiu his name shall be registered in golden letters, and commended to all pos« 
terity, his arms set up, with his devices to be seen, then peradvenlure he will slay 
and contribute ; or if thou canst thunder upon him, as Papists do, with satisfactory 
and meritorious works, or persuade him by this means he shall save his soul out of 
hell, and free it from purgatory (if he be of any religion), then in all likelihood he 
will listen and stay ; or that he have no children, no near kinsman, heir, he cares 
for, at least, or cannot well tell otherwise how or where to bestow his possessions 
(for carry them with him he cannot), it may be then he will build some school or 
hospital in his life, or be induced to give liberally to pious uses after his death. For 
I dare boldly say, vain-glory, that opinion of merit, and this enforced necessity, when 
they know not otherwise how to leave, or what better to do with them, is the main 
cause of most of our good works. I will not urge this to derogate from any man's 
charitable devotion, or bounty in this kind, to censure any good work \ no doubt 
there be many sanctified, heroical, and worthy-minded men, that in true zeal, and 
for virtue's sake (divine spirits), that out of commiseration and pity extend their 
liberality, and as much as- in them lies do good to all men, clothe the naked, feed the 
hungry, comfort the sick and needy, relieve all, forget and forgive injuries, as true 
charity requires ; yec most part there is simulatmn quid^ a deal of hypocrisy in this 
kind, much default and defect. ' Cosmo de Medici, that rich citizen of Florence, 
ingeniously confessed to a near friend of his, that would know of him why he built 
so many public and magnificent palaces, and bestowed so liberally on scholars, not 
that he loved learning more than others, ^' but to ^ eternise his own name, to be im- 
mortal by the benefit of scholars ; for when his friends were dead, walls decayed, 
and all inscriptions gone, books would remain to the world's end." The lanthorn 
in ^Athens was built by Zenocles, the theatre by Pericles, the famous port Pyra?um 
by Musicles, Pallas Palladium by Phidias, the Pantheon by Callicratidas ; but tiiese 
brave monuments are decayed all, and ruined long since, their builders' names alone 
flourish by meditation of writers. And as ^ he said of that Marian oak, now cut 
down and dead, nullius AgricolcE manu vulta sL'irps tarn diuturna^ quam qucB poetce 
versu seminari potest, no plant can grow so long as that which is ingcnio sata, set 
and manured by those ever-living wits. ^Allon Backuth, that weeping oak, under 
which Deborah, Rebecca's nurse, died, and was buried, may not survive the memory 
of such everlasting monuments. Vain-glory and emulation (as to most men) was 
the cause efficient, and to be a trumpeter of his own fauie, Cosmo's sole intent so to 
do good, that all the world might take notice of it. Such for the most part is the 
charity of our times, such our benefactors, Mecaenates and patrons. Show ine amongst 
so many myriads, a truly devout, a right, honest, upright, meek, humble, a patient, 
innocuous, innocent, a merciful, a loving, a charitable man ! ^Probus quis nobiscum 

vluit? Show me a Caleb or a Joshua! Die mild Musa virum show a virtuous 

woman, a constant wife, a good neighbour, a trusty servant, an obedient child, a 
true friend, &c. Crows in Africa are not so scant. He that shall examine this 
'iron age wherein we live, where love is cold, et jam terras Astrea reliquit, justice 
tied with her assistants, virtue expelled, 

8 " Justitice soror, 

Iiicorrupla titles, nuilaque Veritas," 

all goodness gone, where vice abounds, the devil is loose, and see one man vilify 
and insult over his brother, as if he were an innocent, or a block, oppress, tyrannise 
prey upon, torture him, vex, gall, torment and crucify him, starve him, where is 
charity ? He that shall see men ^ swear and forswear, lie and bear false witness, to 



« Joviiis, vita ojus. « Immortalitatem heneficio 

Ute.rariim, imniortali gloriosa quadam cupiditate con- 
ciipivit. ciuod civesquihus heiiefecisset perituri, niOBiii i 
riiitura. etsi regio siiinptii tedificata, non libii. s I'lu- 
'arch, Pericle. *Tnllius, lib. 1. (je lejiibus. »Gen. 
txxv. 8. « Ilur. 1 Durum geiiis suiuus. •"Ttij 

56 



sister of jusiice, honour inviolate, and nakod truth" 
•Tull. pro Rose. Meritiri vis causa niea ? ego vero 
cupide et libeiiter nientiar tua cawsa ; et si quando ma 
vis perjurare, ul paululum lu '•ouipen«lii '"ucias para 
tuui fore scito 



412 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. i 



advantage themselves, prejudice others, hazard goods, lives, fortunes, credit, all, to 
be revenged on their enemies, men so unspeakable in their lusts, unnatural in malice, 
such bloody designments, Italian blaspheming, Spanish renouncing, &c., may vvelJ 
ask where is charity .^ He that shall observe so many lawsuits, such endless con 
tentions, such plotting, undermining, so much money spent with such eagerness and 
I'ury, every man for himself, his own ends, the devil for all : so many distressed 
souls, such lamentable complaints, so many factions, conspiracies, seditions, oppres- 
sions, abuses, injuries, such grudging, repining, discontent, so much emulation, envy, 
«o many brawls, quarrels, monomachies, &c., may well require what is become of 
charity } when we see and read of such cruel wars, tumults, uproars, bloody battles, 
so many "'men slain, so many cities ruinated, &c. (for what else is the subject of all 
our stories almost, but bills, bows, and guns!) so many murders and massacres, &c., 
where is charity .? Or see men wholly devote to God, churchmen, professed divines, 
holy mren, ""to make the trumpet of the gospel the trumpet of war," a company 
of hell-born Jesuits, and liery-spirited ^nsus, facem prceferre to all seditions: as so 
many firebrands set ail the world by the ears (I say nothing of their contentious and 
raiUng books, whole ages spent in writing one against another, and tiiat with such 
virulency and bitterness, Bionceis sermonibus et sale nigro)^ and by their bloody in- 
quisitions, that in thirty years. Bale -saith. consumed 39 princes, 148 earls, 235 
barons, 14,755 commons; worse than thosb ten persecutions, may justly doubt 
where is charity ? Ohstcro vos quales hi demum Christiani ! Are these Ciiristians ? 
1 beseech you tell me : he that shall observe and see these things, may say to them 
as Cato to Caesar, credo quce de inferis dicuntur falsa existimas^ "sure I think thou 
art of opinion there is neither heaven nor hell." Let them pretend religion, zeal, 
make what shows they will, give alms, peace-makers, frequent sermons, if we may 
guess at the tree by the fruit, they are no better than hypocrites, epicures, atheists, 
with the '^ " fool in their hearts they say there is no God." 'Tis no marvel then if 
being so uncharitable, hard-hearted as we are, we have so frequent and so many discon- 
tents, such melancholy fits, so many bitter pangs, mutual discords, all in a combus- 
tion, often complaints, so common grievances, general mischiefs, si iantce in terns 
tragaedice^ quihus lahefactatur et misere laceratur humanum genus, so many pesti- 
lences, wars, uproars, losses, deluges, fires, inundations, God's vengeance and all the 
plagues of Egypt, come upon us, since we are so currish one towards another, so 
respectless of God, and our neighbours, and by our crying sins pull these miseries 
upon our own heads. Nay more, 'tis j ustly to be feared, which '^ Josephus once 
said of his countrymen Jews, "if the Romans had not come when they did to sack 
their city, surely it had been swallowed up with some earthquake, deluge, or fired 
from heaven as Sodom and Gomorrah : their desperate malice, wickedness and pee- 
vishness was such." 'Tis to be suspected, if we continue these wretched ways, we 
may look for the like heavy visitations to come upon us. Jf we had any sense or 
feeling of these things, surely we should not go on as we do, in siich irregular 
courses, practise all manner of impieties ; our whole carriage would not be so averse 
from God. If a man would but consider, when he is in the midst and full career of 
such prodigious and uncharitable actions, how displeasing they are in God's sight, 
how noxious to himself, as Solomon told Joab, 1 Kings, ii. "The Lord shall bring 
this blood upon their heads." Prov. i. 27, " sudden desolation and destruction shall 
come like a whirlwind upon them: affliction, anguish, the reward of his hand shall 
be given him," Isa. iii. 11, &.C., "they shall fall into the pit they have digged for 
others," and when they are scraping, tyrannising, getting, wallowing in their wea'th, 
"mis night, O fool, I will take away thy soul," what a severe account the'y must 
make; and how '''gracious on the other side a charitable man is in God's eyes, 
haurit sibi gratiam. Matt. v. 7, " Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain 
mercy : he that lendeth to the poor, gives to God," and how it shall be restored to 
them again ; " how by their patience and long-suffering they shall heap coals on 



lOGaliioiius in Treh. Pollio lacfra, occi«Ie, tnea mente 
irasceri;. Kabie jecur iiiceiulente foruntur praici piles, 
Vopiscus of Auioliaii. Taiittim fiidil saiijSjuinis qiiaii- 
*ijm qiiis virii potavit. " Evarigelii liihaiii belli ttibam 
'aciuiit; in pulpitis pa'"*' in. in colloqiiiis bellnin sna- 
deiil. '2Psal. xiii. ] "» De bello Judaico, lib. li. c. 



IG. Puto si Romani contra nos veniro tardassent, Tut 
bintii terrae devorandani fuisse civitatem, aut djiii^io 
periturani, aut fiilniina ac Sodoma cum iucend'o (ae- 
siiram, oh dcsperatum popiili, &c. l^ Benefacit aiiiioffl 
suffi vir misericors. 



Mem. J.^ubs. 1.] Love's Power and Extent. 443 

iheir enemies' heads," Rom. xii. " and he that follovveth after rigliteousness and 
mercy, shall find righteousness and glory;" surely they would check their desires 
curb in their unnatural, inordinate affections, agree amongst themselves, abstain froni 
doing evil, amend their lives, and learn to do well. '■'•Behold how comely and good 
a thing it is for brethren to live togetlier in '^ union : it is liive the precious ointment, 
&.C. How odious to contend one with the other!" '^Miseriquid luc/atiunculis 
hisce volumus ? ecce mors supra caput est, et supremum illud tribunal, ubi et dicta 
^A facta nostra examlmmda sunt : Saplamus! " Why do we contend and vex one 
another .'* behold death is over our heads, and we must shortly give an account of all 
our uncharitable words and actions : think upon it : and be wise." 



SECT. 11. MEMB. I. 



Sub SECT. T. — Herolcal love causeth Melancholy. His Pedigree, Power, and Extent. 

In the preceding section mention was made, amongst other pleasant objects, of 
this comehness and beauty which proceeds from women, that causeth heroical, or 
love-melancholy, is more eminent above the rest, and properly called love. The 
part affected in men is the liver, and therefore called heroical, because commonly 
gallants. Noblemen, and the most generous spirits are possessed with it. His 
power and extent is very large, '" and in that twofold division of love, ^luCv and ipai^ 
"^ those two veneries which Plato and some other make mention of it is most emi- 
nent, and zor' iioxriv called Venus, as I have said, or love itself Which although it 
be denominated from men, and most evident in them, yet it extends and shows itself 
hi vegetal and sensible creatures, those incorporeal substances (as shall be specified), 
and hath a large dominion of sovereignty over them. His pedigree is very ancient, 
derived from the beginning of the world, as '^ Phaedrus contends, and his ^° parent- 
age of such antiquity, that no poet could ever find it out. Hesiod makes ^' Terra 
and Chaos to be Love's parents, before the Gods were born : Ante deos omncs pri- 
mum generavit amorem. Some lliink it is the self-same fire Prometheus fetched from 
heaven. Plutarch amator. libello, will have Love to be the son of Iris and Favo- 
nius ; but Socrates in that pleasant dialogue of Plato, when it came to his turn to 
speak of love, (of which subject Agatho the rhetorician, magniloquus Agatho, that 
chaunter Agatho, had newly given occasion) in a poetical strain, telleth this tale : 
when Venus was born, all the gods were invited to a banquet, and amongst the rest, 
^^ Porus the god of bounty and wealth ; Penia or Poverty came a begging to the 
door; Porus well whittled with nectar (for Uiere was no wine in those days) walk- 
ing in Jupiter's garden, in a bower met with Penia, and in his drink got her with 
child, of whom was born Love ; and because he was begotten on Venus's birtiiday, 
Venus still attends upon him. The moral of this is in ^^Ficinus. Another tale is 
there borrowed out of Aristophanes : "^in the beginning of the world, men had four 
arms and four feet, but for their pride, because they compared themselves with the 
gods, were parted into halvcs,'andnow peradventure by love they hope to be united 
again and made one. Otherwise thus, ^^ Vulcan met two lovers, and bid them ask 
what they would and they should have it; but tliey made answer, O Vulcane faber 
Deorum, S^x. " O V'ulcan tiie gods' great smith, we beseech thee to work us anew 
in thy furnace, and of two make us one ; which he presently did, and ever since 
true lovers are either all one, or else desire to be united." Many such tales you 
shall find in Leon Hebr;Eus, dial. 3. and their moral to them. The reason why Love 
was still painted young, (as Phornutiis ^^and others will) ^''"is because young men 



'-Concordia mapnaj res crescunt, di.'-cordia maximae 
diiHf,.ir.tur. i«Lipsius. »" Menib. 1. Subs. 2. 

'0 Amor pt amicitia. ^^ Pha^drus orat. in laiideiii 

dinoris Plaionis convivio. 20 Vjde Boccas. de Genial 
deoriiin. 21 gee the moral in Pint, ot' that fiction. 

■^ Affliientite Deus. 23 Cap. 7. Comment, in Pla 



facias; quod et fecit, et e.xinde amatores ununi sunt et 
nnum esse pelunt. ae See more in Nalalis Cotnes 

Ima-,'. Deorum Philostratiis de Imaginibus. Liliiis (ii- 
raldtis Syiitag. de diis. Phormitus, &e. 3- Jnvenis 

pinifitur quod amore pleriimque juvenes capiunlur; sir. 
et mollis, forinosus, rnidus, quod aimple.'c et apertus liifl 



convivium. 2* See more in Valesius, lib. 3. cont. | affcctiis; ridct quod oblcctamentuin pra: se ferat, cum 

nnd et cont. 13. ^6 Vives 3. de anima ; orjimus te ut pharetra, &;c 
•uis arllbus et camiiiis uos refingas, et eA duobus unuia | 



444 



Love-Melanc/iuiy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 'i 



are uiosit apt \:> love ; soft, lair, and fat, because such folks are soonest taken : nake('., 
because all tri e affection is simple and open : he smiles, because merry and given to 
delights : hath a quiver, to show his power, none can escape : is blind, because he 
sees not where he strikes, whom he hits, &c." His power and sovereignty is ex- 
pressed by the ^^ poets, in that he is held to be a god, and a great commanding god, 
above Jupiter himself; Magnus Daemon, as Plato calls him, the strongest and mer- 
riest of all the gods according to Alcinoiis and ^^Athenaeus. A?nor viroruin rex, amor 
rex et deum as Euripides, the god of gods and governor of men \ for we must all 
do homage to him, keep a holiday far his deity, adore in his temples, worship his 
image, [?iu?nen enim hoc non est nudum nomen) and sacrifice to his altar, that conquers 
all, and rules all : 

30 " Mallem cum icone, cervo et apro ^i^olico, 
Cum Anteo et Stymphalicis avibus liictari 



tiiam cum amore 



"• 1 had rather contend with bulls, lions, bears, and giants, than with Love ;" he is sc 
powerful, enforceth ^' all to pay tribute to him, domineers over all, and can make 
mad and sober whom he list; insomuch that Ciecilius in TuUy's Tusculans, holds 
him to be no better than a fool or an idiot, that doth not acknowledge Love to be a 
great god. 

32"Cui ill manu sit quern esse demeiitem vplit, 
tiuem i-apere, quern in morbum injici, &c." 

That can make sick, and cure whom he list. Homer and Stesichorus were both 
made blind, if you will believe ''^Leon Hebreus, for speaking against his godhead: 
and though Aristophanes degrade him, and say that he was ^'^ scornfully rejected from 
the council of the gods, had his wings clipped besides, that he might come no more 
amongst them, and to his farther disgrace banished heaven for ever, and confined to 
dwell on earth, yet he is of that ''^ power, majesty, omnipotency, and dominion, that 
no creature can withstand him. 

36" luiperat Cupiiio ctiam diis pro arbitrio, 

Et ipsum arcere ne armipoiens potest Jupiter," 

He is more than quarter-master with the gods, 

3T "TetiPt 

Thetifie a'quor, umbras ^.aco, ccelum Jove :" 

and hath not so much possession as dominion. Jupiter himself was turned into a 
satyr, shepherd, a bull, a swan, a golden shower, and what not, for love ; that as 
^^Lucian's Juno right well objected to him, Indus amorls iu es, thou art Cupid's 
whirligig : how did he insult over all the other gods. Mars, Neptune, Pan, Mercury^ 
Bacchus, and the rest .? ^^ Lucian brings in Jupiter complaining of Cuj)id that he 
could not be quiet for him ; and the moon lamenting that she was so impotently be- 
sotted on Endymion, even Venus herself confessing as much, how rudely and in 
what sort her own son Cupid had used her being his ^° mother, "• now drawing her 
to Mount Ida, for the love of that Trojan Anchises, now to Libanus for that Assyrian 
youth's sake. And although she threatened to break his bow and arrows, to clip 
his wings, '"and whipped him besides on the bare buttocks with her phantophle, yet 
all would not serve, he was too headstrong and unruly." That monster-conquering 
Hercules was tamed by him : 



Q,uem uon mille ferae, quern non Sthenelejus hostis, 
N(;c potuit Juno vincere, vicit amor." 



Whom neither beasts nor enemies could tame. 
Nor Juno's might subdue. Love quelTd the same. 



Your bravest soldiers and most generous spirits are enervated with it, '^^ubi mulieri- 
bus blandit'ds permlttunt se, et inquinaniur amplexibus. Apollo, that took upon him 
to cure all diseases, '^^ could not help himself of this ; and therefore '^^ Socrates calls 
Love a tyrant, and brings him triumphing in a chariot, whom Petrarch imitatei?- in 
his triumph of Love, and Fracastorius, in an elegant poem expresseth at large, Cupid 
riding. Mars and Apollo following his chariot. Psyche weeping, &c. 

In vegetal creatures what sovereignty love hath, by many pregnant proofs and 



''^ A petty Pope claves habet superorum et infcrorum, 
ds Orpheus, &c. ^ Lib. 13. cap. 5. Dyphiioso. 

*f Kf^sinat et in snperos jus habei ille dens. Ovid. 
S' Plautus. 32t;ei,|eii pro leg. 3. cap. <le diis Syris. 

'^ Dial. 3. 34 ,\ coiicilio Ueorum rejectus et ad majo- 

ren» Hjus isnomiiiiam, &c. 36 F„),|ii|, j ,;(,i,citatior. 

•6 Siiphoclcs. 37 .1 Hj> divides the empire of tlie sea 

with 'J'hetis, — of the Shades, with .^acus, — o*" t>e 



Heaven, with Jove." 38 Tom. 4. s^Dial. deoruui, 

tom. 3. «Q.uippe matrem ipsius qui bus modis 

me afficit, nunc in Idam adigens Auchisa; causa, &c. 
••' Jampridem et plagas ipsi in nates incussi sandalio. 
*- Altopilus, ful. 79. « iVullis amor est medicabilii 

herbis. " Plutarch in Amatorio. Dictator «uu 

creato cessant reliqui magistraius. 



Loveh Poxer and Extent. 



445 



vTcm 1 Subs. 1.] 

familiar example? ma} be proved, especially of palm-trees, which are botli 1 e ana 
8he, and express not a sympathy but a love-passion, and by many observations have 
been confirmed. 

45" Vivuiit in venerem frondes, omnisqiie vicissim 
Felix arhor amat, nutatit et niutiia palms 
Foeilera, popiileo susjiirat populiis irtii, 
El platano platainjs, alno(|ue assihilat ainiis." 

Constantine de Agrlc. lib. 10. cap. 4. gives an instance out of Florentius hiv 
Georgics, of a palm-tree that loved most fervently, ''^"and would not be comforted 
until such time her love applied herself unto her ; you might see the two trees bend, 
and of their own accords stretch out their boughs to embrace and kiss each other : 
they will give manifest signs of muliiai love." Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. 24, re- 
ports that they marry one another, and fall in love if they grow in sight; and when 
the wind brings the smell to them, they are marvellously affected. Philostratus in 
Lnaginlbus, observes as much, and Galen lib. 6. de locis affectis., cap. 5. they will be 
sick for love; ready to die and pine away, which the husbandmen perceiving, saith 
'''Constantine, " stroke many palms that grow together, and so stroking again the 
palm that is enamoured, they carry kisses from the one to the other :" or tying the 
leaves and branches of the one to the stem of the other, will make them both 
flourish and prosper a great deal better . *^" which are enamoured, they can perceive 
by the bending of boughs, and inclination of their bodies." If any man think this 
which I say to be a tale, let him read that story of two palm-trees in Italy, the male 
growing at Brundusium, the female at Otranto (related by Jovianus Pontanus in an 
excellent poem, sometimes tutor to Alphonsus junior, Kmg of Naples, his secretary 
of state, and a great philosopher) " which were barren, and so continued a long 
time," till they came to see one another growing up higher, though many stadiums 
asunder. Pierius in his Hieroglyphics, and Melchior Guilandinus, Mem. 3. tract, de 
papyro. cites this story of Pontanus for a truth. See more in Salmuih Comment, in 
Pancirol. de JYova repert. Tit. 1. de novo orbe, Mizaldus Arcanorum lib. 2. Sand's 
V^oyages, lib. 2.fol. 103. Sfc. 

If such fury be in vegetals, what shall we think of sensible creatures, how much 
more violent and apparent shall it be in them ! 



<3" Oiiine adeo genus in terris hominunique fprarum, 
Et genus iequoreum, pecudes, picta^qiie volucres 
In furias ignemque ruunt ; amor omnibus idem." 



" All kind of creatures in the earth, 
And fishes of the sea, 
And painted birds do rage alike; 
This love bears equal sway." 
50 " Fiic Deus et terras et rnaria alta domat." 



Common experience and our sense will inform us how violently brute beasts are 

carried away with this passion, horses above the rest, furor est insignis equa* 

rum. '"^ " Cupid in Lucian bids Venus his mother be of good cheer, for he was now 
familiar with lions, and oftentimes did get on their backs, hold them by the mane, 
and ride them about like horses, and they would fawn upon him with their tails," 
Bulls, bears, and boars are so furious in this kind they kill one another : but espe- 
cially cocks, ^^ lions, and harts, which are so fierce that you may hear them fight 
half a mile off, saith " Turberville, and many times kill each other, or compel them 
to abandon the rut, that they may remain masters in their places ; " and when one 
hath driven his co-rival away, he raiseth his nose up into the air, and looks aloft, as 
though he gave thanks to nature," which affords him such great delight. How birds 
avti affected in this kind, appears out of Aristotle, he will have them to sing obfutu- 
ram venerem, for joy or in hope of their venery which is to come. 

^'i^'Merix primum volucres te Diva tiiiirnque 
Significant initum, perculss corda tua vi." 

''Fishes pine away for love and wax lean," if ^'Gomesius's authority may be taken, 
and are rampant too, some of them : Peter Gellius, lib. 10. de hist, animal, tells 



♦sciauc'iaa descripl. vener. aulae. "Trees are in- 
fluenced by love, and every flourishing tree in turn feels 
the passion : palms nod mutual vows, poplar sighs to 
noplar, plane to plane, and alder breathes to alder." 
'«Neque prius in iis desiderium cessat dum dejeciiis 
consoletur; videreenim est ipsam arborem incurvatani, 
ultroramis ab utrisque vicissim ad osculum exporrectis. 
Manifesta dant nuitui desiderii signa. « Multas 

palmas contingens quae simul crescunt, rursiisque ad 
amantem regrediens, eamque manu altingens, quasi 
osculum mutuo ministrare videtur, et expediti concu 



bitus gratiam facit. ^sQuam vero ipsa desidere* 

afltctu ramoriim significat, et adullam respicit ; aman 
tiir, &c. ■isivirg. 3. Georg. ^opropertius. 5i Dial, 
deorum. Confide mater, leonibus ipsis fanriliaris jam 
factus sum, et sfppe conscendi eoruin terga el appre- 
hendi jubas; equorum more insidens eos agito, et illi 
mihi caudis adblandiuntur. ^2 Leones pr£e amore 

fiirunt, Plin. 1.8. c. Iti. Arist. 1. 6. hist, animal. «>3Cap. 
17. of his book of hunting. ^^ Lucretius. "^JlJe 

sale lib. I. c. 21. Pisces ob amorem marcescunt, pallos- 
Iciint, &c. 



2N 



4 4G Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

VNonders of a triton in Epiriis : there was a well not far from the shore, Mhere the 
country wenches fetched water, they, ^'^tiitons, sfupri causa would set upon them 
and carry them to the sea, and there drown them, if they would not yield ; so lov« 
tyranniseth in dumb creatures. Yet this is natural for one beast to dote upon an- 
other of the same kind ; but what strange fury is that, when a beast shall dote upon 
a roan.? Saxo Grammaticus, Jib. 10. Dav. hist, halh a story of a bear that loved a 
woman, kept her in his den a long time and begot a son of her, out of whose loins 
proceeded many northern kings : this is the original belike of that common tale of 
Valentine and Orson : ^lian, Pliny, Peter Gillius, are full of such relations. A pea- 
cock in Lucadia loved a m.aid, and when she died, t.he peacock pined. "*•' A dolphin 
loved a boy called Hernias, and when he died, the fish came on land, and so perished." 
The like a'dds Gellius, Ub. 10. cap. 22. out of Appion, Mgypt. lib. 15. a dolphin at 
Puteoli loved a child, would come often to him, let him get on his back, and carry 
him about, "^and when by sickness the child was taken away, the dolphin died." — 
^^" Every book is full (saith Busbequius, the emperor's orator with the grand signior, 
not long since, ep. 3. legat. Turc.% and yields such instances, to believe which 1 
was always afraid lest I should be thought to give credit to fables, until I saw a lynx 
which I had from Assyria, so affected towards one of my men, that it cannot be 
denied but tliat he was in love with him. When my man was present, the beast 
would use many notable enticements and pleasant motions, and when he was going, 
hold him back, and look after him when he was gone, very sad in his absence, but 
most jocund wlien he returned : and wlien my man went from me, the beast expressed 
his love with continual sickness, and after he had pined away some few days, died." 
Such another story he hath of a crane of Majorca, that loved a Spaniard, that would 
walk any way with him, and in his absence seek about for him, make a noise that 
he might hear her, and knock at his door, ^"^'•and when he took his last farewell, 
famished herself." Such pretty pranks can love play with birds, fishes, beasts : 

6i(" CoBlestis DBtheriss, ponti, terrte claves habfl Venus, 
Solaqne istoruin oiiiniiiiii iiM[)eriiiiii ohtiiiet.") 

and if all be certain that is credibly reported, with the spirits of the air, and devils 
of hell themselves, who are as much enamoured and dote (if I may use that word) 
as any other creatures whatsoever. For if those stories be true that are written of 
incubus and succubus, of nymphs, lascivious fauns, satyrs, and those heathen gods 
which were devils, those lasciviouus Telchines, of whom the Platonists tell so many 
fables ; or those familiar meetings in our days, and company of witches and devils, 
there is some probability for it. 1 know that Biarmannus, Wierus, lib. 1. cap. 19. 
et 24. and some others stoutly deny it, that the devil hath any carnal copulation with 
women, that the devil takes no pleasure in such facts, they be mere fantasies, all 
such relations of incubi, succubi, lies and tales; but Austin, lib. 15. de civit. Dei, 
doth acknowledge it : Erastus de Lamiis^ Jacobus Sprenger and his colleagues, &c. 
^^Zanchius, cap. 16. lib. 4. de oper. Dei. Dandinus, in Jlrist. de ^nimd, lib. 2. text. 29. 
com. 30. Bodin, lib. 2. cap. 7. and Paracelsus, a great champion of this tenet amongst 
the rest, which give sundry peculiar instances, by many testimonies, proofs, and con- 
fessions evince it. Hector Boethius, in his Scottish history, hath three or four such 
examples, which Cardan confirms out of him, lib. 10. cap. 43. of such as have hat. 
familiar company many years with them, and that in the habit of men and women 
Philostratus in his fourth book de vita Apollonii, liath a memorable instance in this 
kind, which I may not omit, of one Menippus Lycius, a young man twenty-five years 
of age, that going between Cenchreas and Corinth, met such a phantasm in the habit 
of a fair gentlewoman, which taking him by the hand, carried him home to her 
house in the suburbs of Corinth, and told him she was a Phoenician by birth, and 
if he would tarry with her, **^^''he should hear her sing and play, and drink such 



66 Hauriendae aqiife causa venientt>s ex insidiis a 
Tritnne compreheiis?e, &c. ^^ Pliri. I. 10. c. 5. qUMin- 

que aborta tempestnte periisset Hernias in sicco pi*cis 
expiravit. supostqnam puer morho abiit, et ip'se 

delpliinus periit. ^piedi sunt libri qnib»s ferJE in 

noinines inflaininattB fuerunt, in quihti f/o qiiideni 
•einper assensum snstinui, veritus tie fabulosa crede- 
rem; Donee vidi lyncein quem hahni ab Assyria, sic 
tftectuin erga unum de ineis hominibu*. &c «oDesi- 



derium suum testatus post inediam aliquot, dierum 
interiit. «i Orpheus hyinno Ven. " Venus keeps the 
keys of the air, earth, sea, and she alone retains the 
corninan.d of all." 6'^QuJ hiec in Rtr.-c bilis aut 

Imajrinationis vim referre conati sunt, nihil faciunt. 
63Cantantein audies et vinuin bibes, qu^le antea nun- 
quam hibisti ; te rivalis tiirbabit nullus pult lira aulem 
pulcliro autein pulchro content^ vivam el m *rii»r 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] 



LovePs Power and E.vttnt. 



447 



wine as never any drank, and no man should molest him ; but she b.'ing fair and 
lonely would live and die with him, that was fair and lovely to behold." The 
young man a philosopher, otherwise staid and discreet, able to moderate his pas- 
sions, though not this of love, tarried with her awhile to his great content, and at 
last married her, to whose wedding, amongst other guests, came Apollonius, who, 
oy some probable conjectures, found her out to be a serpent, a lamia, and that all hfr 
furniture was like Tantalus's gold described by Homer, no substance, but mere illu- 
gions. When she saw herself descried, she wept, and desired Apollonius to be silent. 
but he would not be moved, and thereupon she, plate, house, and all that was in it, 
vanished in an instant : ^* '' many thousands took notice of this fact, for it was done in 
the midst of Greece." Sabine in his Comment on the tenth of Ovid's Metamorphoses, 
at the tale of Orpheus, telleth us of a gentleman of Bavaria, that for many months 
together bewailed the loss of his dear wife ; at length the devil in her habit came 
and comforted him, and told him, because he was so importunate for her, that she 
would come and live with him again, on that condition he would be new married, 
never swear and blaspheme as he used formerly to do; for if he did, she should be 
gone: ^^"he vowed it, married, and lived with her, she brought him children, and 
governed his house, but was still pale and sad, and so continued, till one day falling 
out with him, he fell a swearing; she vanished thereupon, and was never after seen. 
^This I have heard," saith Sabine, '^ from persons of good credit, which told me that 
the Duke of Bavaria did tell it for a certainty to the Duke of Saxony." One more 
1 will relate out of Florilegus, ad annum 1058, an honest historian of our nation, 
because he telleth it so confidently, as a thing in those days talked of all over 
"Europe : a young gentleman of Rome, the same day that he was married, after din- 
ner with the bride and his friends went a walking into the fields, and towards even- 
ing to the tennis-court to recreate himself; whilst he played, he put his ring upon 
the finger of Venus statua^ which vvas thereby made in brass ; after he had sufficiently 
played, and now made an end of his sport, he came to fetch his ring, but Venus had 
bowed her finger in, and he could not get it oiT. Whereupon loth to make his com- 
pany tarry at present, there left it, intending to fetch it the next day, or at some more 
convenient time, went thence to supper, and so to bed. In the night, when he should 
come to perform those nuptial rites, Venus steps between him and his wife (unseen 
or felt of her), and told her that she was his wife, that he had betrothed himself unto 
her by that ring, which he put upon her finger : she troubled him for some follow- 
ing nights. He not knowing how to help himself, made his moan to one Palumbus, 
a learned magician in those days, who gave him a letter, and bid him at such a time 
of the night, in such a cross-way, at the town's end, where old Saturn would pass 
by with his associates in procession, as commonly he did, deliver that script with 
his own hands to Saturn himself; the young man of a bold spirit, accordingly did 
it; and when the old fiend had read it, he called Venus to him, who rode before him, 
and cammanded her to deliver his ring, wlii^h forthwith she did, and so the gentle- 
man was freed. Many such stories I find in several ^"^ authors to confirm this which 
I have said ; as that more notable amongst the rest, of Philinium and Machates in 
^^Phlegon's Tract, de rebus mirahiUhus^ and though many be against it, yet I, for my 
part, will subscribe to Lactantius, lih. 14. cap. 15. ^^"God sent angels to the tuition 
of men ; but whilst they lived amongst us, that mischievous all-commander of the 
oarth, and hot in lust, enticed tliem by little and little to this vice, and defiled them 
with the company of women : and Anaxagoras, de resurrect. "^^ Many of those spi- 
ritual bodies, overcome by the love of maids, and lust, failed, of whom those were 
born we call giants." Justin Martyr, Clemens Alexandrinus, Sulpitiu? Severus, 
Eusebius, &c., to this sense make a twofold fall of angels, one from the oeginning 
of the world, another a little before the deluge, as Moses teacheth us, ''' openly pro- 
fe.s.sing that these genii can beget, and have carnal copulation with women. At Japan 



*>* Mulli factum hoc cognoverp, quou in meciia Gra-cia 
gtstiiin sit. B5 ii^.,„ curniis doiiiesticaiii, iit ante, 

poperit aliquot lilieros, semper tamoii tristis et pallida, 
•"litec audivi a niiiltis fide (lifjnis qui asseverahaiit du- 
cetn Bavari.r eadem retulisse Duci Saxonire pro veris. 
*7 Fabula Dumarali et Aristonis in Herodnto lib. 6. 
Eraio. '■■'Uiiterpret Mersi: 6»Deu8 Angelus 



misit ad tutelam cultumque generis iminani ; sed illog 
cum horninibus commoraiitcs, doniinator ille terrie sala- 
ci>-8imus paulatiin ad vitia pellexit, et inulierum con- 
gressibus inquiiiavit. "» Urn lam ex illo capti sunt 

aiiiore virginum, et libidine vicli defecerunt, ex quibuj 
{rigantes qui vocanlur, iiati sunt. 'i i»ererius m 

Gen. lib. 8. c. 6. ver. J. Zanc. <kc. 



448 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3 Sect. 2 

in the East Indies, at this present (if we n:iay believe tl:e relation of "^^ travellers)^ 
there is an idol called Teuchedy, to whom one of the fairest virgins in the country 
is monthly brought, and left in a private room, in the fotoqui, or church, where she 
sits alone to be deflowered. At certain times "the Teuchedy (which is thought to 
be the devil) appears to her, and knoweth her carnally. Every month a fair virgin 
is taken in ; but what becomes of the old, no man can tell. In that goodly temple 
of Jupiter Beius in Babylon, there was a fair chapel, "^saith Herodotus, an eye-wit- 
ness of it, in which was splendide stratus lecfus et apposita mensa aurea, a brave 
bed, a table of gold, &c., into which no creature came but one only woman, which 
their god made choice of, as the Chaldean priests told him, and that their god lay 
with her himself, as at Thebes in ^gypt was the like done of old. So that you see 
this is no news, the devils themselves, or their juggling priests, have played such 
pranks in all ages. Many divines stiffly contradict this ; but I will conclude with 
'^Lipsius, that since "examples, testimonies, and confessions, of tliose unhappy 
women are so manifest on the other side, and many even in this our town of 
Louvain, that it is likely to be so. "One thing I will add, that 1 suppose that 
in no age past, I know not by what destiny of this unhappy time, have there 
ever appeared or showed themselves so many lecherous devils, satyrs, and genii, 
as in this of ours, as appears by the daily narrations, and judicial sentences upon 
record." Read more of this question in Plutarch, vit. JVumce^ Austin de civ. 
Dei. lib. 15. Wierus, lib. 3. de prccstig. Deem. Giraldus Cambrensis, itinerar. 
Camb. lib. 1. Malleus, malejic. qucEst. 5. part. 1. Jacobus Reussus, lib. 5. cap. G. 
fol. 54. Godelman, lib. 2. cap. 4. Erastus, Valesius de sacra philo. cap. 40. John 
Nider, Fornicar. lib. 5. cap. 9. Stroz. Cicogna. lib. 3. cap. 3. Delrio, Lipsius 
Bodine, dcEmonol. lib. 2. cap. 7. Pererius in Gen. lib. 8. in 6. cap. ver. 2. King 
James, &lc. 

SuBSECT. II. — Hoiv Love tyranniseth over men. Love., or Heroical Melancholy^ his 

definition.^ part affected. 

You have heard how this tyrant Love rageth with brute beasts and spirits ; now 
let us consider what passions it causeth amongst men. 

'"^ Improbe amor quid non mortalla pectora cogisf How it tickles the hearts of 

mortal men, /Torresco referens., 1 am almost afraid to relate, amazed, '^ and 

ashamed, it hath wrought such stupendous and prodigious effects, such foul offences. 
Love indeed (I may not deny) first united provinces, built cities, and by a per])etual 
generation makes and preserves mankind, propagates the church ; but if it rage it is 
no more love, but burning lust, a disease, frenzy, madness, hell. ''^ Est orcus ille, 
vis est immedicabilis^ est rabies insana; 'tis no virtuous habit this, but a vehemen* 
perturbation of the mind, a monster of nature, wit, and art, as Alexis in ^"Athenaeuh 
sets it out, viriliter audax., muliebritcr iimidum., furore prcEceps., labor e infractum^ 
mel felleum., blanda percussio^ ^x. It subverts kingdoms, overthrows cities, towns, 
families, mars, corrupts, and makes a massacre of men ; thunder and lightning, wars, 
fires, plagues, have not done that mischief to mankind, as this burning lust, this 
brutish passion. Let Sodom and Gomorrah, Troy, (which Dares Phrygius, and 

Dictis Cretensis will make good) and I know not how many cities bear record, • 

et fuit ante Hclenam^ Sfc.i, all succeeding ages will subscribe : Joanna of Naples in 
Italy, Fredegunde and Brunhalt in France, all histories are full of these basilisks. 
Besides those daily monomachies, murders, eflusion of blood, rapes, riot, and immo- 
derate expense, to satisfy their lusts, beggary, shame, loss, torture, punishment, dis- 
grace, loathsome diseases that proceed from thence, worse than calentures and pesti- 
lent fevers, those often gouts, pox, arthritis., palsies, cramps, sciatica., convulsions, 
aches, combustions, &c., which torment the body, that feral melancholy which cru- 
cifies the soul in this life, and everlastingly torments in the world to come. 

Notwithstanding they know these and many such miseries, threats, tortures, will 

'^Purchas Hack posth. par. ]. lib. 4. cap. 1. S. 7. ''3 In j me ullo retro a?vo taiitam copiam Satyrorum, el sala- 
v'lio. '^ Deiis ipse hoc cubili requiesreiis. '* Pliysiolo- I ciurn isloruiii Geiiioruiii se ostendisse, r]uaiiHini nuiw: 
giae Stoicoruml. l.cap. 20. Si spiritus unde semen lis, &c. | quotidians narrationes, et judiciales senteniite profe 
at exempla tiirhant nos; mitlierum qnotidiana; confes- i runt. '•'' Virg. '^^ • For it is a shame to speak 

siones de mistione omues asserunt, et sunt in hac urt»e of those things which are done of them in secret," Eo^ 
l#^vanio exempla. '6 Unum dixero non opinari j v. 12. -^ Plutarcli, amator lib. «>Lib. 13 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.1 



Love's Power and Extent. 



440 



surely come upon them, rewards, exhortations, e contra; yet -.ilAur out of their own 
weakness, a depraved nature, or love's tyranny, which so furiously rageth, they suffer 
themselves to be led like an ox to the slaughter: [Facilis descensus Aoerni) they 
go down headlong to their own perdition, they will commit folly with beasts, men 
" leaving the natural use of women," as ^' Paul saith, " burned in lust one towards 
another, and man with man wrought filthiness." 

Semiramis equo, Pasiphae tanro^ Aristo Ephesius asince se commlsciut, Fulvius cqiire^ 
alii canihus^ capris^ <^*c., undo monstra nascuntiir aUquandu^ Ccntauri, Syhani., et ad 
terrorem hominum prodigiosa spectra ; JVec cum hrutis^ sed ipsis hominihus rem ha- 
bent-f quud peccatmn Sodomiee vu/go dicitur ; et frequens o-Iim vitium apud Orientalis 
iUosfuit^ Graecos ni.mirum^ Italos, Afros, Asianos: *'^ Hercules Hylam habuit^ Poly- 
cletum, Dionem, Perithoonta, Abderum et Phryga; alii et Euristium ab Ilercule ania- 
tum tradunt. Socrates pulclirorum Jldolescentum causa frequens Gymnasium adibat, 
flagitiosque specfaculo pascebat oculos^ quod et Philebus et Pha^don Rivalcs, Charm- 
ides et ^^reliqui Platonis Dialogic satis supcrque testatum faciunt : quud verb AIci- 
biades de eodem Socrate loquatur, lubens conticesco^ sed et abhorreo; tantum incita- 
mentum prcebet Ubidini. At hunc perstrinxit Theodoretus lib. de curat, grccc. affect. 
cap. ultiviio. Quin et ipse Plato suum demiratur Agathonem, Xenophon, Cliniam, 
Virgilius Alexin, Anacreon Bathyllum : Quod autem de Nerone, Claudio, ccsterorum- 
que portentosd libidine memoricE proditum., mallem a Petronio, Suetonio, ccBterisque 
petatis^ quandu omnem Jidcm excedat., qudm a me expectetis ; sed vetera querimur. 
^^Apud Asianos, Turcas, Italos, nunquhii frequent ins hoc quCim hodierno die vitium 

Diana Romanorum Sodomia; offcince liorum alicubi apud Turcas, '''•qui saxis 

semina 7nundanV'' arenas arantes ; et frequentes querela;^ etiam inter ipsos con- 

juges hac de re., quae virorum concubitum illicitum calceo in oppositam partem verso 
magistratui indicant; nullum apud Italos familiare magis peccatum., qui et post ^^Lu- 
cianum et *^Tatium, scriptis vohuninibis defendant. Johannes de la Casa, Beventinus 
Epi.scopus^ divinum opus vocal., suave scelus., adeoque jactat., se non alia usum Venere. 
JWhil usitatius apud monachos., Cardinales., sacrijiculos., etiam ^"^ furor hie ad mortem.^ 
ad insaniam. ^^Angelus Politianus, ob pueri amorem., violent as sibi manus injecit. 
Et horreiidum sane dictu., quantum apud nos patrum memorid., scelus detestandum hoc 
scEvierit! Quum enim Anno 1538. prudentissimus Rex Henricus Octavus cucullato- 
rum coenobia, et sacrificorum collegia, votariorum, per venerabiles legum Doctores 
Thomam Leum, Richardum Laytonum visitari fecerat, &c., tanto numero reperti sunt 
apud eos scortatores, cinaedi, ganeones, paedicones, puerarii, paederastae, Sodomitae, 
(^^ Balei verbis utor) Ganimedes, &.c. ut in unoquoque eorum novam credideris Go- 
morrham. Sed vide si lubet eorundem Catalogum apud eundem Baleum; Puellae 
(inquit) in lectis do'^mire non poterant ob fratres necromanticos. Hcec si apud vota- 
rios., monachos.) sanctos scilicet homunciones., quid in foro., quid in aula factum sus- 
picerisf quid apud nobiles., quid inter fornices.) quam non fceditatem., quam non spur- 
citiem? Sileo interim turpes illas., et ne nominandas quidem monachorum ^°mastrupa- 
tiones^ masturbatores. ^' Rodericus a Castro vocal., turn et eos qui se invicem ad Ve7ie- 
rem excitandam fagris ccBdunt., Spintrias., Succubas., Ambubeias. et lasciviente lumbo 
Tribades illas muUerculas., qucp se invicem fricant., et prceter Eunuchos etiam ad 
Venerem explendam., artifciosa ilia veretra habent. Immo quod magis mirere.,f(£mina 
fceminam Constantinopoli non ita pridem deperiit., ansa rem plane incredibilcm., mu- 
tate cultu mentita virum de nuptiis sermonem init., et brevi nupta est: sed authorem 
ipsum consule., Busbequium. Omitto ^- Salanarios illos Egyptiacos, qui cum formosa- 
rum cadaveribus concumbunt; et eorum vesanam libidinem., qui etiam idola et ima- 
gines depereunt. JYota est fabula Pigmalionis apiid ^^Ovidium; Mundi et Paulin. 
apud iEgesippum belli Jud. lib. 2. cap. 4. Pontius C. Cassaris legatus, referente Plinio, 
lib. 35. cap. 3. que?n suspicor eum esse qui Christum crucifixit., picturis Atalantae e; 
Helenae adeo libidine incensus., ut tollere eas vellet si natura tectorii permisisset^ alius 
statua?n bonce Fortunae deperiit (iElianus, lib. 9. cap. 37.) alius BoncB dere., et ne qua 



61 Rom. i. 27. S'li^iiins Giraldiis, vita ejus. ^ Piu-ros 
ainare solis Philosophis reljn(]iieiidiirii vult LiiciJiiius 
dial. Ainoniiii. m Busheqiiius. ^s Achilles Tatius 
lib. 2. *■« Luciamis Charidemo. "' Non est Iiii^c 

inentiila deiiiens. Mart. ^a Joviiis Muse. "« I'r.Tfat. 

iectori lib. de vitis pontif. » Morciirialis cap. de 

Priapi.smo. Coelius 1. 11. antic, lect. cap. 14. Galenus (5. 



de locis aff. 9' De inorb. miilier. lib. I. c. 15. 

9^ Herodotus 1.2. Euterpse : uxores insigniuni virortini 
non statiin vita functas tradunt condendas, ac ne ea.i 
(luidein fcjcuiinas quje forniosae sunt, sed quatridur 
ante defunctas, ne cum lis saiinarii concuiuhant. ^r 
93 Metain. 13. 



57 



2n2 



450 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



pars prohro vacef ^''Raptus ad stupra (quod ait ille) et ne ^^ os quidem a libidine 
exceptiira. Heliogabalus, per omnia cava corporis libidinem rectpit, Lamprid. vita 
ejus. ^''Hostius quidam specula fecit., et ita disposuit., uL quum virum ipse pateretur^ 
aversus omnes admissarii motus in speculo videret., ac deinde falsa magnitudine ipsius 
memhri ianquam vera gauderet^ simul viruni et fatminam passus., quod dictu foedum 
et ahominandum. Ut veram plane sit., quod apud ^ Plutarchum Gryllus Ulyssi objecii. 
Ad Imnc usque diem apud nos neqiie mas marem, neque foemina feminara amavit, 
qualia multa apud vos memorabiles et praeclari viri fecerunt: ut viles missos faciara, 
Hercules imberbem sectans socium, amicos deseruit, &c. Vestra? libidines intra suos 
iiaturse fines coerceri non possunt, quin instar fluvii exundantis atrocem foeditatum, 
tumultum, confusionemque naturae gignant in re Venerea: nam et capras, porcos, 
equos inierunt viri et foeminae, insano bestiarum amore exarserunt, unde Minotauri, 
Centauri, Sylvani, Sphinges, &c. Sed ne confutando doceam., out ea foras efferam^ 
quce non omnes scire convenit {Jicec enim doctis solummodo., quod causa non absimili 
'^ Hodericus, scripta velim) ne levissimis ingentis et depravatis mentibus fwdissimi 
sceleris notitiam, <S|T., nolo quem diutius hisce sordibus inquinare. 

J come at last to that heroical love which is proper to men and women, is a fre- 
quent cause of melancholy, and deserves much rather to be called burning lust, than 
by such an honourable title. There is an honest love, I confess, which is natural, 
laqueus occultus captivans corda hominmn., ut a mulieribus non possint separari^ " a 
secret snare to captivate the hearts of men," as ^^Christopher Fonseca proves, a 
strong allurement, of a most attractive, occult, adamantine property, and powerful 
virtue, and no man living can avoid it. '"°£^ qui vim non sensit amoris., aut lapis est., 
aut bellua. He is not a man but a block, a very stone, aut ^ JYumen., aut JVebuchad- 
nezzar, he hath a gourd for his head, a pepon for his heart, that hath not felt the 
power of it, and a rare creature to be found, one in an age. Qui nunquam viscefa- 
gravit amore jjuel Ice ;'^ for se7nel insanivimus omnes., dote we either .young or old, as 
^ he said, and none are excepted but Minerva and the Muses : so Cupid in ^ Lucian 
complains to his mother Venus, that amongst all the rest his arrows could not pierce 
them. But this nuptial love is a common passion, an honest, for men to love in the 
way of marriage ; ut materia oppetit form,am.,sic mulier virum.^ You know marriage 
is honourable, a blessed calling, appointed by God himself in Paradise ; it breeds 
true peace, tranquillity, content, and happiness, qua nulla est autfuit unquam sanc- 
tior conjunction as Daphnaeus in ^ Plutarch could well prove, et qucE generi humano 
immortalitatem parat^ when they live without jarring, scolding, lovingly as they 
should do. 



Felices ter et amplius 

Q.UOS irrupta tenet copula, nee ullis 
Divulsus queriinoniis 

Supreiiia citius solvit amor die." 



Thrice happy Miey, and more than that, 
Whom bond of Jove so firmly ties, 

That without brawls till death them part, 
"J'is uiidissolv'd and never dies." 



As Seneca lived with his Paulina, Abraham and Sarah, Orpheus and Euridyce, Airia 
and Pcetus, Artemisia and Mausolns, Rubenius Celer, that would needs have it en 
graven on his tomb, he had led his life with Ennea, his dear wife, forty-three years 
eight months, and never fell out. There is no pleasure in this world comparable 

to it, 'tis summum. mortalitatis bonum ^hominum diviimque voluptas., Alma Venus 

latet enim in muliere aliquid majus potentiusque omnibus aliis humanis volupta- 

tibus., as ^one holds, there's something in a woman beyond all human delight; a 
.magnetic virtue, a charming quality, an occult and powerful motive. The husband 
rules her as head, but she again commands his heart, he is her servant, she is only 
joy and content: no happiness is like unto it, no love so great as this of man and 
■wife, no such comfort as ^^placens uxor., a sweet wife: " Omnis amor magnus., fed 
aperto in conjuge major. Vv^hen they love at last as fresh as they did at first, '^ Cha- 
raque cliaro consenescit conjugi., as Homer brings Paris kissing Helen, after they had 
ibeen married ten years, protesting widial that he loved her as dear as he did the first 



91 Seneca de ira, I. 11. c. 18. ss'Nullus est meatus 

.ad quem non pateat aditus impudicitiie. Clem. Alex, 
pasdag. lib. 3. c. 3. 9" Seneca 1. nat. quanst. »t Tom. 
)'. Gryllo. 9»De morbis mulierum I. 1. c. 15. ®J Am- 
phitheat. amor. cap. 4. interpret. Curtio. loOiEneas 

Sylvius Juvenal. " And he who has not felt the influ- 
ence of love is either a stone or a beast." ' Tertul. 
.^rrover. lib. 4. adversus Mane. cap. 40. ' " One whom 



no maiden's beauty had ever affected." 3 Chaucer. 

«Tom. I. dial, deorum Luci;inus. Amore non ardent 
Musie. 6" As matter seeks form, so woman turna 

towards man." ^In amator. dialog. * Hor. 

8 fiUcretius. s Fonseca. lo Hor. " Hropert. 

12 Simonides, gra;c. " She grows old in love and in ycart 
together.'' 



Vlem. 1. Subs. 2.j Love's Power and Extent. 451 

iiour that he was betrothed. Aiul in their old age, when they make much of one 
another, saying, as he did to his wife in the poet. 



'3 "Uxor vivamus quod viximmp, et moriamur, 
Snrvantes iiomeii suiiipsimus in Ihalaino ; 
Ncc feiat iilla dit'S iit cominutemur in a;vo, 
duiri tibi sitn juvenis, tuque puella inihi. 



" Dear wiff, let's live in love, and die together, 

As hitherto we have in ail good will : 

Let no (lay change or alter our atfeclions, 

But let's be young to one auothor sliw.' 



Such should conjugal love be, still the same, and as they are one tlesh, so shouk' 
they be of one mind, as in an aristocratical government, one consent, '" Geyron-like. 
coalescere in unum^ have one heart in two bodies, will and nill the same. A good 
wife, according to Plutarch, should be as a looking-glass to represent her husband's 
face and passion: if he be pleasant, she should be merry: if he laugh, she should 
smile : if he look sad, she should participate of his sorrow, and bear a part with 
him, and so should they continue in mutual love one towards another. 



'5" Et me ab amore tuo deducet nulla senertus, 
Sive ego Tythonus, sive eeo Nestor ero." 



No age shall part my love from thee, sweet wife, 
Thoui;h 1 live Nestor or Tilhonus* life." 



And she again to him, as the '^ Bride saluted the Bridegroom of old in Rome, Ubi tii 
Caius^ ego semper Caia^ be thou still Caius, I'll be Caia. 

'Tis a happy state this indeed, when the fountain is blessed (saith Solomon, Prov. 
V. 17.) "and he rejoiceth )vith the wife of his youth, and she is to him as the loving 
hind and pleasant roe, and he delights in her continually." But this love of ours is 
immoderate, inordinate, and not to be comprehended in any bounds. It will not 
contain itself within the union of marriage, or apply to one object, but is a wander- 
ing, extravagant, a domineering, a boundless, an irrefragable, a destructive passion : 
sometimes this burning lust rageth after marriage, and then it is properly called 
jealousy; sometimes before, and then it is called heroical melancholy; it extends 
sometimes to co-rivals, &c., begets rapes, incests, murders: Marcus Antonius com- 
pressit Faustinam sororem^ Caracalla Jul'iam JYooercam^ JYero Matrem^ Caligula 
sorores^ Cyneras Myrrham fiUari^ &fc. But it is confined within no terms of blood, 
years, sex, or whatsoever else. Some furiously rage before they come to discretion 
or age. ''Quartilla in Petronius never remembered she was a maid; and the wife 
of Bath in Chaucer, cracks, 

Sinx^c 1 was twelve yearn old, believe. 
Husbands at Kirk-door had I Jive. 

'^ Aratine Lucretia sold her maidenhead a thousand times before she was twenty-four 
years oW^ plus milies vendiderant virginifatem^ ^c. ncque te celabo^ non deerant qui 
ut integram ambirenl Rahab, that harlot, began to be a professed quean at ten years 
of age, and was but fifteen when she hid the spies, as '^Hugh Broughton proves, to 
whom Serrarius the Jesuit, qucest. 6. in cap. 2. Josue^ subscribes. Generally women 
begin pubescere^ as they call it, or catullire., as Julius Pollux cites, lib. 2. cap. 3. 
ono?nast out of Aristophanes, ^°at fourteen years old, then they do offer themselves, 
and some plainly rage. ^' Leo Afer saith, that in Africa a man shall scarce find a 
maid at fourteen years of age, they are so forward, and many amongst us after they 
come into the teens do not live without husbands, but linger. What pranks in this 
kind the middle ages have played is not to be recorded. Si mihi sint centum Ungues., 
sint oraque centum., no tongue can sufhcienlly declare, every story is full of men and 
women's insatiable lust, Nero's, Heliogabali, Bonosi, &c. ^^ CibUus .^mphilenuni., sed 
Quintius Amphelinam depereunt., S^c. They neigh after other men's wives (as Jeremia, 
cap. V. 8. complaineth) like fed horses, or range like town bulls, raptores virgi.num 
et viduarum., as many of our great ones do. Solomon's wisdom was extinguished 
in this fire of lust, Samson's strength enervated, piety in Lot's daughters quite for- 
got, gravity of priesthood in Eli's sons, reverend old age in the Elders that would 
violate Susanna, filial duty in Absalom to his stepmother, brotherly love in Ammon 
towards his sister. Human, divine laws, precepts, exhortations, fear of God and 
men, fair, foul means, fame, fortune, shame, disgrace, honour cannot oppose, stave 
^rt^ or withstand the fury of it, omnia vincit amor., ^t. No cord nor cable can so 



13 Ausonius. i^Geryon iuuicitae symboluin. 

•6 Propert. I. 2. Jspiutarch. c. 30. Rom. Mist. i- Ju- 
nonem liabeam iratam, si uiiquam meminerim me vir- 
ginem fuisse, liifansenim paribus inquiiiata sum, et 
suhinde majoribus me applicui, donee ad a'tatem per- 
*"•»•! : ut Milo vitulum, &.c. "* Parnodidasc. dial. lat. 



interp. Casp. Barthio ex Ital. '^ Angelic.o scriplur 

concentu. 20 Epictetus c. 4'2. mulieres sl.atim an anno 
14. movere incipiunt, &c. attrectari se sinunt et expo- 
nunt. Levinu Leiunius. 3^ Lib. 3. fol. 1*20. ^iCl* 
tullus 



452 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

ibrcibly draw, or hold so fast, as love can do with a twined thread. The scorching 
beams under the equinoctial, or extremity of cold within the circle arctic, where the 
very seas are frozen, cold or torrid zone, cannot avoid or expel this heal, fury, and 
**age of mortal men. 

23 " Quo fiigis ah demens, nulla est fuga, tu licpt usque 
Ad Tartaiin fugias, usque sequetur amor." 

Of women's unnatural, ^^ insatiable lust, what country, what village doth not com- 
plain ^ Mother and daughter sometimes dote on the same man, father and son, 
master and servant, on one woman. 

2o" Sed amor, sed inetfrenata libido, 

Quid castum in torris intentatumque reliquit?" 

What breach of vows and oatbs, fury, dotage, madness, might I reckon up? Yet 
this is more tolerable in youth, and such as are still in their hot blood ; but for an 
old fool to dote, to see an old lecher, what more odious, what can be more absurd ? 
and yet what so common } Who so furious ? ^^ Jlmare ea cetate si occiperint^multo 
insaniunt acrius. Some dote then more than ever they did in their youth. How 
many decrepit, hoary, harsh, writhen, burstenbellied, crooked, toothless, bald, blear- 
eyed, impotent, rotten, old men shall you see flickering still in every place } One 
gets him a young wife, another a courtezan, and when he can scarce lift his leg over 
a sill, and hath one foot already in Charon's boat, when he hath the trembling in his 
joints, the gout in his feet, a perpetual rheum in his head, " a continuale cough," 
^his sight fails him, thick of hearing, his brcatli stinks, all his moisture is dried up 
and gone, may not spit from him, a very child again, that cannot dress himself, or 
cut his own meat, yet he will be dreaming of, and honing after wenches, what can 
be more unseemly ? Worse it is in women than in men, when she is cElaJe dedivis, 
dlu vidua., mater olim, pariim decore matrimonium segui videtur^ an old widow, a 
mother so long since (^*in Pliny's opinion), she doth very unseemly seek to marry, 
ct whilst she is ^^ so old a crone, a beldam, she can neither see, nor hear, go nor stand, 
mere ^° carcass, a witch, and scarce feel; she catterwauls, and must have a stallion, 
a champion, she must and will marry again, and betroth herself to some young 
man, ^' that hates to look on, but for her goods ; abhors the sight of her, to the 
prejudice of her good name, her own undoing, grief of friends, and ruin of her 
children. 

But to enlarge or illustrate this power and effects of love, is to set a candle in the 
sun. ^^ It rageth with all sorts and conditions of men, yet is most evident among 
such as are young and lusty, in the flower of their years, nobly descended, high 
fed, such as live idly, and at ease; and for that cause (which our divines call burn- 
ing lust) this ^^ferinus insunus amor, this mad and beastly passion, as I have said, is 
named by our physicians heroical love, and a more honourable title put upon it, 
Jimor nobiJis, as ^ Savanarola styles it, because noble men and women make a com- 
mon practice of it, and are so ordinarily afl^ected with it. Avicenna, lib. 3. i^e?^, 1. 
Iract. 4. cap. 23. calleth this passion Ilishi, and defines it ^^"to be a disease or me- 
lancholy vexation, or anguish of mind, in which a man continually meditates of the 
beauty, gesture, manners of his mistress, and troubles himself about it : desiring," 
(as Savanarola adds) with all intentions and eagerness of mind, " to compass or 
enjoy her, ^^as commonly hunters trouble themselves about their sports, the covetous 
about their gold and goods, so is he tormented still about his mistress " Arnoklus 
ViUanovanus, in his book of heroical love, defines it, ^^"a continual cogitation of 
that which he desires, with a confidence or hope of compassing it ;" which defini- 



23 Euripides. " Whithersoever enrajjed you fly there 
is no escape. .Although you reach the Tanais, love will 
still pursue you." 24 X)e mulierum inexhausta lihi- 

dine Inxuque insatiabili omnesa;que regionos conqueri 
posse existimo. Steph. ■ *& " What have lust and 

unrestrained desire leftchaote or inviolate upon earth ?" 
S6 Plaulns. sTQculi caligant, aures graviler aiidiunt, 
capilli fluunt, cutis arescit, flatus olet, lussis, &c. Cy- 
prian. *j Lib. 8. Epist. Ruffinus. 29 Hiatque turpis 
inter aridas nates podex. 3" Cadaverosa adeout ab 

inferis reversa videri possit, vult adhuc catullire. 
»i Nam et matrimoniis est despectum senium. iEiieas 
Silvius. 3- Quid toto terrarum orbe communius ? quJB 
rivitas, quod oppidum, quae fainilia vacat amatorum 



exemplis? ^.neas Silvius. Quis trigesimum annum 
natus nullum amnris causa peregit insigne facinus ? ego 
de me facio conjecturam, quern amor in mille pericula 
misit. 33Forestus. Plato. S'* Pract. major. 'lYact. 
f). cap. 1. Rub. 11. de segrit. cap. quod his- mullum con- 
tingat. 36 Hajc segritudo est solicitudo melancholica 

in qua homo applicat sibi continuam cogitationem su- 
per pulchritudine ipsius quam amat, gestuum morura. 
^Animi forte accidens quo quis rem habere niinia avi- 
dilate concupiscit, ut ludos venatores, aurum et opei 
avari. 37 Assidua cogitatio super rem desiderat jm, 

cum confidentia oblinendi, ut spe api'rehensum dtlec* 
labile, &;c. 



ts^e^r 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Love-Melancholy. 453 

Aon his commentator cavils at. For continual cogitation is not the genus but a 
symptom of love; we continually think of that which we hate and abhor, as well 
as that which we love; and many things we covet and desire, without all hope of 
attaining. Carolus a Lorme, in his Questions, makes a doubt, Jin amor sit morbus^ 
whether this heroical love be a disease: Julius Pollux Onomasf. lib. 6. cap. 44. de- 
termines it. They that arc in love are likewise ^^ sick ; lascicus., salax., lasciviens^ 
et qui in venercmfurit., vere est cegrotus. Arnoldus will have it improperly so called, 
and a malady rather of the body than mind. Tully, in his Tasculans., defines it a 
furious disease of the mind. Plato, madness itself. Ficinus, his Commentator, cap. 
12. a species of madness, '' for many have run mad for women," Esdr. iv. 26. But 
^^Kbases "a melancholy passion:" and most physicians make it a species or kind 
of melancholy (as will appear by the symptoms), and treat of it apart; whom I 
mean to imitate, and to discuss it in all his kinds, to examine his several causes, to 
show his synjptoms, indications, prognostics, effect, that so it may be with more 
lacility cured. 

The part affected in the meantime, as ''"Arnoldus supposeth, " is the former part 
of the head for want of moisture," which his Commentator rejects. Langius, med. 
epist. lib. I. cap. 24. will have this passion seated in the liver, and to keep residence 
in the heart, "" ^'^ to proceed first from the eyes so carried by our spirits, and kindled 
with imagination in the liver and heart ;" coget amare jecur., as the saying is. Me^ 
diumferet per epar., as Cupid in Anacreon. For some such cause belike ''^Horner 
feigns Titius' liver (who was enamoured of Latona) to be still gnawed by two vul- 
tures day and night in hell, '*^" for that young men's bowels thus enamoured, are so 
continually tormented by love." Gordonius, cap. 2. part. 2. "'*''• will have the testi- 
cles an immediate subject or cause, the liver an antecedent." Fracastorius agrees in 
this v/ith Gordonius, inde primitus imaginatio venerea^ erectio^ Sfc. titillatissimam 
partem vocat^ ita ut nisi extruso seniine gestiens voliiptas nan cessat^ nee assidua VC' 
neris recordation addit Gnastivinius Comment. 4. Sect. prob. '11. Arist. But ''''pro- 
perly it is a passion of the brain, as all other melancholy, by reason of corrupt 
imagination, and so doth Jason Pratensis, c. 19. de morb. cerebri (who writes copi- 
ously of this erotical love), place and reckon it amongst the affections of the brain. 
**^ Melancthon de anima confutes those that make the liver a part affected, and Guia- 
nerius. Tract. 15. cap. \3 et 17. though many put all the affections in the heart, refers 
it to the brain. Ficinus, cap. 7. in ConviDiiim Platonis, " will have the blood to be 
the part affected." Jo. Frietagius, cap. li. noct. med. supposeth all four affected, 
heart, liver, brain, blood ; but the major part concur upon the brain, ''^'tis imaginatio 
loisa ; and both imagination and reason are misaffected; because of his corrupt judg- 
ment, and continual meditation of that which he desires, he may truly be said to be 
melancholy. If it be violent, or his disease inveterate, as I have determined in the 
precedent partitions, both imagination and reason are misaffected, first one, then the 
other. 



MEMB. II. 

SuBSECT. I. Causes of Heroical Love^ Temper ature^ full Diet., Idleness., Place,, 

Climate^ d^^c. 

Of all causes the remotest are stars. "^Ficinus cap. 19. saith they are most prone 
to this burning lust, that have Venus in Leo in their horoscope, when the Moon and 
Venus be mutually aspected, or such as be of Venus' complexion. ^^ Plutarch inter- 



* Morbus corporis poiius quain animi. ^9 Amor 

est passjo melanclinlir a. *^ Ob calefactioiieiii 

^piriluiiiu piirs anterior capitis lahorat oli coiisiiriip- 
tioii(!m liuiniiiitatis. *' Affi-ctus aiiiiiii conciipitJcibilis 
d desiderio rei ainata> per oculiis in iiieiite cfiiicepto, 
epiritus in conle et jecore iiici-ndens. ^''Odys's. et 

Meianior. 4. Ovid ■'s Cinod talein carnificinain 

in adolescentum viscenhns anmr facial in^'xplehiiis. 
*Testicuii quoad causain conjunctain, epar nnteceden- 
•.em, possunt esse suhjectnm. ■** Propne passio 

e^rcbri est ob corrupiani iinaginu'iunem. *6(;ap. de 



affectibiis. <' Est corruplio imaginativie et reslimativas 
facultatis, oh forniani Ibrtiter atfixam, corruptutnqiia 
judicium, ut semjier de eo cogitet, ideoque recte melan- 
cholicus appellatur. Concupiscentia vebemen? <«x cor- 
rupto judicioffstimativffi virlutis. *wCoinmHnt. iti 

cnnvivinm Platonis. Irretiuntur cito qnibus nascenii 
bus Vetius fuerit in l^eone, vc.l I^una venerem vehc 
me'sler aspexerit, et qui eadem complexione sunt pre- 
diti. ■••* Plerumque amatort-s sunt, et si foeuiiuce in»- 
retriv'^5 1 de audiend. 



454 Love-Mclanchohj. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

prels astrologicall)' that tale of Mars and Venus, '•'- in whose genitures ^ and ¥ are in 
conjunction," tliev art- cominoidy lascivious, and if women queans; "as the good 
wife of Bath confi3ssed in Chaucer ;" 

I followed aye mine inclivation, 
By virtue of my const ellation. 

But of all those astrological aphorisms which I have ever read, that of Cardan is 
most memorable, for which howsoever he is bitterly censured by ^°Marinus iMarcen- 
nus, a malapert friar, and some others (which ^' he himself suspected) yet methinks 
it is free, downright, plain and ingenious. In his ^^ eighth Genitiire., or example, he 
hath these words of himself 6 ? and ^ in ^ dignitatibus assiduam mihi Venereorum 
cogifationem prcesfahunt^ ita ut nunquam qnifscam. Et paulo post, Cogitatio Venere- 
orum me torquet perpefnd^ et quam facio implere non acuiti autfecisse poientem pudiiit^ 
cogltat'ione assidua ment'itus sum voluptalem. Et alibi, oh i et ^ dominium et radiorum 
mixtionem^ profundum fuit ingenium^ sed lascivum^ egoque turpi libidini deditus et 
ohsccpnus. So far Cardan of himself, quod de se fatctur ideo ^^ut utllitatem adferat 
stiidiosis hujusce disciplincB^ and for this he is traduced by Marcennus, when as in 
effect he saith no more than what Gregory Nazianzen of old, to Chilo his scholar, 
qfferehant se mild visendce, mulieres^ quarum prcEcellcnti eJeganlid et decore spectabi.ll 
ientahatur mea. integritas pudicitice. Et quidem Jiagitium vitavi fornicationis, at 
munditice virginalis florem arcanl cordis cogifatione fcedavi. Sed ad rem. Aptiores 
ad masculinam venorem sunt quorum genesi Venus est in signo masculine, et in 
Saturni finibus aut oppositione, &c. Ptolomeus in quadripart. plura de his et speci- 
alia habet aphorismata, longo proculdubio usu conrirmata, et ab experientia multa 
perfecta, inquit commentator ejus Cardanus. Tho. Campanella JlstrologicE lib. 4. 
cap. 8. articulis 4 and 5. insaniam amatoriam remonstrantia- multa prae caeteris accu- 
mulat aphorismata, quae qui volet, consulat. Chiromantici ex cingulo Veneris ple- 
rumque conjecturam faci»LHit, et monte Veneris, de quorum decretis, Taisnerum, 
Johan. de Indagine, Goclenium, ceterosque si lubet, inspicias. Physicians divine 
wholly from the temperature and complexion; phlegmatic persons are seldom taken, 
according to Ficinus Comment, cap. 9; naturally melancholy less than they, but 
once taken they are never freed ; thougli many are of opinion flatuous or hypochon- 
driacal melancholy are most subject of all others to this infirmity. Valescus assigns 
their strong imagination for a cause, Bodine abundance of wind, Gordonius of seed, 
and spirits, or atomi in the seed, which cause their violent and furious passions. 
Sanguine thence are soon caught, young folks most apt to love, and by their good 
wills, saith ^"^ Lucian, " would have a bout with every one they see :" the colt's evil 
is common to all complexions. Theomestus a young and lusty gallant acknowledg- 
eth (in the said author) all this to be verified in him, " I am so amorously given, 
^^you may sooner number the sea-sands, and snow falling from the skies, than my 
several loves. Cupid had shot all his arrows at me, I am deluded with various 
desires, one love succeeds another, and that so soon, that before one is ended, I 
begin with a second ; she that is last is still fairest, and she that is present pleaseth 
me most : as an hydra's head my loves increase, no lolaus can help me. Mine eyes 
are so moist a refuge and sanctuary of love, that they draw all beauties to them, and 
are never satisfied. ] am in a doubt what fury of Venus this should be: alas, how 
have I offended her so to vex me, wiiat Ilippolitus am I!" What Telchin is my 
genius ? or is it a natural imperfection, an hereditary passion } Another in ^'^Anacreon 
confesseth that he had twenty sweethearts in Athens at once, fifteen at Corinth, as 
many at Thebes, at Lesbos, and at Rhodes, twice as many in Ionia, thrice in Caria, 
wenty thousand in all : or in a word, ii ^vXka, ndvta, &C. 



FolJH arborurn omnium si 
Nosti refcrre cuncta, 
Aiilcompuiare arenas 
III asquore universas, 
Solum meorum amoriim 
Te fecero lojjistaui ?" 



" Canst count the leaves in May, 
Or sands i'th' ocean S'.-a'* 
Then count my loves 1 pray. 



His eyes are like a balance, apt to propend each way, and to be weighed down 

MCoinnieiit. in Gem^s. cap. 3. bj Et si in hoc parum | alii anu>res aliis succedunt, ac priusquam desinant pri- 
ll prajclara infamia slultitiaque alicro, vincit tamen I orc-s, incipiiint sequentes. Adeo humidis oculis iieus 
HMicr veritalis. 52 Kdit. Basil. 1553. Cum Commentar. inliahitat Asylus omnem formam ad se npiens, ut nulla 
ill l»toloma;i quadripartitum. &=* Ful. 445. Basil, j satielate expleatur. Q,ua;nam Iijec ii - Veneris &c 

Edit. a^ Dial, amuniin. ^r. Ciiius maris fluctus &« Num \.\xii 

el nivej coelo dei&i/cntes numeraris quam amores meos ; \ 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Love-Melancholy. 455 

with every wench's looks, his heart a weathercock, his affection tinder, or napthe 
itself, which every fair object, sweet smile, or mistress's favour sets on fire. Guia- 
ncrius tract 15. cap. 14. refers all this "to "the hot temperature of the testicles," 
Ferandus a Frenchman in his Erotique Mel. (which '^^book came first to my hands 
after the third edition) to certain atomi in the seed, "such as are very spermatic and 
full of seed." I find the same in Jlristor. f:ect. 4. prob. 17. si non sccernatur semen^ 
cessare tenfigines non possunt^ as (janstavniius his commentator translates it : for 
which cause these yountr men that be strong set, of able bodies, are so subject to it, 
Hercules de Saxonia hath the same words in effect. But most part I say, such as 
are aptest to love that are young and lusty, live at ease, stall-fed, free from cares, like 
cattle in a rank pasture, idle and solitary persons, they must needs hirquitullire^ as 
Guastavinius recites out of Censorinus. 

53" Mens erit apta capi turn qunm Ifctissima reruin. 1 •' T\w mind is apt to Inst, and hot or cold, 

Ut seges in pingui luxuriabit huino." | As corn luxuriates in a better mould." 

The place itself makes much wherein we live, the clime, air, and discipline if they 
concur. \n our Misnia, saith Galen, near to Pergamus, thou slialt scarce find an 
adulterer, but many at Rome, by reason of the delights of the seat. It was that 
plenty of all things, wliich made ^Corinth so infamous of old, and the opportunity 
of the place to entertain those foreign comers ; every day strangers came in, at each 
gate, from all quarters. In that one temple of Venus a thousand whores did prosti- 
tute themselves, as Strabo writes, besides Lais and the rest of better note : all nations 
resorted thither, as to a school of Venus. Your hot and southern countries are 
prone to lust, and far more incontinent than those that live ifi the north, as Bodine dis- 
courseth at large. Method, hist. cap. 5. Molles Jisiatici., so are Turks, Greeks, Span- 
iards, Italians, even all that latitude; and in those tracts, such as are more fruitful, 
plentiful, and delicious, as Valence in Spain, Capua in Italy, domicilium luxus Tully 
terms it, and (which Hannibal's soldiers can witness) Canopus in Egypt, Sybaris, 
Phceacia, Baiae, ^'Cyprus, Lampsacus. In ^^ Naples the fruit of the soil and pleasant 
air enervate their bodies, and alter constitutions : insomuch that Florus calls it Cer^ 
tamen Bacchi et Veneris^ but ''^Foliot admires it. In Italy and Spain they have their 
stews in every great city, as in Rome, Venice, Florence, wherein, some say, dwell 
ninety thousand inhabitants, of which ten thousand are courtezans; and yet for all 
this, every gentleman almost hath a peculiar mistress; fornications, adulteries, are 
nowhere so common : urbs est jam tola lapanar; how should a man live honest 
amongst so many provocations? now if vigour of youth, greatness, liberty I mean, 
and that impunity of sin which grandees take unto themselves in this kind shall 
meet, what a gap must it needs open to all manner of vice, with what fury will it 
rage.'' For, as Maximus Tyrius the Platonist observes, libido conse quut a quum fuerit 
materiam improbam., et prceruptam licentiam^ et effrenatam audaciam^ &:c., what will 
not lust effect in such persons ? For commonly princes and great men niake no 
scruple at all of such matters, but with that whore in Spartian, quicquid Tibet licet^ 
they think they may do what they list, profess it publicly, and rather brag with Pro- 
culus (that writ to a friend of his in Rome, ^^ what famous exploits he had done in 
that kind) than any way be abashed at it. ^^ Nicholas Sanders relates of Henry VIII. 
(I know not how truly) Quod paucas vidit pulchriores quas non concupierif., et pau- 
cissimas non concupierit quas non viola r it., " He saw very few maids that he di(l not 
desire, and desired fewer whom he did not enjoy:" nothing so familiar amongst 
them, 'tis most of their business : Sardanapalus, Messalina, and Joan of Naples, are 
not comparable to ^^ meaner men and women ; Solomon of old had a thousand concu- 
bines; Ahasuerus his eunuchs and keepers; Nero his Tigillinus panders, and bawds; 
the Turks, ^' Muscovites, Mogors, Xeriffs of Barbary, and Persian Sophies, are no 
whit inferior to them in our times. Delectus Jit omnium ^uellarum toto regno forma 



"<ini calidum testiculorum crisin habent, &c. 
K< Printed at Paris 1C24, seven years after my firj^t edi- 
tio:. 590viddeart. wQerbelius, descript. 

Grspciae. Reruiii omnium affluentia et loci mira oppor- 
lunitas, nullo non die hospites in portas adverteban 



loci dclicias. Idem. ^ Asri Neapolitani delectal.o, 

elegantia, amoBnitus, vix intra modum humaniitn con- 
sistere videtnr; uikIp, &c. Leand. Alber. in Campania 
''^Lib. de laud. urh. Neap. Disputat. de morbis animi, 
Reinoldo Interpret. "^ l.ampridins, Q,u».d iWcaxn 



Tenipio Veieris miile meretrices se prostituehant noctilius centum virgines f.-cisset inuliercs. "*Vi»a 

•'Tola Cypri i"*"ia delitii^i inciimbif, et ob id tantiim eju.«. "C IC th.»y contain themselves, many limes >i 

li'>'-tir dedi... .^^ z.\i olim V.^neri sacrata. Orli-lius. is not virtutis amore; i;on deest voluntas scil faculty' 
LftimpsacHS, olim Priapo saeer ob vinum genorosum, et I «' In Muscov 



—Ml 



450 



Love-Mc lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



prcEstantiorum (saith Jovius) pro imperaiorc ; ct quas ille liiiquit, nohiUs hahent : 
they press and muster up wenches as we do soldiers, and have their choice of th€- 
rarest be£^uties their countries can afford, and yet all this cannot keep them from 
adultery, mcest, sodomy, buggery, and such prodigious lusts. We may conclude, 
ihat if they be young, fortunate, rich, high-fed, and idle withal, it is almost impos- 
sible that they should live honest, not rage, and precipitate themselves into these 
inconveniences of burning lust. 

6fi"Otium et reges priiis et beatas 
Perdidit urbes." 

Idleness overthrows all, Vacuo pectore regnat amor, love tyranniseth in an idle 
person. Amove ahundas Antipho. If thou hast nothing to do, ^^ '•'• Invidid vcl 

amore miser torquehere Thou shalt be naied in pieces with envy, lust, some 

passion or other. Homines nihil agendo male agcre discunt ; 'lis Aristotle's simile, 
'°"as match or touch vvood lakes fire, so doth an idle person love." QufBritur 
jEgistus qnare sit factus adulter, t<,c.^ why was jEgistus a whoremaster .'' You 
need not ask a reason of it. Ismenedora stole Baccho, a woman forced a man, as 
"Aurora did Cephalus : no marvel, saith ^Plutarch. Liixurians opihus more hominum 
mulier agit : she was rich, fortunate and jolly, and doth but as men do in that case, 
as Jupiter did by F2uropa, Neptune by Amymone. The poets therefore did well to 
feign all shepherds lovers, to give themselves to songs and dalliances, because they 
lived such idle lives. For love, as '^Theophrastus defines it, is otiosi animi affectus^ 
an affection of an idle mind, or as '^ SfMieca describes it, Juventu gignitur, juxu 
vutritur , feriis alitur, otioque inter l(£tci fortunes b'jvT ; youth begets it, riot main- 
tains it, idleness nourislieth it, &c. whicli makes '^^Gordonius the physician cap. 20. 
part. 2. call this disease the proper passfon of nobility. Now if a weak judgment 
and a strong apprehension do concur, how, saith Hercules de Saxonia, shall they 
resist } Savanarola appropriates it almost to ''^^'' monks, friars, and religious persons, 
because they live solitarily, fair daintily, and do nothing :" and well he may, for how 
should they otherwise choose ? 

Diet alone is able to cause it : a rare thing to see a young man or a woman that 
lives idly and fares well, of what condition soever, not to be in love. '^ Alcibiades 
was still dallying with wanton young women, immoderate in his expenses, effemi- 
nate in his apparel, ever in love, but why.^ he was over-delicate in his diet, too fre- 
quent and excessive in banquets, Ubicunque securitas, ibi libido dominatur; lust 
and security domineer together, as St. Hierome averreth. All which the wife of Bath 
in Chaucer freely justifies. 

For all to sicker, as cold en^evdretk hail, 

Ji liquorish tongue must have a liquorish tail. 

Especially if they shall further it by choice diet, as many times those Sybarites and 
Phaeaces do, feed liberally, and by their good will eat nothing else but lascivious 
meats. '^Vinum imprimis generosum, legumcn, fabas, radices omnium generum 
bene conditas, et largo pipere aspersas, carduos hortulanos, lactucas, '^ eriicas, 
rapas, porros, capos, nucem piceam, amygdalas dulces, electuaria, syrupos, succos, 
cochleas, conchas, pisces optime praparatos, aviciilas, testicnlos animalium, ova^ 
condimenta divcrsorum genei^vm, molles Icctos, pulvinaria, S^c. Et quicquid fere 
medici impotentia ret venerecB laboranti prcescrihunt, hoc quasi diasaivrion hahent 
in delitiis, et his dapes multo chlicatiores ; mulsiim, exquisitas et exoiicas frvges, 
arvmnta, placentas, exprcssos succos muJtis fcrculis varia/os, ipsumqne vinum sua- 
vitate vincentes, et quicquid culina, pharmncopcca, aut quceque fere oficina submit 
nistrare possit. Et hoc plerumque virtu quum se ganeones infarciant, '^^ut ille oh 
Chreseida suam, se bulbis et cochleis curavit ; ctiam ad Venerem se parent, et ad 
lianc palestram se exerceant, qui fieri possit, ut non miser e depereant, ^^ ut non pent' 
ius insaniant 1 ^stuans venter cito despuit in libidinem, Hieronymus ait. "^^ Post 



esCalullus ad Lesbiam. ea Hnr. 'O Pnlit. 8. 

num. 28. ul iiaptlia, ad ij;npm, sic amor ad illos qui tor- 
pesciiiit ocin. 'i Pausaiiias Atlic. lib. 1. Co[)haliis 

eirrepitE form.-e juvenis ab aurora raptus quod ejjip 
amore capta esset. '2 |n ainatorio. '3 e. Sto- 

haeo sf-r. 02. ''^ Amor otiosje ciira est s=ollicitudiiiis. 

•sprincipo-'s |)|priimqiie ob liceiitiam t;t adfluentiam di- 
Vitiariim islam passioneni solent iiiciirrpre. '» Ar- 

leiiter appcli' qui o'iosam vitam agit, et commuiiit'.T 



inciirrit liffic passio solitarios delitiose viventes, incon- 
tiiierites, relijiiosos, &c. " Plutarch, vit. ejus. 

'** Vina parant aiiimos veneri. 'sSed nihil eriicae 

faciniit hiilbiqiie sahices; hnproba iiec prosit jam satu- 
reia lil>i. Ovid. eo petrotiiiis. Curavi me moj 

cibis validiorihus, &c. " y\\\ \\\^. ;,p,j,i Skciiitium, 

qui post potioiiem, uxorem et quatuor aticillas proximo 
cubiculo cubantes, compresisit. ^a Pers. Sal. 'X, 



x^ .1^' ixjimm ' ^ l U TP^^^Jff 



JWem. 2. Subs. 2.] 



Causes of Looe-Melancholy. 



457 



praiulia, Callyroenda. Quis enim continere se potest? ^^Luxurlosa res vinuni, 
fomcntum Ubidinis vocat Augiistinus, hlandum dccmonem^ Bernardus ; lac veneris, 
Aristophanes. Non iEtna, non Vesuvius tantis ardoribus aestuaut, ac juveniles me- 
dullae vino plena?, addit ^^ Hieronymus : unde oh optimum vinum Lanisacus olim 
Priapo Sf/cer; et venerandi Bacclii socia apud ^^ Orpheum Venus awf//^ Hoic si 



vinum simplex, et per se sumptum prcrstare possit, nam- 



quo me Bacche 



rapis tui plenum ? quam non insaniam, quern nan furorem a cceteris expectemus 1 
^"^Gomesius salem enumerat inter ea qncB intempstivam libidinem provocare sclent, 
et salaciores fieri faeminas obesum salis contendit : Venerem ideo dicunt ab Oceano 
ortam. 

*-8" Unde tnt in Veiieta scorlorum niilli-d cur sunt? 
Jn proinptu causa est, est Venus orta mari." 

Et hinc foeta mater Salacea Oceani conjux, verbumque fortasse salax a sale effiuiit. 
Mala Bacchica tantum dim in amoribtis prccvaluerunt, ut coroncB ex illis statucB 
Bacchi jjonercntur. ^ Cubebis in vino maceratis utuntur Indi Orientales ad Vene- 
rem excitandum, et ^ Surax radice Africani. Chinas radix eosdem cffectus habet, 
talisque lurbcn meminit mag. nat, lib. 2. cap. 16. ®' Baptista Porta ex India allatcBy 
cujus mentionem facit et Theophrastus. Scd injinita his similia apud Rhasin, Mat- 
thiolum, Mizaldum, cceterosque medicos occnrrunt, quorum ideu mentionem feci, ne 
quis imperitior in hos scupulos impingat, sed pro virili tanquam si/rtes et cautes 
consulib effugiat. 



SuBSECT. II. — Other causes of Love-Melancholy, Sight, Beauty from the Face, 
Eyes, other parts, and how it pierctth. 

Many such causes may be reckoned up, but they cannot avail, except opportunity 
be offered of time, place, and those other beautiful objects, or artificial enticements, 
as kissing, conference, discourse, gestures concur, with such like lascivious provoca- 
cations. Kornmannus, in his book de I'lnea amoris, makes five degrees of lust, out 
of ^^Lucian belike, which he handles in five chapters. Visas, Colloquium, Convictus, 
Oscula, Tactus?^ Sight, of all other, is the first step of this unruly love, though 
sometime it be prevented by relation or hearing, or rather incensed. For there be 
those so apt, credulous, and facile to love, that if they hear of a proper man, or wo- 
man, they are in love before they see them, and tliat merely by relation, as Achilles 
Tatius observes. ^^Such is their intemperance and lust, that they are as nmch 
maimed by report, as if they saw them. Callisthenes a rich young gentleman of 
Byzance in Thrace, hearing of ^^Leucippe, Sostratus' fair daughter, was far in love 
with her, and, out of fame and common rumour, so much incensed, that he would 
needs have her to be his wife." And sometimes by reading they are so affected, as 
he in ^^ Lucian confesseth of himself, " I never read that place of Panthea in Xeno- 
phon, but I am as much affected as if I were present with her." Such persons com- 
monly "feign a kind of beauty to themselves; and so did those three gentlewomen 
in ^^Balthasar Castillo fall in love with a young man whom they never knew, but 
only heard him commended : or by reading of a letter ; for there is a grace cometh 
from hearing, ^^as a moral philosopher informeth us, "as well from sight; and the 
species of love are received into the fantasy by relation alone :" "*" ut cupere ab 
aspectu, sic velle ab auditu, both senses affect. Interdum et absentes amamus, som,c 
times we love those that are absent, saith Philostratus, and gives instance in hi& 
friend Athenorodus, that loved a maid at Corinth whom he never saw ; non ocull sed 
m,ens videt, we see with the eyes of our understanding. 

But the most familiar and usual cause of love is that which comes by sight, which 



^Siiacides. Nox, et amor vinumque nihil modera- 
bile suadent "^^ Ljp_ gd Olynipiani. 8& Hymiio. 

8« Hor. I. 3. Od. 25. *' De sale lib. cap. 'il. 

^ Kornmanr js lib. de virginitate. 89Garcias ab 

liorto aroniatiini, lib. 1. cap. '28. sogurax radi.x ad 

coitum suniine facit si quis coinedat, ant infusionein 
bibat, nieinhruni subito erigitur, Leo Afer. lib. 9. cap. 
ult. '•" Qua; non solum eilentibus sed et genilaie 

taiigenlibus taiilum valnt, ut coire summe desnierent ; 
juotios ft^re veliiit, possint; alios duodecies [)rofecisse, 
.I'ios ad 00 vici s pervenisse refert. s^^LucJa,, 'I'uni. 

4 Dial, amorum. "3 " Sight, conference, association, 

58 2 



kisses, touch." s* Ea enim hominum inteuiperan 

tium libido est ut etiam fauia ad aniandum impellantur, 
et audientes ffique alRciuntur ac vidcMtcs. 9& For- 

niosau) Sostrato filiam audiens, uxoreui cupit, et sola 
illius, auditione ardvt. »« Uuoties lU- Tatithea Xe- 

tuiphontis locum perlei;o, ita aninio atTictus ac si coram 
intuerer. ^' I'ulclirituditiem sibi i|)si< tfuifiiiguiit, 

Imagines. 88 lie aulico lib. -2. !'ol. IIG. 'tis a pleasant 
story, and related at largi' by him. «!• Gratia venit 

ab auditu iP(|ue ac visu et species anions in pliania- 
siam reci(>iun.t. sola relatione, i'lctijomiiieus grad. 8. c. 
3d. '*'"Lips. cent. ^. epist. 2-2. Beautie's Encomi'jns. 

c 



458 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

convey \hose admirable rays of beauty and pleasing graces to the heart. Plotinus de- 
rivtsi love from sight, i|jw$ quasi opaais- ' SI nescis^ ocull sunt in amore duces^ " the eyes 
are the harbingers of love," and the first step of love is sight, as ^ Liliiis Giraldiis 
proves at large, hisf. dcor. syntag. 13. they as two sluices let in the influences of that 
divine, powerful, soul-ravishing, and captivating beauty, which, as ^ one saith, " is 
sharper than any dart or needle, wounds deeper into the heart; and opens a gap 
through our eyes to that lovely wound, which pierceth the soul itself" (Ecclus. 18.) 
Through it love is kindled like a fire. This amazing, confounding, admirable, amia- 
ble beauty, '''•' than which in all nature's treasure (saith Isocrates) there is nothing 
so majestical and sacred, nothing so divine, lovely, precious," 'tis nature's crown, 
gold and glory; honum si noh, sunimum^ de summis tamen non infrequcnier triumphans^ 
whose power hence may be discerned ; we contemn and abhor generally such things 
as are foul and ugly to behold, account them filthy, but love and covet that which 
is fair. 'Tis ^ beauty in all things which pleaseth and aiiureth us, a fair hawk, a fine 
garment, a goodly building, a fair house, Stc. That Persian Xerxes when he de- 
stroyed all those temples of the gods in Greece, caused that of Diana, in integrum 
sercuri^ to be spared alone for that excellent beauty and magnificence of it. Inani- 
mate beauty can so command. 'Tis that which painters, artificers, orators, all aim 
at, as Eriximachus the physician, in Plato contends, ^"It was beauty first that min- 
istered occasion to art, to find out the knowledge of carving, painting, building, to 
find out models, perspectives, rich furnitures, and so many rare inventions." White- 
ness in the lily, red in the rose, purple in the violet, a lustre in all things without 
life, the clear light of the moon, the bright beams of the sun, splendour of gold, 
purple, sparkling diamond, the excellent feature of the horse, the majesty of the lion, 
the colour of birds, peacock's tails, the silver scales of fish, we behold with singular 
delight and admiration. '"And which is rich in plants, delightful in flowers, won- 
derlul in beasts, but most glorious in men," doth make us affect and earnestly desire 
it, as when we hear any sweet harmony, an eloquent tongue, see any excellent 
quality, curious work of man, elaborate art, or aught that is exquisite, there ariseth 
instantly in us a longing for the same. We love such men, but most part for come- 
liness of person ; we call them gods and godesses, divine, serene, happy, &c. And 
of all mortal men they alone (^Calcagninus holds) are free from calumny; qui divi- 
tiis^ viagistratu et gloria Jlorcnt^ injuria lacessimus^ we backbite, wrong, hate re- 
nowned, rich, and happy men, we repine at their felicity, they are undeserving we 
think, fortune is a step-mother to us, a parent to them. '• We envy (saith ^ Isocrates) 
wise, just, honest men, except with mutual ofiices and kindnesses, some good turn 
or othe) they extort this love from us ; only fair persons we love at first sight, desire 
their acquaintance, and adore them as so many gods : we had rather serve them than 
command others, and account ourselves the more beholding to them, the more ser- 
vice they enjoin us : though they be otherwise vicious, dishonest, we love them, 
favour tiiem, and are ready to do them any good oflice for their '° beauty's sake, 
though they have no other good quality beside. Die igitur oformose adolescens (as 
that eloquent Phavorinus breaks out in " Stobeus) die Jlutiloque^ suavius neetare 
loqucris ; die 6 Telemaehe^ vchementiiis Ulysse dieis; die Jllcihiades uteunque ebrius, 
libentius tibi lieet ehrio auscultabiinus. ''• Speak, fair youth, speak Autiloquus, thy 
words aie sweeter than nectar, speak O Telemachus, thou art more powerful than 
Ulysses, speak Alcibiades though drunk, we will willingly hear tliee as thou art." 
Faults in such are no faults: for when the said Alcibiades had stolen Anytus his gold 
and °ilver plate, he was so far from prosecuting so foul a fact (though every man 
el.» . condemned his impudence and insolency) that he wished it had been more, and 
much better (he loved him dearly) for his sweet sake. "No worth is eminent in 
such lovely persons, all imperfections hid ;" non enim faeile de his quos plurimun 



I Propert. « Amoris primum graduin visits liabct, 

ut aspiciat rem amatam. » Achilles Taliiis lib. 1. 

Forma lel<) qiiovis acutiorad inferendum vulnns, perque 
oculos amatiiiio vnltieri adilum patefaciens in animum 
penelrat. * In tola reruni natura nihil forma divinius, 
nihil aii<.'ii?tiii>. nihil pretiosins, ciijiis virof liinc facile 



8 Invidemus sapientibus, jnstis, nisi beneficiis assidiid 
amcrem extorquent; solos formosos aniamus ct primo 
veliit aspectu benevolentia conjungimnr. et eos tan- 
quam Decs colimus, libentius iis strvimiis qnani aliis 
imperamus, majoremque, &c. i" ForniiB niajt-stater. 

Barbari verentur, nee alii inajores q:iam (iiios e.vMiii.i 



intellifiuiitur, <kc. 'Christ. Fonseca. «S. L. forma natura donata est, Herod lib. 5. Curtius (i. A>-ist 

•Bnysprob. 11. de forma e Lucianos. "Lib. de Polit. " Serm 63. Plutarch, vit. eji's. BrisoniuB 

f,aUiinnia. Fonnosi Cainmninia vacant; dolemus alios Strabo. 
ifieliure loco positos, fortuuam nobis novercam iilis, 4tc. I 



Tff^JPSTW^ 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.1 



Causes of Love-Milanchohj. 



459 



ddigimus^ furpitudincm susp'icamur^ for hearing, sight, toiicli, &c., ou! mind and all 
our senses are captivated, omnes scnsus formosus delcclaf. Many men have been 
preferred for their person ahme, cliosen kings, as amongst the Indians, Persians, 
^^ithiopians of old ; the properest man of person the country could afford, was 
elected their sovereign lord; Gratior est pulchro venicns e corjjore vir/us^ '^and so 
have many other nations thought and done, as '^ Curtius observes : Ingcns enim 
in corporis majestate veneratio esi^ ''■ for there is a majestical presence in such 
men;" and so far was beauty adored amongst them, that no man was thought fit to 
leign, that was not in all parts complete and supereminent. Agis, king of Lacedremon, 
had like to have been deposed, because he married a little wife, they would not have 
liieir royal issue degenerate. Who would ever have thought that Adrian the Fourth, 
an English monk's bastard (as '^ Papirius Massovius writes in his life), inops a suis 
relectus^squalidus e.t miser ^ a poor forsaken child, should ever come to be pope of Rome } 
But why was it? Krat acri ingfnio^facundid expedifd eleganti corpore^ facieque 
IcEta ac hilari, (as he follows it out of '^Nubrigensis, for he ploughs with his heifer,) 
^^ he was wise, learned, eloquent, of a pleasant, a prom.ising countenance, a goodly, 
proper man ; he had, in a word, a winning look of his own," and that carried it, for 
that he was especially advanced. So •"' Saul was a goodly person and a fair." Maxi- 
minus elected emperor, &c. Branchus the son of Apollo, whom he begot of Jance, 
Succron's daughter (saith Lactantius), when he kept King Admetus' herds in Thessaly, 
now grown a man, was an earnest suitor to his mother to know his father; the 
nymph denied him, because Apollo had conjured her to the contrary ; yet overcome 
by his importunity at last she sent him to his father ; when he came into Apollo's 
presence, maJas Dei reverenter osculatus^ he carried himself so well, and was so 
fair a young man, that Apollo was infinitely taken with the beauty of his person, he 
could scarce look off him, and said he was worthy of such parents, gave him a 
crown of gold, the spirit of divination, and in conclusion made him a demi-god. O 
vis superba formcE^ a goddess beauty is, whom the very gods adore, nam pulchros 
dii amant; she is Amoris domina^ love's harbinger, love's loadstone, a witch, a 
charm, &ic. Beauty is a dower of itself, a sufficient patrimony, an ample commend- 
ation, an accurate epistle, as '^Lucian, '^Apuleius, Tiraquellus, and some others con- 
clude. Imperio digna forina^ beauty deserves a kingdom, saith Abulensis, paradox 
2. cap. 110. immortality; and '^"more have got this honour and eternity for their 
beauty, than for all other virtues besides :" and such as are fair, '•^ are worthy to be 
honoured of God and men." That Idalian Ganymede was therefore fetched by 
Jupiter into heaven, Hephaestion dear to Alexander, Antinous to Adrian. Plato calls 
beauty for that cause a privilege of nature, JVaturcB gaudenfis opus., nature's master- 
piece, a dumb comment; Theophrastus, a silent fraud ; still rhetoric Carneades, that 
persuades without speech, a kingdom without a guard, because beautiful persons 
command as so many captains; Socrates, a tyranny, -^ which tyranniseth over tyrants 
themselves ; which made Diogenes belike call proper women queens, quod facerent 
homines quce, prcecipcrent.^ because men were so obedient to their commands. They 
will adore, cringe, compliment, and bow to a common wench (if she be fair) as if 
she were a noble woman, a countess, a queen, or a goddess. Those intemperate 
young men of Greece erected at Delphos a golden image with infinite cost, to the 
eternal memory of Phryne the courtezan, as iElian relates, for she was a most beau- 
tiful woman, insomuch, saith '^Athenaeus, that Apelles and Praxiteles drew Venus's 
picture from her. Thus young men will adore and honour beauty; nay kings them- 
selves ] say will do it, and voluntarily submit their sovereignty to a lovely woman. 
'^ Wine is strong, kings are strong, but a woman strongest," I Esd. iv. 10. as Zero- 
babel proved at large to King Darius, his princes and noblemen. " Kings sit still 
and command sea and land, &c., all pay tribute to the king; but women make kings 
pay tribute, and have dominion over them. When they have got gold and silver, 
they submit all to a beautiful woman, give themselves wholly to her, gape and gaze 



12" Virtue appears more graci filly in a lovely por- 
ponage." '- I,il». 5. !iiagii(>ruiii()iit' ; operuiii iion 

alios capaces putant (luaiii quns exiiuia specie natiira 
duiiavil. "Lih. (le vitis Pdiilifiouiii. Kom. i^Lih, 
2. cap. 6. 1* Dial, aiuorurii. c. 2. <le inagia. Lib. 2. 

cyiiiiiuli. cap. 27. Virgo formosa et si oppido pauper, 
• ouHii'i est dolala. '' Isocrales piures ob formtiiu 



iinmnrtalitaiein adept! sunt qiiaiii oh reli(]uas omnes 
viriiites. i» Lucian Tom. 4. Charidiemon. Qui 

pulcliri, merilo apiid Duos et apiid lioiiiiiii^s hoiiore af 
fccli. Mnta coinmenlatio, ipiavisa epistola ad commen 
(hindum eliicaciur. i9 Lib. 9. Var. hist, laiita (onua 

elegantia ut ub ea imda, &c. 



460 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

on her, and all men desire hei more than gold or silver, or any precious thing: thev 
will leave father and mother, and venture their lives for her, labour and travel to get, 
and brmg all their gains to women, steal, fight, and spoil for their mistress's sake. 
And no king «o strong, but a fair woman is stronge- han he is. All things (as ^°he 
proceeds) fear lo touch the king; yet I saw him and Apame his concubine, the 
daughter of the famous Bartacus, sitting on the right hand of the king, and she took 
the crown off his head, and put it on her own, and stioke him with her left hand; 
yet the king gaped and gazed on her, and when she laughed he laughed, and when 
she was angry he flattered to be reconciled to her." So beauty commands even 
kings themselves ; nay whole armies and kingdoms are captivated together with their 
kings: ^^ Forma vincit armatos^ ferrum pulchritudo captivat; vincentur specie^ qui 
noil vincentur prcelio. And 'tis a great matter saith ^^ Xenophon, " and of which all 
fair persons may worthily brag, that a strong man must labour for his living if he 
will have aught, a valiant man must fight and endanger himself for it, a wise man 
speak, show himself, and toil ; but a fair and beautiful person doth all with ease, he 
compasseth his desire without any pains-taking:" God and men, heaven and earth 
conspire to honour him; every one pities him above other, if he be m need, ^^and 
all the world is willing to do him good. ^^ Chariclea fell into the hand of pirates, 
but when all the rest were put to the edge of the sword, she alone was preserved for 
her person. ^^ When Constantinople was sacked by the Turk, Irene escaped, and 
was so far from being made a captive, that she even captivated the Grand Seignior 
himself. So did Rosamond insult over King Henry the Second. 

20 " I was so fair an object ; 

Whom fortune made my kiii^, my love made subject; 
He found by proof the privilege of beauty, 
That it had power to countermand ail duty." 

It captivates the very gods themselves, Morosiora numina^ 

27 " Deus ipse doorum 

Factus ob hanc formam bos, equus imber olor." 

And those mall genii are taken with it, as ^^ I have already proved. Formosam Bar- 
hari verentur^ et ad specfum pulchrum immanls animus mansuescit. (Heliodor. lib. 5.) 
The barbarians stand in awe of a fair woman, and at a beautiful aspect a fierce spirit 
is pacified. For when as Troy was taken, and the wars ended (as Clemens ^^^ A\(ix 
andrinus quotes out of Euripides) angry Menelaus with rage and fury armed, came 
with his sword drawn, to have killed Helen, with his own hands, as being the sole 
cause of all those wars and miseries : but when he saw her fair face, as one amazed 
at her divine beauty, he let his weapon fall, and embraced her besides, he had no 
power to strike so sweet a creature. Ergo habetanlur cnses pulchritudine^ the edge 
of a sharp sword (as the saying is) is dulled with a beautiful aspect, and severity 
itself is overcome. Hiperides the orator, when Phryne his client was accused at 
Athens for her lewdness, used no other defence in her cause, but tearing her upper 
garment, disclosed her naked breast to the judges, with which comeliness of her 
body and amiable gesture they were so moved and astonished, that they did acquit 
her forthwith, and let her go. O noble piece of justice! mine author exclaims : and 
who is he that would not rather lose his seat and robes, forfeit his office, than give 
sentence against the majesty of beauty ? Such prerogativ(3s have fair persons, and 
they alone are free from danger. Parthenopaeus was so lovely and fair, that when 
he fought in the Theban wars, if his face had been by chance bare, no enemy would 
offer to strike at or hurt him, such immunities hath Ijeauty. Beasts themselves are 
moved with it. Sinalda was a v/oman of such excellent feature, ^°and a queen, that 
when she was to be trodden on by wild horses for a punishment, ^'' the wild beasts 
stood in admiration of her person, (Saxo Grammaticus lib. 8. Dan. hist.) and would 
not hurt her." Wherefore did that royal virgin in ^' Apuleius, when she fled from 



i 



» Esdras, iv. 29. 21 Origen horn. 23. in Numb. 

In ipsos tyrannos tyrannidem exercet. "^^ Uiud 

certe magnum ob quod ^l^'riari possunt formosi, rjuod 
robustis necessarium sit laborare, fortem periculis se 
objireru, sapientem, &c. -^Majorem vim habet ad 

comniendandam forma, quani accurate scripta epistola. 
Arist. 2Mleliolor. lib. 1. as Knowles. hist, 

'i'urcica. 2u Daniel in comjdaint of Rosamond. 

''Btroza filius Epig. " Tlje king of the gods on ac- 



count of this beauty became a bull, a shower, a swan." 
2»Sect. 2. Mem. 1. Sub. 1. aJSiromatuin 1. post 

captain Trojam cum impetu ferretiir, ad occidendain 
Helenam, stupore adeo pulchritiidinis correjitus ut frr- 
rum excideret, &c. so'i'anta^ forms fuit ut cum 

vincta Ions, fens exposita foret, equorum calcibus ol> 
terenda, ipsis jumentis admirationi fuit ; Ixdere nolue- 
runt. 31 Lib. y. mules. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 461 

the thieves' den, in a desert, make such an apostrophe to her ass on whom she rode; 
(for what knew she to the contrary, but that he was an ass ?) Si me parcntlbus el 
proco formoso reddideris^ quas tihi gratias^ quos honores hahebo., quos cibos exhi 
bebof^^ She would comb him, dress him, feed him, and trick him every day her 
self, and he should work no more, toil no more, but rest and play, &c. And besidej- 
she would have a dainty picture drawn, in perpetual remembrance, a virgin riding 
upon an assy's back with this motto, Asino vecfore regia virgo fugiens capf.ivifatem; 
why said she all this ? why did she make such promises to a dumb beast? but that 
she perceived the poor ass to be taken with her beauty; for he did often obliquo 
cnllo pedes puellcE dccoros basiare, kiss her feet as she rode, et ad delicaiulas vocu- 
las tentabal adhinnire^ offer to give consent as much as in him was to her delicate 
speeches, and besides he had some feeling, as she conceived of her misery. And 
why did Theogine's horse in Heliodorus ^^ curvet, prance, and go so proudly, exultans 
alacriter et superbicns^ Sfc.j but that such as mine author supposeth, he was in love 
with his master ? dixisses ipsum equum pulchrum inlclligere pulchram domini for^ 
mam? A fly lighted on ^"^Malthius' cheek as he lay asleep; but why? Not to hurt 
him, as a parasite of his, standing by, well perceived, non ut pungeret^ sed ut oscula- 
retur^ but certainly to kiss him, as ravished with his divine looks. Inanimate crea- 
tures, I suppose, have a touch of this. When a drop of '^^ Psyche's candle fell on 
Cupid's shoulder, I think sure it was to kiss it. When Venus ran to meet her rose- 
cheeked Adonis, as an elegant ^^poet of our's sets her out, 

"the hushes in the way 

Some catch her neck, some kiss her face, 
Some twine about iier le;;s to make her stay, 
Ami all did covet lier for to embrace." 

Aer ipse amore injicitur^ as Heliodorus holds, the air itself is in love: for when Hero 
plaid upon her lute, 

37 " The wanton air in twenty sweet forms danc't 
After her fingers" 

and those lascivious winds stayed Daphne when she fled from Apollo ; 

niidahant corpora venti, 



Obviaque adversas vibrabani flamina vestcs." 

Boreas Ventus loved Hyacinthus, and Oiithya Ericthons's daughter of Athens : m 
rapuif^ Sfc. he took her away by force, as she was playing with other wenches at 
Ilissus, and begat Zetes and Galias his two sons of her. That seas and waters are 
enamoured with this our beauty, is all out as likely as that of the air and winds ; 
for when Leander swam in the Hellespont, Neptune with his trident did beat down 
the waves, but 

"They still mounted up intending to have kiss'd him, 
And fell in drops like tears because they missed him." 

The '^^ river Alpheus was in love with Arethusa, as she tells the tale herself, • 

40 " viridestfue manu siccata capillos, 

Fluininis Alphei veieres recitavit amores; 
Pars ego Nynipharum," &C. 

When our Thame and Isis meet 

41 "Oscula mille sonant, connexu brachia pallent, 
Mutuaque explicitis connectunt colla lacertis." 

Inachus and Pineus, and how many loving rivers can I reckon up, whom beauty 
hath enthralled ! I say nothing all this while of idols themselves that have com- 
mitted idolatry in this kind, of looking-glasses, that have been rapt in love (if you 
will believe "^^ poets), when their ladies and mistresses looked on to dress them. 

•' Et si non habeo sensum, tua gratia sensum 1 " Though I no sense at all of feeling have, 
Exhibet, et calidi sentio ainoris onus. Yet your sweet looks do animate and save ; 

Diri<.MS hue quoties spectantia lumina, flamma And when your speaking eyes do this way turn, 

Succendunt inopi saucia membra mihi." | Methinks my wounded members live and burn." 

I could tell you such another story of a spindle that was fired by a fair lady's ""^ looks, 



3^ " If you will restore me to my parents, and my 
beautiful lover, what thanks, what honour shall [ 
owe you, what provender shall I not supply you?" 
S3 ^thiop. I. 3. 34 Atheneus, lib. 8. 35 Apuleius 

Aur. asino. seghakspeare. 3^ Marlowe. ss Ov. 
Met. 1. 89 Ovid. Met. lib. 5. « " And with her 

Land wiping off the drops from her green tresses, thus 



began to relate the loves of Alpheus. I was formerly an 
Achaian nymph." 4i Leiand. " Their lips resound 

with thousand kisses, their arms are pallid with the 
close embrace, and their necks are mutually entwined 
by their fond caresses." 42 Angerianus. 43 gj 

longe aspiciens hoec urit lumine divos atque homines 
prope, cur urere lina nequit ? Angerianus. 



2o2 



4r,2 Love -Melancholy. L*Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

oi fino-ers, some say, I know not well whether, but fired it was by report, and of a 
cokl bath that suddenly smoked, and was very liot when naked Coelia came into it, 
Miramur guis sit ianfils et unde vapor^''^'^^ Sfc. But of all the tales in this kind, that 
is the most memorable of "^ Death himself, when he should have strucken a sw^et 
voung virgin with his dart, he fell in love with the object. Many more such could 
\ relate which are to be believed with a poetical faith. So dumb and dead creatures 
dote, but men are mad, stupified many times at the first sight of beauty, amazed, 
*^as that fisherman in Aristaenetus that spied a maid bathing herself by the sea-side, 

••v^'Sointa mihi sunt omnia membra 

A capitp ad calcnm. seiisiisqiie oninis periit 

De peitore, taiii iiriinensus stupor aiiimaiii invasit mihi. 

And as "^ Lucian, in his images, confesses of himself, that he was at his mistress's 
presence void of all sense, immovable, as if he had seen a Gorgon's head : which 
was no such cruel monster (as "^Ccelius interprets it, lib. 3. cap. 9.), "but the very 
quintessence of beauty," some fair creature, as without doubt the poet understood 
in the first fiction of it, at which the spectators were amazed. ^°Miseri quihus in- 
tcnfala nifes^ poor wretches are compelled at the very sight of her ravishing looks to 
»un mad, or make away with themselves. 

51" They wait the sentence of her scornful eyes; 
And whonrshe favours lives, the other dies." 

■^^Heliodorus, lib. 1. brings in Thyamis almost besides himself, when he saw Cha- 
.iclia first, and not daring to look upon her a second time, " for he thought it impos- 
sible for any man living to see her and contain himself" The very fame of beauty 
will fetch them to it many miles^ off' (sucli an attractive power this loadstone hath), 
and they will seem but short, they will undertake any toil or trouble, ^'^ long journeys. 
Penia or Atalanta shall not overgo them, through seas, deserts, mountains, and dan- 
gerous places, as they did to gaze on Psyche : " many mortal men came far and near 
to see that glorious object of her age," Paris for Helena, Corebus to Troja. 

" Illis Trojam qui forte dithus 

Venerat insano Cassandrae insensus amore " 

' who inflamed with a violent passion for Cassandra, happened then to be in Troy." 
King John of France, once prisoner in England, came to visit his old friends again, 
crossing the seas; but the truth is, his coming was to see the Countess of Salisbury, 
the nonpareil of those times, and his dear mistress. That infernal God Pluto came 
from hell itself, to steal Proserpine ; Achilles left all his friends for Polixena's sake, 
his enemy's daughter; and all the ^^Graecian gods forsook their heavenly mansions 
for that fair lady, Philo Dioneus daughter's sake, the paragon of Greece in those 
days; ed enim venusfafe fuif., ui earn cerlafim omnes dii conjugem expeferent : "for 
she was of such surpassing beauty, that all the gods contended for her love." ^^For- 
mosa divis imperat puclla. '"The beautiful maid commands the gods." They will 
not only come to see, but as a falcon makes a hungry hawk hover about, follow, 
give attendance and service, spend goods, lives, and all their fortunes to attain; 

" VV^ere beauty under twenty locks kept fast, 
Yet love breaks through, and picks them ail at last." 

When fair ^^ Hero came abroad, the eyes, hearts, and affections of her spectators were 
still attendant on her. 

'■'" Et medios inter vultus supereminet omnes, I 58 •« go far above the rest fair Hero shined, 

Perqiie urbein aspiciunt venientem numinis instar." ( And stole away the enchanted gazer's mind." 

"^When Peter Aretine's Lucretia came first to Rome, and that the fame of her beauty, 
ad urbar^arum del'iciarum secta.tores venerat, nemo non ad videndam earn., &,x. was 
spread abroad, they came in (as they say) thick and threefold to see her, and hovered 

«" We wonder how great the vapour, and whence it virffinis sponte fugit insanus fere, et impossibile exi?- 



comes." ■IS Idem Anger. <c Obstupuit mirabundai 
membrorum elegautiam, &c. Ep. 7. *'' StoliKiis e 

grajco. "My limbs became relaxed, I was overcome 
from head to foot, all self-possession fled, so great a 
stupor overburdened my mind." *» Parurn abfuit quo 
minus saxiim ex homine factus sum, ipsis statuis im- 
mohiiioreui me fecit. <9 Veteres Gorgonis fabulam 

r.ontinxerunt, t:ximium formK decus stupidos reddens. 
^ Hor. Ude 5. *' Marios Hero. " Aspectum 



timans ut siniul eam aspicere quis possu, et intra tern- 
perantice metas se coiitinere. ^^ Apuieius, 1. 4. Muhi 
mortales longis itineribus, &o. *< Njc. Gerbel. I. 5. 

Achaia. 66 j. gecuiidus basiorum lib. "Muaeus 

nia autem bene inorata, per a!dem quocunque V'lga- 
batur, sequentem mentem habehat, e oculos, et rorda 
viroru'n. &' Homer. ^^Marlowe. *»P';rno 

didasc ilo dial. Ital. Latin, donat. a Gasp. Barthio Ger 
mauo 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2. 



Beauty a Cause. 



46a 



aboMt her gates, as they did of oM to Lais of Corinth, and Phryne of Thebes, '°.M 
cujus JGCUil Grcp.cia tot a fores, "at whose gates lay all Greece." ^' " Every man 
sought to get her love, some with gallant and costly apparel, some with an afiected 
pace, some with music, others with rich gifts, pleasant discourse, multitude of fol- 
lowers ; others with letters, vows, and promises, to commend themselves, and to be 
gracious in her eyes." Happy was he that could see her, thrice happy that enjoyed 
her company. Charmides ^^in Plato was a proper young man in comeliness ">f per- 
son, "and all good qualities, far exceeding others; whensoever fair Cliannides came 
abroad, they seemed all to be in love with him (as Critias describes their carriage), 
and were troubled at the very sight of him ; many came near him, many followed 
him wheresoever he went," as those ^^formarum spp.ctatores did Acontius, if at any 
time lie walked abroad : the Athenian lasses stared on Alcibiades ; Sapplio and the 
Mitilenean women on Phaon the fair. Such lovely sights do not only please, entice, 
but ravish and amaze. Cleonimus, a delicate and tender youth, present at a feast 
which Androcles his uncle made in Piraeo at Athens, when he sacrificed to Mercury, 
so stupified the guests, Dineas, Aristippus, Agasthenes, and the rest (as Charidemus 
in ^^Lucian relates it), that they could not eat their meat, they sat all supper time 
gazing, glancing at him, stealing looks, and admiring of his beauty. Many will con- 
demn these men that are so enamoured, for fools ; but some again commend them 
for it; many reject Paris's judgment, and yet Lucian approves of it, admiring Paris 
for his choice; he would have done as much himself, and by good desert in his 
mind: beauty is to be preferred ^^" before wealth or wisdom." ^'^Athenaeus Deip- 
nosophist, lib. 13. cap. 7, holds it not such indignity for the Trojans and Greeks to 
contend ten years, to spend so much labour, lose so many men's lives for Helen's 
sake, ^for so fair a lady's sake, 

"Oh talem nxnrem cni pr>Tstantissima forma, 
Nil mortale refert." 

That one woman was worth a kingdom, a hundred thousand other women, a world 
itself. Well might ^^ Sterpsichores be blind for carping at so fair a creature, and a 
just punishment it was. The same testimony gives Homer of the old men of Troy, 
that were spectators of that single combat between Paris and Menelaiis at the Seian 
gate, Avhen Helen stood in presence; they said all, the war was worthily prolono-ed 
and undertaken ^^for her sake. The very gods themselves (as Homer and ™ Isocrates 
record) fought more for Helen, than they did against the giants. When '"Venus lost 
ner son Cupid, she made proclamation by Mercury, that he that could bring tidino-s 
of him should have seven kisses ; a noble reward some say, and much better than 
so many golden talents; seven such kisses to many men were more precious than 
seven cities, or so many provinces. One such a kiss alone would recover a man if 
he were a dying, '^ Suaviohim Stygia sic te de imlle reducet, Sfc. Great Alexander 
married Roxane, a poor man's child, only for her person. "'Twas well done of 
Alexander, and heroically done ; I admire him for it. Orlando was mad for Angelica, 
and who doth not condole his mishap ? Thisbe died for Pyramus, Dido for .Eneas; 
who doth not weep, as (before his conversion) ^^ Austin did in commiseration of her 
estate! she died for him ; " methinks (as he said) I could die for her." 

But this is not the matter in hand ; what prerogative this beauty hath, of what 
power and sovereignty it is, and how far such persons that so much admire, and 
dote upon it, are to be justified; no man doubts of these matters; the question is. 
how and by what means beauty produceth this efTect ? By sight : the eye betrays 
the soul, and is both active and passive in this business; it wounds and is'wounded, 
is an especial cause and instrument, both in the subject and in the object. ■'^" As 
tears, it begins in the eyes, descends to the breast;" it conveys these beauteous ravs, 
as I have said, unto the heart. Ut vidi ut perii. '^Mars videt hanc^ visamque cupit. 



roprnpertius. ^iVestium splendore et elejrantia 

amhitioiie iiicessus. donis, cantilenis, &c. graliatii a<li- 
pisci. 62 pijE caeteris corporis proceritate et esregia 

indole inirandus apparebat, cceteri autem capti ejus 
ainore videbantur, <fcc. C3 Aristenyctiis, ep. 10. 

6iToMi. 4. dial, meretr. respicientes et ad fortnam eius 
o!istup(>scenies. 65 in Charidomo sapieiitia; merito 

P'llcliritudo pracfertur et opihus. ^ Indifrniim nihil 

est Troas fortes et Achivos tempore taia iongo per. 



pessos esse labore. e^ Digna qiiidem facias pro qua 

vol obiret .Achilles, vel Priatniis, belli causa probanda 
fuif. Proper, lib. 2. esccecus qui Helense f.)rmaiii 

carpsf'rat. '''•Those mutinous Turks that murniured 
at Mahomet, when they saw Irene, excused his absenctt 
Knowls. -oin laudem Helena; erat. "> Apu. 

tnilos. lib. 4. "Securi. lias. \X "Ourtiiis, I. J 

T'Conf-ssi. "Seneca Amor in oculis oritui 

76 Ovid Fast. 



464 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

Schechem saw Dinah the daughter of Leah, and defiled her, Gen. xxxiv. 3. Jacob, 
Rachel, xxix. 17, "for she was beautiful and fair." David spied Bathsheba afar oif, 
2 Sam. xi. 2. The Elders, Susanna, "as that Orthomenian Strato saw fair Aristoclea 
daughter of Theophanes, bathing herself at that Hercyne well in Lebadea, and wore 
captivated in an instant. Viderunt ocul^ropuermit pectora JiammcB ; Amnion fell sick 
for Thamar's salve, 2 Sam. xiii. 2. The beauty of Esther was such, that she found 
favour not only in the sight of Ahasuerus, " but of all those that looked upon her."^ 
Gerson, Origen, and some, others, contended that Christ himself was the fairest of 
the sons of men, and Joseph next unto him, speciosus pr^Ejihis hominum^ and they 
will have it literally taken ; his very person was such, that he found grace and favour 
of all those that looked upon him. Joseph was so fair, that, as the ordinary gloss 
hath it, fili(2 decurrerent per miirum^ et ad fenestras., they ran to the top of the walls 
and to the windows to gaze on him, as we do commonly to see some great person- 
age go by: and so Matthew Paris describes Matilda the Empress going through 
CuUen. '^P. Morales the Jesuit saith as much of the Virgin Mary. Antony no 
sooner saw Cleopatra, but, saith Appian, lih. 1, he was enamoured of her. '^Theseus 
at the first sight of Helen was so besotted, that he esteemed himself the happiest 
man in the world if he might enjoy her, and to that purpose kneeled down, and 
made his pathetical prayers unto the gods. ^'Charicles, by chance, espying that 
curious picture of smiling Venus naked in her temple, stood a great while gazing, as 
one amazed ; at length, he brake into that mad passionate speech, " O fortunate god 
Mars, that wast bound in chains, and made ridiculous for her sake !" He could not 
contain himself, but kissed her picture, I know not how oft, and heartily desired to be 
*iO disofraced as Mars was. And what did he that his betters had not done before him } 

61 " atque aliqiiis de diis non tristibus optat 

Sic fieri turpis" 

When Venus came first to heaven, her comeliness was such, that (as mine author 
saith) ^*^"all the gods came flocking about, and saluted her, each of them went to 
Jupiter, and desired he might have lier to be his wife." When fair ^''Antilochus 
came in presence, as a candle in the dark his beauty shined, all men's eyes (as Xeno- 
phon describes the manner of it) " were instantly fixed on him, and moved at the 
sight, insomuch that they could not conceal themselves, but in gesture or looks it 
was discerned and expressed." Those other senses, hearing, touching, may much 
penetrate and affect, but none so much, none so forcible as sight. Forma Briseis 
mediis in armis mov'it Jlchillem., Achilles was moved in the midst of a battle by fair 
Briseis, Ajax byTecmessa; Judith captivated that great Captain Holofernes : Dalilah, 
Samson ; Rosamund, ^^ Henry the Second ; Roxolana, Solyman the Magnificent, 8lc. 

Kai avp KtiXri rij otHca." 

" A fair woman overcomes fire and sword." 



' Nought under heaven so strongly doth alhire 
The sf-iise of man and all his mind possess, 
As beauty's loveliest bait, that doth procure 
Great warriors erst their rigour to suppress. 
And mighty h-ands forget their manliness, 



Driven with the power of an heartburning eye, 
And lapt in flowers of a golden tress, 
That can with melting pleasure mollify 
Their harden'd hearts inurd to cruelty." 



^'Clitiphon ingenuously cDnfesseth, that he no sooner came in Leucippe's presence^ 
but that he did corde tremere^ et oculis lascivius intueri ; ^^ he was wounded at the 
first sight, his heart panted, and he could not possibly turn his eyes from her. So 
doth Calysiris in Heliodorus, lib. 2. Isis Priest, a reverend old man, complain, who 
by chance at Memphis seeing that Thracian Rodophe, might not hold his eyes off 
her : ^^" I will not conceal it, she overcame me with her presence, and quite assaulted 
my continency which I had kept unto mine old age ; 1 resisted a long time my 
bodily eyes with the eyes of my understanding ; at last I was conquered, and as 
in a tempest carried headlong." ^° Xenophiles, a philosopher, railed at women down- 



" Plutarch. '« Lib. de pulchrit. Jesu et Mari.T. 

"Lucian (Miaridemon supra omnes mortalcs felicissi- 
mum si hac fnii possit. ^o Lucian amor. Insanum 

qiiiddam ac furihiindum exclamans. O fortiinatissiiiie 
deorum Mars (iiii propter hanc vinctus fuisli. ei Qv. 

Met. 1. 3. 82 (),„nps ,|ji complexi sunt, et in uxor 



vincit et vel isnern, ferrumque si qua pulchra est. Ana. 
creon, 2. ^^gpenser in his Faerie Q.ueerie. 87 Achil- 
les Tatius, lib. 1. ^"Statini ac earn contemplatus 
sum, ocridi ; oculos eI virgine avertere conatiis sum, sed 
illi repugnabant. '•^ Piidet dicere, non celabo tamen. 
Memphim ve iens me vicit, et continentiam expuf 



sihi petierunt, Nat. Comes de Vencre. *3 Ul cum lux iiavit, qiiam ad senectntem usque servaram, ocu'i* c^^" 
noctis afTuleet. omnium oculos incurrit : sic Anfiloqiius pons, &c. ^° Nunc primum circa hanc anxius aOiiKV 

&.C. 0^ lAilevil jmues ex animo mulieres. fs Nam | lisereo. Aristsenetus, ep. 17 



.ii*IJg.UiL4i>J ^ U ' J I 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 465 

right for many years together, scorneci, hated, scoffed at them; coming it last InU 
Daphnis a fair maid's company (as he condoles his mishap to his friend Demaritis), 
though free before, Inlactus jiu/lis ante cupidinlbus^ was far in love, and quite over- 
come upon a sudden. Viclus sum fateor a Dap/mide^ Sfc. I confess 1 am taken^ 

91 " Sola hxc inflexit sensiis, atiiiiiuinque labentem 
linpulit" 

could hold out no longer. Such another mishap, but worse, had Stratocles the 
physician, that blear-eyed old mnn., ftiuco plenus [so ^^Prodromus describes him); he 
was a severe woman's-hater all his life. f(£da et contumeliosa semper in fcemhias pro- 
faius, a bitter persecutor of the whole sex, Jmmanas aspides el viperas appeJlabaf^ 
he forswore them all still, and mocked them wheresoever he came, in such vile 
terms,. 7i^ matrem et sorores odisses., that if thou hadst heard him, thou wouldst have 
loatlied thine own mother and sisters for his word's sake. Yet this old doting fool 
was taken at kst with that celestial and divine look of Myrilla, the daughter of An- 
ticles the gardener, that smirking wench, that he shaved off his bushy beard, painted 
his face, ^^ curled his hair, M^ore a laurel crown to cover his bald pate, and for her 
love besides was ready to run mad. For the very day that he married he was so 
furious, lit soils occasum minus expectare posset (a terrible, a monstrous long day), 
he could not stay till it was night, sed omnibus insalutatis in thalamum fcstinans 
irrupit^ the meat scarce out of his mouth, without any leave taking, he would needs 
go presently to bed. What young man, therefore, if old men be so intemperate, can 
secure himself? Who can say I will not be taken with a beautiful object? I can, 
1 will contain. No, saith ^' Lucian of his mistress, she is so fair, that if thou dost 
but see her, she will stupify thee, kill thee straight, and. Medusa like, turn thee to a 
stone ; thou canst not pull thine eyes from her, but, as an adamant doth iron, she 
v/ill carry thee bound headlong whither she will herself, infect thee like a basilisk. 
It holds both in men and women. Dido was amazed at TEneas' presence ; Obstupuii 
primo aspectu Sidonia Dido ; and as he feelingly verified out of his experience ; 

»s"Q,uain ej;o pnstqiiam vidi, non ita amavi ut sani soleiit I " I lov'd her not as others soberly, 

Hoiniiius, sed eodern paclo ut insaiii sclent." [ But as a inadiiKui rageth, so did I." 

So Museus of Leander, nusquam lumen detorquet ah ilia ; and ^^ Chaucer of Palamon, 

He cast his eye upon Emilia, 

Jind t/iercwitk he blent and cried ha, ha, 

^s though he had been stroke unto the hearta. 

If you desire to know more particularly what this beauty is, how it doth Injluere^ 
how it doth fascinate (for, as all hold, love is a fascination), thus in brief. ^'^^This 
comeliness or beauty ariseth from the due proportion of the whole, or from each 
several part." For an exact delineation of which, I refer you to poets, historio- 
graphers, and those amorous writers, to Lucian's Images, and Charidemus, Xeno- 
phon's description of Panthea, Petronius Catalectes, Heliodorus Chariclia, Tacius 
Leucippe, Longus Sophista's Daphnis and Cloe, Theodorus Prodromus his Rhodan- 
thes, Aristaenetus and Philostratus Epistles, Balthasar Castillo, lib. 4. dc aulico. 
Laurentius, cap. 10, de melan. ^neas Sylvius his Lucretia, and every poet almost, 
which have most accurately described a perfect beauty, an absolute feature, and that 
through every member, both in men and women. Each part must concur to the 
perfection of it; for as Seneca saith, Ep. 33. lib. 4. JVon est formosa mulier cujns 
cms laudatuT tv brachium^sed ilia cujus simul universa fades admirationem singulis 
partibus dedit ; " >!ie is no fair woman, whose arm, thigh, &c. are commended, ex- 
cept the face and all the other parts be correspondent." And the face especially 
gives a lustre to the rest : the face is it that commonly denominates a fair or foul : 
arx for mcB fades-) the face is beauty's tower ; and though the other parts be deformed, 
yet a good face carries it (^facies non uxor amatur) that alone is most part respected, 
principally valued, deliciis suisferox., and of itself able to captivate. 

98" Urit te Glycer.-E nitor, 
IJrit grata protervitas, 
Et vultus niiniuin iubricus aspici." 



91 Virg. JEn. 4. " She alone hath captivated my feel- i facultas oculos ah ea amovendi ; abducet te alli>;atii!n 
uigs, and fixed my wavering mind." 92 Amaranto 1 quocnnque vohierit, ut ferrum ad setrahere ferunt ada- 

fiial. »aComasqiie ad speculum disposuil. >« Iinag. mantem. »& Plant. Merc. 96 In the Kniglit's Tale. 
I'olistrato. &i illam saltem intuearis, slatuis ininio- 6' Ex debita totius proportione aptaqiie partium com- 
bilioreni te fac<et : si couspexerii earn- noii relinque'.ur I positione. Ficcoloniineus. <*< Hor. Ud. 19. lib. 1. 

59 



466 



Lnve-MelanchoJy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



*' Gi/v.te-/>t y too [air a face was it tliat set him on fire, too fine to be beheld." When 
*^ Chferea ..aw the sinewing wench's sweet looks, he was so taken, that he cried out, 
O fociem fvlchram,^ deleo omne.s dehinc ex animo muUeres, tcpdet quotidianarum ha- 
rum forniiMrum ! " O fair face, I'll never love any but her, look on any other here- 
after* but Lor; I am weary of these ordinary beauties, away with them." The more 

he sees het, the worse he is, urilque videndo^ as in a burning-glass, the sunbeams 

are re-collt^ted to a centre, the rays of love are projected from her eyes. It was 
^neas's co^^ntenance ravished Queen Dido, Os humerosque Deo s'lmilis^ he had an 
angelical facc\ 



io«" O sncrop vultiis Racclio vel Apolline dienos, 
Qiios vir, quos tuto fcemina nulla \ idet !" 



" O sarred looks, hefittine majpsty, 

Which never mortal wight could saffely see." 



Although for the greater part this beauty be most eminent in the face, yet many times 
those other members yield a most pleasing grace, and are alone sufficient to enamour. 
A high brow like unto the bright heavens, c(je.U pulcherrima pJaga^ Frons uhi vivit 
honor ^frons uhi hidit amor^ white and smooth like the polished alabaster, a pair of 
cheeks of vermilion colour, in which love lodgeth; ^Jlmor qui moUlhiis gems puellcR 
pernocJas : a co.al lip, suaviornm deluhrum^ in which Basio miUe patent^ basia mille 
latent^ "• A thousand appear, as many are concealed ;" grafiarum sedes gratissima ; 
a sweet-smelling flower, from which bees may gather honey, '^MeUilegcev a lucres quid 
adhuc cava thy ma rosasque, Sfc. 

"Omnc? ad dotnintp lahra venite mea?, 
Ilia rosas spiral, ' &c. 

A white and rounu neck, that via lactea^ dimple in the chin, black eye-brows, Cupi' 
dinis arcus^ sweet breath, white and even teeth, which some call the salepiece, a fine 
soft round pap, gives an excellent grace, ^Q7ia/e decus iumidis Pario de marmore 
mammis .'" '' and make a pleasant valley lacinim sinum^ between two chalky hills, 
Sororianles papillulas^ et ad prurifum frigidos amafores solo aspectu excitanfes. 
Unde ?5, ^Forma papillarum quam fuit apta premi ! — Again TJrebanl oculos durcB 
stantesque mamillce. A flaxen hair ; golden hair was even in great account, for 
which Virgil commends Dido, JVondinn susfulerat flavum Proserpinina crinem, Et 
crines nodontur in auram. Apollonius (^Argonaut, lib. 4. Jasonis flava com,a incendit 
cor Medecp,) will have Jason's golden hair to be the main cause of Medea's dotage 
on him. Castor and Polliix were both yellow haired. Paris, Menelads, and most 
amorous young men. have been such in all ages, molles ac siiaves^ as Baptista Porta 
infers, ^Physiog. lib. 2. lovely to behold. Homer so commends Helen, makes Patro- 
clus and Achilles both yellow haired : Pulchricoma Venus, and Cupid himself was 
yellow haired, in aurum cornsconte et crispanfe capillo^Wke that neat picture of Nar 
jIssus in Callistratus ; for so ''Psyche spied him asleep, Briseis^ Polixena^ Sfc.flavi 
comcB onines. 



Whom vou! 



"and Hero the fair, 

Apollo courted for her hair.' 



Leland commends Guithera, king Arthur's wife, for a flaxen hair: so Paulus ;9^miliiis 
sets out Clodeveus, that lovely king of France. ^Synesius holds every effeminate 
fellow or adulterer is fair haired : and Apuleius adds that Venus herself, goddess of 
love, cannot delight, ^"though she come accompanied with the graces, and all 
Cupid's train to attend upon her, girt with her own girdle, and smell of cinnamon 
and balm, yet if she he bald or badhaired, she cannot please her Vulcan." Which 
belike makes our Venetian ladies at this day to counterfeit yellow hair so much, 
great women to calamistrate and curl it up, vibrantes ad graiiam crines.^ et tot orbi- 
bus in capfivitatem Jlexos, to adorn their heads with spangles, pearls, and made- 
flowers; and all courtiers to effect a pleasing grace in this kind. In a word, '°"the 
hairs are Cupid's nets, to catch all comers, a brushy wood, in which Cupid builds 
his nest, and under whose shadow all loves a thousand several ways sport themselves. 



99 Ter. Eunuch. Act. 2. Fcen. 3. lo" Petronius 

Catall. » Sophocles. Antitfone. «Jo. Secundus 

has. 19. 8 LcBchjeiis. « Arandus. Vallis amcenis- 

Biina e duohus montibus composita niveis. • f)vid. 

• Fol. 77. Dapsiles hilares amatores, &c. 'When 
Cupid slept. Cajsariem auream hahentem, ubi Psyche 

' vidit, mi)Uemqiie ex ambrosia cervicem inspexit, crines 
cris^jos, purpureas geiias candidasque, &c. Apuleius. 

• lu laudem calvi ; cylondida coma quisque adulter est; 



allicit aurea coma. » Venus ipsa nori placeret comis 
nudata, capile spoliata, si quaiis ipsa Venus cum fuit 
virgo omni gratiarum choro stipata, et t^to cupidinum 
populo concinnata, bHl»."ieo suo cinrta. cinnama fra- 
grans, et balsama, si calva processerit, placere non po- 
test Vulcano suo. 10 4randus. Capilli retjaCipidi 
nis, sylva cfedua, in qua nidificat Cupido, sub cujuf 
umbra amores mill*" modis se exercent. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2. 



Bcauly a Cause. 



407 



A little soft hand, pretty little mouth, small, fine, long fingers, Graficr. quce digitis 

'tis that which Apollo did admire in Daphne, laudaL digiiosque manusque , 

a straight and slender body, a small foot, and well-proportioned leg, hath an exceJ- 
lent lustre, ^^Cui fotum incumhit corpus uti fundamcrJo aides. Clearchus vowed to 
his friend Amyander m '^Aristinaeius, that the most attractive part in his mistress, to 
make him love and like her first, was her pretty leg and foot : a soft and white skin, 
&.C. have their peculiar graces, ^^JYebula hand est molUor ac hiijus cutis est^ csdipol 
papilhim beUulam. Though in men these parts are not so much respected ; a grim 

Saracen sometimes, nudus membra Pyracmon., a martial hirsute face pleaseth best; 

a black man is a pearl in a fair woman's eye, and is as acceptable as '* lame Vulcan 
was to Venus; for he being a sweaty fuliginous blacksmith, was dearly beloved of 
her, when fair Apollo, nimble Mercury were rejected, and the rest of the sweet-faced 
gods forsaken. Many women (as Petronius ^^ ohsexves) sordibus calent (as many 
men are more moved with kitchen wenches, and a poor market maid, than all these 
illustrious court and city dames) will sooner dote upon a slave, a servant, a dirt 
dauber, a brontes, a cook, a player, if they see his naked legs or arms, thorosaque 
brachia.)^^ &c., like that huntsman Meleager in Philostratus, though he be all in rags, 
obscene and dirty, besmeared like a ruddleman, a gipsy, or a chimney-sweeper, than 
upon a noble gallant, Nireus, Ephestion, Alcibiades, or those embroidered courtiers 
full of silk and gold. '^Justine's wife, a citizen of Rome, fell in love with Pylades 
a player, and was ready to run mad for him, had not Galen himself helped her by 
chance. Faustina tlie empress doted on a fencer. 

Not one of a thousand falls in love, but there is some peculiar part or other, 
which pleaseth most, and inflames him above the rest. '^ A company of young phi- 
losophers on a time fell at variance, which part of a woman was most d^esirable and 
pleased best .'' some said the forehead, some the teeth, some the eyes, cheeks, lips, neck, 
chin, &c., the controversy was referred to Lais of Corinth to decide ; but she, smil- 
ing, said, they were a company of fools ; for suppose they had her where they 
wished, what would they '^ first seek ? Yet this notwithstanding I do easily grant, 
neque quis vestrum negaverit opinor, all parts are attractive, but especially ^° the 
eyes,^' 

" videt igiie micantes, 

Siderjbiis similes ociilos" 

H'hich are love's fowlers ; ^^aucupium amoris., the shoeing horns, " the hooks of love 
as Arandus will,) the guides, touchstone, judges, that in a moment cure mad men. 
and make sound folks mad, the watchmen of the body ; what do they not .?" How 
vex they not? All this is true, and (which Athaineus lib. 13. dip. cap. 5. and Tatius 
hold) they are the chief seats of love, and James Lerautius^^ hatli facetely expressed 
hi an elegant ode of his, 



" Ainorem ocellis flamineolis herae 
Villi insideiitem, credite posteri, 
Fratresque circum liidil)uiidos 
Cum piiaretra volitare et arcu," &c. 



' I saw Love sitting in my mistress' eyes 

Sparkling, believe it all posterity, 
And his attendants playing round about 
With how and arrows ready for to tly.' 



Scaliger calls the eyes, ^^" Cupid's arrows; the tongue, the lightning of love ; the 
paps, the tents :" ^^ Balthasar Castillo, the causes, the chariots, the lamps of love, 

" aemiila lumina stellis, I 

Lumina qua; possent soilicitare decs." j 

Love's orators, Petronius. 

" O blandos nculos, et 6 facetos, I 

Et quadam propria nota loquaces I 
illic est Venus, et leves amures, 

Atque ipsa in medio sedet voluptas." | 

Love's torches, touch-box, napthe and matches, ^® Tibullus, 



" Eyes emulating stars in light, 
Enticing gods at the first sight;" 



' O sweet and pretty speaking pyes, 
Where Venus, love, and pleasure lies.' 



Illius ex oculisquum vult exurere divos, 
Accendil geininas lampades acer amor." 



Tart Love when he will set the gods on fire, 
Lightens tlie eyes as torches to desire." 



i>Theod. Prodromus Amor. lib. 1. 12 Epist. 72. 

Ubi pulchrain libiam, bene compactiim tenuemque pe- 
dein vidi. 'S Plaui. Cas. "oiaudus optime rem 

figit. 1* Fol. 5. Si servum viderint, ant flatorem 

altius? cinctutn, aut pulvere perfusum, ant liistrionem 
»n scenam traductutn, &;C. '^ Me pulchra t'ateor 

tarere forma, verum luculenta nostra est. Petronius 

<:;atal. de Priapo. "Galen. '^'Calcagninus 

Apologis. Qua; pars maxime desiilerabilis? Alius 
frout«ui, alius yenas, &c '« Inter foemineum. 



20 Hensius. 21 Sunt enim oculi, prfficipuae pulchritu- 

dinis sedes. lib. 6. 22 Amoris hami, duces, judices 

et indices qui momento insanos sanant, sanos iiisanire 
cogunt, oculatissimi corporis excubitores, quid noti 
agunt? 0,11 id non cogunt ? ^3 Ocelli carm. 17- 

ciijus et Lipsius epist. qua;st. lib. 3. cap. 11. nieminit ob 
elegantiain. 24Qynihia prima suis miseruni me 

cepit ocellis, contactum nullis ante cupidinibus. Pro- 
pert 1. 1 26in catalect. «« De Su.'picio, lib. 4. 



mn 



468 



Love-Melanchuly. 



[Pan 3. Sec 2 



CeanJ'.T, at the first sight of Hero's eyes, was hicensed, saith Musaeus. 



' Siinul in 2' •.ciilorutn radiis crescebat lax amoruni, 
El «or ferveliitt iiivecti ijjnii iinnetu ; 
Piilchritudo enim Celebris iinniacul.itce fceiniiiae, 
Aculior liominibus est veloci safjitla. 
Oculns vero via est, ab ociili ictibus 
Vuliius dilabitur, et in praecoidia viri manat." 



" Love's torches 'gan to burn first i.i her eyca. 
And set his heart on-fire which /lever dies: 
For the fair beauty of a virjjwi pure 
Is sharper than a dart, and doth inure 
A deeper wound, wliich erceth to the heart 
By the eves, and causeth such a cruel smart " 



'^A modern poet brings in Amnon complaining of Thamar, 



''et me fascino 

Occidit ille risus et formiE lepos, 
Jlle nitor, ilia iiratia, et verus decor, 
lllae ainiuJatite!- purpuram, et ^9 rnsas geuE 
Oculique vinct;eque aureo nodo comre."— 



' It was thy beauty, 'twas thy pltasing smile. 
Thy grace and comeliness did me bejruile; 
Thy rose-like cheeks, and unto purple fair 
Thy lovely eyes and golden knotted hair." 



*' Philostratus Lemnius cries out on his mistress's basilisk eyes, ardentes faces^ those 
two burning-glasses, they had so inflamed his soul, that no water could quench it. 
*•• What a tyranny (saith he), what a penetration of bodies is tliis ! thou drawest with 
violence, and swallowest me up, as Charybdis doth sailors with thy rocky eyes : he 
that falls into this gulf of love, can never get out." Let this be the corollary then, 
the strongest beams of beauty are still darted from the eyes. 



31 "Nam quis lumina tanta, tanta 
Posset lua)inibus siiis tueri, 
Non statim trepidansque, prilpiiansqiie, 
PraB desiderii lestuantis aura?" &c. 



For who such eyes with his can see. 
And not forthwith enamour'd be!" 



And as men catch dotterels by putting out a leg or an arm, with those mutual glances 
of the eyes they first inveigle one another. ^^ Cynthia prima sids miserum me cepif 
ocellis. Of all eyes (by the way) black are most amiable, enticing and fairer, which 
the poet observes in commending of his mistress. ^^ ''• Spectandum nigris oculist, 
nigroque capillo^'''^ which Hesiod admires in his Alcmena, 



' Ciijus a vertice ac iii^ricantibus oculis, 
Tale quiddam spiral ac ab aiirea Veiiere." 



From her black eyes, and from her golden fcce 
As if from Venus came a lovely grac«." 



and ^^ Triton in his Milnene- 



— nigra oculos formosa mihi. ^^ Homer useth that 
epithet of ox-eyed, in describing Juno, because a round black eye is the best, the 
son of beauty, and farthest from black the worse : which ^'^ Polydore Virgil taxeth 
in our nation : Angli nt phirimum ccesiis oculis^ we have gray eyes for the most part. 
Baptisma Porta, Pliysiognom. lib. 3. puts gray colour upon children, they be childish 
eyes, dull and heavy. Many commend on the other side Spanish ladies, and those 
^'^Greek dames at this day, for the blackness of tlieir eyes, as Porta doth his Neapo- 
litan young wives. Suetonius describes Julius Gesar to have been nigris vegelisque 
oculis micaniihus^ of a black quick sparkling eye : and although Averroes in his 
CoUiget will have such persons timorous, yet without question they are mosi 
amorous. 

Now last of all, I will show you by what means beauty doth fascinate, bewitch 
as some hold, and work upon the soul of a man by the eye. For certainly I am ol 
the poet's mind, love doth bewitch and strangely change us. 



T.udit amor sensus, oculos perstringit, et aufert 
Libertatem animi, mira nos fascinat arte. 
Credo ali(iuisdKinon subions pneconlia flammam 
Concitat, el raptau) tollit de cardine mentem." 



Love mocks our senses, curbs our liberties. 

And doth bewitch us with his art and rings, 

I think some devil gets into our entrails, [hinge?.' 

And kindles coals, and heaves our souls from Ih 



Heiiodorus lih. 3. proves at large, '*" that love is witchcraft, " it gets in at our eyes, 
pores, nostrils, engenders the same qualities and affections in us, as were in the party 
whence it came." The manner of the fascination, as Ficinus 10. cap. com. in Plat. 
declares it, is thus : "• Mortal men are then especially bewitched, when as by often 
gazing one on the other, they direct sight to sight, join eye to eye, and so drink and 
suck in love between them ; for the beginning of this disease is the eye. And therefore 
he that hath a clear eye, though he be otherwise deformed, by often looking upon 
him, will makp one mad, and tie him fast to him by the eye." Leonard. Varius, lib. 1. 
cap. 2. de fascinat. telleth us, that by this interview, ^' " the purer spirits are infected," 



27 Pulchritude ipsa per occultos radios in pectus aman- 
tis dimanans amatae rei formam insculpsit, Tatius, 1.5. 
*" Jacob Cornelius Amnon Tragaid. Act. I. sc. 1. 
'a RoSi-e formosarum oculis nascuntur, et hilaritas vul- 
•us elegantice corona. Philosiratus deliciis. ^o Epist. 

ot in deliciis, abi et oppn^nationem relinque, quam 
flamma non extinguit ; nam ab amore ipsa flamma sen- 
tit incendium: qua corporum penetratio, qiire tyrannis 
haBC? &.C 31 Loecheus Panthea. 3* Prooertius. 



" The wretched Cynthia first captivates with her spark- 
ling eyes." 33 Ovid, amorum, hb. 2. eleg. 4. 
34Sciit. Hercui. 35Calcagninus dial. 86 iliad J. 
37 Hist. lib. 1. 38 Sands' relation, fol. 67. 39 i\jan- 
tuan. 40 Amor per oculos, nares, poros influens, 
iStc. Mortales tum summopere fascinantur quando 
frequentissimo intuitu aciem dirigentes, &c. Ideo ei 
quis nitore polleat oculorum, &c. *i Spiritus puri- 
ores fascinantur, oculus a se radios etnittit. &.c. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 469 

the one eye pierceth through tlie other with his rays, which he sends foifh, and 
many men have those excellent piercing eyes, that, which Suetonius relates of Augus- 
tus, their brightness is such, they compel their spectators to look off. and can no 
more endure them than the sunbeams. ''^Barradius, lih. 6. cap. 10. de Harmonia 
Evangel, reports as much o^ our Saviour Christ, and " Peter Morales of the Virgin 
Mary, whom Nicephorus des'^ribes likewise to have been yellow-haired, of a wheat 
colour, but of a most amiable and piercing eye. The rays is some think, sent fron! 
the eyes, carry certain spiritual vapours with them, and so infect the other party, 
and that in a moment. I know, they that hold visio fit intra mittendo^ will make a 
doubt of this; but Ficinus proves it from blear-eyes, "^^''That by sight alone, make 
others blear-eyed ; and it is more than manifest, that the vapour of the corrupt blootl 
doth get in together with the rays, and so by the contagion the spectators' eyes are 
infected." Other arguments there are of a basilisk, that kills afar off by sight, as 
that Ephesian did of whom *^ Philostratus speaks, of so pernicious an eye, he poi- 
soned all he looked steadily on : and that other argument, mrnstrucB fcEmince^ out of 
Aristotle's Problems, morhosce Capivaccias adds, and '^^ Septalius the commentator, 
that contaminate a looking-glass with beholding it. ''''"So the beams that come from 
the agent's heart, by the eyes, infect the spirits about the patients, inwardly wound, 
and thence the spirits infect the blood." To this effect she complained in ^**Apuleius, 
'••Thou art the cause of my grief, thy eyes piercing through mine eyes to mine inner 
parts, have set my bowels on fire, and therefore pity me that am now ready to die 
for thy sake." Ficinus illustrates this with a familiar example of that Marrhusian 
Pha^drus and Theban Lycias, ''^" Lycias he stares on Phaedrus' face, and Phaedrus 
tastens the balls of his eyes upon Lycias, and with those sparkling rays sends out 
his spirits. The beams of Phsedrus' eyes are easily mingled with the beams of 
Lycias, and spirits are joined to spirits. This vapour begot in Phasdrus' heart, enters 
into Lycias' bowels : and that which is a greater wonder, Phaedrus' blood is in 
Lycias' heart, and thence come those ordinary love-speeches, my sweetheart Phae- 
drus, and mine own self, my dear bowels. And Phaedrus again to Lycias, O my 
light, my joy, my soul, my life. Phaedrus follows Lycias, because his heart would 
have his spirits, and Lycias follows Phaedrus, because he loves the seat of his spirits; 
both follow; but Lycias the earnester of the two: the river hath more need of the 
fountain, than the fountain of the river; as iron is drawn to that which is touched 
with a loadstone, but draws not it again ; so Lycias draws Phaedrus." But how 
comes it to pass then, that the blind man loves, that never saw ? We read in the 
Lives of the Fathers, a story of a child that was brought up in the wilderness, from 
his infancy, by an old hermit : now come to man's estate, he saw by chance two 
comely women wandering in the woods : he asked the old man what creatures they 
\vere, he told him fairies ; after a while talking obiter., the hermit demanded o{ him, 
which was the pleasantest sight that ever he saw in his life } He readily replied, the 
two ^° fairies he spied in the wilderness. So that, without doubt, there is some secret 
loadstone in a beautiful woman, a magnetic power, a natural inbred affection, which 
moves our concupiscence, and as he sings, 

" Methink=5 I have a mistress yet to come, 
And still I seek, I love, I know not whom." 

'Tis true indeed of natural and chaste love, but not of this heroical passion, or rather 
brutish burning lust of which we treat; we speak of wandering, wanton, adulterous 
eyes, which, as ^' he saith, " lie still in wait as so many soldiers, and when they spy 
an innocent spectator fixed on them, shoot him through, and presently bewitch him* 
especially when they shall gaze and gloat, as wanton lovers do one upon another, 
and with a pleasant eye-conflict participate each other's souls." Hence you may 



^ Lib. fie piilch. .Fes. et Mar. ^ Lib. 2. c. 2:^. co- 

lore triticum rffcreiite, crine, flava, acrihiis ociilis. 
** Lippi solo intuitu alios iippos faciunt, et patet una 
ciiMi radio vaporeni corrupti saiit.'nnis unianare, cujiis 
coiitat'ione oculus spectantis infiritur. *^ Vita 

\pollon. ■'fiConMnent. in Aristot. Probl. « Sic 

railius a corde percutientis missus, rejjiinen propnur.i 
repetit, cor vulnerat, per oculos ct san^uinem inficit et 
spiritus, subtili qua'.'jiim vi. Castil. lib. 3. de aulico. 
•«Lib. 10. Causa oinnis et orif;o omnis pra; sciitis do- 
'oris tute es; isti enim tui oculi, per meos oculos ad 



2P 



intima delapsi prfficordia, acerrimum meis medtilli? 
coirimovent iiicntidiurn; ergo nii.-ierere tui causa pern- 
untis. ■•'• Lycias in Phindri vultuin inhiat, Pha;drus 

in oculos LyciiE scintillas suornni defii;il()culoruni ; cum 
que scintiliis, &c. Scquitiir rhavlrns Lyciam, quia cor 
SMum petit spiritum; I'liaedrum Lycias, (piia spiritm 
pro[iriam sedem postulat. Veruni Lycias, &,c. »" Das 
tnonia iiiquit qute in hoc Lrnmo nuper occurrcbant. 
s'Castilio de aulico. I. 3. fol. '2i8. Oculi lit milifes in 
iiisidiis semper recubaiit, el subilo aii visum sagitia* 
emittunt, &,c. 



470 



Lovc-Me lancholy. 



[Pari. 3. Sec. 2, 



oerceivu liow easily and how quickly we may be taken in love; since at the 
tAvinklin-r of an eye, Phaeclrus' spirits may so perniciously infect Lycias' blood 
'^'•'Neither is it any wonder, if we but consider how many other diseases closely, 
and as suddenly are caught by infection, plague, itch, scabs, flux," &.c. The spirits 
taken in, will not let hmi rest that hath received them, but egg him on. ''^'''' Idqiie 
'pel it corpus mens iinde est saucia amorc ; and we may manifestly perceive a strange 
eduction of spirits, by such as bleed at nose after they be dead, at the presence of 
the murderer;" but read more of this in Lemnius, lib. 2. de occult, nat. mir. cap. 7. 
Valleriola lib. 2. observ. cap. 7. Valesius controv. Ficinus, Cardan, Libavius de crueniis 
cadaveribus, Sfc. 

SuBSECT. III. — Artificial allurements of Love ^ Causes and Provocations to Lust; 
Gestures^ Clothes, Dower, ^c. 

Natural beauty is a stronger loadstone of itself, as you have heard, a great temp- 
tation, and pierceth to the very heart; ^^ forma verecundce nocuit milii visa pucllce; 
but much more when those artificial enticements and provoct*. ons of gestures, 
clothes, jewels, pigments, exornations, shall be annexed unto it ; those other circum- 
stances, opportunity of time and place shall concur, which of themselves alone were 
all sufficient, each one in particular to produce this effect. It is a question much 
controverted by some wise men, forma debeat plus arti an natures? Whether natural 
or artificial objects be more powerful.^ but not decided: for my part J am of opinion, 
that though beauty itself be a great motive, and give an excellent lustre in sordibus, 
in beggary, as a jewel on a dunghill will shine and cast his rays, it cannot be sup- 
pressed, which Heliodorus feigns of Chariclia, though she were in beggar's weeds : 
yet as it is used, artificial is of more force, and much to be preferred. 



' Sic dentata sibi videlur ^gle. 
Einptis ossihiis Iiulicotjue cornu ; 
Sic qiiJE nijrrior est cadente moro, 
Cerussata sibi placet Lychoris." 



' So toothless ^gle seems a pretty one, 
Set out witi'i new-bought teeth of Indy hone: 
So foul Lvchoris blacker than berry 
lierself admires, now finer than cherry." 



John Lerius the Burgundian, cap. 8. hist, navigat. in Brazil, is altogether on my side. 
For whereas (saith he) at our coming to Brazil, we found both men and women 
naked as they were born, without any covering, so much as of their privities, and 
could not be persuaded, by our Frenchmen that lived a year with them, to wear any, 
^•^'"Many will think that our so long commerce with naked women, must needs be 
a great provocation to lust ;" but he concludes otherwise, that their nakedness did 
much less entice them to lasciviousness, than our women's clothes. " And I dare 
boldly attirm (saith he) tiiat those glittering attires, counterfeit colours, headgears, 
curled hairs, plaited coats, cloaks, gowns, costly stomachers, guarded and loose gar- 
ments, and all those other accoutrements, wherewith our countrywomen counterfeit 
a beauty, and so curiously set out themselves, cause more inconvenience in this 
kind, than that barbarian homeliness, although they be no whit inferior unto them in 
beauty. I could evince the truth of this by many other arguments, but I appeal 
(saith he) to my companions at that present, which were all of the same mind." His 
countryman, Montague, in his essays, is of the same opinion, and so are many 
others ; out of whose assertions thus much in brief we may conclude, that beauty 
is more beholden to art than nature, and stronger provocations proceed from out- 
ward ornaments, than such as nature hath provided. It is true that those fair 
gparkling eyes, white neck, coral lips, turgent paps, rose-coloured cheeks, &c., of 
themselves are potent enticers ; but when a comely, artificial, well-composed look, 
pleasing gesture, an affected carriage shall be added, it must needs be far more forci- 
ble than it was, when those curious needleworks, variety of colours, purest dyes, 
jewels, spangles, pendants, lawn, lace, tiffanies, fair and fine linen, embroideries, 
calamistrations, ointments, &c. shall be added, they will make the veriest dowdy 
otherwise, a goddess, when nature shall be furthered by art. For it is not the eye 



6- Nee miruin si reliqnos innrbos qui ex contagiotie 
ria.-cuiiiurcoiisiidcreniu*, pesteni, prun turn, sea biem,&,c. 
6' Lucretius. " And tiie body naturally set.-ks whence it 
i> Vliat the mind is so wounded by h)ve." s' In 

lieauty, thiil of favour is preferred before that of 
ioiours, nd decent motion is more than that of favour. 



Bacon's Essays. ss Martialis. ^6 TyjuHi tj,cit a 

(ipinantur coniinercium iliud adeo frequeiis cum bar- 
baris iiudis, ac presertim cum foeminis ad libjdine»n 
provocare, at minus multo no.xia iliorum nuditns qsa.n 
nostransm foBmiiiarum cultus. Ausi;i. asseverare sul«n 
dtdun< ilium cultum, faces, &c. 



^ .JJXLJ 



Mem. 2. Sabs. 3.] 



Artificial Allurements. 



471 



of itself that enticeth to lust, but an ^'adulterous eye,'' as Peter terms it, 2. ii. H. a 
wanton, a rolling, lascivious eye: a wandering eye, which Isaiah taxeth, iii. 16. 
Christ himself, and the Virgin Mary, had most beautiful eyes, as amiable eyes as anv 
persons, saith ^^ Baradius, that ever lived, but withal so modest, so chaste, that wno- 
soever looked on them was freed from that passion of burning lust, if we may 
believe '^Gerson and ^^Bonaventure : there was no such antidote against it, as the 
Virgin Mary's face ; 'tis not the eye, but carriage of it, as they use it, that causeth 
such effects. When Pallas, Juno, Venus, were to win Paris' favour for the golden 
apple, as it is elegantly described in that pleasant interlude of ''"Apuleius, Juno came 
with majesty upon the stage, Minerva gravity, but Venus dulce subridens^ constitit 
arrKEne ; ct gratissimcB Gratia deam propitiantes., ^'c. came in smiling with her gra- 
cious graces and exquisite music, as if she had danced, et nonnunquam saltare solis 
oculis^ and which was the main matter of all, she danced with her rolling eyes : they 
were the brokers and harbingers of her suite. So she makes her brags in a modern 
poet, 

61" Soon could I inake my brow to tyrannise, 
And fo"To the world do homage to mine eyes." 

The eye is a secret orator, the first bawd, .Rmorls porta^ and with private looks, 
winking, glances and smiles, as so many dialogues they make up the match many 
times, and understand one another's meanings, before they come to speak a word 
^^Eurialus and Lucretia were so mutually enamoured by the eye, and prepared to 
give each other entertainment, before ever they had conference : he asked her good 
will wiih his eyes ; she did suffrairari., and gave consent with a pleasant look. That 
*^Thracian Rodophe was so excellent at this dumb rhetoric, "that if she had but 
looked upon any one almost (saith Calisiris) she would have bewitched him, and he 
could not possibly escape it." For as ^^ Salvianus observes, " the eyes are the win- 
dows of our souls, by which as so many channels, all dishonest concupiscence gets 
into our hearts." They reveal our thoughts, and as they say^frons animl index^ but 
the eye of the countenance, ^^Quid procacihus intuere occllisf S^c. I may say the 
same of smiling, gait, nakedness of parts, plausible gestures, &.c. To laugh is l^ie 
proper passion of a man, an ordinary thing to smile; but those counterfeit, com- 
posed, aflected, artificial and reciprocal, those counter-smiles are the dumb shows 
and prognostics of greater matters, which they most part use, to inveigle and deceive; 
though many fond lovers again are so frequently mistaken, and led into a fool's 
paradise. For if they see but a fair maid laugh, or show a pleasant countenance^ 
use some gracious words or gestures, they apply it all to themselves, as done in thcii 
favour; sure she loves them, she is willing, coming, &c. 



' Stiiltus quando vidi 
Tuiti fatuus credit s 



quod pulclira piiellula ridet, 
quod amare velit :" 



Wlieii a fool sees a fair maid for to smile, 
He tljiuks she loves him, 'tis but to beguile.' 



They make an art of it, as the poet telleth us, 



'Quis credat^ discunt etiam ridere puelia;, 
Clu^erilur atque jllis hac quoque parte dec6r." 



Who can believe ? to laugh maids make an art, 
And seek a pleasant grace to that saiq^ part." 



And 'tis as great an enticement as any of the rest, 



' "subrisit molle puella, 

Cor tibi rite salit." 



^She makes thine heart leap with ^^a pleasing gentle smile of hers." 



Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo, 
Dulce lotiueiiteui," 



"1 love Lalage as much for smiling, as for discoursing," c/^Zfic/a/a ilia risit tarn 
blandum, as he said in Petronius of his mistress, being well pleased, she gave so 
sweet a smile. It won Ismenius, as he ^° confesseth, /sme/ie subrisU anialorium. 
Ismene smiled so lovingly the second time I saw her, that I could not choose but 
adjuire her : and Galla's sweet smile quite overcame ■" Faustus the shepherd, Mc 



»' Harmo. evangel, lib. 6. cap. 6. fisgpm,. d^ 

roncep. Virg, Physiognomia virginis omnes movet ad 
castitatenj. 69 3. gent. d. 'A. q. 3. inirum, viriro 

formosissiina, sed a nemine concupita. to jyjct. 10. 

«i Rosamond's comprlaint, by Sam. Daniel. « .^iieas 

Silv. 63 Heliodor. I. 2 Rodolphe Thracia tarn 

tnevitabi'i fascino instructa, tam exacte oculis intuens 



attraxil, ut si in illam quis incidisset, fieri non possBt 
quin caperelur, s^Lib. 3. de provideuJia: Aiiimi 

feiifstrtE oculi, et omnis improba cupiditas per ocellos 
tanquam canalcs introit. "iBuclianan. 6c oyij 

de arte amaiidi. 67 Per.s. 3 Sat. «« Vel centum 

Charites ridere putaret, Museiis of Hen, eo ijcr. 

Od. 22. lib. 1. '0 Eiistathius, 1 5. 'i Mautuaj*. 



472 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

asfic'ieit^ mofis hlande suhrisit ocellis. All other gestures of the body will enforce 
as much. Daphnis in '^Lucian was a poor lattered wench when I knew her first, 
said Corbile, pannosa et lacera., but now she is a stately piece indeed, hath her maids 
to attend her, brave attires, money in her purse, &.C., and will you know how this 
came to pass ? " by setting out herself after the best fashion, by her pleasant car- 
riage, affability, sweet smiling upon all," &c. Many women dote upon a man for 
his compliment only, and good behaviour, they are won in an instant ; too credulous 
to believe that every light wanton suitor, who sees or makes love to them, is instantly 
enamoured, he certainly dotes on, admires them, will surely marry, when as he 
means nothing less, 'tis his ordinary carriage in all suet companies. So both delude 
each other by such outward shows ; and amongst the rest, an upright, a comely 
grace, courtesies, gentle salutations, cringes, a mincing gait, a decent and an affected 
pace, are most powerful enticers, and wliich the prophet Isaiah, a courtier himself, 
and a great observer, objected to the daughters of Zion, iii. 16. " they minced as they 
went, and made a tinkling with their feet." To say the truth, what can they not 
effect by such means } 

" Whilst nature decks them in their best attires 
Of youth and beauty which the world admires." 

""Z7n7 roce, manu, grcssv., pectore, front e^ oculist When art shall be annexed 

to beauty, when wiles and guiles shall concur ; for to speak as it is, love is a kind 
of legerdemain : mere juggling, a fascination. When they show their fair hand, fine 
foot and leg withal, magnum sui dts'iderium nobis reVmquunt^ saith '^^ Balthazar Cas- 
tillo, lib. 1. they set us a longing, "and so when they pull up their petticoats, and 
otitward garments," as usually they do to show tlieir fine stockings, and those of 
purest silken dye, gold fringes, laces, embroiderings, (it shall go hard but when they 
go to church, or to any other place, all shall be seen) 'tis but a springe to catch 
woodcocks ; and as "^Chrysostom telleth them downright, " though they say nothing 
with their mouths, they speak in their gait, they speak with their eyes, they speak 
in the carriage of their bodies." And what shall we say otherwise of that baring 
of their necks, shoulders, naked breasts, arms and wrists, to what end are they but 
only to tempt men to lust ! 

'«" Nam quid lacteolus sinus, et ipsas 
Prte te fers sine linteo papillas ? 
Hoc est dicere, posce, posce, trade; 
Hoc est ad Venerem vocarc auianles." 

There needs no more, as " Fredericus Matenesius well observes, but a crier to go 
before them so dressed, to bid us look out, a trumpet to sound, or for defect a sow- 
gelder to blow, 



' Look out, look out and see 
Wliat object this may be 
Tliai doth perstriiige mine eye; 
A gallant lady goes 



III rich and gaudy clothes. 
But whither away God knows, 
look out, (fee, et qua sequuntur. 



or to what end and purpose ? But to leave all these fantastical raptures, I'll prose- 
cute my intended theme. Nakedness, as I have said, is an odious thing of itself, 
remedium amoris; yet it may be so used, in part, and at set times, that there can be 
no such enticement as it is ; 

79" Nec mihi cincta Diana placet, ncc nuda Cythere, 
Ilia voluptatis nil habet, hsec nimiuin." 

David so espied Bathsheba, the elders Susanna : ^Apelles was enamoured with Cam- 
paspe, when he was to paint her naked. Tiberius in Suet. cap. 42. supped with 
Sestius Gallus an old lecher, libidinoso sene^ ed lege ut nudes puellce administrarent; 
some say as much of Nero, and Pontus Huter of Carolus Pugnax. Amongst the 



'2 Tom. 4. merit, dial. Exornando seipsam eleganter, 
facilem et hilareiii se gerendo erga cuiictos, ridendo 
suave ac bland«m quid, &c. '3 Aiigerianus. '^^ Vel 
Pi forte vpstimeiitum de industria elevetur, ul |)edum 
ac libianiin pars aliqua coiispiciatur, dum templum aut 
locum aliqueiii adierit. "^Si-rmone, quod non 

fanninif" viris cohabitent. Non loquula es linens, sed 
>oquiilii es gressu : non loquuta es voce, sed oculis lo- 
.|uuta es clarius quam voce. "Sjoviainis Pontanus 

Baiar. lib. 1. ad H. rmionem. " For why do you exhibit 
"our * milky way,' your uncovered bosoms? What else 



is it but to say plainly, Ask ine, ask me, 1 will surren- 
der; and what is that imt love's call?" '^ De iiixii 
vestium discurs. 6. Nihil aliud deest nisi ut |)rjpco voa 
pr;ecedat, &c. '« If you can tell how, you may sing 
Ibis to the tune a sowgelder blows. '* Auson 
epig 28. "Neither draped Diana nor naked Venus 
pleasts me. One has too much voluptuousness about 
hei , the other none." ^ Plin. lib. 33. cap. 10. Gam- 
paspen nudam picturus Apelles, amore ejus illaaueai'H 
est 



Mem. 2. Subs. 3.1 



Artificial Allurements. 



473 



I 



Babylonians, it was the custom of some lascivious queans to dance frisking m that 
fashion, saith Curtius lib. 5. and Sanhis dc mor. gent. lib. 1. writes of others to that 
effect. The ^'Tuscans at some set banquets had naked women to attend upon them, 
which Leonicus de Varia hist. lib. 3. cfl/>. 96. confirms of such other bawdy nations. 
Nero would have filthy pictures still hanging in his chamber, which is too commonly 
used in our times, and Heliogabalus, etiam coram agentes, ut ad venerem incitarent: 
So things may be abused. A servant nnaid in Aristaenetus spied her master and mis- 
tress through the key-hole ^^ merrily disposed; upon the siglit she fell in love with 
her master. ^^ Antoninus Caracalla observed his mother-in-law with her breasts 
amorously laid open, he was so much moved, that he said, Ah si liceret., O that 1 
might; which she by chance overhearing, replied as impudenily., ^^Quicquid libci 
licet., thou mayest do what thou wilt : and upon that temptation he married her : 
this object was not in cause, not the thing itself, but that unseemly, indecent car- 
riage of it. 

When you have all done.^ veniunt a veste sagittoi^ the greatest provocations of lust 
are from our apparel ; God makes, they say, man shapes, and there is no motive like 
unto it; 

«3" Which doth even beauty beautify, 
And most bewitch a wretched eye," 

a filthy knave, a deformed quean, a crooked carcass, a maukin, a witch, a rotten 
post, a hedgestake may be so set out and tricked up, that it shall make as fair a 
show, as much enamour as tlie rest : many a silly fellow is so taken. Frimum liixn 
rice aucupium., one calls it, the first snare of lust; ^ Bossus aucupium animarum., 
lethalem arundinem., a fatal reed, the greatest bawd, forte lenocinium^ sanguineis 
lachrymis deplorandum., saith " Matenesius, and with tears of blood to be deplored. 
Not that comeliness of clothes is therefore to be condemned, and those usual orna - 
ments : there is a decency and decorum in this as well as in othev things, fit to be 
used, becoming several persons, and befitting their estates ; he is only fantastical 
that is not in fashion, and like an old iniage in arras hangings, when a manner of 
attire is generally received ; but when they are so new-fangled, so unstaid, so pro- 
digious in their attires, beyond their means and fortunes, unbefitting their age, place, 
quality, condition, what should we otherwise tliink of them } Why do they adorn 
themselves with so many colours of herbs, fictitious flowers, curious needle-works, 
quaint devices, sweet-smelling odours, with those inestimable riches of precious 
stones, pearls, rubies, diamonds, emeralds, &c. ? Why do they crown themselves 
with gold and silver, use coronets and tires of several fashions, deck themselves 
with pendants, bracelets, ear-rings, chains, girdles, rings, pins, spangles, embroideries, 
shadows, rebatoes, versicolour ribands ? why do they make such glorious shows 
with their scarfs, feathers, fans, masks, furs, laces, tiffanies, ruffs, falls, calls, cuffs, 
damasks, velvets, tinsels, cloth of gold, silver, tissue ? with colours of heavens, stars, 
planets : the strength of metals, stones, odours, flowers, birds, beasts, fishes, and 
whatsoever Africa, Asia, America, sea, land, art, and industry of man can afford ? 
Why do they use and covet such novelty of inventions; such new-fangled tires, and 
spend such inestimable sums on them? ''To what end are those crisped, false hairs, 
painted faces," as ^Hhe satirist observes, " such a composed gait, not a step awry?" 
Why are they like so many Sybarites, or Nero's Poppaea, Ahasuerus' concubines, so 
costly, so long a dressing, as Caesar was marshalling his army, or a hawk in pruning? 
-"^ Dam moliuntur., dum cornuntur^ annus est: a ^''gardener takes not so much delight 
and pains in his garden, a horseman to dress his horse, scour his armour, a mariner 
about liis ship, a merchant his shop and shop-book, as they do about their faces, and 
all those other parts: such setting up with corks, straightening with whalebones; 
why is it, but as a daynet catcheth larks, to make young men stoop unto them ' 
Philocharus, a gallant in Aristenaetus, advised his friend Poliaenus to take heed of 
*uch enticements, ^' " for it was the sweet sound and motion of his mistress's 



8> In Tyrrheni^conviviis nudce luulieres ininistrabatit. 
s^AinUoria inisceiites vidil, et in ijisis cninplexibus 
audit. &;c. eriiersit inde cupido in pectus virL'inis. 
83 Epist. 7. Iib.2. ^iSpartian. ^5 Si,i„ey's Arcadia. 
^ De iuiniod. uiulier. fultu. f' Discurs. fi. de luxu 

vestiuui. *■» Petronius fnl. 05. quo siiectant flexie 

joinae? quo facies inedicaiiiine attrita et oculorum 



mollis pi'tulantia? quo incessus tarn composiius, &.c 
*'s*Ter. "They take a year to deck nnd coinit them- 
selves" 90 P. Aretine. Hortul.inus non ita exercctur 
viseridis hortis, eques equis, aririis, iiauta navibus, &.c, 
fl' Epist. 4. Sonus armiliaruni bene sonantium, od« 
ungucntorum, &.c. 



60 



2P2 



474 



I^v e-Me lancholy. 



[Part 3. Sec. 2. 



?pang-leH ^nd bracelets, the smell of her ointments, that captivated l<im first, IIlafuH 
mentis prima ruina tnece. Quid sibi vull pixidum turba^ saith ^^ Lucian, ••' to what use 
are pins, pots, glasses, ointments, irons, combs, bodkins, setting-sticks ? why bestow 
they all their patrimonies and liusbands' yearly revenues on such fooleries?" ^^bina 
patrimonia singulis auribus; "why use they dragons, wasps, snakes, for chains, 
enamelled jewels on their necks, ears?" dignum potius foret ferro manus istas reli- 
gari^ alque utinam monilia vere dracones essent ; they- had more need some of them 
be tied in ^Mlam with iron chains, have a whip for a fan, and hair-cloths next to 
thp.ir skins, and instead of wrought smocks, have their cheeks stigmatised with a hot 
iron : I say, some of our Jezebels, instead of painting, if they were well served. 
But why is all this labour, all this cost, preparation, riding, running, far-fetched, and 
dear bought stuff? ^^" Because forsooth they would be fair and fine, and where 
nature is defective, supply it by art." ^^ Sanguine quce. vero non rubefy arte rubet, 
(Ovid); and to that purpose they anoint and paint their faces, to make Helen of 

Hecuba parvamque exortamque purllam — Europen.^ To t!iis intent they crush 

in their feet and bodies, hurt and crucify themselves, sometimes in lax-clothes, a 
hundred yards I think in a gown, a sleeve ; and sometimes again so close, ul nudos 
exprimant artus. ^' Now long tails and trains, and then short, up, down, high, low, 
thick, thin, &c. ; now little or no bands, tlien as big as cart wheels •, now loose 
bodies, then great fardingales and close girt, &.c. Why is all this, but with the whore 
in the Proverbs, to intoxicate some or other ? oculoruni dccipulam^ °^ one therefore 
calls it, et indicem libidinis, the trap of lust, and sure token, as an ivy-bush is to a 
tavern. 



"Uuod piilchros Glyeere sumas de pixide vultus, 

Q,!i6(l tjbi composita; iiec sine le^e coma; : 

Q,iio,(l riiteat difiitis adaiiins, Bervlliis in aure, 

Non £11111 riiviiius, sed scio quid cupias." 



'O Glyeere, in that you paint so much, 
Your hair is so bedeckt in order such. 
With rings on fiujL'ers, bracolets in your ear, 
Although no prophet, tell I can, I fear." 



To be admired, to be gazed on, to circumvent some novice; as many times they do, 
that instead of a lady he loves a cap and a feather instead of a maid that should 
have verum colorem^ corpus solidum et sued plenum (as Chaerea describes his mis- 
tress in the ^^ poet), a painted face, a rufl-band, fair and fine linen, a coronet, a flower, 
C^JsTaturaique put at quod fait artificis^) a wrought waistcoat he dotes on, or a pied 
petticoat, a pure dye instead of a proper woman. For generally, as with rich-furred 
conies, their cases are far better than their bodies, and like the bark of a cinnamon 
tree, which is dearer than the whole bulk, tlieir outward accoutrements are far more 
precious than their inward endowments. 'TIS too commonly so. 



1 " Auferimur cultii, et pemmis, auroque tepuntur 
Omnia ; pars minima est ipsa puella sui." 



" With gold and jewels all is covered. 
And with a strange tire we are won, 
(Whilst she's the least part of herself) 
And with such haubles quite undone." 



Why do they keep in so long together, a whole winter sometimes, and will not be 
seen but by torch or candlelight, and come abroad with all the preparation may be, 
when they have no business, but only to show themselves ? Spectatum veniunt 
veniunt spectentur ut ipsce. 

3 "For what is beauty if it be not seen. 
Of what is't to he seen if not adinir'd, 
And thoujrh admir'd, unless in love desir'd?" 

why do they go with such counterfeit gait, which ^Philo Judasus reprehends them 
for, and use (I say it again) such gestures, apish, ridiculous, indecent attires, sybari- 
tical tricks^ fucos genis,purpurissa?nvenis^ cerussam front i^ leges occulis^ <^t. use those 
sweet perfumes, powders and ointments in public; flock to hear sermons so frequent, 
is it for devotion ? or rather, as ■* Basil tells them, to meet theii sweethearts, and see 
fashions; for, as he saith, commonly they come so provided tc that place, with such 



02 Tom. 4. dial. Amor, vascula plena inulta; infelici- 
tatisomnem maritoruni opulentiani in htcc inpendunl, 
dracones pro monilihus halient, qui utinam vere dra- 
cones essent. Lucian. saSeneca. 9'Castiliode 
aulic. lib. 1. Mulieribus omnibus hoc imprimis in votis 
est, ut fonnosa^ sint, aut si reipsa non s4nt, videantur 
tamen esse; et si qua parte nalura defuil, artis sup- 
petias aiijnngunt : uride illae faciei unctiones, dolor et 
cruciatus in arclandis corporibus, &c. s^Ovid. ejiisl. 
Med. Jasoni. 'Jt>"A distorted dwarf, an Europa." 
97 Modo caiirlatp.s tunicas, iu:. Bossus. 9** Scrihanius 
philos. Christ, cap. 6. **" Ter. Eunuc. Act. 2. seen. 3. 



looStroza fil. i Ovid. 2 s. Daniel. 3 Li\». d« 

victimis. Fraclo iiicessu, obtuitu lascivo, calamisirata, 
ciiicinnata, fucaia, recens lota, purpiirissaia, pretioso 
que amicta palliolo, spirans un<ruenta, ut juvenum 
anirnos circumveniat, •» Orat. in ebrios. Impni- 

deuter se masculorum aspectibus expnnunt, iiisolenter 
comas jactantes, trahunt tunicas pcdibus collideTite.^, 
oculoque petulanti, risu efpiso, ad tripi' lium insrni- 
entes, oinnem adolescentum intemp^rantiam in se pnn 
vocanies, idque in lemplis memoria; martynini corise- 
cratis; poniuiriuin civitatis othcinsj/i h<'t;runt iin 
pudeiitia;. 



•-^ ^ Lt..»V.. .- U^^U '-T^ 



Mem. 2. Subs. 3, 



Artificial Alluremenr.s'. 



475 



curious compliments, with such gestures and tires, as 'l' they slioald go to a ilanuing 
school, a stage-play, or bawdy-house, fitter than a chiirch. 

" When such a slie priest comes her mass to say. 
Twenty In one they all for<,'et to pray." 

•' They make those holy temples, consecrated to godly martyrs and religious .-.ses, 
the sh>/ps of impudence, dens of whores and thieves, and little better than brothel 
houses." When we shall see thf^e things daily done, their husbands bankrupts, il 
not cornutos, their wives light hv lisewives, daughters dishonest; and hear of such 
dissolute acts, as daily we do, he w should we think otlierwise ? what is their end. 
but to deceive and inveigle young men ? As tow takes fire, such enticing objects 
produce their effect, how can it be altered.? When Venus stood before Anchises (as 
'Homer feigns in one of his hymns) in her costly robes, he was instantly taken, 



"Cum ante ipsuin staret Jovis filia, videns earn 
Aiichisps, adniirahatur formain, et stupendas vestes; 
Erat eniiii iriduta pepio, igneis radiis splendidiore ; 
Hatieltat quoque torques ftil;jid()s, flexiles liielices, 
'JVneruin collurn amhieliant moiiilia p'ilchra, 
Aurea, varieyald." 



' When Venus stood before Anchises first, 
He was ainaz'd to see her in her tires; 
For she had on a hoo<l as red as fire, 
And glitterinit rliains, and ivy twisted spires. 
About her tender neck were costly brooches, 
And necklaces of gold, enaniell'd ouches." 



So when Medea came in presence of Jason first, attended by her nymphs and ladies, 
as she is described by ^ApoUonius, 



Cunctas vero ignis instar seqnebatur splendor, 
Tanliitr. ab anreis fiml)riis resplendeliat jubar, 
Accendilque in oculis dulce desideriuin." 



A lustre followed them like flamiiig fire, 

And from their golden borders came such beams, 

Which ill Ins eyes provok'd a sweet desire." 



Such ? relation we have in 'Plutarch, when the queens came and offered themselves 
to Ahtony, *" with diverse presents, and enticing ornaments, Asiatic allurements, 
with such wonderful joy and festivity, they did so inveigle the Romans, that no man 
could contain himself, all was turned to delight and pleasure. The women trans- 
formed themselves to Bacchus shapes, the men-children to Satyrs and Pans ; but 
Antony himself v.as quite besotted with Cleopatra^s sweet speeches, philters, beauty, 
jjleasiiig tires : for when she sailed along the river Cydnus, with such incredible 
pomp in a gilded ship, herself dressed like Venus, her maids like the Graces, her 
pages likf so many Cupids, Antony was i;mazcd, and rapt beyond himself." Helio- 
dorus, lib. I. brings in Dameneta, stepmother to Cnemon, " whom she ^saw in his 
scarfs, rings, robes, and coronet, quite mad for the love of him." It was Judith's 
pantofles that ravished the eyes of Holofernes. And '"Cardan is not ashamed to 
confess, that seeing his wife the first time all in white, he did admire and instantly 
love her. If these outward ornaments were not of such force, w^hy doth "Naomi 
give Ruth counsel how to please Boaz .? and '^Judith, seeking to captivate Holo- 
fernes, washed and anointed herself with sweet ointments, dressed her hair, and put 
an costly attires. The riot in this kind hath been excessive in times past; no man 
almost came abroad, but curled and anointed, 

13" Et matntino suadans Crispiniis amomo." 
duantum vix redolent duofunera." 

•' one spent as much as two funerals at once, and with perfumed hairs," " et rosa 
canos odorati capillos Jissyriaque nardo. What strange thing doth '^ Sueton. relate 
in this matter of Caligula's riot? And Pliny, ilh. 12. & 13. Read more in Dios- 
"orides, Ulmus, Arnoldus, Randoletius de fuco et decoratione ; for it is now an art, 
as u was of old, (so '^ Seneca records) officince sunt odores coqucntiurn. Women are 
Dad and men worse, no difference at all between their and our times; ""good man- 
ners (as Seneca complains) are extinct with wantonness, in tricking up themselves 
men go beyond women, they wear harlots' colours, and do not walk, but jet and 
dance," hic mulier^ hcEC vir^ more like players, butterflies, baboons, apes, antics, than 
men. So ridiculous, moreover, we are in our attires, and for cost so excessive, that 
ds Hierome said of old, Unofillo villarum insunt pretia^ uno lino decies sestertiiim 



* Hymno Veneri dicato. « Arconaiit. 1. 4. •'Vil. 
A "'on. 8 Regia domo ornatnqiie certantes, sese ac 

turmam suam Antonio offerentes, &c Cum ornatu et 
incredibili pompa per Cydnum fluvium riavigarent 
aiirata piippi, ipsa ad similitiidinem Veneris ornala, 
tiuellte Gratiis similes, pueri Cii[)i(linihtis, Antonius ad 
visum SI upefattus. » Amictnm Chlamyde et coronis, 
V«um (iriinR-.li aspexit Ciieinouem, •x {/oiestale mentis 



excidit. lo Lib. de lib. prop. " Ruth, iii. 3 

"Cap. ix. 5. i3j„v. Sat. t). " Hor. lib. 2. Od. 11 
16 Cap. '27. '" Epist. 90. " Cluicquid est boni 

moris l(!vitate extiiignitiir, et politura corporis muliie- 
bre.^ munditias antccessimus colores meretricios vir: 
sumimus, tenero et moili ijradu suspendimiis gradum, 
non anibuLuius, iiat. quicsl. lib. 7- cap. 31. 



-IP^ 



476 



Love-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



inseriltj- ^ 'tis an ordinary thing to put a thousand oaks and a hundred oxen into a 
suit of apparel, to wear a whole manor on his back. What with shoe-ties, hangers, 
points, caps and feathers, scarfs, bands, cuffs, &.C., in a short space their whole patri- 
monies are consumed, lleliogabalus is taxed by Lampridius, and admired in his age 
for wearing jewels in his shoes, a common thing in our times, not for emperors and 
princes, but almost for serving men and tailors ; all the flowers, stars, constellation?, 
gold and precious stones do condescend to set out their shoes. To repress the 
luxury of those Roman matrons, there was '^Lex Valeria and Oppia, and a Cato to 
contradict ; but no laws will serve to repress the pride and insolency of our days, 
the prodigious riot in this kind. Lucullus's wardrobe is put down by our ordinary 
citizens ; and a cobbler's wife in Venice, a courtesan in Florence, is no whit inferior 
to a queen, if our geographers say true : and why is all this ? " Why do they glory 
in their jewels (as 'Mie saith) or exult and triumph in the beauty of clothes.? why 
is all this cost .'' to incite men the sooner to burning lust. They pretend decency 
and ornament ; but let them take heed, that while they set out their bodies they do 
not damn their souls ;" 'tis ^'^ Bernard's counsel: " shine in jewels, slink in condi- 
tions ; have purple robes, and a torn conscience." Let them take heed of Isaiah's 
prophecy, that their slippers and attires be not taken from them, sweet balls, brace- 
lets, earrings, veils, winjples, crisping-pins, glasses, fine linen, hoods, lawns, and 
sweet savours, they become not bald, burned, and stink upon a sudden. And let 
maids beware, as ^'Cypiian adviseth, "• that while they wander too loosely abroad,, 
they lose not their virginities :" and like Egyptian temples, seem fair without, but 
prove rotten carcases within. How much Ijetter were it for them to follow that 
good counsel of Tertullian .'' ^^ '•'' To have their eyes painted with chastity, the 
Woiu of God inserted into their ears, Christ's yoke tied to the hair, to subject 
themselves to their husbands. If they would do so, they should be comely enough, 
clothe themselves w^ith the silk of sanctity, damask of devotion, purple of piety and 
chasiiiy, and so painted, they shall have God himself to be a suitor : let whores and 
queans prank up themselves, ^^ let them paint their faces with minion and ceruse, 
they are but fuels of lust, and signs of a corrupt soul: if ye be good, honest, vir- 
tuous, and religious matrons, let sobriety, modesty and chastity be your honour, and 
God himself your love and desire." Muher rede olet^ ubi nihil olet^ then a w^oman 
smells best, when she hath no perfume at all; no crowai, chain, or jewel (Guivarra 
adds) is such an ornament to a virgin, or virtuous woman, quam virgini jmdor^ as 
chastity is : more credit in a wise man's eye and judgment they get by tlieir plain- 
ness, and seem fairer than they that are set out witi\ baubles, as a butcher's meat is 
with pricks, puffed up, and adorned like so many jays with variety of colours. It 
is reported of Cornelia, that virtuous Roman lady, great Scipio's daughter, Titus 
Sempronius' wife, and the mother of the Gracchi, that being by chance in company 
with a conipanion, a strange gentlewoman (some light housewife belike, that was 
dressed like a May lady, and, as most of our gentlew^omen are, '^ was ^"^ more soli- 
citous of her head-tire than of her health, that spent her lime between a comb and 
a glass, and had rather be fair than honest (as Cato said), and have the common- 
wealth turned topsyturvy than her tires marred;" and she did nought but brag of 
her fine robes and jewels, and provoked the Roman matron to show hers : Cornelia 
kept her in talk till her children came from school, and these, said she, are my 
jewels, and so deluded and put off a proud, vain, fantastical, housewife. How much 
better were it for our matrons to do as she did, to go civilly and decently, ^' Honestce. 
muUerls instar qucB utilur auro pro eo quod est^ ad ea tanlum quibus opus est, to use 
gold as it is gold, and for that use it serves, and when they need it, than to consume 
it in riot, beggar their husbands, prostitute themselves, inveigle others, and perad- 



18 Liv. lib. 4. dec. 4. i9Q,uid exultas in pulchritu 

line panni? Quid gloriaris in geniniis ul facilius in- 

/it(^s ad libidiiiosuni incendiiini ? iMat. Bossus de ini- 
fiiorlor. inulie. ciiltu. ^oEpisl. li;3. faljL'eiil Mionilibus, 
ninribus sordetit, piirpurata vestis. cnnscientia pannosa, 
sap. 3 17. 21 De virijinali habiiu ; dtiui oriiari cul- 

litis, diim evajrari vi.'-giiies voluiit, desinunt essjc vir- 
jtiiH'fi. Clfiiiens Alexaiidrinus, lib. de piilchr. aiiiinaj, 

i)u\. '^ Lit). -2. de ciiitu iniilieruin, oc.ulos (Jepictos 

•ert-ciindia, iiifcrentes in aiires seriiioneni dei, aniiec- 

eiitett criribus juguin Ciiiisii, cauut maritis subjicien- 



tes, sic facile ft satis erilis ornatae: vestite vos serico 
ptobitatis, byssino sanctitatis, purpura pudicitia;: tali- 
ter pigmetitaiaj deuni liabebitis ainatorem. " Suaa 

habeani Romanoe lascivias; purpurissa, ac ceiussa ora 
perun^anl, ftiiuenta iibidiiium, et corruptu' mentis in- 
dicia ; vestrum ornaineiituni deus sil, pudicitia, virtiitia 
studium. Bosf^us Piautiis. 24 Sollicitiores de capitis 

sui deroreqnaui de salute, inter peclincin et specuiuni 
diem perdiint. concinninres es^<e malunt quam liotiesti- 
ores, et rempub. minus turburi curuiit •luam coinanu 
Seneca. 25 LucMii. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] 



Artijiciat Mluremeiiis. 



47' 



venture damn their own souls ? How much more wouUl it be for their honour and 
credit .? Thus doing, as Hierom said of Blesilla, 2*^" Furius did not so triumph ovei 
the Gauls, Papyrius of the Samnites, Scipio of Numantia, as she did l)y lier tern 
perance ;" p?i]la semper vestc^ Sfc.^ tliey should insult and domineer over lust, folly 
vain-glory, all such inordinate, furious and unruly passions. 

But 1 am over tedious, I confess, and whilst I stand gaping after fine clothes, there 
is another great allurement, (in the world's eye at least) which had like to havt 
stolen out of sight, and that is money, veniunt a dote sagilicB^ money makes tlie 
mutch ; ^' Mo^oi/ apyupoi' \5'KinovGvv: 'tis like sauce to their meat, cum came cond'nnentumy 
a good dowry with a wife. Many men if they do hear but of a great portion, a rich 
heir, are more mad than if they had all the beauteous ornaments, and those good 
parts art and nature can afford, they ^^care not for honesty, bringing up, birth, beauty 
person, but for money. 



Canes et equos (6 Cyme) quiBrimus 

Nohiles, et a hona projrenie; 

Malain vero uxorem, malique patris (iliam 

Ducere non curat vir bonus, 

Modo ei magnam doteiu atTerat." 



Our doffs and horses still from the hest breed 
We carefully seek, and well may they speed; 
But for our wives, so they prove wealthy, 
Fair or foul, we care not what they be." 



If she be rich, then she is fair, fine, absolute and perfect, then they burn like fire, 
they love her dearly, like pig and pie, and are ready to hang themselves if they may 
not have her. Nothing so famiHar in these days, as for a young man to marry an 
old v.'ife, as they say, for a piece of gold ; asinmii auro onustmn; and though she be 
an old crone, and have never a tooth in her head, neither good conditions, nor a good 
face, a natural fool, but only rich, she shall have twenty young gallants to be suitors 
in an instant. As she said in Suetonius, non me^ sed mea ambiunf^ 'tis not for het 
sake, but for her lands or money; and an excellent match it were (as he added) it 
she were away. So on the other side, many a young lovely maid will cast awa^ 
herself upon an old, doting, decrepit dizzard, 

30 " Bis puer effocto quamvis balbutiat ore, 
Prima legit rarpe tarn culta roseta puellte," 

that is rheumatic and gouty, hath some twenty diseases, perhaps but one eye, one 
leg, never a nose, no hair on his he?id, wit in his brains, nor honesty, if he have 
land or ^' money, she will have him before all other suitors, ^^ Diimmodo sit dives 
harharus ille placet. " If he be rich, he is the man," a fine man, and a proper man, 
she will go to Jacaktres or Tidore with him ; Galesimus de monte aureo. Sir Giles 
Goosecap, Sir Amorous La-Fool, shall have her. And as Philemasium in '^^Aristae- 
netus told Emmusus, absque argento omnia vana^ hang him that hath no money, 
'"tis to no purpose to talk of marriage without means," ^^ trouble me not with such 
motions; let others do as they will, '•^ I'll be sure to have one shall maintain me fine 
and brave." Most are of her mind, ^'"De morihus ultima jict questio^ for his condi- 
tions, she shall inquire after them another time, or when all is done, the match made, 
and everybody gone home. ^^ Lucian's Lycia was a proper young maid, and had 
many fine gentlemen to her suitors ; Ethecles, a senator's son, Melissus, a merchant, 
&c.; but she forsook them all for one Passius, a base, hirsute, bald-pated knave; 
but why was it .'' " His father lately died and left him sole heir of his goods and 
lands." This is not amongst your dust-worms alone, poor snakes that will prosti- 
tute their souls for money, but with this bait you may catch our most potent, puis- 
sant, and illustrious princes. That proud upstart domineering Bishop of Ely, in ihe 
time of Richard the First, viceroy in his absence, as ^'Nubergensis relates it, to for- 
tify himself, and maintain his greatness, propinquarum suarum connubiis^ plurimos 
sibi potentes et nobiles devincire curavit^ married his poor kinswomen (which came 
forth of Normandy by droves) to the chiefest nobles of the land, and they were glad 
to accept of such matches, fair or foul, for themselves, their sons, nephews, &c. Et 
quis tarn prceclaram affinitatem sub spe magnce promotionis non optaret ? Who would 



28 Non sic Furius de Gallis, non Papyrius de Ssmni- 
tibus, Scipio de Numantia triumphavit, ac ilia se vin- 
cendo in hac parte. ^7 Anacreon. 4. solum intuemur 
auriim. ^ Asser tecum si vis vivere mecum. 

*9 Theonrnis. 3o Chaloner, I. 9. de Repub. An^. 

" Uxorem ducat Danaen, &c. 32 Ovid. 33 Epist. 

14. formam spectanl alii per gratias, ego pecuniam, &c. 
ne p hi negolium facesse. ** Qui caret argento, 



frustra iititur argiimento. sejuvenalis. seT,,,,,. 

4. merit, dial, multos amatores rejecit, quiii pater eju* 
nuper mortuu?, ac dominus ipse faclus bonorum om- 
nium. 37 jjjb. ,]. cap. 14. qui(« nobilium eo tempore 
sibi aut filio aut nepoti u.vorem accipere cuiiiens, obia 
tam sibi aliquam propinquarum ejus non acciperet ob 
viis manibus? Q,uarum turbain acciveral6 Normannia 
in Angliani ejus rei gratia. 



478 



Love-Mc lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



not have done as much for money and preferment } as mine author ^^adds. Vorti- 
gcr, King of Britain, married Rowena the daugliler of Hengist the Saxon prince, his 
mortal enemy; hut wherefore? siie had Kent for her dowry. lagello the great 
Duke of Lithuania, 1386, was mightily enamoured on Hedenga, insomuch that he 
turned Christian from a Pagan, and was baptized himself by the name of Uladislans, 
and all his subjects for her sake: but why was it? she was daughter and heir of 
Poland, and his desire was to have both kingdoms incorporated into one. Charles 
the Great was an earnest suitor to Irene tlie Empress, but, saitli ^^Zonarus, oh reg- 
num^ to annex the empire of the East to that of the West. Yet what is the event 
of all such matches, that are so made for money, goods, by deceit, or for burning 
lust, quos fmda libido conjvnxit^ what follows ? they are almost mad at first, but 'tis 
a mere flash; as chaff and straw soon fired, burn vehemently for a while, yet out in 
a moment; so are all such matches made by those allurements of burning lust; 
where there is no respect t)f honesty, parentage, virtue, religion, education, and the 
like, they are extinguished in an instant, and instead of love comes hate; for joy, 
repentance and desperation itself Franciscus Barbarus in his first book de re uxoria^ 
c. 5, Lath a story of one Philip of Padua that fell in love with a common whore, 
and was now ready to run mad for her ; his father having no more sons let him 
enjoy her; ^°"but after a few days, the young man began to loath, could not so 
much as endu e the sight of her, and from one madness fell into another." Such 
event commonly have all these lovers ; and he that so marries, or for suth respects, 
let them look for no better success than Menelaus had with Helen, Vulcan with 
Venus, Theseus with Phajdra, Minos with Pasiphiie, and Claudius with Messalina ; 
shame, sorrow, misery, melancholy, discontent. 

SuBSECT. W. — Importiinify and Opporiumty of Time, Place, Conference, Dis- 
course, Singing, Dancing, Music, Amorous Tales, Objects^ Kissing, Familiarity, 
Tokens, Presents, Bribes, Promises, Protestations, Tears, Sfc. 

All these allurements hitherto are afar off, and at a distance; I will corne nearer 
to those other degrees of love, which are cohference, kissing, dalliance, discourse, 
singing, dancing, amorous tales, objects, presents, Stc, which as so many Syrens 
steal away the hearts of men and women. For, as Tacitus observes, I. 2, '*' "' it is 
no sufficient trial of a maid's affection by her eyes alone, but you must say some- 
thing that shall be more available, and use such other forcible engines ; therefore 
take her by the hand, wring her fingers hard, and sigh withal ; if she accept this in 
good part, and seem not to be much averse, then call her mistress, take her about 
the neck and kiss her, &.c." But this cannot be done except they first get opportu- 
nity of living, or coming together, ingress, egress, and regress ; letters and commend- 
ations may do much, outward gestures and actions : but when they come to live 
near one another, in the same street, village, or together in a house, love is kindled 
on a sudden. Many a serving-man by reason of this opportunity and importunity 
inveigles his master's daughter, many a gallant loves a dowdy, many a gentleman 
runs upon his wife's maids ; many ladies dote upon their men, as the queen m 
Ariosto did upon the dwarf, many matches are so made in haste, and they are com- 
pelled as it were by ^^ necessity so to love, which had they been free, come in com- 
pany of others, seen that variety which many places afford, or compared them to a 
third, would never have looked one upon another. Or had not that opportunity of 
discourse and familiarity been oflfered, they would have loathed and contemned those 
whom, for want of better choice and other objects, they are fatally driven on, and 
by reason of their hot blood, idle life, full diet, &lc., are forced to dote upon them 
that come next. And many times those which at the first sight cannot fancy or afl^ect 
each other, but are harsh and ready to disagree, offended with each other's carriage 
like Benedict and Beatrice in the "^comedy, and in whom they find many faults, by 



3* Alexander Gaguinus Sarmat. Europ. descript. 
•9 Tom. 3. Aiiiial. *<> Lil»ido slatim deferbuit, fatiti- 

diutji ciBpit, et quod in ea tantopere adaniavit asperna 
lur, et al) sRgritndine liberatus in angoretn iiicidit. 
<i De puella; voluiitate pcriculuui facere soils oculis iion 
Wf satis, sod e'Scacius aliqiiid agere opo "^t, ibique 



etiam machinam alteramahibere': itaque maniis tange, 
digitos constringe, atqiie inter stringendnm suspira ; si 
htec agentpm yquo se aniino ff^ret, neque facta niijus- 
modi aspernabitur, turn vero dorninam appella, rjiisqiie 
collum snaviare. " Hungry dogs will ea' dirty 

puddings. <3 Shakspeare. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial AUuremenis. 470 

this living- together in a house, conference, kissing, colling, and such like allure 
ments, begin at last to dote insensibly one upon anotb'^r. 

It was the greatest motive that Potiphar's wife had to dote upon Josepli, and 
"Clitiphon upon Leucippe his uncle's daughter, because the plague being at Bizance, 
it was his fortune for a time to sojourn with her, to sit next her at the table, as he 
tells the tale himself in Tatius, lib. 2. (wiiich, though it be but a fiction, is grounded 
upon good observation, and doth well express the passions of lovers), he liad op- 
portunity to take her by the hand, and after a w hile to kiss, and handle her paps, &.C., 
*^ whicli made him almost mad. Ismenius the orator makes the like confession in 
Eustathius, lib. 1, when he came first to Sosthene's house, and sat at table with 
Cratistes his friend, Ismene, Sosthene's daugiiter, waiting on them " with her breasts 
open, arms lialf bare," '*^ JVuda pedcm., discincta sinum^ spoliata lacerios ; after the 
Greek fashion in those times, — '^'nudos media plus parte lacertos., as Daphne was 
when she fled from Phoebus (which moved him mucli), was ever ready to give at- 
tendance on him, to fill him drink, her eyes were never ofT him, rogabundi oculi. 
those speaking eyes, courting eyes, enchanting eyes ; but she was still smiling on 
him, and when they were risen, that she had got a little opportunity, "^^^'•siie came 
and drank to him, and withal trod upon iiis toes, and would come and go, and when 
she could not speak for the company, she would wring his hand," and blush when 
she met him : and by this means first she overcame him {bibens amorem hauriebam 
simul)^ she would kiss the cup and drink to iiim, and smile, "• and drink where he drank 
on that side of the cup," by which mutual compressions, kissings, wringing of hands, 
treading of feet, &c. Ipsam milii videbar sorbiJlare virgineni^ 1 sipped and sipped 
so long-, till at length I was drunk in love upon a sudden. Philocharinus, in'^^Aris- 
tcenetus, met a fair maid by chance, a mere stranger to him, he looked back at her, 
she looked back at him again, and smiled withal. 

60 " llle dies lethi primus, primusque malornm 
Causa fait" 

It was the sole cause of his farther acquaintance, and love that undid him. ^' nul- 
Us tufum credere blanditiis. 

This opportunity of time and place, with their circumstances, are so forcible mo- 
tives, that it is impossible almost for two young folks equal in years to live together, 
and not be in love, especially in great houses, princes' courts, where they are idle in 
summo gradu., fare well, live at ease, and cannot tell otherwise how to spend their 
time. °^ Illic Hippolitum pone^ Priapus erit. Achilles was sent by his mother 
Thetis to the island of Scyros in the iEgean sea (where Lycomedes then reigned) in 
his nonage to be brought up; to avoid that hard destiny of the oracle (he should 
be slain at the siege of Troy) : and for that cause was nurtured in Geneseo, amongst 
the king's children in a woman's habit; but see the event: he compressed Deidamia, 
the king's fair daughter, and had a fine son, called Pyrrhus by her. Peter Abelard 
the philosopher, as he tells tlife tale himself, being set by Fulbertus her uncle to 
teach Heloise his lovely niece, and to that purpose sojourned in his house, and had 
committed agnani lencllani famelico lupo^ I use his own words, he soon got her good 
will, plura erant oscula quam sentcntice^ and he read more of love than any other 
lecture; such pretty feats can opportunity plea; primum domo conjuncli, inde ani- 
mis^ <^'C. But when as I say, nox^ vinum., et adolcsccntia., youth, wine, and night, 
shall concur, nox amoris et quielis conscia., 'tis a wonder they be not all plunged 
over head and ears in love ; for youth is benigna in amorem, et prona materies^ a 
very combustible matter, naptha itself, the fuel of love's fire, and most apt to kindle 
it. If there be seven servants in an ordinary house, you shall have three couple m 
some good liking at least, and amongst idle persons how should it be otherwise ? 
'' Living at ^^ Rome, saith Aretine's Lucretia, in the flower of my fortunes, ricn, fair, 
young, and so well brought up, my conversation, age, beauty, fortune, made all the 



<* Tatius, lib. 1. *5in maramaruun attractu, 

non asperiiauda inest jucunditas, et attreciatus, &c. 
WManiuain. '• Ovid. 1. Met. -is Manus ad cuhituen 
auda, coraui astans, fortius iiituita, tenueui de pectore 
epirituui ducens.diijitum ineum pressit,el bibeus pedein 
pressil ; muluffi compressiones corpdrum, labiorum coai- 
mixtioues, peduui connexiones, &c. Et bibii eodern 
oco, &.C. <" Epist. 4 ResDexi. respexi' et ilia subri- 



dens, &;c. eovir. iEn.4. " That was the first hour 

of destruction, and the first beginning of my miseries." 
61 Propertius. eaovid. amor. lib. '1. eleg. 2. " Place 

modesty itself in such a situation, desire will intrude." 
63 Ronice vivens flore fortuntE, et opulentise meiE, .'etas 
forma, gratia couversationis, iiiaxiit.e me fecerunt ex 
petib-'em, Stc. 



4S0 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



^oild admire and love me." Night alone, that one occasion, is enoiig-h to set all on 
tire, and they are so cunning in great houses, that they make their best advantag^e 
of it • Many a gentlewoman, that is guilty to herself of her imperfections, paintings, 
impostures, will not willingly be seen by day, but as ^^ Castilio noteth, in the niglit, 
Diem ut glis odit^ tcpdarum luccm. super omnia macull^ she hateth the day like a dor- 
mouse, and above all things loves torches and candlelight, and if she must come 
abroad in the day, she covets, as ^^in a mercer's shop, a very obfuscate and obscure 
sight. And good reason she hath for it : JVocte latent mendcE^ and many an amo- 
rous gull is fetched over by that means. Gomesius lib. 3, de sale gen. c. 22. gives 
instance in a Florentine gentleman, that was so deceived with a wife, she was so 
radiantly set out with rings and jewels, lawns, scarfs, laces, gold, spangles, and gaudy 
devices, that the young man took her to be a goddess (for he never saw her but by 
torchligiit) ; but after the wedding solemnities, when as he viewed her the next 
morning without her tires, and in a clear day, she was so defornied, a lean, yellow, 
shrivelled, &.C., such a beastly creature in his eyes, that he could not endure to 
look upon her. Such matches are frequently made in Italy, where they have no 
other opportunity to woo but when they go to church, or, as ^^ in Turkey, see them 
«t a distance, they must interchange few or no words, till such time they come to be 
married, and then as Sardus lib. 1. cap. 3. de morb. gent, and " Bohemus relate of 
those old Lacedaemonians, " the bride is brought into the chamber, with her hair 
girt about her, the bridegroom comes in and unties the knot, and must not see her 
at all by«daylight, till such time as he is made a father by her." In those hotter 
countries these are ordinary practices at this day ; but in our northern parts, amongst 
Germans, Danes, French, and Britons, the continent of Scandia and the rest, we 
assume more liberty in such cases ; we allow them, as Bohemus saith, to kiss com- 
ing and going, et modo absit lascivia., in cauponem ducere^ to talk merrily, sport, play, 
sing, and dance so tliat it be modestly done, go to the alehouse and tavern together. 
And 'tis not amiss, though ^'^ Chrysostom, Cyprian, Hierome, and some other of the 
fathers speak bitterly against it : but that is the abuse which is commonly seen at 
some drunken matches, dissolute meetings, or great unruly feasts. ^^'^ A young, 
pittivanted, trim-bearded fellow," saith Hierome, " will come with a company of 
compliments, and hold you up by the arm as you go, and wringing your fingers, 
will so be enticed, or entice : one drinks to you, another embraceth, a third kisseth, 
and all this wliile the fiddler plays or sings a lascivious song; a fourth singles you 
out to dance, ''"one speaks by beck and signs, and that which he dares not say, sig- 
nifies by passions ; amongst so many and so great provocations of pleasure, lust 
conquers the most hard and crabbed minds, and scarce can a man live honest amongst 
feastings, and sports, or at such great meetings.'' For as he goes on, ^'" she walks 
along and with the ruffling of her clothes, makes men look at her, her shoes creak, 
her paps tied up, her waist pulled in to make her look small, she is straight girded, 
her hairs hang loose about her ears, her upper garment sometimes falls, and some- 
times tarries to show her naked shoulders, and as if she would not be seen, she 
covers that in all haste, which voluntarily she showed." And not at feasts, plays, 
pageants, and such assemblies, ^^but as Chrysostom objects, these tricks are put in 
practice " at service time in churches, and at the communion itself" If such dumb 
shows, signs, and more obscure significations of love can so move, what shall they 
do that have full liberty to sing, dance, kiss, coll, to use all manner of discourse and 
dalliance ! What shall he do that is beleasruered of all sides } 



diiein tot, tarn rosese petiint puells, 
(iuein cultae cupiuiit iiurus, amorque 
Oiniiis uiidiciue et undecunque et usque, 
Oniuis atiibit Amor, Venusque Hynienque. 



After whom so many rosy maids inquire, 
Whom dainty dames and lovin-g wights desire, 
!n every place, still, and at all times sue, 
Whom gods and gentle goddesses do woo." 



" De Aulic. 1. 1. fol. C3. ^ Ut adulterini mercato- 

rum panni 56 j^usheq. epist. ^^ Paranympha in 

cuhiculum adducta cnpillos ad cutim referebat ; sponsus 
inde ad earn ingressus cingiilum solvebat. nee prius 
Bponsam aspexit interdiu quam ex ilia factus essct 
pater. 5" Serin, cont. concub. *" Lib. 2. epist ad 

filium, et virgineni et matrem viduam epist. 10. dahit 
tibi barbatulus quispiam maiium, sustentabit lassam, 
el pri'ssis digilis aut tentabitur aut tentabit, &c. 
60 Loqijetur alius nulibus, et quicquid metnit dicere, 
sigiiificabit alTectibus. Inter has tant^s voluptatum 



illecebras eiiam ferreas mentes libido dnmat. Difficild 
inter epulasservatur pudicitia. eiciamore vestium 

ad se juvenes vocat; capilli fasciolis compriniuntui 
crispati, cingulo pectus arctatur, capilli vel in frontem, 
vel ill aures defliiunt: palliolum interdum cadit, ut 
niidet humeros, et quasi videri noluerit, festinanscelat, 
quod volens detexerit. e^germ. cont. concub In 

sancto et revereiido sacramenturum tempore multas 
occasiones, ut iliis piaceant qui eas viJent. nraebeuL 
fispont. Baia. I. 1. 



<l.. :>. 1^^,J . >J.. ^^ 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] 



Arlijicial Jlllurements. 



481 



How shall he contain ^ The very tone of some of their voices, a pretty pleasing 
speech, an affected tone they use, is able of itself to captivate a young- man : but 
when a good wit shall concur, art and eloquence, fascinating speech, pleasant dis- 
course, sweet gestures, the Syrens themselves cannot so enchant. ^^ P. Jovius com- 
mends his Italian countrywomen, to have an excellent faculty in this kind, above all 
other nations, and amongst them the Florentine ladies : some prefer Roman and 
Venetian courtesans, they have such pleasing tongues, and such ^^ elegancy of speech, 
that they are able to overcome a saint, Pro fade multls vox sua Icnafuit. Tanfd 
gratia vncis famam concUiahat^ saith Petronius ^^ in his fragment of pure impurities. 
I mean his Safyricon, lam dulcls sonus permuhehat aera^ ut putares infer auras can- 
tare Syr^'mwi concordiam ; she sang so sweetly that slie charmed the air, and thou 
wouldst have ihough't thou hadst heard a concert of Syrens. "O good God, when 
Lais speaks, how sweet it is !" Philocolus exclaims in Aristena3tus, to hear a fair 
young gentlewoman play upon the virginals, lute, viol, and sing to it, which as Gel- 
lius observes, lib. 1. cap. 11. are Jascivientium delicicE^ the chief delight of lovers, 
must needs be a great enticement. Parthenis was so taken. ^'^ Mi vox ista avidd 
haurit ab aure animam : O sister Harpedona (she laments) I am undone, ''^"•how 
sv/eelly he sings, I'll speak a bold word, he is the properest man that ever f saw in 
my life : O how sweetly he sings, I die for his sake, O that he would love me 
again !" If thou didst but hear her sing, saith ^^ Lucian, " thou wouldst forget father 
and mother, forsake all thy friends, and follow her." Helena is highly commended 
by '^° Theocritus the poet for her sweet voice and music; none could play so well as 
she, and Daphnis in the same Edyllion, 



'duain tibi os dulce egt, et vox aniiihilis 6 Daphni 
Jucuiifliusest aiulire te caiientem, quain iiiel liiijje 



How sweet a face hath Daphne, how lovely a voice ! 
Honey itself is not so pleasant in my choice." 



A sweet voice and music are powerful enticers. Those Samian singing wenches, 
Aristonica, Onanthe and Agathocleia, regiis diadematibus insultariint^ insulted over 
kings themselves, as "" Plutarch contends. Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus 
habebat., Argus had a hundred eyes, all so charmed by one silly pipe, that he lost his 
head. Clitiphon complains in ^^Tatius of Leucippe's sweet tunes, *■'• he heard her 
play by chance upon the lute, and sing a pretty song to it in commendations of a 
rose," out of old Anacreon belike ; 



Rosa honor deciisqiie florum, 
Rosa flos odorque divuiii, 
Hoiiiiniim rosa est voluptas, 
Deciis ilia Gratiarnin, 
Florente ainoris hora, 
Rosa suaviuin Diones, &c." 



Rose the fairest of all flowers. 
Rose delij^'ht of hi-fher powers, 
Rose the joy of mortal men. 
Rose the pleasure of fine women, 
Rose the Graces' ornament, 
Rose Dione's sweet content." 



To this effect the lovely virgin with a melodious air upon her golden wired harp ot 
lute, 1 know not well whether, played and sang, and that transported him beyond 
himself, '•'- and that ravished his heart." It was Jason's discourse as much as his 
beauty, or any other of his good parts, which delighted Medea so much. 

■>3 " Delectabatur enim 

Animus simul forma dulcibusque verbis." 

It was Cleopatra's swTet voice and pleasant speech which inveigled Antony, above 
the rest of her enticements. Verba ligant hominem^ ut taurorum cor nua Junes., "as 
bulls' horns are bound with ropes, so are men's hearts with pleasant words." " Her 
words burn as fire," Eccles. ix. 10. Roxalana bewitched Solyman the Magnificent, and 
Shore's wife by this engine overcame Edward the Fourth, '"* Omnibus una omnes sur- 
ripuit Veneres. The wife of Bath in Chaucer confesseth all this out of her experience. 

Some folk desire us for riches. 
Some for shape, some for fairness, 
Some for that, she can sing' or dance. 
Some for gentleness, or for dalliance. 

" Peter Aretine's Lucretia telleth as much and more of herself, " I counterfeited 



64 Descr. Brit. ^5 Res est blanda canor, discnnt 

cantare puelice profacie, &c. Ovid. 3. de art. amandi. 
** Epjst. 1. 1. Cum loquitur Lais, quanta, O dii boni, 
vocis ejus dulcedo! c " Tlie sweet sound of his 

voice reanimates my soul through my covetous ears." 
<» Aristenaelus, lib. 2. epist. 5. duain suave canit I ver 
bum audax dixi, omnium quos vi<li formosissimus, uti- 
nam amare me dignetur! ssimajiines, si cantant<nn 
aiidieris, ila demulcebere, ut parentum et patris statim 



ohliviscaris. 'OEdyll. 18. neqne sane ulla sic Cytha- 

ram pulsare novit. ^i Amatorio Dialogo. "Fuel- 
lam Cythara canentem vidimus. 73 Apolloniu? Ariio- 
naut. 1. 3. " The mind is delighted as much by eloquence 
as beauty." '•'Catullus. "s Parnodidascalo dial. 

Ital. Latin, interp. Jasper. Barthio. Germ. Finfrebaio 
hone.statem plusquam virL'inis vestalis, iiituebar oculu 
uxoris, addebam gestus, &,c. 



61 



2Q 



482 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 



3. Sec. 2 



honesty, as il T had been virgo virginiss'nna., more than a vestal virgin, I looked like a 
wife, 1 was so demure and chaste, I did add such gestures, tunes, speeches, signs and 
motions upon all occasions, that my spectators and auditors were stupified, enchanted, 
fastened all to their places, like so many stocks and stones." Many silly gentlewomen 
are fetched over in like sort, by a company of gulls and swaggering companions, that 
frequently belie noblemen's favours, rhyming Coribantiasmi, Thrasonean Rhado- 
mantes or Bombomachides, that have nothing in them but a few player's ends and 
compliments, vain braggadocians, impudent intruders, that can discourse at table of 
knights and lords' combats, like '^^Lucian's Leontiscus, of other men"'s trav(rls, brave 
adventures, and such common trivial news, ride, dance, sing old ballad tunes, and 
wear their clothes in fashion, with a good grace ; a fine sweet gentleman, a proper 
man, who could not love him ! She will have him though all her friends say no, 
;hongh she beg with him. Some again are incensed by reading amorous toys, Amadis 
de Gaul, Palmerin de Oliva, the Knight of the Sun, &c., or hearing such tales of 
■^lovers, descriptions of their persons, lascivious discourses, such as Astyanassa, 
Helen's waiting-woman, by the report of Suidas, writ of old, de variis concubilus 
rnodis., and after her Philenis and Elephantine; or those light tracts of ''^Aristides 
Milesius (mentioned by Plutarch) and found by the Persians in Crassus' army 
amongst the spoils, Aretine's dialogues, with ditties, love songs, &c., must needs set 
them on fire, with such like pictures, as those of Aretine, or wanton objects of what 
kind soever; "no stronger engine than to hear or read of love toys, fables and dis- 
courses ('^one saith), and many by this means are quite mad." At Abdera in Thrace 
(Andromeda one of Euripides' tragedies being played) the spectators were so much 
moved with the object, and those pathetical love speeches of Perseus, amongst the 
rest, "• O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men," &.c. that every man almost a good while 
after spake pure iambics, and raved still on Perseus' speech, "O Cupid, Prince of 
Gods and men." As carmen, boys and apprentices, when a new song is published 
with us, go singing that new tune still in the stn^ets, they continually acted that 
tragical part of Perseus, and in every man's mout'h was ''• O Cupid," in every street, 
•' O Cupid," in every house almost, " O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men," pronounc- 
ing still like stage-players, " O Cupid ;" they were so possessed all with that rapture, 
and thought of that pathetical love speech, they could not a long time after forget, 
or drive it out o[ their minds, but " O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men," was ever in 
their mouths. This belike made Aristotle, Polit. lib. 7. cap. 18. forbid young men 
to see comedies, or to hear amorous tales. 

so " Hoec igitnr juvenes nequam facilesque puellie 
Iiispiciant" 

" let not young folks meddle at all with such matters." And this made the Romans, 
as ^' Vitruvius relates, put Venus' temple in the suburbs, extra murum., ne adolescentes 
venereis insuescant., to avoid all occasions and objects. For what will not such an 
object do .^ Ismenius, as he walked in Sosthene's garden, being now in love, when 
he saw so many ^Mascivious pictures, Thetis' marriage, and I know not what, was 
almost beside himself. And to say truth, with a lascivious object who is not moved, 
to see others dally, kiss, dance } And much more when he shall come to be an 
dCtor himself. 

To kiss and be kissed, which, amongst other lascivious provocations, is as a bur- 
den in a song, and a most forcible battery, as infectious, ^^Xenophon thinks, as the 
poison of a spider; a great allurement, a fire \\,se\{., prooemium aid anticoenu/m., the< 
prologue of burning lust (as Apuleius adds), lust itself, ^^ Fcwm5 quintd parte sui nec- 
taris imhuit., a strong assault, that conquei-s captains, and those all commanding 
forces, {^^Domasque ferro sed domaris osculo). ^"^ Aretine's Lucretia, when she would 
in kindness overcome a suitor of hers, and have her desire of him, " took him about, 
the neck, and kissed him again and again," and to that, which she could not other- 



'"' Tom. 4. dial, merit. " Amatoriiis sermo voho- 

meiis vehemenlis cupiditatis incitaiio est, Tatius 1. t. 
'« De luxiiiia et deliciis compositi. "i^ .^iieas Syl- 

vius. Nulla machina validior quani lecto jascivx- his- 
toric: saepe etiam hujusmodi fabulis ad furorem incen- 
.luntiir. 80 Martial, I. 4. ei Lil). 1. c. 7. 

■** Euslathius, 1. 1. PicturEe parant animum ad Venerem, 
4.C. Horaiius ed res veuereas intemperantior traditur ; 



nam cubiculo suo sic spe<;iila dicitur habiiisse disposita 
ut quocunque respexisset imaginem coitus referrenl. 
Suetonius vit. ejus. *3 Or^culum ut phylarigium- 

inficit. »'« Hor, " Venus hath imbued'with thC' 

quintessence of her nectar." t*^ Heinsius. " You: 

may conquer with the sword, but you are conquered br 
a kiss." 86 Applico me illi prozimius et spisse d*. 

osculHta sagum peto. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4. 



Artijicial Allurements. 



4 So 



wise efrect, she made him so speedily and willingly condescend. And 'lis a conunnal 

assault, ^^/toc non deficit incipitqiie semper., always fresh, and ready to ^** begin 

as at first, baslum nullojine ierminatur, sed semper recens est., and hath a fiery touch 
with it. 

P9 "Tenta modo tatijjere corpiis, 

Jatn tua ineiliflao iiieiiibirt calore fluent." 

Especially when they shall be lasciviously given, as he feelingly said, ^et me nrces- 

suliim deosculata Fotis., Catenatis lacertis, ^' Obtortc valgiter labello. 



Valaiis siiaviis, 
Ddin seiiiiuico siiavio 
Mearn piiellam suavior, 



Anima tunc sgra et saucia 
Coiicurrit ad labia iiiilii.' 



The soul and all is moved; ^^ Jam plurihus osculis lahra crepifabant, animarum quo- 
que mixluram facientes^ inter mufuos complexus anlmas mihelantes, 

94" Ha'simus calenles. 

El transifudiimis liinc et hinc labellis 
Enanles aiiiinas, valete curie." 

"They breathe out their souls and spirits together with their kisses," saith ^^Baltha- 
zar Castilio, '"'• change hearts and spirits, and mingle affections as they do kisses, and 
it is rather a connection of the mind than of the body." And although these kisses 
oe delightsome and pleasant, Ambrosial kisses, ^ SuavioJum dulci dulcius Ambrosia^ 
i5uch as ^"Ganymede gave Jupiter, JVectare suavius^ sweeter than °^ nectar, balsam, 
honey, ^Oscula merum amorem stiUantia^ love-dropping kisses; for 

" The gilliflovver, the rose is not so sweet, 
As sugared kisses be when lovers meet ," 

Yet they leave an irksome impression, like that of aloes or gall, 



Ut mi ex Ambrosia mutalum jam foret illud 
Suaviolum tristi tristius lielleboro." 



rhey are deceitful kisses, 



"Quid me mollibus implicas lacertis? 
Uuid fallacibus osculis iuescas?" «fec. 



At first Ambrose itself was not sweeter. 
At last black hellebore was not so bitter." 



" Why dost within thine arms me lap, 
And witli false kisses me entrap." 



They are destructive, and the more the worse: ^El qucB me perdunt^ oscula mille 
dabat^ they are the bane of these miserable lovers. There be honest kisses, I deny 
not, osculum charitatis., friendly kisses, modest kisses, vestal-virgin kisses, ofiiciouji 
and ceremonial kisses, &c. Osculi sensus., brachiorum amplexus., kissing and em- 
bracing are proper gifts of Nature to a man; but these are too lascivious kisses, 
^Implicuitque suos circiim mea colla lacertos., Sfc. too continuate and too violent, 
*Brachia non hedercR., non vincunt oscula conchce; they cling like ivy, close as au 
oyster, bill as doves, meretricious kisses, biting of lips, cum addifamento : Tarn 
impresso ore (saith ^ Lucian) id vix labia detraliant,, inter deosculandum mordicantes^ 
turn et OS aperientes quoque et mammas attrect antes., ^r. such kisses as she gave to 
Gyton, innumera oscula dedit non repugnanti puero., ccrvicem invadeiis., innumerable 
kisses, &c. More than kisses, or too homely kisses : as those that ^ he spake of, 
Accepturus ab ipsa venere 7, suavia., Sfc. with such other obscenities that vain lovers 
use, which are abominable and pernicious. If, as Peter de Ledesmo cas. cons, holds, 
every kiss a man gives his wife after marriage, be mortale peccatum^ a mortal sin, or 
that of " Hierome, Adulter est quisquis in uxorem suam ardentior est amator; or that 
of Thomas Secund. qucest. 154. artic. 4. contactus el osculum sit mortale peccatum^ 
or that of Durand. Rational, lib. 1. cap. 10. abstinere debent conjuges a complexuy 
toto tempore quo solennitas nuptiarum interdicitur., what shall become of all such 
'immodest kisses and obscene actions, the forerunners of brutish lust, if not lust 



67 Petronius catalect. 88 Catullus ad Lesbiam: 

da mihi basia mille, deinde centum. &:c. ''S I'etro- 

nius. "Onlyatlcmpt to touch her person, and imuit- 
diately your members will be filled wilh a jjlow of deli- 
cious warmth." '•*" Apuleius, I. ]0. et Catulecl. 
•iPetronius. 92 Apuleius. ss Petroiiius I'rose- 
lios ad Circen. siPetronius. 9" Animus conjun 
gitiir, et apiritus etiam noster per osculutn etfliiit ; alter- 
nntim so in utriusque corpus infundentes cotimiiscent ; 
aninise potius quam ccioris connectij. 9fi(jatullus. 
^ Lucian. Tom. 4. 9h \'^j. /i^i basia, dat Nera nectar, 
Jii* -ores aniiuy suaveolu ntes, dat tiardum, thymumque, 



cinnamumque et mel, &c. Secundus bas. 4. 99 p;:in. 
tathius lib. 4. 'oo Catullus. i Buchar.an. 

2 Ovid. art. am. E\eg. 18. a Ovid. " She folded her 

arms around my neck." <Cum capita lirnenl so- 

litis morsiunciilis, et cum mammillarum pressiuncidis. 
Lip. od. ant. lee. lib. 3. s Tom. 4. dial, merelr. 

6 Apuleius Miles. 6. Et unum blandientis linguae admiiJ- 
sum longe mellitum : et post lib. II. Arctius earn emu- 
plexus ca.'pi suaviari jamquc pariler patentis oris inha- 
litu cinnameo et occursantis linguae illisu nectareo, &r,. 

7 Lib. 1. advers. Jovm. cap. 30. * Oscula qui sunjp- 
sit, si non et cetera sunipsit, &c. 



ttH 



Love-Me lancholy. 



[I urt. 3. Sec. 2 



Willi btcks and nods he first began 

'I'o try the wench s mind. 
With becks and nods and smiles again 

All answer he did find. 
And in the dark lie took her by the hand, 
And wrung it hard, and sighed grievously, 
And kiss'd her too, and woo'd her as he might, 
Willi pity nie, sweetheart, or else I die. 
And with sucli words and gestures as there past. 
He won liis mistress' favour at tiie last." 



itseh"! What shall become of them thai often abuse their own wives ? But wha 
have I to do with this ? 

Tiiat which I aim at, is to show you the progress of this burning lust; to epito- 
mize therefore all this which I have hitherto said, with a familiar example out of 
that elegant Musaeus, observe but with me those amorous proceedings of Leandei 
and Hero : they began first to look one on another with a lascivious look, 

"Oblique intuens inde nutibus, 

Nuiiitus inutuis indiicens in errorein meniem puellffi. 
El ilia e contra nutibus niuluis juvenis 
Leandri quoii ainorem non reniiit, &lc. Inde 
Adibal in tenebris tacite quidem stringens 
Roseos puella? digitos, ex imo suspirabat 
•^ehementer Inde 

Virjiinis autem bene olens colluin osculatiis. 

Tale verbuni ait amnns ictus slimulo, 

Preces audi et amoris miserere mei, &c. 

Sic fatus recusantis persuasit nientem puellse." 

The same proceeding is elegantly described by ApoUonius in his Argonautics, be- 
tween Jason and Medea, by Eustathius in the ten books of the loves of Ismenhis 
and Ismene, Achilles Tatius between his Clitophon and Leucippe, Chaucer's neai 
poem of Troilus and Cresseide ; and in that notable tale in Petronius of a soldiei 
and a gentlewoman of Ephesus, that was so famous all over Asia for her chastity, 
and that mourned for her husband : the soldier wooed her with such rhetoric as 

lovers use to do, placitone etiam, pugnabis amorif S^^c. at last, frangi pertina- 

clam passu est., he got her good will, not only to satisfy his lust, ^ but to hang her 
dead husband's body on the cross (which he watched instead of the thief's that was 
newly stolen away), whilst he wooed her' in her cabin. These are tales, you wui 
say, but they have most significant morals, and do well express those ordinary pro- 
ceedings of doting lovers. 

Many such allurements there are, nods, jests, winks, smiles, wrestlings, tokens, 
favours, symbols, letters, valentines, &.c. For which cause belike, Godfridus lib. 2. 
de amor, would not have women learn to write. Many such provocations are used 
when they come in presence, '° they will and will not. 



" Malo me Galatea petit lasciva puella, 
£l Aigit ad salices, el se cupit ante videri." 



" My mistress with an apple woos me, 
And hastily to covert goes 
To hide liers-elf, but would be seen 

With all her heart before, God knows.' 



Hero so tripped away from Leander as one displeased. 



" " Yet as she went full often look'd behind, 
And many [»oor excuses did she find 
To linger by the way," 



but if he chance to overtake her, she is most averse, nice and coy, 

'* Denegal et pugnat, sed vult super omnia vinci." 



She seems not won, but won she is at length, 
In such wars women use but half their strength. 



Sometimes they lie open and are most tractable and coming, apt, yielding, and will- 
ing to embrace, to take a green gown, with that shepherdess in Theocritus, Edyl. 
27. to let their coats, &c., to play and dally, at such seasons, and to some, as they 
spy their advantage ; and then coy, close again, so nice, so surly, so demure, you 
had much better tame a colt, catch or ride a wild horse, than get her favour, or win 
her love, not a look, not a smile, not a kiss for a kingdom. '^Aretinc's Lucretia 
was an excellent artisan in this kind, as she tells her own tale, '^ Though I was by 
nature and art most beautiful and fair, yet by these tricks I seemed to be far more 
amiable than I was, for that which men earnestly seek and cannot attain, draws on 
their affection with a most furious desire. I had a suitor loved me dearly (said she), 
and the '^ more he gave me, the more eagerly he wooed me, the more J seemed to 
neglect, to scorn him, and which I commonly gave others, I would not let him see 
ine, converse with me, no, not have a kiss." To gull him the more, and fetch him 
over (for him only I aimed at) I personated mine own servant to bring in a present 



»Corj(us placuit mariti sui tolli ex area, atque illi 
qu;e vocabat cruci adfigi. i" Novi ingenium mulie- 

rum, nolunt ubi velis, ubi nolis cupiunt ultro. Ter. 
Euiiuc. act. 4. sc. 7. " Marlowe. " Pornodidas- 

rolo dial. Ital. Latin, donat. a Gasp. Barthio Germano. 
Uuanquara natura, et arte eram formosissima, isto 



tamen astu tanto speciosior videbar, quod enim oculii 
cu|)itum ffigre prjebetur, niulto magis affectus humanns 
incendit. i3Q.uo majoribus me donis propitiabat, «l 
pejoribiis ilium modis tractabam. ne basiuin impeiro- 
vit, Slc 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Arfijicial Allurements. 489 

^rom a Spanish count, whilst he was in my company, as if he had been the count' 
servant, which he did excellently well perform: '" Comes de monle Ttirco^ ^' my lord 
and master hath sent your ladyship a small present, and part of his hunting, a pieci' 
of venison, a pheasant, a few partridges, &c. (all which she bought with her own 
money), commends his love and service to you, desiring you to accept of it in good 
part, and he means very shortly to come and see you." Withal she showed him 
rings, gloves, scarfs, coronets wliich others had sent lier, when there was no such 
matter, but only to circumvent him. ''By these means (as she concludes) '^ I made 
the poor gentleman so mad, that he was ready to spend himself, and venture his 
dearest blood for my sake." Philinna, in '^ Lucian, practised all this long before, as 
it shall appear unto you by her discourse; for when Diphilus her sweetheart came 
to see her (as his daily custom was) she frowned upon him, would not vouchsafe 
him her company, but kissed Lamprius his co-rival, at the same time '^ before his 
face : but why was it? To make him (as she telleth her mollier that chid her for 
it) more jealous; to whet his love, to come with a greater appetite, and to know 
that her favour was not so easy to be had. Many other tricks she used besides this 
jas she there confesseth), for she would fall out with, and anger him of set purpose, 
pick quarrels upon no occasion, because she would be reconciled to him again. 
Amantiiim irce amorls redinfcgraiio., as the old saying is, the falling out of lovers is the 
renewing of love; and according to (h3itofAnsien?eius.ijucund'toresamorumposlinjurias 
dcUc'ia;^ love is increased by injuries, as the sunbeams are more gracious after a cloud. 
And surely this aphorism is most true ; for as Ajnpelis informs Crisis in the said 
Lucian, '^" If a lover be not jealous, angry, waspish, apt to fall out, sigh and swear, 
he is no true lover." To kiss and coll, hang about her neck, protest, swear and 
wish, are but ordinary symptoms, incipientis adhuc et crescentis amoris signa ; but 
if he be jealous, angry, apt to mistake. Sec, bene speres licet., sweet sister he is thine 
own ; yet if you let him alone, humour liim, please him, Slc, and that he perceive 
once he hath you sure, without any co-rival, his love will languish, and he will not 
care so much for you. Hitherto (saith she) can i speak out of experience ; Demo- 
phantus a rich fellow was a suitor of mine, I seemed to neglect him, and gave better 
entertainment to Calliades the painter before his face, principio ab'dt., verbis me in- 
sectaJus., at first he went away all in a chafe, cursing and swearing, but at last he 
came submitting himself, vowing and protesting he loved me most dearly, I should 
have all he had, and that he would kill himself for my sake. Therefore I advise 
thee (dear sister Crisis) and all maids, not to use your suitors over kindly ; insolentes 
enini sunt hoc cum seniiunt., 'twill make them proud and insolent; but now and then 
reject them, estrange thyself, et si me au.dles semel afque itcrum exclude.^ shut him 
out of doors once or twice, let him dance attendance ; follow my counsel, and by 
this means '"you shall make him mad, come off roundly, stand to any conditions, 
and do whatsoever you will have him. These are the ordinary practices ; yet in 
the said Lucian, Melissa methinks had a trick beyond all this ; for when her suitor 
came coldly on, to stir him. up, she writ one of his co-rival's names and her own in 
a paper, Melissa amat liermotimum., Hermofimus MeHissam., causing it to be stuck 
upon a post, for all gazers to behold, and lost it in the way where he used to walk ; 
which when the silly novice perceived, statim ut legit credidit., instantly apprehended 
it was so, came raving to me, &c. ^'''■'■and so wlien 1 was in despair of his love, four 
months after I recovered him again." Eugenia drew Timocles for her valentine, and 
wore his name a long tune after in her bosom : Camaena singled out Pamphilus to 
dance, at Myson's wedding (some say), for there she saw him first ; Frelicianus over- 
look Ca^lia by the highway side, offered his service, thence came further acquaint- 
ance, and thence came love. But who can repeat half their devices ? What Aretine 
experienced, what conceited Lucian, or wanton Aristennetus i They will deny and 
take, stiffly refuse, and yet earnestly seek the same, repel to make them come with. 



''' Comes de monle Turco Hispanus hris de venatione 
6ti!i partes misil, jiissitque peramanter orare, lU hoc 
qualeciiiKjue doiiiim suo nomine accipias. '5 His 

aitiitus homitiem ita excantabain, ut pro me ille ad 
omnia panitas, &c. i^Tom. 4. dial, m^rit. '' Re- 

liclo illo, iPfire ipsi iriterim faciens, vX oirmino difficilis. 
^ &\ quiserim nee Zelotypus irascif.ir, r ^c p.ignat ali- 



qiiando amator, ner perjiirat, non est habendiisamator, 
&,(;. Totus liic iirnis Zelotypia constat. &c. maxiini 
amores inde nasciintiir. Sed si persuasum illi fiierit te 
solum habere, elaniruescit illico amor suus. i^ Veni- 
entem videbis ipsnmdenno inflainmatum et pror?us in- 
saiiionterr.. 2" Et sic cum fere de illo desperadSeiu, 

post menses quatuor ad me rediit. 



2q2 



486 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



more eagerness, fly from if you follow, but if averse, as a sliadow they will follow 
you agaiu^fugientemseqiiitur^sequejitemfugit; with a regaining retreat, a gentle 
reluctancy, a smiling threat, a pretty pleasant peevishness they will put you olf, and 
have a thousand such several enticements. For as he saith, 



81" Non est forma satis, nee qua vult bella videri. 
Debet vuliiari moie placere siiis. 
Dicia, sales, lusiis, sermoties, gratia, risiis, 
Vincunt nature caixJidioris upus." 



" 'Tis not enough thougn she l)e fair of hue. 
For her to use this vulgar conipliuieiit : 
But pretty toys and jests, and saws and sinilea, 
As far beyond w liat beauty can alteiiipt.*' 



*^ For this cause belike Philostratus, in his images, makes diverse loves, " some 
young, some of one age, some of another, some winged, some of one sex, some of 
another, some with torches, some with golden apples, some with darts, gins, snares, 
and other engines in their hands," as Propertius hath prettily painted them out, 
//./;. 2. et 29. and which some interpret, diverse enticements, or diverse ati'ections 
of lovers, which if not alone, yet jointly may batter and overcome the strongest 
constitutions. i 

It is reported of Decius, and Valerianus, those two notorious persecutors of the 
church, that when they could enforce a young Christian by no means (as ^^Hierome 
records) to sacrifice to their idols, by no torments or promises, they took another 
course to tempt him : they put him into a fair garden, and set a young courtesan to 
dally with him, ^""took him about the neck and kissed him, and that whicli is not 
to be named," manihusque atirectare^ d^c, and all those enticements which might be 
used, that whom torments could not, love might batter and beleaguer. But such 
was his constancy, she could not overcome, and when this last engine would take 
no place, they left him to his own ways. At ^^BerkFey in Gloucestershire, there was 
in times past a nunnery (saith Gualterus Mapes, an old historiographer, that lived 
400 years since), "• of which there was a noble and a fair lady abbess : Godwin, that 
subtile Earl of Kent, travelling that way, (seeking not her but hers) leaves a nephew 
of his, a proper young gallant (as if he had been sick) with her, till he came back 
again, and gives the young man charge so long to counterfeit, till he had deflowered 
the abbess, and as many besides of the nuns as he could, and leaves him withal 
rings, jewels, girdles, and such toys to give them still, when they came to visit him. 
The young man, willing to undergo such a business, played his part so well, that in 
short space he got up most of their bellies, and when he had done, told his lord 
how he had sped: ^^his lord made instantly to the court, tells the king how such a 
nunnery was become a bawdy-house, procures a visitation, gets them to be turned 
out, and begs the lands to his own use." This story I do therefore repeat, that you 
may see of what force these enticements are, if they be opportunely tised, and how 
hard it is even for the most averse and sanctified souls to resist such allurements. 
John Major in the life of John the monk, that lived in the days of Theodosius, com- 
mends the hermit to have been a man of singular continency, and of a most austere 
life ; but one night by chance the devil came to his cell in the habit of a young 
market wench that had lost her way, and desired for God's sake some lodging with 
him. ^""The old man let her in, and after some common conference of her mishap, 
she began to inveigle him with lascivious talk and jests, to play with his beard, to 
kiss him, and do worse, till at last she overcame him. As he went to address him- 
self to that business, she vanished on a sudden, and the devils in the air laughed 
him to scorn." Whether this be a true story, or a tale, I will not much contend, i* 
serves to illustrate this which I have said. 

Yet were it so, that these of which I have hitherto spoken, and such like enticin.g 
baits, be not sufficient, there be many others, which will of themselves intend this 
passion of burning lust, amongst v/hicli, dancing is none of the least ; and it is an 
engine of such force, I may not omit it. Incltamcntum llhidinis^ Petrarch calls it, 



21 F>-l.-i-t;!-.s l^atal. 22 Irnaciiies deorum. fol. 3-27. 

varios ainores facit, quos ali()ui inrerpretanlur niulti- 
plieesaffectus et illecehras, alios pueljos, puellas, alatos, 
alios ponia aurea, alios sagittas. alios laqiieos, &c. 
s^Epiet. lib. 3. vita Pauli Kreniitffi. 2< Meretrix 

Fpeciosa cepit delicatius stringere colla coniplexibus, et 
rorpore in lihidinein concitato, &c. ^aCjiniden in 

Giou<;estershire, huic pnefuit nobilis ot forniojia abha- 
tissa, Goduinus eonies indole snbtilis, non ipsain. sed 
sua cupiens, reliqu'' ncpotein suuin forma elegantis- 



sinnini, tanqiiam infirniutn donee reverteretur, in- 
struit, (fee. 26 [lie impiL'er regeni adit, abatissam et 

siias proegnantes edocet, e.xploratoribus missis probat, 
et iis ejertis, a domino suo maneriuin accepil. -' Post 
serinones de casii suosiiavitate serinonesconciliat anj- 
iniiin hon)inis. nianuinqiH inter colloquia et risiis a^* 
harbain proten.lit et palpare ctfipit ce •> leein suani o» 
osculari ; quid iiMilla? Captivuni ducit v ilitein Clirisli. 
(Joinpiexura ev.iiiescit, demones in ^.* :e ;»inachu'C 
riseruht. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements. 487 

the spur of lust. "A ^^circle of which the devil himself is the centre. '^Many 
women that use it, have come dishonest home, most indifferent, none} better." 
'"Another terms it "the companion of all filthy delights and enticements, and 'tis no; 
easily told what inconveniences come by it, what scurrile talk, obscene actions,'" 
and many times such monstrous gestures, such lascivious motions, such wanton 
lunes, meretricious kisses, homely embracings. 

3» " (lit Gailitana canoro 

IncipJHl priirire chciro, |ilausiiqiie prohatae 
All tHrram treiiiulii (Icsceiidarit clutie puelliE, 
Irritaineiitiiiii Veneris langiientis)" 

that it will make the spectators mad. When that epitomizer of ^^Trogus had to the 
full described and set out King Ptolemy's riot as a chief engine and instrument of 
his overthrow, he adds, tympanum et tripudium^ fiddling and dancing : " the king 
was not a spectator only, but a principal actor himself" A thing nevertheless fre- 
quently used, and part of a gentlewoman's bringing up, to sing, dance, and play on 
the lute, or some such instrument, before she can say her paternoster, or ten com- 
mandments. 'Tis the next way their parents think to get them husbands, they are 
compelled to learn, and by that means, ^'^ Inccestos amorcs dc tenero meditantur ungue ; 
"^iW'^ great allurement as it is (M.gw used, and many are undone by it. Tiiais, in 
Lufcjan, inveigled Lamprias in a dance, Ilerodias so far pleased Herod, that she made 
him swear to give her what she would ask, John Baptist's head in a platter. ^^ Robert, 
Duke of Normandy, riding by Falais, spied Arletle, a fair maid, as she danced 
on a green, and was so much enamoured with the object, that ^^ he must needs lie 
with her that night. Owen Tudor won Queen Catiierine's affection in a dance, fall- 
ing by chance with his head in her lap. Who cannot parallel these stories out of 
his experience .? Speusippas a noble gallant in ^ that Greek Aristenastus, seeing 
Panareta a fair young gentlewoman dancing by accident, was so far in love with her, 
that for a long time after he could think of nothing but Panareta : he came raving 
home full of Panareta : "• Who would not admire her, who would not love lier, that 
ehould but see her dance as I did? O admirable, O divine Panareta! I have seeu 
old and new Rome, many fair cities, many proper women, but never any like to 
Panareta, they are dross, dowdies all to Panareta ! O how she danced, how she 
tripped, how she turned, with what a grace! happy is that man that shall enjoy her. 
O most incomparable, only, Panareta !" When Xenophon, in Symposio, or Banquet, 
had discoursed of love, and used all the engines that might be devised, to move 
Socrates, amongst the rest, to stir iiim the more, he shuts up all with a pleasant 
interlude or dance of Dionysius and Ariadne. ^'^'' First Ariadne dressed like a bride 
came in and took her place; by and by Dionysius entered, dancing to the music. 
The spectators did all admire the young man's carriage ; and Ariadne herself was so 
much affected with the sight, that she could scarce sit. After a while Dionysius 
beholding Ariadne, and incensed with love, bowing to her knees, embraced her first, 
and kissed her with a grace; she embiaced him again, and kissed him with like 
affection, &c,, as the dance required; but they that stood by, and saw this, did much 
applaud and commend them both for it. And when Dionysius rose up, he raised 
her up with him, and many pretty gestures, embraces, kisses, and love compliments 
passed between them : which when they saw fair Bacchus and beautiful Ariadne so 
sweetly and so unfeignedly kissing each other, so really embracing, they swore- they 
loved indeed, and were so inflamed with the object, that they began to rouse up 
themselves, as if they would have flown. At the last when they saw them still, so 

SBChoraea ciiculns, cujiis c<uitrum diab. 2a [Multae 2G Q,uis non miraiiis est saltanteiii ? Q,uis non vidit 

inde iiipudica; doinuin redierc, plures anibig^iijp, melior el arnavil? veterem et iiovarn vidi Roinaiii, scd tiW 
nulla. 30'j'urpiuin delicianiiii comes est externa \ siniileai non vidi Panareta; felix qui Panaretil truit'iir, 

ealtatio; neque certe facile dictn qii.-e mala hinc visns &c. 37 principio Ariadne velut sporisa j^ridit, a« 



hauriat, et quae pariat, colloquia, monstrosos, incondi 
ins gcstus, <fcc. 3> Juv. !?at. 11. " Perliaps you may 

expect that a Gaditanian with a tuneful company may 
begin to wanton, and girls approved with applause 
lower themselves to the ground in a lascivious manner, 
n provocative of languishing desir*^." 32 jufjtin. |. 

•0. Adduntur instrumenta luxurice, tytispana et Iripu 



sola recedit ; prodiens illico Dioinysius ad nuiiKros can. 
taiite tilua saltahat ; admirHti sunt r>iiines saltantetw 
juveuem, ipsaque Ariadne, ut vi.x potiierit cniiquiescere; 
postea vero cum Dionysius earn aspexit, &c. (Jt autem 
surrexit Dionysius, erexit simul Ariadnem, licebntque 
spectare gestiis osculnnliuni, et inter se com|di'cteii- 
tiiirn; qui autem Kp<ctaliaiit, &c. Ad exireimini viden- 



dia ; nee tarn spectator rex, sed uequitisR maf^jster, &c. ] tes eos niutuis auiplexibus implicalos < t jamjaiii ail iha- 
Wflor. 1. 5. od. G 3* Kavarde vita ejus. 3''(jf . lanium ifuos; qui mm duxerant uxores juraliant iixorea 

whom he begat W^illiam the Conqueror; by the sau'e se durturos; qui autem duxerant cons<:etisi> cttuis ct 
token she tore her smock down, saying, &c ^^ Epist. | jiicitatis, u( iisdoin fruerentur, domum f«?stii:aruiit 



■5f^ 



488 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

willingK- embracing, and now ready to go to the bride-chamber, they '^ere so ravished 
with it, tliat they that were unmarried, swore they would forth\vith marry, and those 
that were married called instantly for their horses, and galloped home to their 
wives." What greater motive can there be than this burning lust } what so violent 
an oppugner ? Not without good cause therefore so many general councils condemn 
it, so many fathers abhor it, so many grave men speak against it; ''Use not the 
company of a woman," saith Syracides, 8. 4. '' that is a singer, or a dancer ; neither 
hear, lest thou be taken in her craftiness." In circa non tarn cern'itur quam discitur 
libido. ^Mliiedus holds, lust in theatres is not seen, but learned. Gregory Nazianzeii 
that eloquent divine, [^^ as he relates the story himself,) when a noble friend of his 
solemnly invited him with other bishops, to his daughter Olympia's wedding, refused 
to come : '"' " For it is absurd to see an old gouty bishop sit amongst dancers ;" he 
held it unfit to be a spectator, much less an actor. JSTemo saltai sohrius., TuUy 
writes, he is not a sober man that danceth ; for some such reason (belike) Domitiaii 
forbade the Roman senators to dance, and for that fact removed many of them from 
the senate. But these, you will say, are lascivious and Pagan dances, 'tis the abuse 
that causeth such inconvenience, and I do not well therefore to condemn, speak 
against, or " innocently to accuse the best and pleasantest thing (so ^' Lucian calls 
it) that belongs to mortal men." You misinterpret, I condemn it not ; I liold it 
notv.'itlistanding an honest disport, a lawful recreation, if it be opportune, moderately 
and soberly used : I am of Plutarch's mind, ^^ '•' that which respects pleasure alone, 
honest recreation, or bodily exercise, ouglit not to be rejected and contemned :" I 
subscribe to ^^ Lucian, "'tis an elegant thing, which cheereth up the mind, exerciseth 
the body, delights the spectators, which teacheth many comely gestures, equally 
affecting the ears, eyes, and soul itself" Sallust discommends singing and dancing 
in Sempronia, not that she did sing or dance, but that she did it in excess, 'tis the 
abuse of it ; and Gregory's refusal doth not simply condemn it, but in some folks. 
Many will not allow men and women to dance togetlier, because it is a provocaiioii 
to lust : they may as well, with Lycurgus and Mahomet, cut down all vines, forbid 
the drinking of wine, for that it makes some men drunk. 

44 " Nihil prndest quod non la'dere posset idem ; 
Igne quid utilius?" 

I say of this as of all other honest recreations, they are like fire, good and bad, and 
I see no such inconvenience, but that they may so dance, if it be done at due times, 
and by fit persons : and conclude with Wolfungus "^^Hider, and most of our modern 
divines : Si decorcB., graves., verccundce., plena luce honorum virormn et matronarum 
lionesiarum., te?npestive Jiant., prohari possunt., et dehent. "-There is a time to mourn, 
a time to dance," Eccles. iii. 4. Let them take their pleasures then, and as "^^he said 
of old, "young men and maids flourishing in their age, fair and lovely to behold, 
well attired, and of comely carriage, dancing a Greek galliard, and as their dance 
required, kept their time, now turning, now tracing, now apart now altogetlier, now 
a courtesy then a caper," &c., and it was a pleasant sight to see those pretty knots, 
and swimming figures. The sun and moon (some say) dance about the earth, the 
three upper planets about the sun as their centre, now stationary, now direct, now 
retrograde, now in apogee., then in perigee., now swift then slow, occidental, oriental, 
they turn round, jump and trace, ? and ^ about the sun with those thirty-three 
Maculfe or Bourbonian planet, circa Solem saltantes Cyfharedum., saith Fromundus. 
Four Medicean stars dance about Jupiter, two Austrian about Saturn, &.C., and all 
(belike) to the music of the spheres. Our greatest counsellors, and staid senators, 
at some times dance, as David before the ark, 2 Sam. vi. 14. Miriam, Exod. xv. 20. 
Judilh, XV. 13. (though the devil hence perhaps hath brouglit in those bawdy bac- 
chanals), and well may they do it. The greatest soldiers, as "'Quintilianus, '^jEmi- 
lius Probus, '^'^Coelius Rhodiginus, have proved at large, still use it in Greece, Rome, 



i*" l^il). 4. de coiiteninend. amorilnis. 39 Ad Any- 

Biuni 1 jiisr. 57. 40 Iiileuipfstiviim enim est, oi a 

nuptijj' ahhorrpiis, inter saltantes podairrituni videre 
SPiiein, el » piscopum. <) Keni oniniuin in inortaliuui 

"ita opimiani iniiocetit(?r accusare. ^2 (jujt; hoiK's- 

tJiai vnliiptat(Mii re.^picit, aut corporis exerciiiuni, con- 
I'liini noti debet. *i KlegaMtissiina res est, quie et 



tpquo demiilcens. ^^ Ovid. <& System. moralJH 

pliilosopliia^. 46 Apuleius. 10. Pijelli, piiellxque 

vireiiti florentps a'tatula, forma conspicui, vesle nitidi. 
ince,*su gratiosi, Griecanicam saltantes Pyrrhicam, dis*- 
p<isitis ofdinationibus, decoros amiiitus inerrahant, 
nunc in orhcm fle.xi, nunc in obliquam serieiri connexi, 
nunc in quadrum cuneati, nunc inde separati. Sue 



meiiiein acun. corpus exercoat, et spectantes ohiectf t, j « Lib. 1. cap. 11. *« Vit. Epaminondae. *»Lib 5. 

wulios gostus decoros docens, oculcs, aures, animum ex 



■^ J >-m.-g^.„ n 



Mem. 2 Subs. 4.] 



Artificial Allurements. 



489 



and the most worthy senators, canfare^ saltare. Luciaii, Macrobius, Libanus, 
Plutarch, Julius, Pollux, Athena3us, have written just tracts in commendation of it. 
In this our age it is in much request in those countries, as in all civil common- 
wealths, as Alexander ab Alexandro, Uh. 4. cap. 10. et lib. 2. cap. 25. hath proveG 
dt large, ^amongst the barbabarians themselves none so precious; all the work 
Hows it. 

61 " Divilias contemno tuas, rpx Crmse, tuamque 
Vendo Asiain, uiiguentis, flore, iriero, choreiti." 

" Plato, in his Commonwealth, will have dancing-schools to be maintained, "that 
young folks might meet, be acquainted, see one another, and be seen;" nay moje, 
he would have them dance naked ; and scoffs at them that laugh at it. But Eusebiuii 
prcepar. Evangel, lib. 1. cap. 11. and Tlieodoret lib. 9. curat. grcBC. affect, worthily 
lash him for it; and well they might: for as one saith, ^^''the very sight of naked 
parts causeth enormous, exceeding concupiscenses, and stirs up both men and wo- 
men to burning lust." There is a mean in all things : this is my censure in brief; 
dancing is a pleasant recreation of body and mind, if sober and modest (such as oui 
Christian dances are); if tempestively used, a furious motive to burning lust; if as 
by Pagans heretofore, unchastely abused. But I proceed. 

If these allurements do not take place, for ^^ Simierus, that great master of dal- 
liance, shall not behave himself better, the more eifectually to move others, and 
satisfy their lust, tliey will swear and lie, promise, protest, forge, counterfeit, brag, 
bribe, flatter and dissemble of all sides. 'Tvvas Lucretia's counsel in Aretine, Si vis 
arnica frui^ pro7nitte.,finge., jura, perjura.,jacta, Simula.^ menlire ; and they put it well 
in practice, as Apollo to Daphne, 



> "milii Dflphica telliis 

El Clams et Tenedos, patareaque regia servit, 
Jupiter est geiiitor" 



Delphos, Claros, and Tenedos serve me, 
And Jupiter is known my sire to be." 



^The poorest swains will do as much, ^"^Mille pecus nivei sunt et mihi valUbus agni; 
" I have a thousand sheep, good store of cattle, and they are all at her command," 

68 "Tihi nos, tihi nostra supellex, 

Ruraque servierint" ' 

" house, land, goods, are at her service," as he is himself Dinomachus, a senator's 
son in '^^Lucian, in love with a wench inferior to him in birth and fortunes, the 
sooner to accomplish his desire, wept unto her, and swore he loved her with all his 
heart, and her alone, and that as soon as ever his father died (a very rich man and 
almost decrepid) he would make her his wife. The maid by chance made her mother 
acquainted with the business, who being an old fox, well experienced in such mat- 
ters, told her daughter, now ready to yield to his desire, that he meant nothing less, 
for dost thou think he will ever care for thee, being a poor wench, ^'^ that may have 
his choice of all the beauties in the city, one noble by birth, with so many talents, 
as young, better qualified, and fairer than thyself? daughter believe him not : the 
maid was abashed, and so the matter broke off. When Jupiter wooed Juno first 
(Lilius Giraldus relates it out of an old comment on Theocritus) the better to efl^ect 
his suit, he turned himself into a cuckoo, and spying her one day walking aloue, 
separated from the other goddesses, caused a tempest suddenly to arise, for fear of 
which she fled to shelter ; Jupiter to avoid the storm likewise flew into her lap, in 
virginis Junonis gremium devohwit., whom Juno for pity covered in her ^' apron. 
But he turned himself forthwith into his own shape, began to embrace and offer vio- 
lence unto her, scd ilia matris metu abnuebat, but she by no means would yield, donee 
pollicitus connubium oblinuit., till he vowed and swore to marry her, and then she gave 
consent. This fact was done at Thornax hill, which ever after was called Cuckoo 
iiill, and in perpetual remembrance there was a temple erected to Telia Juno in the 
same place. So powerful are fair promises, vows, oaths and protestations. It is an 



50 Read P. Martyr Ocean Decad. Benzo, Lerius Flac- 
luit, &c. SI Ansreriaiius Erotopffiditiin. ^"^ 10 Leg. 

Tns y«f> roiavTrii ci:iirji 'ivcKa, &c. hujus causa oportuit 
riisciplinani constitui, ut tarn pueri qiiaui puellfe choreas 
ct'lehrent, specteuturque ac spectent, &c. ^3 Aspectus 
enirn tiudoruin cnrporuin tarn mares quam femuias irri- 
tare solet ad enornics lat:civice aojietitus. S4 (Cam- 

den Annal. anno 1578, fol. 27t. Amatoriis facetiis et 

62 



illecehris exquisitissimus. s"" Met. 1. Ovid. 56 Eras 
mus egl. miile niei siculis errant in njontibus airni 
s'Vir:,'. 6<^ l^echeus. 59 Tom. 4. merit, dial, 

amare se jurat et laclirimatur dicitque uxorem me 
duccre vel'.e, quiim pater oculos riaussisset. "OQuuir 
dofem alihi inulto majorem aspiciet, &c. ei Or uppe' 
garment. Q,uem Juno miserala veste conteyit. 



ji, _ m 



490 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



ordinary thing too in this case to belie their age, which widows usual]}' do, that 
mean to marry again, and bachelors too sometimes, 

62 "Cujus octavum trepidavit sptas, 
cerriere lustrum;" 

to say the,y are younger than they are. Carmides in the said Lucian loved Philema- 
tium, an old maid of forty-five years; ^^she swore to him she was but thirty-two 
next December. But to dissemble in this kind, is familiar of all sides, and often it 
takes. ^^Falkre credenfem res est operosa puellam, 'tis soon done, no such great 

mastery, Egregiam verb laudem., et spolia ampla^ and nothing so frequent 

as to belie tlieir estates, to prefer their suits, and to advance themselves. Many men 
to fetch over a young woman, widows, or whom they love, will not stick to crack, 
forge and feign any thing comes next, bid his boy fetch his cloak, rapier, gloves, 
jewels, &c. in such a chest, scarlet-golden-tissue breeches, &c. when there is no 
such matter ; or make any scruple to give out, as he did in Petronius, that he was 
master of a ship, kept so many servants, and to personate their part the better take 
upon them to be gentlemen of good houses, well descended and allied, hire apparel 
at brokers, some scavenger or prick-louse tailors to attend upon them for the time, 
swear lliey have great possessions, '^^ bribe, lie, cog, and foist how dearly they love, 
how bravely they will maintain her, like any lady, countess, duchess, or queen; 
they shall have gowns, tiers, jewels, coaches, and caroches, choice diet. 



"The heads of parrots, tongues of nichiingales, 
The brains of peacocks, and of ostriches, 
Their bath shall be the juice of gilliflouers, 



Spirit of roses and of violets, 
The milk of unicorns," &c. 



as old Vulpone courted Ccelia in the ®^ comedy, when as they are no such men, not 
worth a groat, but mere sharkers, to make a fortune, to get their desire, or else pre- 
tend love to spend their idle hours, to be more welcome, and for better entertain- 
ment. The conclusion is, they mean nothing less. 



"'"Nil metuunt jurare, nihil promittere ciirant; 
Sed siMiul accupidfe mentis satiata libido est, 
Dicta nihil metuore, nihil perjuria curant ;" 



" Oaths, vows, promises, are much protested ; 
But when their mind and lust is satisfied, 
Oaths, vows, promises, are quite neglected;" 



though he solemnly swear by the genius of Caesar, by Venus' shrine. Hymen's deity, 
by Jupiter, and all the other gods, give no credit to his words. For when lovers 
swear, Venus laughs, Venus hcec perjuria ridet., ^'^ Jupiter himself smiles, and pardons 
it withal, as grave ''^ Plato gives out; of all perjury, that alone for love matters is 
forgiven by the gods. If promises, lies, oaths, and protestations will not avail, they 
fall to hrii^eS; ),okens, gifts, and such like feats. '° Plurimus auro conc'tliatur amor: 
as Jupiter corrupted Danae with a golden shower, and Liber Ariadne with a lovely 
ciown, (wiiich was afterwards translated into the heavens, and there for ever shines;) 
they will rain chickens, florins, crowns, angels, all manner of coins and stamps in 
her lap. And so must he certainly do that will speed, make many feasts, banquets, 
invitations, send her some present or oth^r every foot. Summo studio parentur epul(B 
(saith '' Hoedus) et crehrcB jiant largitioncs^ he must be very bountiful and liberal, seek 
and sue, not to her only, but to all her followers, friends, familiars, fiddlers, panders, 
parasites, and household servants; he must insinuate himself, and surely Avill, to all, 
of all sorts, messengers, porters, carriers ; no man must be unrewarded, or unre- 
spected. I had a suitor (saith '^Aretine's Lucretia) that when he came to my house, 
flung gold and silver about, as if it had been chafl'. Another suitor I had was a very 
choleric fellow; but 1 so handled him, that for all his fuming, I brought him upon 
his knees. If there had been an excellent bit in the market, any novelty, fish, fruit, 
or fowl, muscadel, or malmsey, or a cup of neat wine in all the city, it was pre- 
sented presently to me; though never so dear, hard to come by, yet I had it: the 
poor fellow was so fond at last, tliat I think if I would I might have had one of his 
eyes out of his head. A third suitor was a merchant of Rome, and his manner of 
wooing was with "^ exquisite music, costly banquets, poems, &c. I held him ofl' till 



ss Hor. 63 Dejeravit ilia secundum supra trijsiesi- 

mum ad proximum Decembrem completuram se esse, 
n Ovid tis Nam donis vincitur oiiinis amor. Catiil- 

lus 1. el. 5. 66 Fox, act. 3. sc. :<. «>7 Catullus. 

** Perjuria ridet amaritum Jupiter, et veiitos irrita ferre 
jiibel Tibul. lib. :i. et G. 69 in Pliilebo. ppjeranti- 

NiE, nis dji soli ignoscunt. '"Catul. " Lib. 1. 



de conlemnendis amoribus. '^Djai. Ital. argentuiM 

ul paleas projicieb.-Jt. Biliosum habui amatorem lun 
supplex flexis genibiis, &c. Nullus recens allatus terra 
fructus, nullum cupediarum fierius tarn cprum eiat, nul 
lum vinumCreticum pretiosum. quia ad I'je ferret illiro; 
credo alterum oculiim pignori daturue, &.c '^ p,,gt nmsi- 
cam opiperas epulas, et tantis juraiaeut a, lun s, ttc 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] 



^^rllficial Allurements. 



41^1 

at length he protested, promised, and swore pro virginllate regno me donalurum, I 
should have all he had, liouse, goods, and lands, pro concubitu solo ; '"* leit'^'^r was 
there ever any conjuror, I think, to charm his spirits that used such attention, or 
mighty words, as he did exquisite phrases, or general of any army so many strata- 
gems to win a city, as he did tricks and devices to get the love of nje. Thus men 
are active and passive, and women not far behind them in this kind : Audax ad omnia 
foemina, quce, vel amut^ vel odit. 

'•^ For half fo boldly there can non 
Swear and lye as women can. 

'®They will crack, counterfeit, and collogue as well as the best, with handkerchiefs, 
and wrought nightcaps, purses, posies, and such toys: as he justly complaiif^d, 



" "Cur inittis violas? nempe at violentiiis uret ; 
Quid violas vioiis me violenta tuis?" &c. 



" Why dost thou send nie violets, my dear? 
To make me burn more violeul, 1 tWar, 
With violets too violent thou art, 
'J'o violate and wound my gentle heart." 



When nothing else will serve, the last refuge is their tears. Hcsc scripsi {testor 
amoreiu) mixta lachrymis ei suapiriis^ 'twixt tears and sighs, I write this (I take love 
to witness), saith "^Chelidonia to Philonius. Lumina quce modo fiilmina^ jam Jiu- 
mina lachrymarum, those burning torches are now turned to floods of tears. Are- 
tine's Lucretia, when her sweetheart came to town, '^ wept in his bosom, " that he 
might be persuaded those tears were shed for joy of his return." Qnartilla in Pe- 
tronius, when nought would move, fell a weeping, and as Balthazar Castillo paints 
them out, *'°'«^To these crocodile's tears they will add sobs, fiery sighs, and sorrow- 
ful countenance, pale colour, leanness, and if you do but stir abroad, these fiends ars 
ready to meet you at every turn, with such a sluttish neglected habit, dejected look, 
as if they were now ready to die for your sake ; and how, saith he, shall a young 
novice thus beset, escape r" But believe them not. 

61 " animam ne crede puellis, 

Naiuque est fceminea tutior unda fide." 

Thou thinkest, psradventure, because of her vows, tears, smiles, and protestations, 
she is solely thine, thou hast her heart, hand, and affection, when as indeed there is 
no such matter, as the ^^ Spanish bawd said, gaudet ilia habere unum in leclo., alterum 
in porta., tertium qui domi suspirct., she will have one sweetheart in bed, another in 
the gate, a third sighing at home, a fourth, &cc. Every young man she sees and 
likes hath as much interest, and shall as soon enjoy her as thyself. On the other 
side, which I have said, men are as false, let them swear, protest, and lie; ^^Quod 
vohis dicunt., dixerunt mille puellis. They love some of them those eleven thou- 
sand virgins at once, and make them believe, each particular, he is besotted on her, 
or love one till they see another, and then her alone; like Milo's wife in Apuleius, 
lib. 2. Si queni conspexerit specioscB formce invenem^ venustate ejus sumitur^ et in earn 
animum intorquet. 'Tis their common compliment in that case, they care not what 
they swear, say or do : One while they slight them, care not for them, rail down- 
right and scoff at them, and then again they will run mad, hang themselves, stab 

and kill, if they may not enjoy them. Henceforth, therefore, nulla viro 

juranti fcemina credat., let not maids believe them. These tricks and counterfeit 
passions are more familiar with women, ^^Jinem hie dolori faciei aut vilce dies., mise- 
rere awm?i//.s, quoth Phaedra to Hippolitus. Joessa, in ^^ Lucian, told Pythias, a young 
man, to move him the more, that if he would not have her, she was resolved to make 
away herself. '• There is a Nemesis, and it cannot choose but grieve and trouble 
thee, to hear that 1 have either strangled or drowned myself for thy sake." Nothing 
so common to this sex as oaths, vows, and protestations, and as 1 have already said, 



■>< Nunquam aliquis umhrariim conjurator tanta at- 
tentioiie, tamque polenlibus verbis usus est, quam ille 
exquisitis mihi dictis, &c. '= Chaucer '« Ah 

crudele genas nee tutum foemina nomen! Tibul. I. 3. 
eleg. 4. '" Jovianus Pon. ""^ Aristrenetus, lib. 2. 

epist. 13. "Suaviter tlebam, ut persuasuin iiaheat 

lachrynius pras gaudio illius reditiis miln emauare. 
»* lib. 3. hir, accedunt, vultus subtristis, color pallidus, 
jretuebun-.,7 vox, ignita suspiria, lachrymie prope in- 
nmnerabilr^s. Istw se staliin un)briB ofi'erunt tanto 
•quajor? et in omni fere diverticulo tauta maciu, ut 



jllas jamjam moribundas putes. 8i Petronius 

"Trust not your heart to women, for the wave is less 
treacherous than their fidelity." sacoKlpstina, act 7. 
Barthio interpret omnibus arridet, et a singulis amari 
se solam dicit. f^Ovid. " They have made the same 
promises to a thousand girls that th»>v make to you." 
^'^ Seneca Hippol. ^^^ Tom. 4. dial, merit tu vero 

aliqnando m;erore afficieris ubi audiei:3 me a meipsji 
laqueo lui causa sutfocatam aut in pi'ieuni prgtcipiia 
tarn. 



^^ 



492 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Scl o. 



*cars, v/liiuh they have at command ; for they can so weep, that one would think 
(heir very hearts were dissolved within them, and would come out in tears; theii 
nyes are like rocks, which still drop water, diarice JaclirymcB et sudoris in modum 
iurgeri prompl(E, saith ^^ Arista:-netus, they wipe away their tears like sweat, weep 
wii'u one eye, laugh with the other ; or as children ^'^ weep and cry, they can both 
together. 



Nevf puellanim lachrymis moveare memento, 
Ut flereiit oculos erudiere suos." 



Care not for women's tears, I counsel thee, 
They teach their eyes as much to weep as see." 



And as much pity is to be taken of a woman weeping, as of a goose going barefoot. 
When Venus lost her son Cupid, she sent a crier about, to bid every one that met 
him take heed. 



'Si flent( m aspicias, ne mox fallare, caveto ; 
Sin arriilebii, iriagis efTujic ; et osciila si fors 
Ferre volet, fujiito ; sunt oscula noxia, in ipsis 
Sunlque venena labris," &c. 



' Take heed of Cupid's tears, if cautelous. 
And of his smiles and kisses I thee tell. 
If that he offer 't, for they be noxious. 
And very poison in his lips doth dwell." 



^ A thousand years, as Castillo conceives, •will scarce serve to reckon up those 
allurements and guiles, that men and women use to deceive one another with." 

Sub SECT. V. — Bawds, Philters, Causes, 

When all other engines fail, that they can proceed no farther of themselves, their 
last refuge is to fly to bawds, panders, magical philters, and receipts ; rather than 
fail, to the devil himself. Flccfere si nequeunt superos, Acheronta movehunt. And 
by those indirect means many a man is overcome, and precipitated into this malady, 
if he take not good heed. For these bawds, first, they are everywhere so common, 
and so many, that, as he said of old Croton, ^' omnes hie ant captantur, aut captant, 
either inveigle or be inveigled, we may say of most of our cities, there be so many 
professed, cunning bawds in them. Besides, bawdry is become an art, or a liberal 
science, as Lucian calls it ; and there be such tricks and subtleties, so many nurses, 
old women, panders, letter carriers, beggars, physicians, friars, confessors, employed 
about it, that nullus traderc slilus siifficiat, one saith, 

92 " treccntis versibus 

Suas impuritias iraloqui nemo potest." 

Such occult notes, stenography, polygraphy, JVuntivs animatus, or magnetical telling 
of their minds, which ®^Cabeus the Jesuit,. by the way, counts fabulous and false; 
cunning conveyances in this kind, that neither Juno's jealousy, nor Danae's custody, 
nor Argo's vigilancy can keep them safe. 'Tis the last and comjijon refuge to use 
an assistant, such as that Catanean Philippa was to Joan Queen of Naples, a ^^ bawd's 
help, an old woman in the business, as '^^Myrrha did when she doated on Cyniras. 
and could not compass her desire, the old jade her nurse was ready at a pinch, die 

inquit, opemque me sine ferre iihi et in hue mea [pone timorem) SeduUtas erii 

apta tihi, fear it not, if it be possible to be done, I will effect it : nan est mulieri 
mulier insuperahilis, ^^ Caelestina said, let him or her be never so honest, watched 
and reserved, 'tis hard but one of these old women will get access : and scarce shall 
you find, as ^^ Austin observes, in a nunnery a maid alone, " if she cannot have 
egress, before her window you shall have an old woman, or some prating gossip, 
tell her some tales of this clerk, and that monk, describing or commending some 
young gentleman or other unto her." " As I was walking in the street (saith a good 
fellow in Petronius) to see the town served one evening, ^^ 1 spied an old woman in 
a corner selling of cabbages and roots (as our hucksters do plums, apples, and such 
like fruits); mother (quoth he) can you tell where I can dwell? she, being well 
pleased with my foolish urbanity, replied, and why, sir, should I not tell .? With that 



86 Epist. 20. 1. 2. " Matronoe flent duobus ocuMs, 

iMOiiiales quatuor, virpines uno, meretrices riullo. 
68 Ovid. *-9 Imagines deorum, fol. 3.T2. e Moschi 

ainore fugitive quem Politianus Latinum fecit, w |jb. 
3. mille vix anni sutficerent ad ornnes illas machina 
tiones, dolosqiie commemorandos, qiios viri et nuilicrcs 
ut se invicein oircnmveniant, excositare soU^nt. *" Pe- 
tronius. »2 Plautns Tritemius. " Three hundred 
verses would not comprise their indecencies." »:• De 
Maifuct. IMiilos. lib. 4. caji. 10. ^* Catul. elejr. 5. lib. 1. 
Venit in exiiiuin callida lena meum. "JQvid. 10. 



met. i»5 Parahosc. Rarthii. »» De vit. Ereni c. 3. 

ad sororem vix aliquam reclusaruni hujus temporis so- 
lam invenies, ante cujus fenestram non anus j,'arrula, 
vel nu<i!igerula mulier sedct, qu.is eain fabulis occu- 
pet, rumoribus pascat, hujus vel jllius monachi, &c. 
"» Ajireste olus anus vendeb.it, et ro<:o inquam, niatHr 
nunquid scis ubi ego habitem ? delectata ilia urbanitatr 
tarn stulta, et quid nesciam inquit? consurrexitque e. 
cepit me prsccedere ; divinam ego putabam, &c. nudai 
video meretrices et in lupanar me adductum, sero exe 
crutiis aniculic insidias. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] 



Artificial Allurements. 



493 



«he rose up and went b<^rore me. T took her for a wise woman, and by-and-by she 
led me into a by-lane, and told me there I should dwell. J replied again, I knew 
not the house ; but I perceived, on a sudden, by the naked queans, that I was now 
come into a bawdy-house, and then too late I began to curse the treachery of this 
old jade." Such tricks you shall have in many places, and amongst the rest it is 
ordinary in Venice, and in the island of Zante, for a man to be bawd to his own 
wife. No sooner shall you land or come on shore, but, as the Comical Poet hath it, 



Morem hunc meretrices habpiit. 

Ad pnrtiiin niittuiit servulos, ancilliilas. 

Si (Ilia priegriiia navis in portum aderit, 



Rnjjant ctijatis sit, qiind ei nonrion siet, 
Post illaj exteiHpIo sese adpliceiit." 



These white devils have their panders, bawds, and factors in every place to seek 
about, and bring in customers, to tempt and waylay novices, and silly travellers. 
And when they have them once within their clutches, as ^gidius Maserius in his 
comment upon Valerius Flaccus describes them, '°°''' with promises and pleasant dis- 
course, with gifts, tokens, and taking their opportunities, they lay nets which Lucretia 
cannot avoid, and baits that Hippolitus himself would swallow ; they make such 
strong assaults and batteries, that the goddess of virginity cannot withstand them : 
give gifts and bribes to move Penelope, and with threats able to terrify Susanna. 
How many Proserpinas, with those catchpoles, doth Pluto take } These are the 
sleepy rods with which their souls touched descend to hell ; this the glue or lime 
with which the wings of the mind once taken cannot fly away; the devil's ministers 
to allure, entice," &c. Many young men and maids, without all question, are invei- 
gled by tliese Eumenides and their associates. But these are trivial and well known. 
The most sly, dangerous, and cunning bawds, are your knavish physicians, empyrics, 
mass-priests, monks, 'Jesuits, and friars. Though it be against Hippocrates' oath, 
some of them will give a dram, promise to restore maidenheads, and do it without 
danger, make an abortion if need be, keep down their paps, hinder conception, pro- 
cure lust, make them able with Satyrions, and now and then step in tliemselves. 
No monastery so close, house so private, or prison so well kept, but these honest 
men are admitted to censure and ask questions, to feel their pulse beat at their bed- 
side, and all under pretence of giving physic. Now as for monks, confessors, and 
friars, as he said, 



Non andet Styjrius Pluto tenlare quod audet 
Effieiiis iiioiiaclius, pleiiaque fraudis anus;" 



That Stygian Pluto dares not tempt or do, 
Wliat an old liau or monk will undergo ;" 



either for himself to satisfy his own lust, for another, if he be hired thereto, or both 
at once, having such excellent means. For under colour of visitation, auricular con- 
fession, comfort and penance, they have free egress and regress, and corrupt, God 
knows, how many. They can such trades, some of them, practise physic, use 
exorcisms, &c. 

3 That whereas was wont to walk avd Elf, 
There now walks the Limiter himself. 
In every bush and under every tree, 
There needs no other Incubus but he. 

* In the mountains between Dauphine and Savoy, the friars persuaded the good wive> 
to counterfeit themselves possessed, that their husbands might give them free access, 
and were so familiar in those days with some of them, that, as one ^ observes, 
" wenches could not sleep in their beds for necromantic friars : and the good abbess 
in Boccaccio may in some I'^-t witness, that rismg betimes, mistook and put on the 
friar's breeches instead Oi ner veil or hat. You have heard the story, I presume, of 

* Paulina, a chaste matron in jEgesippus, whom one of Isis's priests did prostitute to 
Mundus, a young knight, and made her believe it was their god Anubis. Many such 
pranks are played by our Jesuits, sometimes in their own habits, sometimes in others, 
like soldiers, courtiers, citizens, scholars, gallants, and women themselves. Proteus- 
like, in all forms and disguises, that go abroad in the night, to inescate and beguile 



99Plautus Menech. "Those harlots send little maid- 
ens dcvvn to the quays to ascertain the name and na- 
tiori of every ship that arrives, after wliich they them- 
selves hasten to address the newcomers." loo pro- 
missis everherant, molliunt dulciloquiis, et opportunum 
tempus aucupa rites laqueos ingerunt quos vix Lucretia 
vitare; escam parant quam vel satiir Hippolitus sume- 
Te»,&c. H® sane sunt virga.- soporifera; quibus contacta; 



2R 



animne ad Orcum descendunt ; hoc gluten quo compacta 
irientiuin aire evolare nequeunt, d;rmonis ancilla", quae 
sollicilant, &,c. i See the practices of the Jesuits, 

Anglice, edit. 1C30. a^n. Sylv. aChaucer, 

in the wife of (5ath's tate. •• fl. Stephanus Apol. 

Herod, lib. 1. cap. til. ^ Bale. PiielliB in lectis 

dormire non poterant. "idem Jotsjphus, lib. IS 

cap. 4. 



4\H 



Lov e-Me lanclioly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



young women, or to have tlieir pleasure of otiier men's wives, and, if we may 
believe ^ some relations, they have wardrohes of several suits in the colleges for thai 
purpose. Howsoever in puhlic they pretend mnch zeal, seem to be very holy men, 
and bitterly preach against adultery, lornication, there are no verier bawds or whore- 
masters in a country, ^" whose soul they should gain to God, they sacrifice to the 
devil." But I spare these men for the present. 

The last battering engines are phiUers, amulets, spells, charms, images, and such 
mlawful means : if they cannot prevail of themselves by the help of bawds, pan- 
ders, and their adherents, they will fly for s'iccour to the devil himself I know 
there be those that deny the devil can do any such thing (Crato epist. 2. lib. med.). 
and many divines, there is no other fascination than that which comes by the eyes, 
of wdiich I have formerly spoken; and if you desire to be better informed, read 
Camerarius, oper subcis. cent. 2. c. 5. It was given out of old, that a Thessalian 
wench had bewitched King Philip to dote upon her, and by philters enforced his 
love; but when Olympia, the Queen, saw the maid of an excellent beauty, well 
brought up, and qualified — these, quoth she, were the philters which inveigled King 
Philip; those the true charms, as Henry to Rosamond, 

»"One accent rom thy lips the blood more warms. 
Than all their philters, exorcisms, and charms." 

With this alone Lucretia brags in '°Aretine, she could do more than all philosophers, 
astrologers, alchymists, necromancers, witches, and the rest of the crew. As for 
herbs and philters, I could never skill of them, "The sole philter that ever I 
used was kissing and embracing, by which alone I made men rave like beasts stupi- 
fied, and compelled them to worship me like an idol." In our times it is a common 
thing, sailh Erastus, in his book de Lamiis^ for witches to take upon them the mak- 
nig of these philters, ""to force men and women to love and hate whom they wdll, 

to cause tempests, diseases," Sec. by charms, spells, characters, knots. '^/«/c Thes 

sola vend'it Pdiltra. St. Hierome proves that they can do it (as in Hilarius' life, 
epist. lib. 3) ; he hath a story of a young man, that with a philter made a maid mad 
for the love of him, which maid was after cured by Hilarian. Such instances 1 find 
ill John Nider, Formicar. lib. 5. cap. 5. Plutarch records of LucuUus that he died 
of a philter ; and that Cleopatra used philters to inveigle Antony, amongst other 
allurements. Eusebius reports as much of Lucretia the poet. Panormitan. lib. 4. de 
gcst. Alphonsi^ hath a story of one Stephan, a Neapolitan knight, that by a philter 
was forced to run mad for love. But of all others, that which "^ Petrarch, epist. 
famil. lib. 1. ep. 5, relates of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) is most memorable. 
He foolishly doted upon a woman of mean favour and condition, many years to- 
gether, wholly delighting in her company, to the great grief and indignation of his 
friends and followers. When she was dead, he did embrace her corpse, as Apollo 
did the bay-tree for his Daphne, and caused her coffin (richly embalmed and decked 
with jewels) to be carried about with him, over which he still lamented. At last a 
venerable bishop, that followed his court, prayed earnestly to God (commiserating 
his lord and master's case) to know the true cause of this mad passion, and whence 
it proceeded; it was revealed to him, in fine, "• that the cause of the emperor's mad 
love lay under the dead woman's tongue." The bishop went hastily to the carcass, 
and took a small ring thence ; upon the removal the emperor abhorred the corpse, 
and, instead '"* of it, fell as furiously in love with the bishop, he would not sufl!er 
him to be out of his presence; which wdien the bishop perceived, he flung the ring 
into the midst of a great lake, where the king then was. From that hour the em- 
peror neglected all his other houses, dwelt at '^Ache, built a fair house in the midst 
of the marsh, to his infinite expense, and a '^ temple by it, where after he \vas buried, 
and in which city all his posterity ever since use to be crowned. Marcus the heretic 



'Liberedit AugustSB V^iiidelicorum, An.lfiOS-. • Qua- 
rum animas lucrari debent Deo, sacrificant diabolo. 
• M. Drayion, Her. epist. '<• Pornodidascalo dial. 

Ilal. Latin, fact, a Gasp. Barthio. Pins possum qnam 
omnes philosophi, astroloai, necromanfici, &c. sola 
saliva inuiigens, I. amplexu et basiis tani fnriose 
fiirere, tarn bestialiter obstU)>esieri cocgi, ut iiistar 
idoli me adorariitt. >' Sagre omnes sibi arrogant 

'iotitiain, et facultatem in amorem allicieiidi quos 



velint; odia inter conjuges serendi, tempestates e.xri 
tandi. niorbos infligendi, &c. 12 juvenalis SaU 

'3 Idem refert Hen. Kormannusde mir. mort. lib. Leap. 
14. Perdiie amavit mulierculam quandani, illius am 
plexibiis acciuiescens.summa cum indignatione suoruri; 
et dolore. " Et inde totus in Episcopum fiirere, 

ilium colere. ^^ Aq,jisgranuin, vulgo Aixe. " Ini 
menso sumptu tenipluin et a-des, &.c. 



Mem. 2. Subs. S." 



Artificial Allurements. 



49 a 



is accused by Irenaeus to have inveigled a young maid by this means ; and some 
writers speak hardly of the Lady Katharine Cobham, that by the same art she cir 
cumvented Humphrey Duke of Gloucester to be her husband. Sycinius iCmdianus 
summoned '' Apuleius to come before Cneius Maximus, proconsul of Africa, tiiat he 
being a poor fellow, " had bewitched by philters Pudentilla, an ancient rich matron, 
to love him," and, being worth so many thousand sesterces, to be his wife. Agrippa, 
lib. 1. cap. 48. occult, philos. attributes much in this kind to philters, amulets, images: 
and Salmutz com. in Pancirol. Tit. 10. de Horol. Leo Afer, lib. 3, saith, 'tis an 
ordinary practice at Fez in Africa, PrcBsligiatores ibi plures^ qui cogunt amores et 
concubitus : as skilful all out as that hyperborean magician, of whom Cleodemus, in 
'^ Lucian, tells so many fine feats performed in this kind. But Erastus, VVierus, and 
others are against it ; they grant indeed such things may be done, but (as Wierus 
discourseth, lib. 3. de Lamiis. cap. 37.) not by charms, incantations, philters, but the 
devil himself; lib. 5. cap. 2. he contends as much ; so doth Freitagius, noc. mcd. cap, 
74. Andreas Cisalpinus, cap. 5 ; and so much Sigismundus Schereczius, cap. 9. de 
hirco noclurno., proves at large. '^'"Unchaste women by the help of these witches, 
the devil's kitchen maids, have their loves brought to them in the night, and carried 
back again by a phantasm Hying in the air in the likeness of a goat. I have heard 
(saith he) divers confess, that they have been so carried on a goat's back to their 
sweethearts, many miles in a night." Others are of opinion that these feats, which 
most suppose to be done by cliarms and philters, are merely effected by natural 
causes, as by man's blood chemically prepared, which much avails, saith Ernestus 
Burgranius, in Lucerna vilce et mortis Indice., ad amorem conciliandum et odium., (so 
huntsmen make their dogs love them, and farmers their puUen,) 'tis an excellent 
philter, as he holds, sed vulgo prodere grande nefas^ but not fit to be made common: 
and so be Mala insana^ mandrake roots, mandrake ^° apples, precious stones, dead 
men's clothes, candles, mala Bacchica., panis porcinus, Hyppomanes., a certain hair 
m a ^' wolf's tail, &c., of which Rhasis, Dioscorides, Porta, Wecker, Rubeus, Mi- 
daldus, Albertus, treat: a swallow's heart, dust of a dove's heart, multum valent 
lingucE viperarum.) cercbella asinorum., tela equina., palliola quibus infantes obvoluti 
nascuntur., funis sfrangulai i hominis., lapis de nido Aquilce., Sfc. See more in Scken- 
kius observat. mediciiial., lib. 4. 8tc., which are as forcible and of as much virtue as 
that I'ountain Salmacis in ^^Vitruvius, Ovid, Strabo, that made all such mad for love 
that drank of it, or that hot bath at "^^ Aix in Germany, wherein Cupid once dipt his 
arrows, which ever since hath a peculiar virtue to make them lovers all that wash in 
it. But hear the poet's own description of it, 



2* "Undo hie fervor aquis terra eniinpentibus uda^ 

Tela oliiii liic liuleiis igiiea tinxit amor; 

Etgaudeiis stridofe novo, I'ervete pereiiiies 



Iiiquit, et hsec pharetrae sint inonumenta ineT-. 
Ex illo fervet, rarusqiie hie iner<;itur hospes, 
(Jui noil tilillet pectura blandus ainor." 



These above-named remedies have happily as much power as that bath of Aix, or 
Venus' enchanted girdle, in which, saith Natales Comes, " Love toys and dalliance, 
pleasantness, sweetness, persuasions, subtleties, gentle speeches, and all witchcraft to 
enforce love, was contained." Read more of these in Agrippa de occult. Philos. lib. 
1. cap. 50. et 45. Malleus malefic, part. 1. qucest. 7. Delrio torn. 2. que t. 3. lib. 3. 
Wierus, Pomponatis, cap. 8. de incantat. Ficinus, lib. 13. Tlieol. Plat. Calcagni- 
nus, &c. 



" Apnlog. quod Pudentillam vidnam ditein et provec- 
tioris iBtatis fcjemniam caMtaiiiinibiis in ainorein sui 
pellexissel. i" Phiiopseude, toin. 3. '" Inipudicte 

niulieres opera veneticaruin, diaboli coquaniin, ania- 
tores sijos ad se iiuctu ducunt et reducunt, niinisterio 
hirci in aere volautis. niultos novi qui hoc fassi sunt, 
&c. 20 iMandraixe apples, Lemnius lib. herb. bib. c.3. 
»' Of which read Pliii. lib. 8. cap. •22. et lib. 13. c. 25. et 
liuintilianuin, lib. 7. '•'2 i,ih. 11. c. 8. Venere iinplical 
eos, qui ex eo bibunt. Idem Ov. Met. 4. Strabo. Geog. 
1. 14. '-^Lod. Guicciardine's descript. Ger. ia AquU- 



grano. 24 Baitheus Veneris, in quo suavitas, et 

dulcia colioquia, benevoleiitia, et blanditi;e, suasiones, 
fraudes et veneficia indudebantur. "Whence that 
heat to waters bubbling from the cold moist earth? 
Cupid, once upon a time, playfully dipped herein hiii 
arrows of steel, and delighted with the hissing sound, 
he said, boil on for ever, and retain the memory of iny 
quiver. From that time it is a thermal spring, in winch 
few venture to bathe, but whosoever does, h»8 heart it 
instantly touched with love." 



P^ 



(06 



Love-MeJancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec 3. 



MEMB. III. 



SuBSECT. 1. — Symptoms or signs of Love Melancholy, in Body, Mind, good, bad,, Sfc. 

Sy]mpto3is are either of body or mind ; of body, paleness, leanness, dryness, hr. 
^'Pallidus oranis amans, color hie est aptus amonti, as the poet describes lovers: 
fecit amor maciem, love caiiseth leanness. ^^Avicenna de Ilishi, c. 33. "makes hol- 
low eyes, dryness, symptoms of this disease, to go smiling to themselves, or acting 
as if they saw or heard some delectable object." Valleriola, lib. 3. observat. cap. 7. 
Laurentius, cap. 10. ^Elianus Montaltus de Her. amore. Langius, epist. 24. lib. 1. 
epist. med. deliver as much, corpus exangue pallet, corpus gracile, oculi civi, lean, 

pale, ut nudis qui pressit calcibus unguem, "as one who trod with naked foot 

upon a snake," hollow-eyed, their eyes are hidden in their heads, ^^ Tenerque 

nitidi corposis cecidit decor, they pine away, and look ill with waking, cares, sighs. 

" Et qui tenebant signa Phoehpfe faois 
Oculi, iiiliil gentile nee patriuni niicant." 

"And eyes that once rivalled the locks of Phcebus, lose the patrial and paternal 
lustre." With groans, griefs, sadness, dulness, 

28 " Nulla jam Cereris subi 

Cura aut salulis" 

want of appetite, &c. A reason of all this, ^^ Jason Pratensis gives, "because of the 
distraction of the spirits the liver doUi not perform his part, nor turns the aliment 
into blood as it ought, and for that cause the members are weak for want of suste- 
nance, they are lean and pine, as tiie herbs of my garden do this month of May, for 
want of rain." The green sickness therefore often happeneth to young women, a 
cachexia or an evil habit to men, besides their ordinary sighs, complaints, anf' 
lamentations, which are too frequent. As drops from a still, — ut occluso stillat ai 
igne liquor, doth Cupid's fire provoke tears from a true lover's eyes, 



30 "The mighty Mars did oft for Venus shriek, 
Privily moistening his horrid cheek 
With womanish tears, 



"ignis distillal in undas, 

Testis erit largus qui rigat ora liquor,' 



with many such like passions. When Chariclia was enamoured of Theagines, as 
'^Heliodorus sets her out, "she was half distracted, and spake she knew not what, 
sighed to herself, lay much awake, and was lean upon a sudden :" and when she was 
besotted on her son-in-law, ^pallor deformis, inarcentes oculi, <^'c., she had ugly 
paleness, hollow eyes, restless thoughts, short wind, &c. Eurialus, in an epistle 
sent to Lucretia, his mistress, complains amongst other grievances, tu mihi et somni 
et cibi usum abstulisti, thou hast taken my stomach and my sleep from me. So he 
describes it aright : 

3* His sleep, his meat, his drink, in him bereft, 
That lean he umxelh, and dry as a shaft, 
His eyes hollow and crrisly to behold. 
His hew pale and ashen to unfold, 
Jirtd solitary he was ever alone, 
Jlnd waking all the night making mane. 

Theocritus Edyl. 2. makes a fair maid of Delphos, in love with a young man oi 
Minda, confess as much, 



Ut vidi ut insanii, ut animus mihi male afTectiis est, 
Misera? mihi forma tabescebat, neque amplius pompam 
Ulluiii cnrabam, aut quando donmni redicram 
Novi, sed me ardens quidam morbus consumebat, 
Decubui in lecto dies decem, et rioctes deceni, 
Defluebanl capite capilli, ipsaque sola reliqua 
Ossa ot cutis" 



No sooner seen 1 had, but mad I was. 
My beauty fail'd, and I no more did care 
For atiy pomp, I knew not where I was. 
But sick I was, and evil I did fare; 
I lay upon my bed ten days and nights, 
A skeleton I was in all men's sights." 



All these passions are well expressed by ^'^ that heroical poet in the person of Dido 



' At non infaelix animi Phsnissa, nee unqiiam 
Solvilur in somnos, oculisque ac pectore amores 
Accipit; ingeminaiit curae, rursusque resurgens 
Saevit amor," &c. 



Unhappy Dido could not sleep at all. 
But lies awake, and takes no rest: 

And up she gets again, whilst care and grief, 
And raging love torment her breast." 



^Ovid. Farit hunc amor ipse colorem. Met. 4. 
J^Signa ejus profunditas oculorum, privatio lachryma- 
rum, suspina, siepe rident sibi, ac si quod delcctabile 
viderent, aut audirent. ^vsc^caHip. *> Seneca 
Hip. 29 De nioris cerebri de erot. amore. Ob s|)iri- 

'.uum distractionern hepar officio suo non fungitur, nee 
ve.rlit alimentum in sanguinem, ut debeat. Ergo me:n- 



bra debilia, et penuria alibilis succi marcescunt, squa 
lentquo ut herb<e in horto meo hoc mense Maio Zerisca 
ob imbrium defectum. ^ Faerie Queene, 1.3. cant. 1" 
31 Amator Emblem. 3. ^ax^b. 4. Aniino errat, e 

quidvis obvium loquitur, vigilias absque causa sustinel 
et succum corporis subito amisit. 33 ^puiejui 

3<r;haucer, in the Knight's Tale. seyirg. iEu 4 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 497 

Acciiis Sanazarius Egloga 2. de Galatea.^ in the same manner feig'ns his Lyrhoris 
'^tormenting- herself for want of sleep, sighing, sobbing, and lamenting; and Eust&- 
thius in his Ismenias much troubled, and ^^" panting at heart, at the siglit of his mis- 
tress," he could not sleep, his bed was thorns. ^AU make leanness, want of appe- 
tite, want of sleep ordinary symptoms, and by that means they are brought often so 
low, so much altered and changed, that as ^'^ he jested in the comedy, ^'' one scarce 
know them to be the same men." 

"Altenuant jiivenum vipilatfE corpora noctes, 
Curaque et imiiienso qui fit aiiiore dolor." 

Many such symptoms tliere are of the body to discern lovers by, quls enim bene 

celet amorem f Can a man, saith Solomon, Prov. vi. 27, carry fire in his bosom and 
not burn ? it will hardly be hid ; though they do all they can to hide it, it must out, 

plus quam milh notls it may be described, "^ quoque magls tegitur, teclus magls 

cBstuat ignis. 'Twas Antiphanes the comedian's observation of old, Love and drunken- 
ness cannot be concealed, Celare alia possis^ hcEc prceter duo., vim polum., d^r. words, 
looks, gestures, all will betray them ; but two of the most notable signs are observed 
by the pulse and countenance. When Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, was sick for 
Stratonice, his mother-in-law, and would not confess his grief, or the cause of his 
disease, Erasistratus, the physician, found Iiir.a by his pulse and countenance to be in 
love with her, '" " because that when she came in presence, or was named, his pulse 
varied, and he blushed besides." in this very sort was tlie love of Callices, the son 
of Polycles, discovered by Panacaeas the physician, as you may read the story at 
large in ^^Aristenastus. By the same signs Galen brags that he found out Justa, 
Boethius the consul's wife, to dote on Pylades the player, because at his name still 
she both altered pulse and countenance, as '*^ Polyarchus did at the name of Argenis. 
Franciscus Valesius, /. 3. controv. 13. med. confr. denies there is any such pulsus 
amaiorius., or that love may be so discerned ; but Avicenna confirms this of Galen 
out of his experience, lib. 3. Fen. 1. and Gordonius, cap. 20. "^^'^ Their pulse, he 
saith, is ordinate and swift, if she go by whom he loves," Langius, epist. 24. lib. 1. 
med. epist. Nevlscanus, lib. 4. numer. 66. sijl. nuptialis^ Valescus de Taranta, Guia- 
nerius, Tract. 15. Valeriola sets down this for a symptom, '^ '•'• Difference of pulse, 
neglect of business, want of sleep, often sighs, blushings, when there is any speech 
of their mistress, are manifest signs." But amongst the rest, Josephus Struthis, that 
Polonian, in the fifth book, cap. 17. of his Doctrine of Pulses, holds that this and 
all other passions of the mind may be discovered by the pulse. '*^"And if you will 
know, saith he, whether the men suspected be such or such, touch their arteries," 
&:c. And in his fourth book, fourteenth chapter, he speaks of tliis particular pulso, 
""Love makes an unequal pulse," &.C., he gives instance of a gentlewoman, ^^ a 
patient of his, whom by this means he found to be luuch enamoured, and with 
whom : he named many persons, but at the last when his name came whom he sus- 
pected, "''"her pulse began to vary and to beat swifter, and so by often feeling her 
pulse, he perceived what the matter was." Apollonius Argonaut, lib. 4, poetically 
setting down the meeting of .Jason and Medea, makes them both to blush at one 
another's sight, and at the first they were not able to speak. 

60 'totup Parineno 

Tremo, horreoque postquaiii as|)exi hanc," 

Phaedria trembled at the sight of Thais, others sweat, blow short, Crura trem,unt ac 

poplites., are troubled with palpitation of iieart upon the like occasion, cor proxi- 

mum ori^ saith ^' Aristenaetus, their heart is at their mouth, leaps, these burn and 
freeze, (for love is fiie, ice, hot, cold, itch, fever, frenzy, pleurisy, what not) they 

S6 Diim vaira passim sidera fulgent, nutiiorat lonjias i et inordinatus, si mulier quam amat forte transeat. 



ctricus horas, et sollicito nixus cuhito suspirando vi 
era rumpit. s' Saliehat crehro tepiduin cor ad 

aspectum Ismenes. 38 Gordonius c. 20. auiittuiit 

p;ep(; cibum, potuu), et merceratur inde totum corpus. 
89 Ter. Eunuch. Dii boni, quid hoc est, adeone homines 
mutari ex amore, ut non cognoscas eundem esse ! 
*" Ovid. Met. 4. "The more it is concealed the more it 
struggles to break through its concealment." ^o Ad 

ejus noiaen ruhebat, et ad aspectum pulsus variehatiir. 
Piutar. « Epist. 13. « Rarck. lib. 1. Oculi 

viedico tremore errabant. ** Pulsus eorum velox 

63 2r2 



■IS signa sunt cessatio ab onini opere insueto. privatio 
soirini, suspiria crebra, rubor cum sitsermode re amata, 
et commotio pulsus. ■•e gj nos(;ere vis an homines 

suspecti tales sint, tangito eorum arterias. ^7 Atnor 

facit inxquales, inordinatos. 4s j^ nobilis cujus 

<lam uxore quum subolfacerem adulteri amore fuissc 
correptam et quam maritu.s, &.c. *'■> Cepit iliic« 

pulsus variari et ferri celerius et sic inveni. ^ Ei: 

nuch. act. 2. seen. 2. 6i Epist. 7. lib. 2. Tener sudoi 
et creber anhelitus, {"alpitalio cordia. /kc. 



498 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 6. Sec. 2 

ook pale, red, and commonly blush at their first congress ; and sometimes through 
violent agitation of spirits bleed at nose, or when she is talked of; which very sign 
^^ Euslathius makes an argument of Ismene's affection, that when she met her sweet- 
heirt by chance, she changed her countenance to a maiden-blush. 'Tis a common 
thing amongst lovers, as ^^Arnuiphus, that merry-conceited bishop, hath well ex- 
pressed in a facetious epigram of his, 

Alteriio facies sibi dat respoiisa riibore, I " Their faces answer, and by blushing siy- 

Et teller affectum proilit utrique ptidor," &c. ) How both affected are, they do betray." 

But the best conjectures are taken from such symptoms as appear when they are 
both present; all their speeches, amorous glances, actions, lascivious gestures will 
betray them ; they cannot contain themselves, but that they will be still kissing- 
^^ Stratocles, the physician, upon his wedding-day, Avhen he was at dinner, JVUiil 
prills sorbillavit., quam tria hasia puellce pcmgerei^ could not eat his meat for kissing 
the bride, &c. First a word, and then a kiss, then some other compliment, and then 
a kiss, then an idle question, then a kiss, and when he had pumped his wits dry, can 
say no more, kissing and colling are never out of season, ^"Hoc non dejicit incipi.tqv£ 
semper, 'tis never at an end, ^^ another kiss, and then another, another, and another, 
&c. — hue ades O Thelayra — Come kiss me Corinna .'' 



" first give a hundred. 

Then a thousand, then another 
Hundred, then unto the other 
Add a thousand, and so more," &c. 



6' "Centum basia centies. 
Centum basia millies, 
Mille hasia millies, 
Et tot millia millies, 
Cinot guttffi Siculo mari, 

Qiiot sunt sidera rcelo, 
Istis purpureis genis, 
Istis turgidulis labris, 
Ocelisque loquaculis, 
Figani continiio iitipetu; 

O formosa Nea^rfi. (As Catullus to Lesbia.) 
Da mihi basia mille, deindi centum, 
Deiii mille altera, da secunda centum, I 

Deiii usque altera millia, deinde centum." 

Till you equal with the store, all the grass, &c. So Venus did by her Adonis, the 
moon with Endymioii, they are still dallying and culling, as so many doves, Colum- 
haiimque lahra conserentes lah'iis, and that with alacrity and courage, 

59" Affligunt avide corpus, junguntque salivas 
Oris, ei inspirant prensanles dentibus ora." 

* Tarn impresso ore ut vix inde lahra detrahanf, cervice reclinata, '' as Lamprias in 
Lucian kissed Thais, Philippus her ^' Aristaenetus," amore lymphato tarn uriose ad- 
hcp.sit, ut vix lahra solvere esset, totuniqne os mihi confrivit; ^^Aretine's Lucretia, by 
a suitor of hers was so saluted, and 'tis their ordinary fashion. 

"dentes illudunt smpe labellis, 

Atque premunt arete adfigentes oscula"' 

They cannot, I say, contain themselves, they will be still not only joining hands, 
kissing, but embracing, treading on their toes, Stc, diving into their bosoms, and that 
lihenter, et cum delectatione, as ^^Philostratus confesseth to his mistress; and Lam- 
prias in Lucian, MammiUas prenicns, per sinum clam dcxtra, ^'C, feeling their paps, 
and that scarce honestly sometimes : as the old man in the^^ Comedy well ob- 
served of his son, JVon ego te videham maniim huic pucllcE in sinum inscref Did 
not 1 see thee put thy hand into her bosom } go to, with many such love tricks. 
^Juno in Lucian deorum, torn. 3. dial. 3. complains to Jupiter of Ixion, ^^" he looked 
so attentively on her,- and sometimes would sigh and weep in her company, and 
when J drank by chance, and gave Ganymede the cup, he would desire to drink still 
in the very cup that I drank of, and in the same place where 1 drank, and would 
kiss the cup, and then look steadily on me, and sometimes sigh, ar. 1 then again 
smile." If it be so they cannot come near to dally, have not that opportunity, 
familiarity, or acquaintance to confer and talk together; yet if they be in presence, 

62 Lib. 1. 53 Lexoviensis episcopus. 64 Theodorus i Tom. 4. Merit, sed et aperientes, &r 6i Episl. 16> 

prodromus Ainarantodial. Gaulimo interpret. ss p^. 62 Deducto ore longo me basio demiilcei ^ In deliciii 
tron. Catal. fisged unum ego usque et unum Petam j mammas tuas tango, &c. 64Tereiit. es Tom. 4. 

& tuis labellis, postque unum et unum et unum, dari [ merit, dial. ^e ^tlente adeo in me aspexil, et inter- 

rogabo. Loecheus Anacreon. 6' Jo. Secundus, has. 7. | dum iiigemiscebat, et lachrymabatur. Et si quando bi 
6« Translated or imitated by M. B. Johnson, our arch bens, &,c. 
' Doct, in his IIU ep. sa Lucret. 1. 4. « Lucian. dial. 1 



-^ i. _ -ii'l—.i %. *M 






Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] 



Symptoms of Lovi 



499 



their eye will betray them : UM amor ibi ocuJus, as tlie common saying is, " wliere 
J look 1 like, and where I like I love ;" but they will lose themselves in her looks. 

" Alter in alterJMS jartantes liimina viiltiis, 
Q,uaerebant laciti rioster uhi esset airior." 

''They cannot look off whom they love," they will impregrmre eam ipsis ocvUt^ 
deflower her with their eyes, be still g-azin;^, staring, stealing faces, smiling, glancing 
at her, as "Apollo on Leucothoe, the moon on her ^^Endymion, when she stood 
still in Caria, and at Latmos caused her chariot to be stayed. They must all stand 
and admire, or if she go by, look after her as long as they can see her, she is an'imcp 
auriga^ as Anacreon calls her, they cannot go by her door or window, but, as an 
adamant, she draws their eyes to it; though she be not there present, they must 
needs glance that way, and look back to it. Aristenaetus of ^^Exithemiis, liUcian, 
in his Imagim. of himself, and Tatius of Clitophon, say as much, Ilk oculos de Leu- 
cippe'^ niinquam dcjlciebat^ and many lovers confess when they came in their mis- 
tress' presence, they could not hold off. their eyes, but looked wistfully and steadily 
on her, inconnwo aspectu^ with much eagerness and greediness, as if they would 
look through, or should never have enough sight of her. FLvis ardens obtutibus 
*icBret ; so she will do by him, drink to him vvith her eyes, nay, drink him up, de- 
vour him, swallow him, as Martial's Mamurra is i-emembered to have done : Inspexii 
molles pueros^ oculisqiie comcdit^ S^-c. There is a pleasant story to this purpose in 
JVavigaf. Vertom. lib. 3. cap. 5. The sultan of Sana's wife in Arabia, because Ver- 
tomannus was fair and white, could not look off him, from sunrising to sunsetting; 
she could not desist ; she made him one day come into her chamber, et gemincB horcp 
spatio intuebatur^ non a me anquam aciem oculorum averlebat., me observans velufi 
Cvpidinem quendam^ for two hours' space she still gazed on him. A young man in 
'' Lucian fell in love with Venus' picture ; he came every morning to her temple, 
and there continued all day long''^ from sunrising to sunset, unwilling to go hom» 
at night, sitting over against the goddess's picture, he did continually look upon her, 
and mutter to himself I know not what. If so be they cannot see them whom they 
love, they will still be walking and waiting about their mistress's doors, taking all 
opportunity to see them, as in '^Longus Sophista, Daphnis and Cliloe, two lovers, 
were still hovering at one another's gates, he sought all occasions to be in her com- 
pany, to hunt in summer, and catch birds in the frost about her father's house in the 
winter, that she might see him, and he her. '^" A king's palace was not so dili- 
gendy attended," saith Aretine's Lucretia, '' as my house was when I lay in Rome ; 
the porch and street was ever full of some, walking or riding, on set purpose to see 
me ; their eye was still upon my window ; as they passed by, they could not choose 
but look back to my house when they were past, and sometimes hem or cough, or 
take some impertinent occasion to speak aloud, that I might look out and observe 
them." 'Tis so in other places, 'tis common to every lover, 'tis all his felicity to be 
with her, to talk with her; he is never well but in her company, and will walk 
''"seven or eight times a-day through the street where she dwells, and make sleeve- 
less errands to see her;" plotting still where, when, and how to visit her, 

'S" Levpsqiie sub node siistirri, 
Coniposita repetuntur hora." 

And when he is gone, he thinks every minute an hour, every hour as long as a day, 
ten days a whole year, till he see her again. '^^ Tempora si numeres., bene qiice nitme- 
ramus amanfes. And if thou be in love, thou wilt say so too, Et longum formosa 
vale^ farewell sweetheart, vale charissima Argents^ ^c. Farewell my dear Argenis, 
once more farewell, farewell. And though he is to meet her by compact, and thai 
very shortly, perchance to-morrow, yet loth to depart, he'll take his leave again, and 
again, and then come back again, look after, and shake his hand, wave his hat afar 
offl Now gone, he thinks it long till he see her again, and she him, the clocks are 
surely set back, the hour's past. 



6^ Q,niqne omnia cernere debos Leiicothoen spectas, 
et virgine figis in iinaquos mundo debes oculos, Ovid. 
Met. 4. ^ Lncian. torn, 3. quoties ad ciiriaru venis 

rill rum sistis. et desuper aspectas. '•y Ex quo te 

pnniurn vidi I'vthia alio oculos vertere non fuit. "* Lil». 
* T' Ifu-iJ. amorum. ''2 Ad occasuin solis segre do 

liiuni redif'i'i.s, atque totum <lie ex adverso deae sedeiis 



recto, in ipsam perpetuo oculorutn icius direxit, &c. 
■•^Lib. .S. '^ Roguin palatiuni non tarn diligenli 

custodia septum fuit, ac a;des meas stipabant, cfec. 
'* Uno, et eo()eni die sexties vul septies ambulant pT 
eandem plaleain ut vel unico ainica: sua; fruantur as 
pectu, lib. :\. Theai, Miuidi. '« Hor. " Qvjd 



fiOO Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

^8"Hot:pita Dfrnnphoon tiia tf Rndoplieia Pliiliis, 
Ultra proiiiitisiim leinpus abesse tpjeror." 

She looks out at window still to see whether he come, '''and by report Phillis went 
nine times to the sea-side that day, to see if her Demophoon were approaching, and 
^Troilus to the city gates, to look for his Creisseid. She is ill at ease, and sick till 
she see him again, peevish in the meantime; discontent, heavy, sad, and why comes 
he not? where is he .^ why breaks he promise? why tarries he so long? sure he is 
)io<; well ; sure he hath some mischance ; sure he forgets himself and me ; with 
i.winite such. And then, confident again, up she gets, out she looks, listens, and 
inquires, hearkens, kens ; every man afar off is sure he, every stirring in the street^ 
now he is there, that's he, male auroroi.,malcB soli, dicit^ deiratque^ (^c., the longest 
day that ever was, so she raves, restless and impatient; for Jlmor non patilur moras^ 
love brooks no delays: the time's quickly gone that's spent in her company, the 
miles short, the way pleasant; all weather is good whilst he goes to her house, heat 
or cold; tliough his ieeth chatter in his liead, lie moves not; wet or dry, tis all one; 
wet to the skin, he feels it not, cares not at least for it, but will easily endure it and 
much more, because it is done with alacrity, and for his mistress's sweet sake; let 
the burden be never so heavy, love makes it light. *' Jacob served seven years for 
Rachel, and it was quickly gone because he loved her. None so merry; if he may 
happily enjoy her company, he is in heaven for a time ; and if he may not, dejected 
in an instant, solitary, silent, he departs weeping, lamenting, sighing, complaining. 

But the symptoms of the mind in lovers are almost infinite, and so diverse, that 
no art can comprehend them ; though they be merry sometimes, and rapt beyond 
themselves for joy: yet most part, love is a plague, a torture, a hell, a bitter sweet 
passion at last; ^^Amor melle et felle est fcccundlssimus^ guslum dat dulcem et ama- 
rum. 'Tis suavis ajnaricies^ dolenfia delecfabilis., hilare tormentum ; 

83 "Et Die tnelle beant suaviora, 
Et me felle iiecaiil aiuarioia." 

like a summer fly or sphine's wings, or a rainbow of all colonic, 

" Quae ad solis radios conversie auieae eraiit, 
Adver>-us nnbcs cerulean, quale jiil)ar iridis," 

fair., foul, and full of variation, though most part irksome and bad. For in a word, 
the Spanish Inquisition is not comparable to it ; "a torment" and ®^ " execution" as 
it is, as he calls it in the poet, an unquenchable fire, and what not ? ^^ From it, saith 
Austin, arise " biting cares, perturbations, passions, sorrows, fears, suspicions, dis- 
contents, contentions, discords, wars, treacheries, enmities, flattery, cosening, riot, 
impudence, cruelty, knavery," Stc. 

'' Z;;;;7nUUo JaSyS perennes, I Aut si triste magis potest quid esse. 

Languor, knx.etas. H.nar.tudo ; | ""^ ^" '^'^^ <^"""^^^ ^"^^'^ '''^■' 

These be the companions of lovers, and the ordinary symptoms, as the poet repeats 
them. 

87" In amore heec insunt vitia,- 

Suspiciones, iniinicitiy, audaciae, 
Belium, pax rursuin," &c. 



Insomnia, a^rumna, error, terror, el fuga, 
Excofiitaiitia excors immociestia, 
PetulHtitia, c\ipiditas, et inalevolentia ; 
Itiha;ret etiain aviriitas, desidia, injuria, 
Inopia, coiitumelia et dispendium," &c. 



In love these vices are; suspicions. 
Peace, war, and impudence, detractions, 
Dreams, cares, and errors, terrors and affrights, 
Immodest pranlis, devices, sleights and flights. 
Heart-burnings, wants, neglects, desire of wrong, 
Loss continual, expense and hurt among." 



Every poet is full of such catalogues of love symptoms ; but fear and sorrow 
may justly challenge the chief place. Though Hercules de Saxonia, cap. 3. Tract 
de melanch. will exclude fear from love melancholy, yet I am otherwise persuaded, 
^^Res ^st solUciti ■plena tlmoris amor. 'Tis full of fear, anxiety, doubt, care, peevish" 
ness, suspicion ; it turns a man into a Avoman, which made Hesiod belike put Fear 
and Paleness Venus' daughters, 

" Marti clypenn atque arma secanti 

Alma Venus pe[)erit Pallorem, unaque Timorem :" 

■'fiOvid. '^Hyginus, fah. 59. Eo die dicitur nonies i Ex eooriunturmordacescurs, pertiirhationes, mferorea, 
ad liltus currisse. e" Chaucer. 8i Qen. xxix. 20. formidines, insana gaudia, discordioe, lites, bella, in- 

"- Plautus Cislei. «>3Stoba'us e Grreco. " Sweeter I sidia;, iracundice, inimicitix, fallaciae, adulatio, fraus, 

than honeyit pleases n.,:, more bitter than gall, it teases fiirtum, nequitia, impudentia. ^g ^yjaruMus, | |, 

me." *"< Plantus- Credo ego ad hominis carnificinam *" 'Per. Eunuch. ^b piautus Mercat f Ovid. 

£9iofem jnveiilum esse. ^ Decivitat. lib. 22. cap. 20. I 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1, 



Symptoms of Love. 



50i 



because fear and love are still linked together. Tvloreover they are apt to mistake^ 
implify, too credulous sometimes, too full of hope and confidence, and then agai;\ 
very jealous, unapt to believe or entertain any good news. The comical pott hatl. 
prettily painted out this passage amongst the rest in a ^° dialogue betwixt Miiio ana 
^schines, a gentle father and a lovesick son. ^' Be of good cheer, my son, thou, 
shalt have her to wife. JE. Ah father, do you mock me now.? M. I mock thee, why r 
iE. That which I so earnestly desire, I more suspect and fear. M. Get you home, 
and send for her to be your wife. IE. What now a wife, now father," &-c. These 
doubts, anxieties, suspicions, are the least part of their torments ; they break many 
times from passions to actions, speak fair, and flatter, now most obsequious and will- 
ing, by and by they are averse, wrangle, fight, swear, quarrel, laugh, weep : and he 
that doth not so by fits, ^^ Lucian holds, is not thoroughly touched with this load- 
stone of love. So their actions and passions are intermixed, but of all other pas- 
sions, sorrow hath the greatest share; ^Move to many is bitterness itself; rem ama- 
ram Plato calls it, a bitter potion, an agony, a plague. 



' Eripite haiic pestem perniciemque niihi ; 
Quae iiiihi siiiin;pens iinos ut torpor in arlus, 
Expulit ex otiiiii ptctore laeiitias." 



O take away this plague, this mischief from me, 
Which, as a nunihness over all my body, 
Expels iny joys, and makes my soul so heavy." 



Phaedria had a true touch of this, when he cried out. 



" O Thais, utinam esset mihi 

Pars aequa amoris tecum, ac pariier fieret ut 
Aut ho<; tibi doleret itideui, ut mihi dolel." 



' O Thais, would thou hadst of these my pains a part. 
Or as it doth me now, so it would make thee smart." 



lo had that young man, when he roared again for discontent, 



Jactor, crucior, alitor, stimulor, 

V«^rsor in amoris rota miser, 

Exanimor, (eror, distrahor, deripior, [animus." 

Ubi sum, il)i non sum; ubi non sum, ibi est 



I am vext and toss'd, and rack'd on love's wheel; 
Where not, I am ; but where am, do not feel." 



I The moon in ®^ Lucian made her moan to Venus, that she was almost dead for love, 
yereo equidem amore^ and after a long tale, she broke off* abruptly and wept, ^ '•'• O 
Venus, thou knowest my poor heart," Charmides, in ^' Lucian, was so impatient, 
that he sobbed and sighed, and tore his hair, and said he would hang himself. "• I 
am undone, O sister Tryphena, I cannot endure these love pangs ; what shall I do.?" 
Vos O (I'd Jlverrunci solvit e me his cur is., O ye gods, free me from these cares and 
miseries, out of the anguish of his soul, ^'^Theocles prays. Shall I say, most part 
of a lover's life is full of agony, anxiefty, fear, and grief, complaints, sighs, suspi- 
cions, and cares, (heigh-ho, my heart is wo) full of silence and irksome solitariness.? 

" Frequentinn shady bowers in discontent. 
To tlie air his fruitless clamours he will vent." 

except at such times that he hath lucida intervalJa^ pleasant gales, or sudden altera- 
tions, as if his mistress smile upon him, give him a good look, a kiss, or that some 
comfortable message be brought him, liis service is accepted, &lc. 

He is then too confident and rapt beyond himself, as if he had heard the night- 
ingale in the spring before the cuckoo, or as ^^ Calisto was at Malebaeas' presence, 
Qnis unqnam hac mortalivitdlam gloriosum corpus vidit? kumanitatem transcendcre 
videor^ Sfc. who ever saw so glorious a sight, what man ever enjoyed such delight .? 
More content cannot be given of the gods, wished, had or hoped of any mortal man. 
There is no happiness in the world comparable to his, no content, no joy to this, no 
life to love, he is in paradise. 



" Who lives so happy ns myself? what bliss 
In tliis our life may be compar'd to this?" 

He will not change fortune in that case with a prince. 



ioo"Qijis („p lino vivit foelicior? aut macis liac e? 
Optandum vita dicere quis potent ?" 



" Dorifc pratus eram tibi, 
IVrsarum vi^'ui rtge beatior.'' 



The Persian kings are not so jovial as he is,* O ^festus dies hominis., O happy day 
f>o Chaerea exclaims when he came from Pamphila his sweetheart well pleased. 



*' Nunc est profecto ir\terfiri cum perpeti me p()s>'em, 
Ne hoc gaudium contaminet vita aliqua a-gritudine 



soAdelphi, Act. seen. 5. M. Bono atiimo es, duces 
iixorem hanc _.'Eschines. M. Hem. pater, num tu ludis 
tne nunc? M. Egone te, quamnbrem ? JE. Uuod tain 
misere cupio, &;c. ^iTom. 4. dial, amorurn. 9- Aris- 
iotle, 2. Rhet. puts love therefore in the irascible; jjart. 
Ovid. as'jvr. Eunuch. Act. I. sc. 2. 94 Plautus. 

»^ T )m. 3. "^Scisquod posthac dicturus fuenm. 



9^ Tom. 4. dial, merit. Tryphena, amor me perdit, nequo 
malum hoc amplius sustinere possum. «« .Aristieiie 

tiis, lib. 2. cpist. 8. yJCoalestina^, act 1. Saiicti ina 

jora la;titia non frutintur. Si mihi Deus omnium void 
rum niortaliuin suinniam concedat. non inagis, &c 
i«oCat'.illus de Lesbia. i Mor. odt 9. lib. 3. ^ A''A. 3. 
seen. 5. Eunath. Tor 



■5^ 



502 Love-McIanchoIy. [Part. 3 Sec. 2. 

*'• He could find in his heart to be killed instantly, lest if he live longer, some sorrow 
or sickness shonld contaminate his joys." A little after, he was so merrily set upon 
the same occasion, that he could not contain himself. 

3"0 populares, ecqiiis tne vivit hodie fortiinatior? 

Netni) hercule quisqiiani ; nam in me dii plane potestatem 
Siiain omnem ostendere;" 

Is't possible (O my countrymen) for any living to be so happy as myself.? No 
sure it cannot be, for the gods have shown all their power, all their goodness in 
me." Yet by and by when this young gallant was crossed in his wench, he laments, 
and cries, and roars down-right: Occidi 1 am undone. 

" Neque virgo est nsqnam, neque ego, qui e conspectu illam amisi mpo. 
Ubi qiJiEram, nhi inves^tigem, qnem percunler, quam insislam viain?" 

The virgin's gone, and I am gone, she's gone, she's gone, and what shall I do.'' where 
shall J seek her, where shall I find her, whom shall I ask.? what way, what course 

shall I take .? what will become of me '* ^''vitales auras inviws agehat^'''' he was 

weary of his life, sick, mad, and desperate, ^ut'mam viHii esse! allquid liic^ quo nunc 
me prcEcipitem darem. 'Tis not Chfereas' case this alone, but liis, and his, and ever}- 
lover's in the like state. If he hear ill news, have bad success in his suit, she frown 
upon him, or that his mistress in his presence respect another more (as *^Hedus 
observes) "prefer another suitor, speak more familiarly to him, or use more kindly 
than hiniself, if by nod, smile, message, she discloseth herself to another, he is in- 
stantly tormented, none so dejected as he is," utterly undone, a castaway, "^ In qucm 
fortuna omnia odiorwn suorum crudeVi ssima tela exonerate a dead man, the scorn of 
fortune, a monster of fortune, worse than nought, the loss of a kingdom had been 
less. ^Aretine's Lucretia made very good proof of this, as she relates it herself. 
'* For when 1 made some of my suitors believe I would betake myself to a nunnery, 
they took on, as if they had lost father and mother, because they were for ever after 
to want my company." Omnes labores levcs fuere^ all other labour was light: ^but 
this might not be endured. Tui carendum quod erat "for I cannot be with- 
out thy company," mournful Amyntas, painful Amyntas, careful Amyntas ; better a 
metropolitan city were sacked, a royal army overcome, an invincible armada sunk, 
and twenty thousand kings should perish, than her little finger ache, so zealous are 
they, and so tender of her good. They would all turn friars for my sake, as she 
follows it, in hope by that means to meet, or see me again, as my confessors, at 
stool-ball, or at barley-break: And so afterwards when an importunate suitor came, 
"^^ If I had bid my maid say that I was not at leisure, not within, busy, could not 
speak with him, he was instantly astonished, and stood like a pillar of marble ; an- 
other went swearing, chafing, cursing, foaming." "///a s'lhi vox ipsa Jovis violentior 
ira^ cum ionat^ <^'c. the voice ®f a mandrake had been sweeter music : " but he to 
whom I gave entertainment, was in the Elysian fields, ravished for joy, quite beyond 
himself" 'Tis the general humour of all lovers, she is their stern, pole-star, and 
guide. ^^ DeUciumque animi^ deliquiumque sul. As a tulipant to the sun (which our l| 
herbalists calls Narcissus) when it shines, is Admirandus fos ad radios soils se pan- 
dens^ a glorious flower exposing itself; '^but when the sun sets, or a tempest comes, 
it hides itself, pines away, and hath no pleasure left, (which Carolus Gonzaga, duke 
of Mantua, in a cause not unlike, sometimes used for an impress) do all inamorates 
to their mistress; she is their sun, their Primum mobile^ or anima informans; this 
'^ one hath elegantly expressed by a wind-mill, still moved by the wind, which other- 
wise hath no motion of itself Sic tua ni spiret gratia^ truncus ero. " He is wholly 
animated from her breath," his soul lives in her body, ^^sola claves habet interitus 
et salutis^ she keeps the keys of his life : his fortune ebbs and flows with her favour, 
e gracious or bad aspect turns him up or down. Mens inea luccscif Lucia luce tun. 
Howsoever his present state be pleasing or displeasing, 'tis continuate so long as he 
'Moves, he can do nothing, think of nothing but her; desire hath no rest, she is his 



3 Act. 5. seen. 9. •» Mantuan. ^'per. Adelpli. 3. 4. 
• Lih. I. drt contemn, amoiibus. f^i quern aliuin respexe- 
{ t arnica suavius, et fainiliarius, si quern aloquuta 
ru«rit, si nutu, nuncio, fee. staliin cruciatur. ^ Ca- 

lis.o in Cele?tina. *" Pornodidasc. dial Ital. Palre 

ct riiaire se siugullu orbos ceiisehant. quod ineo contu- 
oornu) cariMuluin esset. ^'I'er. tui carendum (juod 

»'%%. i"!?i resporisuui esset dominaiiioccuputam esse 



aliisque vacaret, iile statim vix hoc audito veliit in 
amor obriguit, alii se dHuinare, &,c at cui f:ivebam, in 
campis Kjysiis esse videbatur, &c. i Mantuan. 

'2 [,!ccheus. '3 Sole se occultante aul (on)pest^ut 

veniente, statim claudifur ac languesc.J. '< Eml)lem 
amat. 13. 'SCalislo de iMelebsea i^ Aninu 

non est ubi animat, sed ubi amat. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] 



Symptoms nf Love, 



503 



cynosure, hesperus and vesper, his morning and evening star, his goddess, liis mis- 
tress, his life, his soul, his everything; dreaming, waking, she is alwaye; in hi^ 
mouth ; his lieart, his eyes, ears, and all his thoughts are full of her. His Laura, 
his Victorina, his Columbina, Flavia, Flaminia, Caelia, Delia, or Isabella, (call her 
how you will) siie is the sole object of his senses, the substance of his soul, nidu/.us 
anbncE suce^ he magnifies her above measure, folus in illa^ full of her, can breatho 
nothing but her. "I adore Melebrea," saith love-sick "Calisto, "I believe in Me- 
lebaea, I honour, admire and love my Melebae.a;" His soul was soused, imparadised, 

imprisoned in his lady. When '^ Thais took her leave of Phaidria, ml PIkZ' 

dria., el nunquid allud visf Sweet heart (she said) will you command me any further 
service .'' he readily replied, and gave in this charge, 



" egone quid velim ? 

Dies iioctei?qiie aiiies me, me desideres, 

Me snmriies itie expectes, me coirites, 

Me speres, me te nhlectes, mi'(;iim tola sis, 

Meus fac postremo animus, quaiido ego sum tuns." 



' Dost ask (my dear) what service I will have? 
To love me day and tii^ht is all I crave, 
To dreaui on me, to expect, to think on me, 
Depend and hope, still covet me to see, 
Delight thyself in me, he wholly mine. 
For know, my love, that I am wholly thine." 



But all this needed not, you will say; if she affect once, she will be his, settle hei- 
love on him, on him alone, 

19 " ilium afisens absentem 

Auditque videtque" 

she can, she must think and dream of nought else but Mm, continually of him, as 
did Orpheus on his Eurydice, 



"On thee sweet wife was all my song, 
Morn, evening, and all along." 



And ever and anon she thinks upon the man 
That was so fine, so fair, so blitiie, so debonair." 



"Te (lulcisconjux, te solo in littore mecum, 
'i'e veiiiente die, te discedente canebam." 

And Dido upon her jEneas ; 

" et quie me insomnia terrent, 

Mnlta viri virtus, et plurima currit imago." 

Clitophon, in the first book of Achilles, Tatius, complaineth how that his mistress 
Leucippe tormented him much more in the night than in the day. ''""For all day 
long he had some object or otlier to distract his senses, but in the night all ran upon 
her. All night long he lay ^' awake, and could think of nothing else but her, he 
could not get her out of his mind ; towards morning, sleep took a little pity on him, 
he slumbered awhile, but all his dreams were of her." 



te nocte suh atra 



Allo((nor, ampleclor, falsafjue in imagine somni, 
Gaudia sulicitam palpant evanida menteni " 



" In the dark night I speak, embrace, and find 
That fading joys deceive my careful mind." 



The same complaint Eurialus makes to his Lucretia, ^" day and night I think of 
thee, I wish for thee, I talk of thee, call on thee, look for thee, hope for thee, delight 
myself ir thee, day and night I love thee." 

2< " Nec mihi vespere 

Surgeiite decedunt amores, 
Nuc rapidum fugiente solem." 

Morning, evening, all is alike with me, I have restless thoughts, ^^'' Te vigilans 
oculis, animo te nocte requiro.'''' Still ] think on thee. Jlnima nan est uhl animate 
sed ubi (imat. I live and breathe in thee, 1 wish for thee. 

2S " C) niveam qua? te poterit mihi reddere hicem, 
O mihi fiilicein terqiie (|ualerque diem " 

*' O happy day that shall restore thee to my sight." \w the meantime he raves on 
her ; her sweet face, eyes, actions, gestures, hands, feet, speech, length, breadth, 
height, depth, and the rest of her dimensions, are so surveyed, meai^ured, and taken, 
by that Astrolabe of phantasy, and that so violently sometimes, with i..vch earnestness 
and eagerness, such continuance, so strong an imagination, that at length he thinks 
he sees her indeed ; he talks with her, he embraceth her, Ixion-like, pro Jiinone 
nuhem^ a cloud for Juno, as he said. JVlhil prceter Leucippen cerno^ Leucippe mihi 



'■ Celestine, act. 1. credo in Melebaeam, &c. le Ter. I num hisce oculis non vidi. Ter. 22 Buchanan, syl. 

Runuch. act. I. sc. '2. '» Virg. 4. A'M. 20 inter- ^^ JEn Sylv. Te dies, noctecfjue aino, fe cogito. te desi- 

dm o:nli, et aures occupalai distrahunt animum, at dero, te voco, te expecio, te spero, tecum oblecto me, 
nocttj solus jactiir, ad auroram somnus pauliim mi<er- totus in te sum. 24 {j„|-_ m,. 2. ode 9. "■2- i eiro- 

III-!, nec tameii ex animo puella abiit, j;ed omnia mihi j nius 2S'|'ji,uJi|js^ j. j. Eieg. 3. 

tie Leucippe somuia erant. 2' Tola iiac nocte som- I 



Love-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. !8 



" hcerent infixi pectorf 
-doffs in his 



504 

Tperpeiiiu in ocuJis, et animo versafur, I see and meditate of nought but Leucippa 
Be she present or absent, all is one ; 

^ " Et i)uamvis aberat placidae praesentia formae 
Quern dederat prtpseiis forma, inanebat amor." 

That impression of her beauty is still fixed in his mind,- 
vultus ;" as he that is bitten with a mad dog thinks all he sees dogs- 
meat, dogs in his dish, dogs in his drink : his mistress is in his eyes, ears, heart, in 
all his senses. Valleriola had a merchant, his patient, in the same predicament ; and 
-^Ulricus Molitor, out of Austin, hath a story of one, that through vehemency of his 
love passion, still thought he saw his mistress present with him, she talked with him, 
Et commlsceri cum ea vigilans videbatur^ still embracing him. 

Now if this passion of love can produce such effects, if it be pleasantly intended, 
what bitter torments shall it breed, when it is with fear anid continual sorrow, sus- 
picion, care, agony, as commonly it is, still accompanied, what an intolerable ^° pain 
must it be ? 



" Non tarn grandes 

Gargara cu linos, qiiol denierso 
Pfctore curas longa nexas 
Usque catena, vel qiis" penitus 
Crudelis amor vuliiera miscet." 



Mount Garsarus hath not so many stems 
As lover's breast hath grievous wounds. 
And linked cares, which love compounds.' 



When the King of Babylon would have punished a courtier of his, for loving of a 
yomig lady of the royal blood, and far above his fortunes, ^' Apollonius in presence 
by all means persuaded to let him alone; "For to love and not enjoy was a most 
unspeakable torment," no tyrant could invent the like punishment ; as a gnat at a 
candle, in a short space he would consume himself For love is a perpetual ^^flux, 
angor animi, a warfare, militat omnl amans^ a grievous wound is love still, and a 
lover's heart is Cupid's quiver, a consuming ^^fire, ^accede ad hunc ignem^ S^c. an 
inextinguishable fire. 



35 " alitur et crescit malum, 

Et ardet intus, qualis JExuse.o vapor 
Exundat antro" 

As iEtna rageth, so doth love, and more than JEtna or any material fire. 

36 «' Nam amor saepe Lyparco 

Vulcano ardenliorein flammam incendere solet." 

Vulcan's flames are but smoke to this. For fire, saith ^' Xenophon, burns them 
alone that stand near it, or touch it ; but this fire of love burneth and scorcheth afar 
off, and is more hot and vehement than any material fire: ^^Ignis in ignefurit^ 'tis a 
fire in a fire, the quintessence of fire. For when Nero burnt Rome, as Calisto 
urgeth, he fired houses, consumed men's bodies and goods ; but this fire devours the 
soul itself, '' and ^^ one soul is worth a hundred thousand bodies." No water can 
quench this wild fire. 



• " In pectus ccecos absorbuit ignes, 

Ignes qui nee aqua |)erimi potucre, nee imhre 
Diminui, neque graminibus, magicisque susurris.' 



A fire he took into his breast. 
Which water could not quench, 

Nor herb, nor art, nor magic spelli 
Could quell, nor any drench." 



Except it be tears and sighs, for so they may chance find a little ease. 



""Sic candentia colla, sic patehs frons, 
Sic me hlanda tui NePera ocelli, 
Sic pares niinio genae perurunt, 
Ut ni me lachrymre rigent perennes, 
Totus in tenues eam favillas." 



So thy white neck, Ne;era, me poor soul 
Doth scorch, thy cheeks, thy wanton eyes that roll; 
Were it not for my dropping tears that hinder, 
I should be quite burnt up forthwith to cinder."' 



This fire strikes like lightning, which made those old Grecians paint Cupid, in many 
of their ^^ temples, with Jupiter's thunderbolts in his hands ; for it wounds, and can- 
not be perceived how, whence it came, where it pierced. ^^'•'•Urimur^ et c(Rcum^ 
j)ectora viilnus liabcnt^^'* and can hardly be discerned at first. 



" Est mollis flamtna medullas, 

Et tacilum insano vivit sub pectore vulnus." 



A gentle wound, an easy fire it was, 
And sly at first, and secretly did pass.' 



27 Ovid. Fast. 2. ver. 775. "Although the presence of 
her fair form is wantinL', the love which it kindled 
remains." 28 Virg. ^En. 4. 29 d^; pythonisss. 

80 Juno, nee ira deum tantum, nee tela, nee hostis, 
quantum tut" potis aniinis illapsiis. Silius Ital. 15. bel. 
Punic, de aniore. a; Philostratus vita ejus. Maxi- 

mum tormctitiiui quod excogitare, vel docere te possum, 
est ipse amor. 32 Ausonius c. 35. 33 £1 eaco 



carpitur igne ; et mihi sese offert ultra meus igni* 
Atnyiitas. 34 Xer. Eunuc. 35 gen. Hippo' 

36 Theocritus, edyl. 2. Levibus cor est violabile telis. 

37 liinis tangentes solum urit, at forma prociil astantes 
infianimat. 3s Nonius. sb ,viajor ilia flamma 
qn;e consumit uuam animam, quam quae centum millia 
corpf)rum. •**' Mant. egl 2. *^ Marullus Epig. 
lib. 1. •»'' Imagines deorum. «Ovid. «^j,eid.4. 



Mem. 9 ...bs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 

But by-and-by it began to rage and burn amain ; 



505 



" Pectus insanum vapor, 

Aiiiorque lorret, intus srevus vorat 
Penitus medullas, alque per veiias meat 
Visscerihus ignis mersus, et veins laletis, 
Ut agilis altas flaiunia percurrit irabes." 



' This fiery vapour ragelh in the veins, 
Ami scorcheth entrails, as wher- fire i)urn9 
A house, it nimlily runs aloiii; the beams. 
And at the last the whole it overturns." 



Abraham Hoffemannus, lib. 1. amor conjugal, cap. 2. p. 22. relates out of Plato, how 
that Empedocles, the philosopher, was present at the cutting up of one that died for 
love, ""^^^his heart was combust, his liver smoky, his lungs dried up, insomuch that 
he verilv believed his soul was either sodden or roasted through the veliemency of 
love's lire." Which belike made a modern writer of amorous emblems express love's 
fury by a pot hanging over the fire, and Cupid Wowing the coals. As the heat consumes 
the water, ^^" Sic sua consumit viscera cobcus amor.^"^ so doth love dry up his radical 
moisture. Another compares love to a melting torch, which stood too near the fire. 



Sic quo quis proprior suce puellte es',. 
Hoc slultus proprior suae runiniB est.'' 



The nearer he unto his mistress is 
'J'he nearer he unto his ruin is." 



So that to say truth, as "^ Castillo describeig it, " The beginning, middle, end of love 
is nought else but sorrow, vexation, agony, torment, irksomeness, wearisomeness ; 
so that to be squalid, ugly, miserable, solitary, discontent, dejected, to wish for death, 
to complain, rave, and to be peevish, are the certain signs and ordinary actions of a 
love-sick person." This continual pain and torture makes tliem forget themselves, 
if they be far gone with it, in doubt, despair of obtainirng, or eagerly bent, to i.'egleci 
all ordinary business. 

so "pendent opera interrupta, minceque 

Murorum ingentes, tequataque machina coelo." 

Love-sick Dido left her work undone, so did ^' Phagdra, 

" Palladis telae vacant 



Et inter ip^as pensa labuntur manus.'* 

Faustus, in ^^Mantuan, took no pleasure in anything he did, 

" Nulla quies mihi dulcis erat, nullus labor tegro 
Pectore, sensus iuers, et mens torpore sepulia, 
Cartninis occiderat studium." 

And 'tis the humour of them all, to be careless of their persons and their estates, as 
the shepherd in ^^ Theocritus, £/ Atec harha inculta est., squalidique capilli, their 
beards flag, and they have no more care of pranking themselves or of any business, 
tliey care not, as they say, which end goes forward. 



6* " Ohiiiusque greges, et rura domestica totus 
6j Uritur, et noctes in luctuni expendit amaras.' 



Forgetting flocks of sheep and country farms. 
The silly shepherd always mourns and burns.' 



Love-sick ^^Chaerea, when he came from Pamphila's house, and had not so good 
welcome as he did expect, was all amort, Parineno meets him, quid tristis es f Why 
art thou so sad" man.'' undc esf whence comest, how doest.^ but he sadly replies. 
Ego hcrcle nescio neque unde eam^ neque quorsum earn., ita prorsus ohlitus sum mei^ 
I have so forgotten myself, I neither know where I am, nor whence I come, nor 
whether J will, what I do. P. "" How so .?" Ch. " I am in love." Pntdens sciens. 

**^ ''• vivus vidensque pereo^ nee quid agam scio.^^ ^^ " He that erst had his thoughts 

free (as Ptiilostratus Lemnius, in an epistle of his, describes this fiery passion), and 
spent his time like a hard student, in those delightsome philosophical orecepts ; he 
that with the sun and moon wandered all over the world, with stars themselves 
ranged about, and left no secret or small mystery in nature unsearched, since he was 
enamoured can do nothing now but think and meditate of love matters, day and 
night composeth himself how. to please his mistress ; all his study, endeavour, is to 



<5 Sentca. 4" Cor totunj combustum, jecur sufl^u- 

niigatuui. pulmo arefartus, ul credanj miseram illam 
animam bis clixam aiil combustam, ob maxjinuin ardo- 
reni quem putiuiitur ob igneiii amoris. <' Embl. 

Amat. 4. et 5. ■'HGrotius. <« Lib. 4. nam istius 

amoris neque principia, neque media aliud hahentquid, 
qiiain molesiias, dolores, cruciatus, defatigationes, adeo 
'It miserum esne iiiairore, gemitu, solitiidine torqueri, 
•nortem optare. semperque debacchari, siiit certa ainan- 
tium signa et certa" acliories. so Virg. JEn. 4. " 'J'he 
works are interrupted, prf)mises of great walls, and 
pcafll)ldiiigs rising towards the skies, are all suspended." 
'1 Seneca Hip. act. "The shuttle stops, and tl; web 



64 



2S 



hangs unfinished from her hands." 52 Eclog. 1. 

" No rest, no business pleased my love-sick breast, my 
faculties became dormant, my mind torjiid, and I lost 
my taste for poetry and song." 6'< Edyl. 14. ^"i Mant. 
Eclog. 2. 65 ()v. Met. 13.de Folyplienio: uritur 

ohlitus pecorum, antrorumque suormn; janiqiit! tibi 
formse, &,c. ^s I'er. Eunuch. " Q.ui quffiso ? Amo, 
5»Ter. Eunuch. 63 (^^i olim c iritabat qua* vellet, et 

pulcherrimis philosopliia; pr:ece[)tis upcraui insuinpsit, 
(jui universi circuitiones ccelique naturam, &c. llanc 
ur.aui intendit operam, de sol.i cogitat, noctes el dies 
se cumponit ad banc, et ad acerbam servitutem redac- 
tus animus, h,c. 



^OG 



Lov e-Me lancho ly 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



appr )/e fiimself to his mistress, to win his mistress' favour, to compass liis desire, 
to be counted her servant." When Peter Abelard, that great scholar of his a^e, 
^°*' Old soli paluif scibile quicquid erat^'''' (" whose facuhies were equal to any diffi- 
culty in learning,") was now in love with Ileloise, he had no mind to visit or fre- 
quent schools and scholars any more, Tadiosum mihi valde fuit (as ^' he confesseth) 
ad scholus procedere^ vel in iis morari^ all his mind was on his new mistress. 

Now to this end and purpose, if there be any hope of obtaining his suit, to prose- 
cute his cause, he will spend himself, goods, fortunes for her, and though he lose 
and alienate all his friends, be threatened, be cast off, and disinherited ; for as the 
poet saith, ^'^Amori quis legem detf though he be utterly undone by it, disgraced, go 
a begging, yet for her sweet sake, to enjoy her, he will willingly beg, hazard all he 
hath, goods, lands, shame, scandal, fame, and life itself 



Non iccfdatn iieqiie qiiiesciiiii, rioctii et iiiterdiii, 

Prius |)ri)ftcto (iiiam aut ipsarii, aut mortem iiivestigavero.' 



I 'II never rest or cease my s'lit 
Till she or death do make me mute. 



Paithenis in ^^ Aristaenetus was fully resolved to do as much. " I may have bettei 
matches, I confess, but farewell shame, farewell honour, farewell lionesty, farewell 
friends and fortunes, &c. O, Harpedona, keep my counsel, 1 will leave all for his sweet 
sake, I will have him, say no more, contra gentes^ I am resolved, I will have him." 
^^Gobrias, the captain, when he had espied Rhodanthe, the fair captive maid, fell 
upon his knees before Mystilus, the general, with tears, vows, and all the rhetoric 
he could, by the scars he had formerly received, the good service he had done, or 
whatsoever else was dear unto him, besought his governor he might have the cap- 
tive virgin to be his wife, virtuiis suce spolium^ as a reward of his worth and service^ 
and, moreover, he would forgive him the money which was owing, and all reckon- 
ings besides due unto him, •••• I ask no more, no part of booty, no portion, but Rho- 
danthe to be my wife." And when as he could not ^ompass her by fair means, he 
fell to treachery, force and villany, and set his life at stake at last to accomplish his 
desire. 'Tis a common humour this, a general passion of all lovers to be so affected, 
and which ^Emilia told Aratine, a courtier in Castilio's discourse, ^^" surely Aratine, 
if thou werst not so indeed, thou didst not love ; ingenuously confess, for if thou 
hadst been thoroughly enamoured, thou wouldst have desired nothing more than to 
please thy mistress. For that is the law of love, to will and nill tiie same." 
66 u Tanlum velle et nolle^ velit nolit quod andean 

Undoubtedly this may be pronounced of them all, they are very slaves, drudges 
for tiie time, madmen, fools, dizzards, ^" atrahilarii^ beside themselves, and as blind 
as beetles. Their '^^ dotage is most eminent, ^mare siniul et sapere ipsi Jovi non 
dafur^ as Seneca holds, Jupiter himself cannot love and be wise both together; the 
very best of them, if once they be overtaken with this passion, the most staid, dis- 
creet, grave, generous and wise, otherwise able to govern themselves, in this commit 
many absurdities, many indecorums, unbefitting their gravity and persons. 

69"Q,uisquis amal servit, sequitur captivus amantem, 
Fert domita cervice jugum" 

" Samson, David, Solomon, Hercules, Socrates," &c. are justly taxed of indiscretion 
in this point; the middle sort are between hawk and buzzard; and although they 
do perceive and acknowledge their own dotage, weakness, fury, yet they cannot 
withstand it ; as well may witness those expostulations and confessions of Dido in 
Virgil. 

'0" Incipit effari mediaqiie in voce resistit."— /"/KE^/ra in Seneca. 
^' " (iuod ratio poscit, viticit ac rcgnat furor, 
Putensque tola mente domiiiatur deus."— JJ/z/rrAa in '2 Ovid. 
" Ilia quidem sentit, fcedoque ropujrnat amori, i " She sees and knows her fault, and doth resist 

Et secum quo nierile feror, quid molior, inquit, Against her filthy lust she doth contend 

Dii prt'cor, et pietas," (fee. | And whither go I, what am I about? 

I And God forbid, yet doth it in the end " 



«> Pars ppitaphii ejus. 6' Epist. prima. c2 poe- 

tiiius, I 3. Met. ult. ea Epist. lib. 6. Valeat pudor, 

vaieat ii-oncstas, valeat honor. c* Thf-odor. prodro- 

mus. lib. 3. .\mi>r Myj^tiJi genihus ohvolutus, uber- 
timqiie lachrimans. &r. Nihil ex tola prieda prater 
2lH)(lafitlieui virgiiieni accipiam. ^r, lu,. -2. Orte 

vix rrcdaui, et bona fide fateare .Aratine, te non amasse 
adeo veliementer ; si eiiim vere amasses, niiiil prius aut 
|Miliu!i optasses, quam amat;e mulieri placere. Ea eiiim 
ftiroris lex est idem velle <" nolle. ^egiroza, &jl. 



Epig. 67(ji,ippp hffic omnia ex atra bile et amore 

proveniurtt. Jason Pralensis. eu jnimensus amoi 

ipse stultitia est. Ca^-dan. lib. 1. de sapientia. ^9 Man- 
tuan. "Whoever is in love is in slavery, he followf 
his sweetheart as a captive his caf)tor, and wears a yoke 
on his submissive neck." ""> Wim. JEn. 4. "She 

began to speak, but stopped in the middle of her dis- 
course." " Seneca rfippol. " What reasor equirei 
raging love forbids." '» Met. 10. 



M 6411. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 507 



Again, 



" Pervijril iirtu 



With rajjins Iii.«t she burns, and tnuv n rails 
Her vow, and then despairs, anil vvlien lis past. 
Her former thoiifilits she'll prosecute in haste, 
And what to do she knows not at the las/ " 



Carpitnr indomito, fiiriosaque vota retrectat, 
£i niodo desperat, niodo vult teiitare, pmlelque 
Et tnpit, el quid agat, non invenit," &.c. 

She will and will not, abhors : and yet as Medaea did, doth it, 

" Trahit invitain nova vis, aliudque cupido, I " Reason pulls one way, burnins lust another, 

Mens aliiiil siiadet; vide/) inellora, proboque, She sees and knows what's good, but she doth neitJior.'* 

Detoriora sequor." | 

" " O fraus, aniorque, et mentis eniotae furor, 
Quo me abslulistis?" 

The major part of lovers are carried headlong like so many brute beasts, reason 
counsels one way, thy friends, fortunes, shame, disgrace, danger, and an ocean of 
cares that will certainly follow ; yet this furious lust precipitates, counterpoiseth, 
weighs down on tlie other; though it be their utter undoing, perpetual infamy, loss, 
yet they will do it, and become at last insensali., void of sense ; degenerate into 
dogs, hogs, asses, brutes; as Jupiter into a bull, Apuleius an ass, Lycaon a wolf, 
Tereus a lapwing, '^^ Calisto a bear, Elpenor and Grillus into swine by Circe. For 
what else may we think those ingenious poets to have shadowed in their witty fic- 
tions and poems but tliat a man once given over to his lust (as "Fulgentius inter- 
prets that of Apuleius, Ahiat. of Tereus) " is no better than a beast." 

'6 " Rex fueram. sic crista docet, sed sordida vita I " I was a kinjr, my crown my witness is, 

Inimiindani e tanto culmine fecit avem." | But by my filtiiiness am come to this." 

Their blindness is all out as great, as manifest as their weakness and dotage, or 
rather an inseparable companion, an ordinary sign of it, "love is blind, as the say- 
ing is, Cupid's blind, and so are all his followers. Quisqms amal ranam., ranmn 
putat esse Dianam. Every lover admires his mistress, though she be very deformed 
of herself, ill-favoured, wrinkled, pimpled, pale, red, yellow, tanned, tallovv-I'liced, 
have a swollen juggler's platter face, or a thin, lean, chitly face, have clouds in her 
face, be crooked, dry, bald, goggle-eyed, blear-eyed, or with staring eyes, she looks 
like a squis'd cat, hold her head still awry, heavy, dull, hollow-eyed, black or yel- 
low about the eyes, or squint-eyed, sparrow-mouthed, Persian hook-nosed, have a 
sharp fox nose, a red nose, Chijia flat, great nose, 'nare s'lnio yaiidoque., a nose like a 
promontory, gubbertushed, rotten teeth, black, uneven, brown teeth, beetle browed, 
a witch's beard, her breath stink all over the room, her nose drop winter and sum- 
mer, with a Bavarian poke under her chin, a sharp chin, lave eared, with a long 
crane's neck, which stands awry too, pcndulis mammis., '•• her dugs like two double 
jugs," or else no dugs, in that other extreme, bloody fallen fingers, she have filthy, 
long unpar-ed nails, scabbed hands or wrists, a tanned skin, a rotten carcass, crooked 
back, she stoops, is lame, splea-footed, '•'•as slender in the middle as a cow in the 
waist," gouty legs, her ankles hang over her shoes, her feet stink, she breed lice, a 
mere changeling, a very monster, an oaf imperfect, her whole complexion savours, 
a harsh voice, incondite gesture, vile gait, a vast virago, or an ugly tit, a slug, a fat 
fustvlugs, a truss, a long lean rawbone, a skeleton, a sneaker i^si qua latent meliora 
pufa)., and to thy judgment looks like a mard in a lantern, whom thou couldst not 
fancy for a world, but hatest, loathest, and wouldst have spit in her face, or blow 
thy nose in her bosom, remtdium amoris to another man, a dowdy, a slut, a scold, 
a nasty, rank, rammy, filthy, beastly quean, dishonest peradventure. obscene, base, 
beggarly, ru le, foolish, untaught, peevish, Irus' daughter, Thersites' sister, Grobians' 
scholar, if he 'ove her once, he admires her for all this, he takes no notice of any 

such errors, or imperfections of body or mind, '^Ipsa licec delectant, veluti 

Bulhinum Polypus Agnoi ; he had rather have her than any woman in the world. 
If he were a king, she alone should be his queen, his empress. O that he had but 
the wealth and treasure of both the Indies to endow her with, a carrack of diamonds, 
a chain of pearl, a cascanet of jewels, (a pair of calf-skin gloves of four-pence a pair 
were fitter), or some such toy, to send her for a token, she should have it with all 



■^ BiThariRii. "Oh fraud, and love, and distraction • amans; ave hac nihil fjediiis, nihil liiiidinnsins. Sabin 
c)t mind, whither have you led me?" ''» An immo- ' in Ovid. Met. '' Love is like a false glass, whic^ 

dest woman is lik(? a bPT. '»Feram induit dniii represents everything ftiirer than it is. ■» Hor. ser 

Kisas comedat, idem ad se rerlcat. '"' Alciatiis de lib. sat. I. ;i. "These very things please him, as th* 

upupa Embl. Auima '"uiiunduin upupa stercora i weu of Agiia did Balbinus." 



wmmm 



50S Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

his heart , iie would spend myriads of crowns for her sake. Venus herself, Panihea, 
Cleopatra, Tarquin's Tanaquil, Herod's Mariamne, or '^^Mary of Burgundy, if she 
were alive, would not match her. 



'(Vincit 
Qui iiio 



vultus haec Tyndarios, 
verunt horriila bella." 



Let Paris himself be judge) renowned Helen comes short, that Rodopheian Phillis, 
Larissean Coronis, Babylonian Thisbe, Polixena, Laura, Lesbia, &c., your counter- 
feit ladies were never so fair as she is. 

*i " Qiiicqiiid erit placidi, lopidi, grati, atque faceti, I " Whate'er is pretty, pleasant, facete, well, 

Vivida cuiictoruin retities Pandora deoruni." | Wliate'er Pandora had, she doth eAcel." 

^^Dicebam Trivics formam nihil esse DiancB. Diana was not to be compared to her, 
nor Juno, nor Minerva, nor any goddess. Thetis' feet were as bright as silver, the 
ankles of Hebe clearer than crystal, the arms of Aurora as ruddy as the rose, Juno's 
breasts as white as snow, Minerva wise, Venus fair; but what of this } Dainty come 
thou to me. She is all in all. 

Est VeLs,H,cedensw!'M[ne'r;a loquens." | '^ " ^■"''''' «^'''^''-' ^^at fairness doth excel." 

Cphemerus in Aristaenetus, so far admireth his mistress' good parts, that he makes 
proclamation of them, and chailengeth all comers in her behalf ^""Whoever saw 
the beauties of the east, or of the west, let them come from ail quarters, all, and tell 
truth, if ever they saw such an excellent feature as this is." A good fellow in Pe- 
tronius cries out, no tongue can ^ tell his lady's fine feature, or express it, quicquid 
dixeris minus erit, Sfc. 

" No tongue can her perfections tell. 
In whose each part, all tongues may dwell." 

Most of your lovers are of his humour and opinion. She is nulU secunda^ a rare 
creature, a phoenix, the sole commandress of his thoughts, queen of his desires, his 
only delight : as ^' Triton now feelingly sings, that love-sick sea-god : 

"Candida Leucothoe placet, et placet atra Meltene, I " Fair Lencothe, black Meliene please me well, 
Sed Galatea placet longe inagis omnibus una." | But Galatea doth by odds the rest excel." 

All the gracious elogies, metaphors, hyperbolical comparisons of the best things in 
the world, the most glorious names; whatsoever, I say, is pleasant, amiable, sweet, 
grateful, and delicious, are too little for her. 

., r.. , II.-. r.1 1 • ,. I " His PhcEhe is so fair, she i^ so brijrht, 

" Phoebo pulchr.or et sorore Phceb.." | g,,,^ j,,^^^ j,,^ ^,^„,^ ,;,^j^^^ ^„j the moons light." 

Stars, sun, moons, metals, sweet-smelling flowers, odours, perfumes, colours, gold, 
silver, ivory, pearls, precious stones, snow, painted birds, doves, honey, sugar, spice, 

cannot express her, ^* so soft, so tender, so radiant, sweet, so fair, is she. 

MolUor cuniculi capillo, Sfc. 

89" Lydia bella, puella Candida, I "Fine Lydia, my mistress, white and fair, 

Q,iiw bene superas lac, et lilium, | The niilk, the lily do not thee come near; 
Alliamquo simul rosam et rubicundam, 'J'he rosV^ so white, the rose so red to see, 

Et expolitum ebur Indicum." | And Indian ivory comes short of thee." 

Such a description our English Homer makes of a fair lady : 

8" That Emilia that was fairer to seen, 
Then is lily upon the stalk green : 
Jind fresher then May with flowers vcw, 
For with the rose colour strove her hue, 
J no't which was the fairer of the two. 

In this very phrase ^' Polyphemus courts Galatea : 

"Candidior folio nivei Galatea ligustri, I "Whiter Galet than the white withic-wind, 

Floridior prato, longa procerior alno, | Fresher than a field, higher than a tree, 

Splcndidior vitro, lenero lascivior hado, &c. Brighter than glass, more wanton than a kid, 

MoUior et cygni plumis, et lacte coacto." j Softer than swan's down, or ought thai may be." 

So she admires him again, in that conceited dialogue of Lucian, which John Secun- 
du-s, an elegant Dutch modern poet, hath translated into verse. When Doris and 



'9 The daughter and heir of Carolus Pujinax. s" Se- I omnes, et dicant veraces, an tarn insignem \'i<lprinr for 
lirca in Ortavia. "Her beauty excels the Tyndarian mam. t's jVulla vox formam ejus poss^it c(improh«-ii. 

Helen's, which caused such dreadful wars." ^i Lrecho- I dere. ^^ Calcagnini dial. Galat. sn Catullua 

us. 8"! Mantuan. Esil. !. '3 Angerianus. ^ Faerie «» Petronii Catalect. so Chaucer, in the Knight'sl 

aueene, (^Htit. lyr. 4. es Epist. 12. Quis unquam Tale. 9» Ovid. Met. i3. 

forma;< vidil orientis, quis occidentis, veuiatit undique' 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 009 

those other sea nymphs upbraided her with her ugly misshapen lover*, Polvphenius; 
she replies, they speak out of envy and mahce, 

82" Et plane invidia hue mera vos stitmilar« videtur. 
(iuod noil vos itideni ut nie Tolyplienius aniet ;" 

Say what they could, he was a proper man. And as Heloise writ to her sweetheart 
Peifir Abelard. Si me Augustus orbis imperator uxorem expeteret^ inallem tua esse 
merctrix quam orbis impcralrix ; she had rather be his vassal, his quean, than th« 

world's empress or queen. non si me Jupiter ipse forte vclit^ she would not 

change her love for Jupiter himself. 

To thy thinking she is a most loathsome creature; and as when a country fellow 
discommended once that exquisite picture of Helen, made by Zeuxis, ^^ for he saw 
no such beauty in it; Nichomachus a love-sick spectator replied, Su/ne tibi rneos 
oculos et deam exislimabis^ take mine eyes, and thou wilt think she is a goddess, 
dote on her forthwith, count all her vices virtues; her imperfections intirmities, ab- 
solute and perfect : if she be flat-nosed, she is lovely ; if hook-nosed, kingly ; if 
dwarfish and little, pretty; if tall, proper and man-like, our brave British Boadicea; 
if crooked, wise ; if monstrous, comely ; her defects are no defects at all, she hath 
no deformities. Im?no nee ipsum amiccB stercus foetet., though she be nasty, fulsome, 
as Sostratus' bitch, or Parmeno's sow; thou hadst as live have a snake in thy bosom, 
a toad in thy dish, and callest her witch, devil, hag, witli all the filthy names thou 
canst invent; he admires her on the other side, she is his idol, lady, mistress, 
®^ venerdla, queen, the quintessence of beauty, an angel, a star, a goddess. 

"Thoa art my Vesta, thou my goddess art, 
'J"hy hallowed temple only is my heart." 

The fragrancy of a thousand courtesans is in her face : ^'^ JVec pulchrcE effigies^ hcec 
Cypridis aid Stratonices ; 'tis not Venus' picture that, nor the Spanish infanta's, as 
you suppose (good sir), no princess, or king's daughter : no, no, but his divine mis- 
tress, forsooth, his dainty Dulcinia, his dear Antiphila, to whose service he is wholly 
consecrate, whom he alone adores. 

96"Cui comparatiis indecens erit pavo, I "To whom conferr'd a peacock's indecent, 

Inamahilis sciurus, el frequens Fhcenix." I A squirrel's harsh, a phcBnix too frequent. 

All the graces, veneries, elegancies, pleasures, attend her. He prefers her before a 
myriad of court ladies. 

9T" He that commends Phillis or Nerrea, 
Or Amarillis, or Galatea, 
'I'ityrijs or Melihea, by your leave. 
Let him be mute, his love the praises have." 

Nay, before all the gods and goddesses themselves. So ^^ Quintus Catullus admired 
his squint-eyed friend Roscius. 

" Pnce mi hi liceat (Ccelestes) dicere vestra, I " By your leave gentle Gods, this I'll say true, 

Mortalis visus.pulchrior esse Deo." | Tiiere 's none of you that have s-) fair a hue." 

All the bombast epithets, pathetical adjuncts, incomparably fair, curiously neat, divine, 
sweet, dainty, delicious, Slc, pretty diminutives, corcjilum, suavioJum., ^-c. pleasant 
names may be invented, bird, mouse, lamb, puss, pigeon, pigsney, kid, honey, love, 
dove, chicken, &,c. he puts on her. 

93" Meum mel, mea suavitas, meum cor, 
IVleum suaviolum, mei lepores," 

" my life, my light, my jewel, my glory, ^^^ Margareta speciosa^ cujus respectu omnia 
mundi pretiosa sordent, my sweet Margaret, my sole delight and darling. And as 
' Rhodomant courted Isabella : 

" By all kind words and gestures that he mi<;ht, | His mistress, and his goddess, and such /lames. 

He calls her his dear heart, his sole beloved, As loving knights apply to lovely d;:ines." 

His joyful comfort, and his sweet delight. 1 

Every cloth she wears, every fashion pleaseth him above measure ; her hand, O 
qualcs digitos^ quos habet ilia manus ! pretty foot, pretty coronets, her sweet car- 
riage, sweet voice, tone, O that pretty tone, her divine and lovely looks, her every 



92 "It is envy evidently that prompts you, because 
Polyphemus does not love you as he does me." '3 I'lu- 
-kirch. sihi dixit tam nulchram non videri, &;c. 
■^duanto quam Lucifer aurea Phosbe, tanto virginibus 
ii«/nspectior omnibus IJerce. Ovid. 9^ M. D. Son. 30. 

2 S*2 



96 Martial. 1. 5. E\n<s. 38. 97 Ariosto. »? Tully lib 

]. de nat. denr. pulcnrior deo, et tamen erat oculis per- 
versissiniis. a^MaruMus ad NeEPram epig. » lib 

'ooBarlhius. » Ariosio, lib. 21). hist, t" 



510 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



ching, lovely, sweet, amiable, and pretty, pretty, pretty. Her very name (let it be 
what it will) is a most pretty, pleasing name; \ believe now there is some secret 
power and virtue in names, every action, sight, habit, gesture ; he admires, whether 
she play, sing, or dance, in what tires soever she goeth, how excellent it was, how 
well it became her, never the like seen or heard. ^Mille habet ornatus^ mille de- 
center hahet. Let her wear what she will, do what she will, say wliat she will, 
^Qiiicquid eni?n dicit^ seu facit^ omne decel. He applauds and admires everything 
she wears, saith or doth, 



Ilkiin qiiirqiiid a^it, qiioqno vestigia vertit, 
Cdiiiposuil fiirtiiii subse<]iiiturqiie decor; 

SfiU .solv It criiies, fiisis decet ey-se capiliis, 
Seu compsit, coiiiptis est reverenda coiiiis." 



Wiiate'er she doth, or whither e'er she uu, 
A sweet and pleasing jiracc atteir's forsooth , 

Or loose, or bind her hair, or cornli ii up, 
Shu s to be lionoured in w liat she doth" 



^ Vest em induitur^ formosa est : exvitur^ tot a forma est., let her be dressed or un- 
dressed, all is one, she is excellent still, beautiful, fair, and lovely to behold. Women 
do as much by men ; nay more, far fonder, weaker, and that by many parasangs. 
•'Come to me my dear Lycias," (saith Musaeus m ^ Aristaeneius) ••' come quickly 
sweetheart, all other men are satyrs, mere clowns, blockheads to thee, nobody to 
thee." Thy looks, words, gestures, actions, &.C., '^ are incomparably beyond all 
others." Venus was never so much besotted on her Adonis, Phaedra so delighted 
in Hippolitus, Ariadne in Theseus, Thysbe in her Pyramus, as she is enamoured on 
her Mopsus. 

" Be thoii the marygold, and I will he the sun, 
Be thou ihe friar, and I will be the nun." 

1 could repeat centuries of such. Now tell me vvhat greater dotage or blindness can 
there be than this in both sexes? and yet their "slavery" is more eminent, a greater 
Fign of theii folly than the rest. 

They are commonly slaves, captives, voluntary servants, Amator amicce manc'i- 
pium^ as "Castillo terms him, his mistress' servant, her drudge, prisoner, bondman, 
what not ? " He composeth himself wholly to her affections to please her, and, as 
iEmelia said, makes himself her lacquey. All his cares, actions, all his thoughts, are 
subordinate to her will and commandment :" her most devote, obsequious, affection- 
ate servant and vassal. "For love" (as ^ Cyrus in Xenophon well observed) "is a 
mere tyranny, worse than any disease, and they that are troubled with it desire to be 
free and cannot, but are harder bound than if they were in iron chains." What greater 
captivity or slavery can there be (as ^TuUy expostulates) than to be in love ? " Is 
he a free man over whom a woman domineers, to whom she prescribes laws, com- 
mands, forbids what she will herself; that dares deny nothing she demands ; she 
asks, he gives ; she calls, he comes ; she threatens, he fears ; JVequissimum hunc 
.<?cn;w77A j3/y/o, I account this man a very drudge." And as he follows it, '°" Js this 
no small servitude for an enamourite to be every hour combing his head, stiffening 
his beard, perfuming his hair, washing his face with sweet water, painting, curling, 
and not to come abroad but sprucely crowned, decked, and apparelled V"^ Yet these 
are but toys in respect, to go to the barber, baths, theatres, &c., he must attend upon 
her wherever she goes, run along the streets by her doors and windows to see her, 
take all opportunities, sleeveless errands, disguise, counterfeit shapes, and as many 
forms as Jupiter himself ever took; and come every day to her house (as he w^ill 
surely do if he be truly enamoured) and offer her service, and follow her up and 
down from room to room, as Lucretia's suitors did, he cannot contain himself but 
he will do it, he must and will be where she is, sit next her, still talking with her. 
" " Jf I did but let my glove fall by chance," (as the said Aretine's Lucretia brags,) 
" I had one of my suitors, nay two or three at once ready to stoop and take it up, 
and kiss it, and with a low cohge deliver it unto me; if I w^ould walk, another a\ as 
ready to sustain me by the arm. A third to provide fruits, pears, plums, cherries, or 



•Tibullus. »Marul. lib. 2. ♦ Tibullus I. 4. 

de Sulpicia. i Aristensetus, Epist. 1. • Epist. ti-1. 

vcni cito charissiine Lycia, cito veni ; prw to Satyri 
onines videntur noii iioniines, nullo loco solus es, &c. 
' Lib. :t. de aulico, alterius alfectui se totuin componit, 
lotus placere studet, et ipsius animani auiatie pedise- 
quani f-icit. » Cyropaed. 1. 5. amor servitus, el qui 

aiitanl optiitse liberari non secusac alio qiiovis inorho, 
ne(iue lilxrari tanien possunt. sed validiori necessitate 
li^ati bunt (juarii si in ferreci vincula corifi^ctiforent. 



• In paradoxis. An ille mihi liber videtur cui muiiet 
imperat? Cui lejres iniponit, pra?scnhit, jubet, veiai 
quod videtur. Qui nihil iniperariti iiegat, nihi! audet, 
&c. [toscit? dandum ; vocal? venienduin ; niinatur? 
exliiniscenduni. ioillane parva est servitus ania- 

toruni pinjfulis fere lioris pectine capilluni, caliniisiro- 
que barbani coniponere, faciem aquis redolentibuy 
diliiere, &,c. " Si quando in paviinentiiHi inci.utiua 

quid tnihi excidisset, elevare inde quani pronipti ..iuie, 
nee nisi osculo couipacto uiihi coniniendare, &c. 



jlem. 3. Subs. 1.1 



Symptoms of Love. 



511 



whatsoever I would eat or drink." All this and much more he doth in lier presence, 
and when he comes home, as Troilus to his Cressida, 'tis all his meditation to recoun* 
with himself his actions, words, gestures, what entertainment he had, how kindly 
she used iiim in such a place, how she smiled, how she graced him, and'that infinitely 
pleased him ; and then he breaks out, O sweet Areusa, O my dearest Antipliila, 6 
most divine looks, O lovely graces, and thereupon instantly he makes an epigram, or 
a sonnet to five or seven tunes, in her commendation, or else he ruminates how she 
rejected his service, denied him a kiss, disgraced him, Stc, and that as effectually tor- 
ments him. And these are his exercises between comb and glass, madrigals, ele- 
gies, &c., these his cogitations till he see her again. But all this is easy and gentle, 
and the least part of his labour lud bondage, no hunter will take such pains for his 
game, fowler for his sport, or soldier to sack a ciiy, as he will for his mistress' 
favour. 

12" Ipsa comes veniam, neque me salebrosa movebunt 
Saxa. nee oliliqiio deiite timendus aper." 

As Phaedra to Hippolitus. No danger shall affright, for if that be true the poets 
feign. Love is the son of Mars and Venus ; as he hath delights, pleasures, elegances 
from his mother, so hath he hardness, valour, and boldness from his father. And 
'tis true that Bernard hath; Jlmore nihil moUius, nihil volenfliis., nothing so boister- 
ous, nothing so tender as love. If once, therefore, enamoured, he will go, run, ride 
many a mile to meet her, day and night, in a very dark night, endure scorching heat., 
cold, wait in frost and snow, rain, tempest, till his teeth chatter in his head, those 
northern winds and showers cannot cool or quench his flame of love. Infrmpestd 
node non detcrretur., he will, take my word, sustain hunger, thirst, PenctrahU ojnnia^ 
perrumpct omnia^ " love will find out a way," through thick and thin he will to her, 
Expedifisshul 7n0nf.es videnfur omnes trano.b'iles., he will swim through an ocean, ride 
post over the Alps, Appenines, or Pyrenean hills, 

13" ignem marisqiie fluctiis, atqiie turbines 
Veiiti paratns est transire," 

though it rain daggers with their points dowuAvard, light or dark, all is one: — 
Roscida per tenehras Faunus ad antra venit)., for her sweet sake he will undertake 
Hercules's twelve labours, endure, hazard, Sec, he feels it not. ^^'•^ What shall 1 say," 
saith Haedus, " of their great dangers they undergo, single combats they undertake, 
how they will venture their lives, creep in at windows, gutters, climb over walls to 
come to their sweethearts," (anointing the doors and hinges with oil, because they 
should not creak, tread soft, swim, wade, watch, &c.), '•'•and if they be surprised, 
leap out at windows, cast themselves headlong down, bruising or breaking their legs 
or arms, and sometimes loosing life itself," as Calisto did for his lovely Melibaea. 
Hear some of their own confessions, protestations, complaints, proffers, expostula- 
tions, wishes, brutish attempts, labours in this kind. Hercules served Omphale, put 
on an apron, took a distaff and spun ; Thraso the soldier was so submissive to Thais, 
that he was resolved to do whatever she enjoined. ^^Ego me Thaidi dedam; el 
fac'iam. quod jubet,, I am at her service. Piiiloslratus in an epistle to his mistress, 
'^"I am ready to die sweetheart if it be thy will; allay his thirst whom thy star- 
hath scorched and undone, the fountains and rivers deny no man drink that comes; 
the fountain doth not say thou shalt not drink, nor the apple thou shalt not eat, noi 
the fair meadow walk not in me, but thou alone wilt not let me come near thee, or 
see thee, contemned and despised 1 die for grief." Polienus, when his mistress Circe 
did but frown upon him in Petronius, drew his sword, and bade her '''kill, stab, or 
whip him to death, he would strip himself naked, and not resist. Another will take 
a journey to .Japan, Longa. navigafionis molestis non curans : a third (if she say it) 
will not speak a word for a twelvemonth's space, her command shall be most in- 
violably kept : a fourth will take Hercules's club from him, and with that centurion 
in the Spanish '^ Caelestina, will kill ten men for his mistress Areusa, for a word of 



12" Nor will the rude rocks affright me, nor the 
crooked-tnsUefi bear, po that I shall not visit my mis- 
tress in pleasant mood." i3 Phitarchus ainat. dial. 
" Lib. 1. de contem. amor, quid referam eoriini periciila 
ec ciddcs, nui in amicarum cedes per fenestras ingressi 
utilli* idiaqne epre^si indeque doturbati, sed aut pra-ci- 
|Mtes, membra frangunt, collidunt, aut animam amjt- 



tnnt. isTer. Eunuch. Act. 5. Seen. 8. '6 Paratus 

sum ad obeundum mortem, si tu jubeas; lianc sitiin 
sestuantis seila, quam tuum sidus perdidit, aquoe et 
fontes non nejrant, &c. i' Pi occidere placet, ferrum 

meum vides, si verbcribiis contetita es, cnrm niicius af< 
pnenam. le Act. 15. 18. Iiiipcra milii ; occidam 

decem viros, &c. 



513 



Love-MelancJioIy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



her mouth he will cut bucklers in two like pippins, and flap down men like flies, 
FJige quo mortis genere ilium occid'i cupisf '^Galeatus of Mantua did a little more, 
for when be was almost mad for love of a fair maid in the city, she, to try him l>ilike 
what he would do for her sake, bade him in jest leap into the river Po if he loved 
her; he forthwith did leap headlong off the bridge and was drowned. Another at 
♦Mcinum in like passion, when his mistress by chance (thinking no harm I dare 
swear) bade him go hang, the next night at her doors hanged himself '°'"' Money 
(saith Xenophon) is a very acceptable and welcome guest, yet I had rather give it 
my dear Clinia than take it of others, 1 had rather serve him than command others, 
I had rather be his drudge than take my ease, undergo any danger for his sake than 
live in security. For I had rather see Clinia than all the world besides, and had 
rather want the sight of all other things than him alone ; I am angry with the night 
and sleep that I may not see him, and thank the light and sun because they show 
me my Clinia; I will run into the fire for his sake, and if you did but see him, I 
know that you likewise would run with me." So Philostratus to his mistress, 
^'"Command me what you will, I will do it; bid me go to sea, I am gone in an 
instan-t, take so many stripes, I am ready, run through the fire, and lay down my 
life and soul at thy feet, 'tis done." So did iEolus to Juno. 



" Tuns 6 rpj.'ina quod optas 

Explorare labor, rnilii jussa capescere fas est." 



And Phaedra to Hippolitus, 



" Me vol sororem Hippolite aut famulam voca, 
Fainnlainqiie potius, omne servitium feram." 

23 " Non me per altas ire si jubeas nives, 
Pigeat gnlatis injrredi Piridi jugis, 
Nun si per ignes ire aut infesta agmina 
Cuncter, paratusas ensibus pectus dare, 
'i'e tunc jubere, me decet jussa exequi." 



O queen it is thy pains to enjoin me still, 
And I am bound to execute tliy wiU." 



" O call me sister, call me servant, choose, 
Or rather servant, I am thine to use." 

" It shall not grieve me to the snowy hills, 
Or frozen Pindus' tops forthwith to cliuib. 
Or run through fire, or through an army. 
Say but the word, for I am always thine." 



Callicratides in "'' Lucian breaks out into this passionate speech, " O God of Heaven, 
grant me this life for ever to sit over against my mistress, and to hear her sweet 
voice, to go in and out with her, to have every other business common with her; J 
would labour when she labours; sail when she sails; he that hates her should hate 
me ; and if a tyrant kill her, he should kill me ; if she should die, 1 would not live, 
and one grave should hold us both." ^'' Finiet ilia meos morlens morienlis mnores. 
Abrocomus in ^^ Aristsenetus makes the like petition for his Delphia, — -^"^ Tecum 
vivere amcm^ tecum oheam lubens. " I desire to live witli ihee, and ] am ready to die 
with thee." 'Tis the same strain which Theagines used to his Chariclea, " so that 1 
may but enjoy thy love, let me die presently:" Leander to his Hero, when he 
besought the sea waves to let him go quietly to his love, and kill him coming back. 
^^Parcite dum propero^ mergite dum redeo. "Spare me whilst I go, drown me as \ 
return." 'Tis the common hun/our of them all, to contemn death, to wish for death. 
to confront death in this case, Quippe quels nee fera^ nee ign'is^ neque prcecipitium^ 



nee jreium, nee 
Tyrius) " to die.' 



neque laqueus gravia videntur ; "'Tis their desire" (saith 



Haud 



imet mortem, cupii 
— obvius enses." 



ire in ipsos 



" He does not fear death, he desireth such upon the very swords." Though a thou 
sand dragons or devils keep the gates, Cerberus himself, Scyron and Procrastes la) 
in wait, and the way as dangerous, as inaccessible as hell, through fiery flames 
an.' uver burning coulters, he will adventure for all this. And as ^^ Peter Abelard lost 
his testicles for his Heloise, he will I say not venture an incision, but life itself. For 
how many gallants offered to lose their lives for a night's lodging with Cleopatra in 



I'Gasf^r Ens. puellam misere deperiens. per jocum 
ab ca jTi Padum desilire jussus statim e ponte se pr.-e- 
cipitavit. Alius Ficino insano amore ardens ab aniica 
jussus se suspendtre, illico fecit. 20 intelli^o pecu- 

niam rem esse jurundissimam, meam tanien libentius 
darein Clinis qua n ab aliis acc'perem ; libentius liui'' 
servirem, quam .1 iis iinperareiii', &c. Noctem et som- 
num accuso, quod ilium non videain, luci autem et soM 
gratiam habeo q lod mihi Cliniam ostendant. Ego 
etiam cum Clinia in ignem currcem; et scio vos quo- 
que mecum ingrc- suros si videretis. 21 Impera quid- 

vis; navijjara j'il-3, navein conscendo; plagas accipere, 
fleeter: animuin profundere, in ignem currere, non 



recuse, lubens facio. 2^- Seneca in Hipp. act. 2. 

23 Hnjus ero vivus, mortuus hujus ero. Properl. lib. 2. 
vivam si vivat; si cadat ilia, cadam. Id. 2J Djai. 

Aniornm. Mihi 6 dii ccelestes ultra sit vita h;cc per- 
petna ex adverso amicce sedere, et suave loquentem 
audire, &c. si moriatur, vivere non sustinebo, et idem 
erit se pulchrum utrisqne. 25 Buchanan. "When 

she dies my love shall also he at rest in the tomb." 
'■^6 Epist. 21. Sit hoc votuni a diis amart Delphidem, 
ab ea amari, adlocjui pulchram et loquentem .uidirr 
2' Hor. 2s Mart. '^y Lege Calimitates PO Ab«» 

hardi Epist. prima. 



Mem. ti Subs. 1.] 



Symptoms of Love. 



5n 



those cays ! and in the hour or moment of death, 'tis their sole ^omfort to rfniero- 
her their dear mistress, as '•^"Zerbino slain in France, and Brandimart in Barbary; as 
Arcite did his Emily. 

31 when he felt death. 

Ducked been his eyes, and faded is his breath 

But on his lady yet casteth he his eye. 

His lust word was, mercy Eme/y, 

His spirit chang'd, and out went, there, 

Whether J cannot tell, ne where. 

*When Captain Gobrius by an unlucky accident had received his death's wound. 
hen me miserum exclamaf^ miserable man that I am, (instead of other devotions) he 
cries out, siiall I die before I see my sweetheart Rodanthe ? Sic amor mortem.^ (saith 
mine author) aut quicqidd kumanltas accidlt^ aspernatur^ so love triumphs, contemns, 
insults over death itself. Thirteen proper young men lost their lives for that fair 
Hippodamias' sake, the daughter of Onomaus, king of Elis : when that hard condi- 
tion was proposed of death or victory, they made no account of it, but courageously 
for love died, till Pelops at last won her by a sleight. ^^As many gallants desperately 
adventured their dearest blood for Atalanta, the daughter of Schenius, in hope of 
marriage, all vanquished and overcame, till Hippomenes by a few golden apples hap- 
pily obtained his suit. Perseus, of old, fought with a sea monster for Andromeda's 
sake ; and our St. George freed the king's daughter of Sabea (the golden legend is 
mine author) that was exposed to a dragon, by a terrible combat. Our kniglits 
errant, and the Sir Lancelots of these days, J hope will adventure as much for ladies' 
favours, as the Squire of Dames, Knight of the Sun, Sir Bevis of Southampton, or 
that renowned peer, 

^ " Orlando, who long time had loved dear 
Anijelica the fair, ami tor lu-r sake 
About ilirt world in nations far and near, 
Did high atteinpt:^ pert'orni and undertake;" 

he is a very dastard, a cov/ard, a block and a beast, that will not do as much, but 
they will sure, they will; for it is an ordinary thing for these inamoratos of our 
lime to say and do more, to stab their arms, carouse in blood, ^^ or as that Thessa- 
lian Thero, tliat bit off his own thumb, prooocans rhalem ad hoc (Bmulandiim^ to 
make his co-rival do as much. 'Tis frequent with them to challenge the field fci 
their lady and mistress' sake, to run a tilt, 

36 " That either hears (so furiously they meet) 
Tiie otiier down under the horses' feet," 

and then up and to it again, 

" And with their axes both so sorely pour, 
That neither plate nor mai) sustain'd the stour, 
But riveld wreak like rotten wood asunder, 
And fire did flash like lightning after thunder;" 

and in her quarrel, to fight so long ^^ " till their head-piece, bucklers be all broken, 
and swords hacked like so many saws," for they must not see her abused in any 
sort, 'tis blasphemy to speak against her, a dishonour without all good respect to 
name her. 'Tis common with these creatures, to drink ^^ healths upon their bare 
knees, though it were a mile to the bottom, no matter of what mixture, otfit comes. 
If she bid them they will go barefoot to Jerusalem, to the great Cham's court, ''^to 
the East Indies, to fetch her a bird to wear in her hat : and with Drake and Candish 
sail round about the world for her sweet sake, adversis. ventis., serve twice seven 
years, as Jacob did for Rachel; do as much as '^"Gesmunda, the daughter of Tan- 
credus, prince of Salerna, did for Guisardus, her true love, eat his heart when he 
died; or as Artemesia drank her husband's bones beaten to powder, and so bury him 
in herself, and endure more torments than Theseus or Paris. Er his coliiur Venus 
magis giiam thure^ et victimise, with such sacrifices as these (as ■" Aristajuetus holds^ 
Venus is well pleased. Generally they undertake any pain, any labour, any toil, for 
heir mistress' sake, love and admire a servant, not to her alone, but to all her friends 
and followers, they hug and embrace them for her sake ; her dog, picture, and every- 
thing she wears, they adore it as a relic. If any man come from her, they feas« 



soAriosto. sichaucer, in the Knight's Tale. 

■♦^ 'J'heodorus prodromus, Amnrum lib. G. Interpret. 
cSaulniino. 3j ovid. 10. Met. IJminius, c. lf^5. 

M Anost. lib. ]. Cant. 1. staff. 5. s^ Plut. dial. amor. 

** Faerie Clueene, cant. 1. lib. 4. et cant. 3. lib. 4. 

65 



37 Dum ca.ssis pertusa, ensis instar Serrrn excisus, scu 
tiim, &c. Barthius Cielestina. 38 Lggbia sex cyathia, 
septem Justina bib.itur. 3a AsXanthns for the love of 
Euri|ipe, omnem Eiiroparn peragravit. Parthenius Krot. 
cap. 8. -"o Beroalduse Bocatio. « Epist. 17. 1. 2 



514 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec 'I 

him, reward him, will not be out of his company, do him all offices, still remember- 
ing, still talking of her : 

<2" Nam si abesst quod anies, prsesto simulacra tamen sunt 
Illius, et Momen dulce observatur ad aures." 

Th»- very carrier that comes from him to her is a most welcome guest ; and if he 
bring a letter, she will read it twenty times over, and as ''^Lucretia did by Euryalus, 
•'• kiss the letter a thousand times together, and then read it :" And ^"^ Chelidonia by 
Philonius, after many sweet kisses, put the letter in her bosom, 

"And kiss again, and often look thereon, 
And stay the messenger that would be gone:" 

And asked many pretty questions, over and over again, as how he looked, what he 
did, and what he said ? In a word. 



Vult placere sese amicce, vult niihi, vult pedissequae, 
Vuit fainulis, vult eiiam anciliis, et calulo ineo." 



He strives to please his mistress, and her maid, 
Her servants, and her dog, and's well apaid." 



If he get any remnant of hers, a busk-point, a feather of her fan, a shoe-tie, a lace, 
a ring, a bracelet of hair, 

46" Pifrniisque directum lacertis; 
Aut digito male pertinaci," 

he wears it for a favour on his arm, in his hat, finger, or next his heart. Her picture 
he adores twice a day, and for two hours together will not look off it; as Laodamia 
did by Protesilaus, when he went to war, ''''^ "sit at home with his picture before her;' 
a garter or a bracelet of hers is more precious than any saint's relic," he lays it up 
in his casket, (O blessed relic) and every day will kiss it: if in her presence, his 
eye is never off her, and drink he will where she drank, if it be possible, in that 
very place, &c. If absent, he will walk in the walk, sit under that tree where she 

did use to sit, in that bower, in that very seat, et forihus miser oscula figit^^^ 

many years after sometimes, though she be far distant and dwell many miles off, he 
loves yet to walk that way still, to have his chamber-window look that way : to 
walk by that river's side, which (though far away) runs by the house where she 
dwells, he loves the wind blows to that coast. 

« " O quoties dixi Zepliyris properantibus illiic, j " O happy western winds that blow that way, 

Felices pulchram visuri Amaryllada venti." | For you shall see my love's fair face to day." 

He will send a message to her by the wind, 

50 " Vos aurcp Alpinae, placidis de montibus aursE, 
H^c ilii portate," 

*' he desires to confer with some of her acquaintance, for his heart is still with her, 
'^ to talk of her, admiring and commending her, lamenting, moaning, wishing him- 
self anything for her sake, to have opportunity to see her, O that he might but enjoy 
her presence ! So did Philostratus to his mistress, ^^^"^ O happy ground on which she 
treads, and happy were I if she would tread upon me. I think her countenance 
would make the rivers stand, and when she comes abroad, birds will sing and come 
about her. 



" Ridt'hunt valles, ridebunt obvia Tempe, 
In florem viridis protinus ibi humus." 



"The fields will laugh, the pleasant valleys burn. 
And all the grass will into flowers turn." 



Omnis ^mhrosiam spirabif aura. ^^"When she is in the meadow, she is fairer than 
any fiower, for that lasts but for a day, the river is pleasing, but it vanisheth on a 
sudden, but thy flower doth not fade, thy stream is greater than the sea. If I look 
upon the heaven, methinks I see the sun fallen down to shine below, and thee to 
shine in his place, whom I desire. If I look upon the night, methinks I see two 
more glorious stars, Hesperus and thyself." A little after he thus courts his mis- 



<2 Lucretius. "For if the object of your love be ab- 
sent, her image is present, and her sweet name is still 
familiar in my ears." *^ MncRs Sylvius, Lucretie 

quum accepit Kuriali literas hilaris statim milliesqua 
•papirum hasiavit. « Mediis inseruit papillis litteram 
;jus, mille prius pangens suavia. Arist. 2. epist ];?. 
" Plautus Asiuar. 46 Hor. "Some token snatched 

•from her arm or her gently resisting finger." *'' Ilia 

flomi sedens imaginem ejus fixis oculis assidue conspi- 
•eata. ■is" And distracted will imprint kisses on the 

<4our%." *9 Buchanan Sylva. «• Fracastorius 



Naugerio. "Ye alpine winds, ye mountain bro€z«s, 
bear these gifts to her." ^i Happy servants that 

serve her, happy men that are in her company. " jvon 
ipsos solum sed ipsorum memoriam amant. Luciar 
63 Epist. O ter felix solum! beatus ego, si me cfO^a- 
veris ; vultus tuus amnes sistere potest. &c. " Idem 
epist. in prato cum sit flores superai ; illi pulchri Ktd 
unius tantum diei ; fluvius gratis sed evanesi.t; «t 
tuus fluvius mari major. Si coehim aspicio.soleiu eilB ' 
timo cecidisse, et in terra ambulare, &c. 



IW.^Jl IJtlL'. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] 



Symptoms of Love. 



515 



tress, ^'^If thou goest forth of the city, the protecthig gods that keep the town 
will rim after to gaze upon thee : if thou sail upon the seas, as so many small boats, 
they will follow thee : what river would not run into the sea .^" Another, he sighs 
and sobs, swears he hath Cor scissum^ a heart bruised to powder, dissolved and 
melted within him, or quite gone from him, to his mistress' bosom belike, ne is m 
an oven, a salamander in the fire, so scorched with love's heat; he wisheth himself 
9 saddle for her to sit on, a posy for her to smell to, and it would not grieve him to 
be hanged, if he might be strangled in her garters : he would willingly die to-mor 
row, so that she might kill him with her own hands. '^ Ovid would be a flea, a 
gnat, a ring, Catullus a sparrow, 

" " O si tecum luclere sicut ipsa possem, 
Et iristes uniiiii levare curas," 

^ Anacreon, a glass, a gown, a chain, anything, 



' Sed spt'ciiliim ego ipse fiarn, 
Ul me tuuin usque cernas, 
Kt vest is ipse fiam, 
Ut ine tuuiii iisijue gestes, 
Mutari et opto in uiidain, 
Lnvein tuos ut artus, 
Nardus puella fiam, 
Ut ego teipsuiii inutigam, 
Sim fascia in papillis, 
Tuo et moiiile collo. 
Fiamque calceus, me 
Saltern ut pede usque calces. 



' But I a lonking-glass would be, 
Still to lie look d upon by thee. 
Or I. my love, would be thy gown. 
By thee to be worn up and down ; 
t)r a pure well full to the brims, 
Tliat I mJKht wash Uiy purer limbs: 
Or, I'd be precious balm to 'noint, 
With choicest care each choicest joint ; 
Or, if I might, [ would be fain 
About thy neck thy happy chain, 
Or would it were my blessed hap 
To be the lawn o'er thy fair pap. • 
Or would I were thy shoe, to be 
Daily trod upon by thee." 



and 



O thrice happy man that shall enjoy her : as they that saw Hero in Museus, 
^ Salmacis to Hermaphroditus, 

61 " Felices mater, &.c. felix nutri.v. 

Sed loiige cunctis, longeque beatior ille, 
Quern fructu sponsi et socii dignabere lecti." 

The same passion made her break out in the comedy, ^^JVce illcB forfimatce sunt qua 
cum illo cwZiaTi/, '' happy are his bedfellows;" and as she said of Cyprus, ^'^jBea/a 
qucB illi uxor Jut lira esset^ blessed is that woman that shall be his wife, nay, thrice 
happy she that shall enjoy him but a night. ^^ Una nox Jovis sceptro (Equiparanda^ 
such a night's lodging is worth Jupiter's sceptre. 

fis " dualis nox erit ilia, dii, deffique, 
(iuam mollis thorus ?" 

" O what a blissful night would it be, how soft, how sweet a bed !" She will ad- 
venture all her estate for such a night, for a nectarean, a balsam kiss alone. 

«6."Q,ui te videt beatus est, 
Beatior qui te audiet. 
Qui te potitur est Deus." 

The sultan of Sana's wife in Arabia, when she had seen Vertomannus, that comely 
traveller, lamented to herself in this manner, ^^"O God, thou hast made this man 
wh'ter than the sun, but me, mine husband, and all my children black ; I would to 
God he were my husband, or that I had such a son ;" she fell a weeping, and so 
impatient for love at last, that (as Potiphar's wife did by Joseph) she would have 
haa him gone in with her, she sent away Gazella, Tegeia, Galzerana, her waiting- 
maids, loaded him with fair promises and gifts, and wooed him with all the rhetoric 

she could, exlremum hoc miserce da miinus amanti., "grant this last request to a 

wretched lover." But when he gave not consent, she would have gone with him, 
and left all, to be his page, his servant, or his lackey, Certa sequi charum corpus ut 
umbra soht^ so that she might enjoy him, threatening moreover to kill herself, Stc. 
Men will do as much and more for women, spend goods, lands, lives, fortunes , 
kings will leave their crowns, as King John for Matilda the nun at Dunmow. 

6* " But kings in this yet privileg'd may be, 
ru be a monk so 1 may live with thee." 



66 Si civitate egrederis, sequentur te dii custodes, 
Bpect?tulocommoti ; si naviges sequentur; quis fluvius 
Baluni tuum non rigaret ? 6«ei. 15. 2. 57"Oh, ifl 
might only dally with thee, and alleviate the wasting 
porro.vs of my mind." s^Carm. 30. ^s Englished 

by M' B. Holliday, in liis Tecrmog. act 1. seen. 7. 
M'Ov.d. Met. lib. 4. "i Xenophon Cyropasd. lib. .5. 

•aPla .tus de milite. 63Lucian. 64 li GrKco Ruf. 



65 Petronius. ^ " He is happy who sees thee, more 

happy who hears, a god who enjoys thee." 67 Lo(J. 

Vertomannus navig. lib. 2. c. 5. O deus, hunc creasli 
sole candidiorem, e diverso mo et coiijugt-m mourn et 
natos meos omnes nigricantcc Utinam hie, "fee. Ibil 
Gazella, Tegeia, Galzerana, e* promissis oneravil, el 
donis, &.C. 6<* M. D. 



516 



Love-Mclanclioly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



The very Gods will endure any shame {aique aliqu'is de di'is mm trlstihus inguit^ Sfc.) 
he a sj'ectacie as Mars and Venus were, to all the rest; do did Lucian's Mercury 
wish, and peradventure so dost ihou. They will adventure their lives with alacrity 

^^pro qua non metuam mori nay more, pro qua non mefuam bis mori^ I wilj 

die twice, nay, twenty times for her. If she die, there's no remedy, they must die 
with her, they cannot help it. A lover in Calcagninus, wrote this on his darling's 

omb. 



' Quinria oliiit, sed nnn Qiiincia sola obiit, 
Q,uiiu:ia ohiit, sed cum Unineia et ipse obii; 
Risus ol)it, otiit ^raun, iusiis obit, 
Nc'c iiioa nutir aiiiina in pectoic", al in tuniulo esl 



Q.iiincia my dear is dead, but not alone, 
For 1 am dead, and with her 1 an) gone : 
Sweet smiles, mirth, graces, all witli her do rest, 
And my soul too, lor 'tis not in my breast." 



How many doting lovers upon the like occasion might say the same ? But these 
are toys in respect, they will hazard their very souls for their mistress' sake. 



' Atque aliqiiis inter juvene? miratus est, 
Non ego in coelo cnp'^rem Dens esse, 
IVostram uxorem liabens domi Hero." 



et verbum dixit. I " One said, to lieaven would I not 

j desire at all to go, 

j If that at mine own house I had 

I such a fine wife as Hero." 

Venus forsook heaven for Adonis' sake, "^^ cailo prcBftrlur Jldonis. Old Janivere, 

in Chaucer, thought when he had his fair May he should never go to heaven, he 
should live so merrily here on earth; had I such a mistress, he protests, 



"Ccelum diis e<ro non suum inviderem, 
Sed sorteni mihi dii meain inviderent. 



' I would not envy their prosperity. 
The gods should envy my felicity.' 



Another as earnestly desires to behold his sweetheart he will adventure and leave 
all this, and more than this to see her alone. 



Omnia (juffi patior mala si pensare velit fors, 

IJfia aliqua nobis prospentate, dii 
Hoc prfc.or, ul fai iant, faciant me cernere coram. 

Cor milii caplivum qute tenet hocce, deam. " 



If all my mischiefs wore recompensed 
And God would eive we what [ rccpiested, 
I would my mjstnss' presence only seek, 
Which doth mine heart in prison captive kt^ep." 



But who can reckon upon the dotage, madness, servitude and blindness, the foolish 
phantasms and vanities of lovers, their torments, wishes, idle attempts "i 

Yet for all this, amongst so many irksome, absurd, troublesome symptoms, incon- 
veniences, phantastical fits and passions which are usually incident to such persons 
there be some good and graceful qualifies in lovers, which this affection causeth. 
'•• As it makes wise men fools, so many times it makes fools become wise ; '^ it makes 
base fellows become generous, cowards courageous," as Cardan notes out of Plu- 
tarch ; "covetous, liberal and magnificent; clowns, civil; cruel, gentle; Avicked, 
profane persons, to become religious; slovens, neat ; churls, merciful; and dumb 
dogs, eloquent ; your lazy drone.s, quick and nimble." Fcras mentes domat cupilb., 
that fierce, cruel and rude Cyclops Polyphemus sighed, and shed many a salt tear 
for Galatea's sake. No passion causeth greater alterations, or more vehement of joy 
or discontent. Plutarch. St/mpos. lib. 5. qucEsf. 1, ''"'saith, "that the soul of a man 
in love is full of perfumes and sweet odours, and all manner of pleasing tones and 
tunes, insomuch that it is hard to say (as he adds) whether love do mortal men more 
harm than good." It adds spirits and makes them, otherwise soft and silly, generous 
and courageous, '''"Audacem facitbat amor. Ariadne's love made Theseus so ad- 
venturous, and Medea's beauty Jason so victorious ; expectorat amor timorem. ''^Plato 
is of opinion that the love of Venus made Mars so valorous. " A young man will 
be much abashed to commit any foul offence that shall come to the hearing or sight 
of his mistress." As '^he that desired of his enemy now dying, to lay him with 
his face upward, ne amasius videret eum d iergo vulneratuvi^ lest his sweetheart 
shovdd say he was a coward. "And if it were '^^ possible to have an army consist 
of lovers, such as love, or are beloved, they would be extraordinary valiant and wise 
in their government, modesty would detain them from doing amiss, emulation incite 
them to do that which is good and honest, and a few of them would overcome a 
great company of others." There is no man so pusillanimous, so very a dastard, 
whom love would not incense, make of a divine temper, and an heroical spirit. As 



69 Hor Ode 9. lib. 3. "'o Ov. Met. 10. "Buchanan. 
Hendncasyl. 'spetrarrh. 73(jardan. lib. 2. de sap. 

ex vilibus generosns elhcere solct, ex timidis audaces, 
tjx avaris splendidos, ex agrestihus civiles, ex crudeli- 
-^iis maiisuetos, ex impiis reliijiosos, ex sordidis nitidos 
atque cultos, ex duris misericordes, ex mutiseloqnenjes. 

Anima homi'iis amore capti tola referta suffitibus 



et odorihus: PfPanes resonat, &c. ''s Ovid. '6 In 

convivio, amor Veneris Marteni detinet,et fortem facit; 
adolescentem maxime erubescere cernimus quum ama- 
trix eum turpe quid committentem oslendit. '" Phi 

tarch. Amalor. dial. 'sSi quo pacto fieri civitas aut 

exercitus po.sset partim ex his qui aiuant, partim et 
his, &c. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] 



Symptoms of Love 



lie said in like case, '^ Tola mat cosU moJes^ non terreor, Sfc. Nothing can terrify, 
DDthing can dismay them. But as Sir Blandimor and Paridel, those two brave fairy 
knights, fought for the love of fair Florimel in presence — 



And drawing both their swords with rage anew, 
Like two mad mastives each other slew, 
And shiehls did share, ani males did rasl),and helms 
So furiously each other did assail, [did hew ; 

As if their souls at once they would have rent, 
Out of their breasts, that streams of blood did trail 



Adown as if their springs of life were spent. 
That all the ground with purple blood was sprent, 
And all their armour stain'd with bloody gore. 
Yet scarcely one; to breath would they relent. 
So mortal was their malice and so sore, 
That both resolved (than yield) to die before." 



Every base swain in love will dare to do as much for his dear mistress' sake. He 
will fight and fetch, **' Argivum Clypeum, that famous buckler of Argos, to do her 
service, adventure at all, undertake any enterprise. And as Serranus the Spaniard, 
then Governor of Sluys, made answer to Marquess Spinola, if the enemy brought 
50,000 devils against him he would keep it. The nine worthies, Oliver and Row- 
land, and forty dozen of peers are all in him, he is all mettle, armour of proof, more 
than a man, and in tliis case improved beyond himself. For as ^^ Agatho contends, 
a true lover is wise, just, temperate, and valiant. ^^^' I doubt not, therefore, but if a 
man had such an army of lovers (as Castillo supposeth) he might soon conquer all 
the woild, except by chance he met with such another army of inamoratos to oppose 
it." **"* For so perhaps they might fight as that fatal dog and fatal hare in the heavens, 
course one another round, and never make an end. Castillo thinks Ferdinand King 
of Spain would never have conquered Granada, had not Queen Isabel and her ladies 
been present at the siege: ^^ ''- ft cannot be expressed what courage the Spanish 
knights took, when the ladies were present, a few Spaniards overcame a multitude 
of Moors." They will undergo any danger whatsoever, as Sir Walter Manny in 
Edward the Third's time, stuck full of ladies' favours, fought like a dragon. For 
soli amantes^ as ^^ Plato holds, pro amicis mori appetunt^ only lovers will die for their 
friends, and in their mistress' quarrel. And for that cause he would have women 
follow the camp, to be spectators and encouragers of noble actions : upon such an 
occasion, the ^' Squire of Dames himself. Sir Lancelot or Sir Tristram, Caesar, or 
•Alexander, shall not be more resolute or go beyond them. 

Not courage only doth love add, but as I said, subtlety, wit, and many pretty 
devices, ^'^JVamque doJos inspirat amor, fraudesque rrJnistrat, *^ Jupiter in love with 
Leda, and not knowing how to compass his desire, turned himself into a swan, and 
got Venus to pursue him in the likeness of an eagle ; which she doing, for shelter, 
he fled to Leda's lap, et in ejus gremio se collocavit, Leda embraced him, and so fell 
fast asleep, sed dormicntem Jupiter compressit, by which means Jupiter had his will. 
Infinite such tricks love can devise, such fine feats in abundance, with wisdom and 
wariness, ^^ qu'is fallere possit amantcm. All manner of civility, decency, compliment 
and good behaviour, plus solis et leporis, polite graces and merry conceits. Boccac- 
cio hath a pleasant tale to this purpose, which he borrowed from the Greeks, and 
which Beroaldus hath turned into Latin, Bebelius in verse, of Cymon and Iphigenia. 
This Cymon was a fool, a proper man of person, and the governor of Cyprus' son. 
but a very ass, insomuch that his father being ashamed of him, sent him to a farm- 
house he had in the country, to be brought up. Where by chance, as his manner 
was, walking alone, he espied a gallant young gentlewoman, named Jphigenia, a bur- 
gomaster's daughter of Cyprus, with her maid, by a brook side in a little thicket, 
fast asleep in her smock, where she had newly iDathed herself: '"When ^' Cymon 
saw her, he stood leaning on his staff, gaping on her immoveable, and in amaze;" at 
last he fell so far in love with the glorious object, that he began to rouse himself up, 
to bethink what he was, would needs follow her to the city, and for her sake began 
to be civil, to learn to sing and dance, to play on instruments, and got all those gen 
tlemanlike qualities and compliments in a short space, wliich his friends were most 
glad of. \{\ brief, he became, from an idiot and a clown, to be one of the most 

'9 Aiigerianus. to paerie Q.!i. lib. 4. cant. 2. 

ei Zened. preverh. cont. 6. »•! I'lat. conviv. ^^3 L.jb. 3. 
de Aulico. Non dubito quin is qui talem exercitum 
haberet, tulius orbis statim victor esset, nisi furte cum 
aljquo exercitu coiifliircndum esset in quo onines ama- 
tores essenl. S4 Higinus de cane >'X lepore coclesti, 

et 'iecimator. ^^Vix dici potest quantani inde auda- 
tiam assumerent Ilispani, inde pauci inhnilus Mau- 



rorum copias sui)erarunt. ss i^jh. 5. de legib'is. 

S' Spenser's Faerie Qucene, 3. book. cant. 8. "* Hy- 

ginus, 1.2. " For love both inspires us with stratagems, 
and suggests to us frauds." *■» .Aratus in phxnonr 

9uVirg. " Who can deceive t lover." 9' Hanc ub* 

conspicalus est Cymon, bi ;ulo innixus, immobihk 
stetit, et mirabundus, iStc. 



2T 



B^mn 



51S 



Love-Mclanchoh/. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



complete gentlemen in Cyprus, did many valorous exploits, and all for the c »c. of 
mistress Iphigenia. In a word, I may say thus much of them till, let them be never 
so clownish, rude and horrid, Grobians and sluts, if once they be in love they will 
be most neat and spruce ; for, ^^ Omnibus rebus^ el nitidis nitoribus anlevenii amor^ 
they will follow the fashion, begin to trick up, and to have a good opinion of them- 
selves, venustaiem enini mater Venus ; a ship is not so long a rigging as a young gentle- 
woman a trimming up herself against her sweetheart comes. A painter's siiop, a 
flowery meadow, no so gracious aspect in nature's storehouse as a young maid, nubilis 
puella^ a Novitsa or Venetian bride, that looks for a husband, or a young man that is 
her suitor; composed looks, composed gait, clothes, gestures, actions, all composed; 
all the graces, elegances in the world are in her face. Their best robes, ribands, 
chains, jewels, lawns, linens, laces, spangles, must come on, ^^jprceter quam res pati- 
tur student eleganticE, they are beyond all measure coy, nice, and too curious on a 
sudden; 'tis all their study, all their business, how to wear their clothes neat, to be 
polite and terse, and to set out themselves. No sooner doth a young man see his 
sweetheart coming, but he smugs up himself, pulls up his cloak now fallen about 
his shoulders, ties his garters, points, sets his band, cuffs, slicks his hair, twires his 
beard, See. When Mercury was to come before his mistress, 



84 "Chlamydemque ut pendeat apte 

Collocat, ul liiubus tolutnqiie ai)pareat aurum. 



He put his cloak in order, that the lace. 

And hem, and gold-work, all might have his grace.' 



Salmacis would not be seen of Hermaphroditus, till she had spruced up her- 
self first, 



•^" Nee tamen ante adiit, etsi properabat adire, 

duam se composuit, quain circumspexit amictus, 
Et finxit vultum, et meruit formosa videri." 



Nor did she come, although 'twas her desire, 
TjII she. coinpos'd herself, and trimm'd her tire, 
And set her looks to make him to admire." 



Venus had so ordered the matter, that when her son ^^Eneas was to appear before 
Queen Dido, he was 

" Os humerosque dec similis (namque ipsa decorara 
CJEsariem nato genetrix, lumenque juvenlce 
Purpureum et la;tos ocuiis afflarat honores.") 

like a god, for she was the tire-woman herself, to set him out with all natural and 
artificial impostures. As mother Mammea did her son Heliogabalus, new chosen 
emperor, when he was to be seen of the people first. When the hirsute cyclopical 
Polyphemus courted Galatea ; 



'^" Jamqufe tibi forma?, jamqiie est tibi cura piacendi, 
Jam riiiidos pectis rastris Polypheme capilios. 
Jam libet hirsntam tibi falce rceidere barbam, 
Et spectare feros in aqua et componere viltus." 



" And then he did bcjrin to prank himself. 
To plait and comb his head, and beard to shave. 
And look his face i' th' water as a slass. 
And to compose himself for to be brave." 



He was upon a sudden now spruce and keen, as a new ground hatchet. He now 
began to have a good opinion of his own features and good parts, now to be a 
gallant. 



" Jam Galatea veni, nee munera despice nostra, 
Certe ego me novi, liquidaque in ima<;ine vidi 
Nuper aquBB, placuitque mihi mea forma videnti." 



" Come now, my Galatea, scorn me not. 
Nor my poor presents; for hut yesterday 
1 saw mvself i' th' water, and methougtit 
Full fair I was, then scorn me not 1 say." 

N(m sum adeo informis, nuper me in littore vidi. 
Cum placidum ventis staret mare" 



'Tis the common humour of all suitors to trick up themselves, to be prodigal in 
apparel, pure lotus^ neat, combed, and curled, with powdered hair, comptus et calimis- 
iratus^ with a long love-lock, a flower in his ear, perfumed gloves, rings, scarfs, 
feathers, points, &lc. as if he were a prince's Ganymede, with everyday new suits, as 
the fashion varies ; going as if he trod upon eggs, as Heinsius writ to Primierus, 
^^"•if once he be besotten on a wench, he must like awake at nights, renounce his 
book, sigh and lament, now and then weep for his hard hap, and mark above all 
things what hats, bands, doublets, breeches, are in fashion, how to cut his beard, and 
wear his locks, to turn up his mustachios, and curl his head, prune his pickitivant, 



92 Plautus Casina, act. 2. so. 4. ^ Plautus. a* Ovid. 
Met. 2. s» Ovid. .Met. 4. "« Virii. ]. .En. " He 

resembled a god as to his head and shoulders, for his 
mother had made his hair seem beautiful, bestowed 
upon hiin the lovely bloom of youth, and given the 
happ.est lustre to his eyes." ^'- Ovid. Met. \'i. 

s^Virir M I. '2. "I am not so deformed, I lately saw 
myself in th'^ tranquil glassy sea, as I stood upon the 



shore." ^9 Epist. An uxor literato sit d!icenda. 

Noctes insomncs traducendse, literis renunciandnm, 
sippe gemendum, noniiunqitam et illacry.niandinn sorti 
et conditioni tuce. Vidcndir.n quaj vestes. quis. lullus, 
te (leceat, qiiis in usu sit, utrum latiis barlie. feo. Cum 
cura loquendum, incedendum, bibeiulum » cum cura 
insaniondum. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 519 

or if he wear it abroail, that the east side be correspondent to the west :' he may be 
scoffed at otherwise, as Julian that apostate emperor was for wearing a long hirsute 
*oatish beard, tit to make ropes with, as in his Mysopogone, or that apologetical ora- 
tion he made at Antioch to excuse himself, he doth ironically confess, it hindered 
his kissing, na?n nan licuit inde pur a pur is, eoque suavioribus labra labris adjungere., 
but he did not much esteem it, as it seems by the sequel, de accipiendis dandisve 
oscuUs non lahoro^ yet (to follow mine author) it may much concern a young hwer, 
he must be more respectful in this behalf, '^ he must be in league with an excellent 
tailor, barber," 

looifpoiisorem piienim sed arte talem, 
Q,ualis nee Tlialamis fuil Neroiiis;" 

" have neat shoe-ties, points, garters, speak in print, walk in print, eat and drink in 
print, and that which is all in all, he must be mad in print." 

Amongst other good qualities an amorous fellow is endowed with, he must learn 
to sing and dance, play upon some instrument or other, as without all doubt he will, 
if he be* truly touched with this loadstone of love. For as ' Erasmus hath it, Musi- 
cam docit amor et Poesin^ love will make them musicians, and to compose ditties, 
madrigals, elegies, love sonnets, and sing ihein to several pretty tunes, to get all good 
qualities may be had. ^Jupiter perceived IMercury to be in love with Philologia, 
because he learned languages, polite speech, (for Suadela herself was Venus' daughter, 
as some write) arts and sciences, quo virgini placeret, all to ingratiate himself, and 
please his mistress. 'Tis tiieir chiefest study to sing, dance ; and without question^ 
so many gentlemen and geii tie women would not be so well qualiiied in this kind, if 
love did not incite them. ^''Who," saiih Castilio, "-would learn to play, or give his 
mind to music, learn to dance, or make so many rhymes, love-songs, as most do, 
but for women's sake, because they hope by that means to purchase their good wills, 
and win their favour ?" We see this daily verified in our young women and wives, 
they that being maids took so much pains to sing, play, and dance, with such cost 
and charge to their parents, to get those graceful qualities, now being married will 
scarce touch an instrument, they care not for it. Constantine agricuU. lib. ll. 
cap. 18, makes Cupid himself to be a great dancer; by the same token as he was 
capering amongst the gods, "*"• he flung down a bowl of nectar, which distilling upon 
the white rose, ever since made it red :" and Caiistratus, by the help of Daedalus, 
about Cupid's statue ^made a many of young wenches still a dancing, to signify 
belike that Cupid was much affected with it, as without all doubt he was. For at 
his and Psyche's wedding, the gods being present to grace the feast, Ganymede 
filled nectar in abundance (as ^Apuleius describes it), Vulcan was the cook, the 
Hours made all fine with roses and flowers, Apollo played on the harp, the Muses 
sang to it, sed suavi Musicce super ingressa Venus saltavit., but his mother Venus 
danced to his and their sweet content. Witty ^ Lucian in that pathelical love passage, 
or pleasant description of Jupiter's stealing ol Europa, and swimming from Phoenicia 
to Crete, makes the sea calm, the winds hush, Neptune and Amphitrite riding in their 
chariot to break the waves before them, the tritons dancing round aliout, with every 
one a torch, the sea-nymphs half naked, keeping time on dolphins' backs, and sing- 
ing Hymeneus, Cupid nimbly tripping on the top of the waters, and Venus herself 
coming after in a shell, strewing roses and flowers on their heads. Praxiteles, in al 
liis pictures of love, feigns Cupid ever smiling, and looking upon dancers; and in 
St. Mark's in Rome (whose work I know not), one of the most delicious pieces, is 
a many of ^ satyrs dancing about a wench asleep. So that dancing still is as it were 
a necessary appendix to love matters. Young lasses are never better pleased than 
when as upon a holiday, after evensong, they may meet their sweethearts, and dance 
about a maypole, or in a town-green under a shady elm. Nothing so familiar in 
® France, as for citizens' wives and maids to dance a round in the streets, and often 



"» Mart. Epior. 5. ' Chil. 4. cent. 5. pro. IG. 2 Mar- j terein nectaris evertit saltans apud Dcos, qui in terrain 
tianijs. Capella lil). 1. de ntipt. philol. Jam. illiiin seiitio cadens, rosam priiis alhain riUtore iiit'ecif. ^ Puellaa 

ainore .eneri, < ;u-qii« studies pliires habere cnmparatas clKireantcs! circa juvei)il"m ('npidinis pfatiiain fecit, 
in famultio discipliiias, (fee. 3 Lil). 3. de auliro. Q,nis I'hilo.'strat. Iiiiai?. lib. 3. de statnis. K.verciliuin amori 
rJioreis insmlaret, nisi fceininnniin causa? Q,uis niusi- i aptissiinuni. « Lib. 0. IMet. ■'Tom. 4. • Korn- 

ca^ tantaiii navaret operain nisi quod illiiis dulcedine man de cur. mort. part. 5. lap. 2"^. Sat. puella) doniiientt 
permulcere speret ? Uuis tot (.aruiina componeret, nisi insultaniium, &,c. » View of Fr. 

f« inde affeetus sues in mtivicres explicaret? *Cra- 1 



020 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

lOO, for want of better instruments, to make good music of their own voices, and 
dance after it. Yea many times this love will make old men and women that have 

more toes than teeth, dance, "John, come kiss me now," mask and mum; for 

Comus and Hymen love masks, and all such merriments above measure, will allow 
men to put on women's apparel in some cases, and promiscuously to dance, young 
and old, rich and poor, generous and base, of all sorts. Paulus .Tovius taxeth Angus- 
tine Niphus the philosopher, '°"for that being an old man, and a public professor, a 
father of many children, he was so mad for the love of a young maid (that which 
many of his friends were ashamed to see), an old gouty fellow, yet would dance 
after fiddlers." Many laughed him to scorn for it, but this omnipotent love would 
have it so. 



n-Hyacinthinobacillo j » Love hasty with Lis purple staff did make 

Properans amor, me adeg.t ^j follow and the dance to undertake." 

violenier ad sequeiiduin. | 



And 'tis no news this, no indecorum ; for why .'* a good reason may be given of it. 
Cupid and death met both in an inn ; and being merrily disposed, they did exchange 
some arrows from either quiver ; ever since young men die, and oftentimes old men 
dote '^" Sic moritur Juvenis., sic moribundus amat. And who can then with- 
stand it.^ ]f once we be in love, young or old, though our teeth shake in our heads, 
like virginal jacks, or stand parallel asunder like the arches of a bridge, there is nc 
remedy, we must dance trenchmore for a need, over tables, chairs, and stools, &c. 
And princum prancum is a fine dmce. Plutarch, Sympos. 1. qucBsf. 5. doth in some 
sort excuse it, and telleth us moreover in what sense, Musicam docvt amor, licet prius 
fuerit rudis, how^ love makes them that had no skill before learn to sing and dance; 
he concludes, 'tis only that power and prerogative love hath over us. '^ " Love (as 
he holds) will make a silent man speak, a modest man most officious; dull, quick; 
slow, nimble; and that wliich is most to be admired, a hard, base, untractable churl, 
as fire doth iron in a smith's forge, free, facile, gentle, and easy to be entreated." 
Nay, 'twill make him prodigal in the other extreme, and give a '^hundred sesterces 
for a night's lodging, as they did of old to Lais of Corinth, or ^^dncenta drachmarum 
millia pro unica nocte, as Mundus to Paulina, spend all his fortunes (as too many do 
in like case) to obtain his suit. For which cause many compare love to wine, which 
makes men jovial and merry, frolic and sad, whine, sing, dance, and what not. 

But above all the other symptoms of lovers, this is not lightly to be overpassed, 
that likely of what condition soever, if once they be in love, they turn to their 
ability, rhymers, ballad makers, and poets. For as Plutarch saith, "^ " They will be 
witnesses and trumpeters of their paramours' good parts, bedecking them with verses 
and commendatory songs, as vve do statues with gold, that they may be remembered 
and admired of all." Ancient men will dote in this kind sometimes as well as the 
rest; the heat of love will thaw their frozen affections, dissolve the ice of age, and 
so far enable them, though they be sixty years of age above the girdle, to be scarce 
thirty beneath. Jovianus Pontanus makes an old fool rhyme, and turn Poetaster to 
please his mistress. 

" " Ne riri^ras Mariana, nieos me dispice canos, I " Sweet Marian do not mine ajsre disdain, 

De seiie nam juvenem dia referre potes," &c. | For thou canst make an old man young again." 

They will be still singing amorous songs and ditties (if young especially), and can- 
not abstain though it be when they go to, or should be at church. We have a pretty 
story to this purpose in '^Westmonasteriensis, an old writer of ours (if you will 
believe it; An. Dom. 1012. at Colewiz in Saxony, on Christmas eve a company of 
young men and maids, whilst the priest was at mass in the church, were singing 
catches and love songs in the churchyard, he sent to them to make less noise, but 
they sung on still : and if you will, you shall have the very song itself. 

" Equilabat homo per syivam frondosam, I " A tV-llow rid l)y the greenwood side, 

Ducebatque secum Meswinden formosam. And fair Meswinde was his hride, 

Q,uid siamus, r.ur noii imus?" \ Why stand we so, and do not go?" 



*" Vita ejus Piifllap. amore septuasrenarius senex 
usque ad insaniam correptus, multis litieris susce|itis: 
niuiti non sine ()udore ronspexerunt senem et pliilo- 
Foplium poda<.'ricum, non sine risu saitaiitem ad lihise 
modos. 1' Anacreon. Carm. 7. '^ JqhcIi. Btllius 

Epig "Thus youth dies, thus -n deatii lie loves." 
»3 fk tacituriK) joquacem facit, et de verecundo officio- 
luiK rviidit, de negligeiite industrium, de socorde iui- 1 



pigrum. 1^ iosephus anliq. Jud. lib. 18. cap. 4. 

15 Gellius, 1. 1. cap. 8. Pretium noctis centum sestertia. 
>6 Ipsi eiiim volunt suarum amasiarum ;)ul(-hritudinifl 
pra-cones ac testes esse, eas laudibus, et cantilenis ^t 
versibus exonare, ut auro statuas, ut memorenlur, et 
ah omni.bus admirentur. ^^ Tom. 3 Ant. Lialogo. 

isFloreshist. fol. 298. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 521 

This they sung, he chaft, till at length, infipatient as he was, he pn yecl to St. Magnus, 
patron of the church, they might all three sing and dance tfill that lime twelvemonth, 
and so '^ they did without meat and drink, wearisomeness or giving over, till at year's 
end they ceased singing, and were absolved by Herebertus archl ishop of Cologne. 
They will in all places be doing thus, young folks especially, reading love stories, 
talking of this or that young man, such a fair maid, singing, telling or hearing lascivi- 
ous tales, scurrilous tunes, such objects are their sole delight, their continual medi- 
tation, and as Guastavinius adds. Com. in 4. Sect. 27. Prov. Arist. oh scminls abun" 
dantiam crehrcB cogitationes^ veneris frequens recordaiio el pruricns voluptas., <^'c. an 
earnest longing comes hence, pruriens corpus, pruriens anima, amorous conceits, 
ticklinor thoughts, sweet and pleasant hopes ; hence it is, they can think, discourse 
willino':y, or speak almost of no other subject. 'Tis their only desire, if it may be 
done by art, to see their husband's picture in a glass, they'll give anything to know 
when they shall be married, how many husbands they shall have, by cromnyomantia, 
a kind of divination with '^^ onions laid on the altar on Christmas eve, or by fasting 
on St. Anne's eve or night, to know who shall be their first husband, or by amphi- 
tomantia, by beans in a cake, &c., to burn the same. This love is the cause of all 
good conceits, ^' neatness, exornations, plays, elegancies, delights, pleasant expres- 
sions, sweet motions, and gestures, joys, comforts, exultancies, and all the sweetness 
of our life, ^^qaalis jam vitaforet, aut quid jucundi sine aurea Venere? ^^ Emoriar 
cum isld non amplius mihi curafuerit, let me live no longer than I may love, saith 
a mad merry fellow in Mimnermus. This love is that salt that seasoneth our harsh 
and dull labours, and gives a pleasant relish to our other unsavory proceedings, 
^Msit amor., surgunt tenehrcE., torpedo., veternum, pestis., Sfc. All our feasts almost, 
masques, mumiiiings, banquets, merry meetings, weddings, pleasing songs, fine tunes, 
poems, love stories, plays, comedies, attelans, jigs, fescenines, elegies, odes, Slc. pro- 
ceed hence. ^^ Danaus, the son of Belus, at his daughter's wedding at Argos, insti- 
tuted the first plays (some say) that ever were heard of symbols, emblems, impresses, 
devices, if we shall believe Jovius, Contiles, Paradine, Camillus de Camillis, may be 
ascribed to it. Most of our arts and sciences, painting amongst the rest, was first 
invented, saith ^^ Patritius ex amoris benejicio., for love's sake. For when the daugh- 
ter of ^^ Deburiades the Sycionian, was to take leave of her sweetheart now going to 
wars, ut desiderio ejus minus iabesceret., to comfort herself in his absence, she took 
his picture with coal upon a wall, as the candle gave the shadow, which her father 
admiring, perfected afterwards, and it was the first picture by report that ever was 
made. And long after, Sycion for painting, carving, statuary, music, and philosophy, 
was preferred before all the cities in Greece. ''^'* Apollo was the first inventor of 
physic, divination, oracles ; Minerva found out weaving, Vulcan curious ironwork. 
Mercury letters, but who prompted all this into their heads .? Love, JVanquam talia 
invenissent., nisi talia adamassent, they loved such things, or some party, for whose 
sake they were undertaken at first. 'Tis true, Vulcan made a most admirable brooch 
or necklace, which long after Axion and Temenus, Phegius' sons, for the singular 
worth of it, consecrated to Apollo at Delphos, but Pharyllus the tyrant stole it away, 
and presented it to Ariston's wife, on whom he miserably doted (Parthenius tells the 
story out of Phylarchus) ; but why did Vulcan make this excellent Ouch } to give 
Hermione Cadmus' wife, whom he dearly loved. All our tilts and tournaments, 
orders of the garter, golden fleece, &lc. — JVobilitas sub amorejacet — owe their begin- 
nings to love, and many of our histories. By this means, saith Jovius, they would 
express their loving minds to their mistress, and to the beholders. 'Tis the soltj 
subject almost of poetry, all our invention tends to it, all our songs, whatever those 
old Anacreons : (and therefore Hesiod makes the Muses and Graces still follow 
Cupid, and as Plutarch holds, Menander and the rest of the poets were love's 
priests,) all our Greek and Latin epigrammatists, love writers. Antony Diogens the 
most ancient, whose epitome we find in Phocius Bibliotheca, Longus.Sophista, Eus. 



19 Per tntiirn annum cantarunt. pluvia super illos non 
cecidil; unri frigus, non calor, non iitis, nee las>itii(lo 
illos aflecit, &:c. 20 u,s eoruin noniina inscribuntur 

de qiiibus qiiajiunt. 2, Hnic miinditias, ornatum, 

lepnrem, delicias, iudns, elegantiani, onineni deniqiie 
Vitffi Buavitaieni dobemus. saHygnius cap. 27-2. 



2SEGra)co. 24 Angerianus. 2^ Lib. 4. tit, 1 1. de 

p'in. in.stit. 26 pij,,. |,|i. •^^. rap. 12. 27 Gerbeliug, 

I. (5. (lescript. Gr. ■* Fransiis, I. 3. de synibolis qui 

primus synilfolum e.xrogitavit voiuit niniirutn hac ra- 
tione iiiiplicalnni aniniuin eroivere.euuniue veldoniina 
vel aliis intuentibus oslendere. 



60 2 T 2 



^m 



522 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



tathius, \chilles, Tatius, Aristfenetus, Heliodorus, Plato, Plutarch, Lucian, Parthe- 
nius, Theodorus, Prodronius, Ovid, Catullus, Tibullus, &c. Our new Ariostoes, 
Boyards^ Authors of Arcadia, Urania, Faerie Queen, &c. Marullus, Leotichius, An- 
gerianus, Stroza, Secundus, Capellanus, &c. with the rest of those facete modern 
poets, have written in this kind, are but as so many symptoms of love. Their whole 
hooks are a synopsis or breviary of love, the portuous of love, legends of lovers' 
lives and deaths, and of their memorable adventures, nay more, quod leguntur^ quod 
laudantur amori debcnt., as ^^Nevisanus the lawyer holds, " there never was any ex- 
cellent poet that invented good fables, or made laudable verses, which was not in 
love himself;" had he not taken a quill from Cupid's wings, he could never have 
written so amorously as he did. 



»" Cynthia te vatein fecit lascive Properti, 
IriKCiiium Galli pulcliia Lycoris liabet. 

Fama est arjiuti Nemesis forinosa Tibulli, 
Leshia dictavit dorte Catiille tibi. 

Non me I'eli'jnut:, nee spernet Mantua vatem, 
Si qua Corinna milii, si quis Alexis erit." 



Wanton Propertius and witty Gallup, 
Sul)tile Tibullus. and learned Catullus, 
If was Cynthia, Lesbia. Lvchoris, 
That made you poets all ; and if Alexis, 
Or Corinna chance my pnrumoi.r to he, 
Virgil and Ovid shall not despise nie." 



31 " Non me carminibus vincet nee Thraceus Orpheus, 
Nee Linus." 

Petrarch's Laura made him so famous, AstrophePs Stella, and Jovianus Pontanus' 
mistress was the cause of his roses, violets, lilies, nequitiae, blanditiae, joci, decor, 
nardus, ver, corolla, thus. Mars, Pallas, Venus, Charis, crocum, Laurus, unguentem, 
costum, lachryniae, myrrha, musae, &c. and the rest of his poems ; why are Italians 
at this d^y generally so good poels and painters ? Because every man of any fashion 
amongst them hath his mistress. The very rustics and hog-rubbers, Menalcas and 
Cory don, qui fcetant de stercore equino^ those fulsome knaves, if once they taste of 
this love-liquor, are inspired in an instant. Instead of those accurate emblems^ 
curious impresses, gaudy masques, tilts, tournaments, &c., they have their wakes, 
Whitsun-ales, shepherd's feasts, meetings on holidays, country dances, roundelays, 
writing their names on ^^ trees, true lover's knots, pretty gifts. 

" With tokens, hearts divided, and half rings. 
Shepherds in their loves are as coy as kings." 

Choosing lords, ladies, kings, queens, and valentines,' Stc, they go by couples, 

" Corydon's Phillis, Nysa and Mopsus, 
With dainty Dousibel and Sir Tophus." 

Instead of odes, epigrams and elegies, &c., they liave their ballads, country tunes, 
" O the broom, the bonny, bonny broom," ditties and songs, " Bess a belle, she doth 
excel," — they must write likewise and indite all in rhyme. 



Thou honeysuckle of the hawthorn hedge, 
Vouchsafe in Cupid's cup my heart to jjicdge; 
My heart's dear blood, sweet Cis is thy carouse 
Worth all the ale in Gammer Gubbin's house." 
I say no more, affairs call me away, 
My (atlier's horse for provender doth stay. 



Be thou the Lady Cressetlight to me. 
Sir Trolly Lolly will I prove to thee. 
Written in haste, farewell my cowslip sweet. 
Pray let's a Sunday at the alehouse meet." 



Your most grim stoics and severe philosophers will melt away with this passion, and 
if ^'^ Atheneus belie them not, Aristippus, ApoUidorus, Antiphanes, &c., have made 
love-songs and commentaries of their mistress' praises, ^^ orators write epistles, princes 
give titles, honours, what not ? ^ Xerxes gave to Themistocles Lampsacus to find 
him wine, Magnesia for bread, and Myunte for the rest of his diet. The ^^ Persian 
kings allotted whole cities to like use, Ikec civitas mulieri redlmiculum prcBbeat, hcec 
in coUu?n, Ilcec in crines^ one whole city served to dress her hair, another her neck, 
a third her hood. Ahasuerus would ^^ have given Esther half his empire, and ^^ Herod 
bid Herodias ''ask what she would, she should have it." Caligula gave 100,000 
sesterces to his courtesan at first word, to buy her pins, and yet when he was soli- 
cited by the senate to bestow something to repair the decayed walls of Rome for the 
commonwealth's good, he would give but 6000 sesterces at most. "^^ Dionysius, thai 



*Lib. 4. num. 102. sylvae nuptialis poetae non inve- 
niuiit fabuhis, ant versus laudatos faciunl, nisi qui ab 
aniore fuerinl excitali. 3" Martial, ep. 73. lib. *). 

*iVirg. Eclo^. 4. "None shall excel me in poetry, 
neither the Thracian Orpheus, nor Apollo." ^ Te- 

neris arbonhns amicarum nomina inscribentesut simul 
crescant. lla-d. i«S. R. 1000. ^4 Lib. J 3. cap. 



Dipnosophist. ^^ See Putean. epist. ^^^^. de sua Mar- 

gareta Beroaldus, &c. se Hen. Stepli. apol. pro Herod. 
a^Tully orat. 5. ver. 2" Esth. v. 39 Mat. I. 47 

^oGravissiinis regni negotiis nihil sineamasiie sua? con- 
sensu fecit, omnesque actiones suas scortillo coinmuni- 
cavil, &.C. Nich. Bellus. discours. 26. d>, am?t. 



^^iL- Jt^ 1 ..4.- . ■ ■ ^hj^m, - 1 .'w.Jt 



Mem. 4 



Pr\.gnostics of Love-MelanchoJy. 



523 



Sicilian tyraiil, rejected all his privy councillors, and was so becotleJ on Mir ilia his 
favourite and mistress, that he would bestow no office, or in ihe i7iost weightiest 
business of the kingdom do aught without her especial advice, prefer, depose, send 
entertain no man, though worthy and well deserving, but by iier consent; and h( 
again whom she commended, howsoever unfit, unworthy, was as higlily approved. 
Kings and emperors, instead of poems, build cities; Adrian built Antinoa in Egypt^ 
besides constellations, temples, altars, statues, images, &.C., in the lionour of his 
Antinous. Alexander bestowed infinite sums to set out his Hephestion to all eternity. 
*' Socrates professeth himself love's servant, ignorant in all arts and sciences, a doc- 
tor alone in love matters, et quum alienarmn rerum omnium scienliam d'lffileretur^ 
saith ^^ Maximus Tyrius, his sectator, hujus ncgotii professor^ Sfc.^ and this he spake 
openly, at home and abroad, at public feasts, in the academy, in Pyrceo, LyccEo^ sub 
Platano, Sfc, the very blood-hound of beauty, as he is stVled by others. But I con- 
clude there is no end of love's symptoms, 'lis a bottomless pit. Love is subject to 
no dimensions ; not to be surveyed by any art or engine : and besides, I am of 
*^fj£edus' mind, "no man can discourse of love matters, or judge of them aright, 
that hath not made trial in his own person," or as iEneas Sylvius ^'* adds, " hath not 
a little doted, been mad or love-sick himself. I confess I am but a novice, a con- 

templator only, JS^escio quid sit amor nee a?no^^ 1 have a tincture ; for why should 

I lie, dissemble or excuse it, yet homo sum, ^'^-^ not altogether inexpert in this sub- 
ject, non sum prceceptor arnandi, and what I say, is merely reading, ex altorum forsan 
inepiiis, by mine own observation, and others' relation. 



MEMB. IV. 

Prognoslies of Love-Melancholy. 

What fires, torments, cares, jealousies, suspicions, fears, griefs, anxieties, accom- 
pany such as are in love, I have sufficiently said : the next question is, what will he 
the event of such miseries, what they foretel. Some are of opinion that this love 
cannot be cured, JYullis amor est medicabilis kerbis, it accompanies them to the 
*^ last, Idem amor exitio est pecori pecorisque magistro. " The same passion con- 
sume both the sheep and the shepherd," and is so continuate, that by no persuasion 
almost it may be relieved. "*" " Bid me not love," said Euryalus, " bid the mountains 
come down into the plains, bid the rivers run back to their fountains ; I car hs soon 
leave to love, as the sun leave his course ;" 



Et prills oeqiioribus pisces, et inontibus umbrae, 
Et volucres ileeruiil s-ylvis, et niunuura ventis, 
Q,uaiii mihi discedeiit roriuos<e Aiiiaryllidis igiies/ 



First seas shall want their fish, tlie inounta>.is shade 
Woods singing birds, the wind's niurniurshail fade, 
'J'han my fair Acnaryllis' love allay'd." 



Bid me not love, bid a deaf man hear, a blind man see, a dumb speak, lame run, 
counsel can do no good, a sick man cannot relish, no physic can ease me. JYon 
prosunt domino qucE prosunl omnibus arles. As Apollo confessed, and Jupiter him- 
self could not be cured. 



*^ " Omiies htimanos curat medicina dolores. 
Solus amor morbi noii habet artificem." 



" Physic can soon cure every disease, 

i^" Excepting love that can it not appease." 



But whether love may be cured or no, and by what means, shall be ixplained in hirf 
place ; in the meantime, if it take his course, and be not otherwise eased or amended, 
it breaks out into outrageous often and prodigious events. Jimor et Liber violenti 
dil sunt, as °' Tatius observes, et eousque animum incendunt, ut pudoris oblivisct 
cogant, love and Bacchus are so violent gods, so furiously rage in our minds, that 
they make us forget all honesty, shame, and common civility. For such men ordi- 



*i Amoris famuhis oninem scientiam diffitetur, aman* 
di lumen se scienlisaimum doctorem agnoscit. •'^Serm. 
b "Q,uis horum scribere moltstias potest, nisi ((ui 
et. >< aiiquantum insaiiit ? ** Lib. 1. de non temnen- 
dis amoribus; opinor hac de re iiemiMem aut desceptare 
recte posse aut judicare qui non in ea versatur, aut 
magnum fecerit pericuium *^ " 1 am not in love, nor 

do 1 know what love may be." *^ SemDe' luoritur. 



nunquam morluus est qui aniat. ^En. Sylv. « Eurial. 
ep. ad Lucretiaui, apud A^naam Sylvium; Rogas ut 
amare deficiam? roga monies ut in planum deveniant 
ut lontesiiumiiia repetant ; tain possum te non amare 
ac suum Phojbus rcliiu)uere cursum. *^ Buchanan 

Syi. o Propert. lib. 2. elejr. 1. ^ Est orcus ilia 

vis, est immedicabilis, est rabitu insana. ^* Lib. 2 



^■e 



524 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



iiarily, as are thoroughly possessed with this humour, become insensati et insani^ for 
it is ^^anior insamis^ as the poet calls it, beside themselves, and as I have proved, no 
better than beasts, irrational, stupid, head-strong, void of fear of God or men, they 
frequently forswear themselves, spend, steal, commit incests, rapes, adulteries, mur- 
ders, depopulate towns, cities, countries, to satisfy their lust. 

63" A devil 'tis, and mischief such dotli work, 
As never yet did Pajjan, Jew, or Turk." 

The wars of Troy may be a sufficient witness ; and as Appian, lib. 5. hist, saith of 
Antony and Cleopatra, ^''" Their love brought themselves and all Egypt into extreme 
and miserable calamities," " the end of her is as bitter as worm-wood, and as sharp as a 
two-edged sword," Prov. v. 4, 5. " Her feet go down to death, her steps lead on to hell. 
She is more bitter than death, (Eccles. vii. 28.) and the sinner shall be taken by her." 
^^ Qui in amore prcEcipitavit, pejus peril., quam qui saxo salit. ^'•^ He that runs head- 
long from the top of a rock is not in so bad a case as he that falls into tliis gulf of 
love." '* For hence," saith ^' Platina, " comes repentance, dotage, they lose them- 
selves, their wits, and make shipwreck of their fortunes altogether :" madness, to 
make away themselves and others, violent death. Prognosticatio est talis., saith Gor- 
donius, ^^si nan succurratur lis., aut in maniam cadunf., aut moriuniur ; the prognos- 
tication is, they will either run mad, or die. " For if this passion continue," saith 
^^iElian Montaltus, " it makes the blood hot, thick, and black ; and if the inflamma- 
tion get into the biain, with continual meditation and waking, it so dries it up, that 
madness follows, or else they make away themselves," ^° O Corydon., Corydon., quce. 
ie dementia cepit? Now, as Arnoldus adds, it will speedily work these effects, if it 
be not presently helped ; ^' "• They will pine away, run mad, and die upon a sud- 
den ;" Facile incidunt in maniam., saith Valescus, quickly mad, nisi succurratur.) if 
good order be not taken, 

62"EhPU triste jugiim quisquis amoris hahet. 
Is prius ac norit se periisse peril." 

So she confessed of herself in the poet, 

63 »• insaniam priusquam quis sentiat, 

Vix pili intervalio a furore absum." 

As mad as Orlando for his Angelica, or Hercules for his Hylas, 



•' Oh heavy yoke of love, which whoso bears, 
Is quite undone, and that at unawares." 



" I shall be mad before it be perceived, 
A hair-breadth off scarce am 1, now distracted. 



'* At ille ruehat quo pedes ducebant, furibundus, 
Nam illi stevus Deus intus jecur laniabat." 



' He went he car'd not whither, mad he was. 
The cruel God so tortured him, alas!" 



At the sight of Hero I cannot tell how many ran mad. 



•*" Alius vulnus celans insanit pulchritudine puelJBB." 



" And whilst he doth conceal his grief, 
Madness comes on him like a thief." 



Go to Bedlam for examples. It is so well known in every village, how many have 
either died for love, or voluntary made away themselves, that I need not much labour 
to prove it: ^^AVc modus aut requies nisi mors reperitur amor is : death is the com- 
mon catastrophe to such persons. 

66 " Mori mihi contingat, non enim alia i " Would I were dead, for nouirht, God knows, 

Liberatio ab ffirumnis fuerit ulio pacto istis." | But death can rid uje of these woes." 

As soon as Euryalus departed from Senes, Lucretia, his paramour, " never looked 
jp, no jests could exhilarate her sad mind, no joys comfort her wounded and dis- 
tressed soul, but a little after she fell sick and died." But this is a gentle end, a 
natural death, such persons commonly make away themselves. 



"proprioque in sanguine Ifftus, 

Indignantem animam vacuas effudit in auras;" 



60 did Dido; Sed moriamur ait., sic sic juvat ire per umbras;^'' Pyramus and Thisbe, 



S2 Virg. Eel. 3. ^ r. t. " Qui quidem amor 

hlrosque et totam Egyptum extremis calaniilalibus 
invoivit. os HIaulus. ^c (jt corpus pondere, sic 

animus amore prtecipitatur. Austin. 1.2. deciv.dei. c.28. 
" Dial hiiic oritur pcjenitentia desperatio, et non vident 
• ngenium se cum re simul amisisse. ^ Idem Sava- 

narola, et plures alii, &c. Rabidam facturus Orexin. 
luven. ssCap. de Htroico Amore. Hiec passio durans 
canguinem torridum et atrabiliarum reddii ; hie vero 
dd cereiiriiiM delatus, iiisaiiiai.n parat, vigilia et crebro 
icBiderio e.vsiccans. so Virg Egl. 2. "Oil Corydon, 



Corydon ! what madness possesses you ?" 6i (nsani 

fiuiit aut sihi ipsis desperantes mortem afferunt. Laii- 
guentes cito mortem aut maniam patiuntur. 62 (jal. 

cagniniis. 63 Lucian Imag. So for Lucian's mistrest*, 
all that saw her, and could not enjoy her, ran mad, o> 
hanged themselves. 64 jmussbus. 60Ovid. Met. 1<J. 

iEneas Sylvius. Ad ejus decessiim nunqnam visa Lu- 
cretia riJere, nullis facetiis, jocis, nullo gaudio potuit 
ad laetitiam renovari, mox in a^griiiidinem incidit,et si', 
brevi contabiiit. 66 Anacreon. 67 •• Out let me die, ?h« 
says, thus ; thus it is belter r.u descend to the shades." 



Mem. 5. Subs. 1. 



Cure of Love-Melancholy. 



525 



Medea, ®^Coresus and Callirlioe, ^'Theagiiies the philosopher, and many myriads 
besides, and so will ever do. 



TO "et iiiihi fortis 

Est miiiius, est et amor, dahil hie in viilnera vires." 



"Whoever heard a story of more woe, 
'J'haii that of Juliet and lier Komeu?' 



Head Parthenium in Eroticis^ and Plutarch's amaforias nan'aliones^ or love stories, 
ail lenthiig almost to this purpose. Valeriola, lib. 2. observ. 7, hath a lamentable 
narration of a merchant, his patient, ''•"that raving through impatience of lovo, had 
he not been watched, would every while have oUered violence to himself." Amatus 
Lucitanus, cent. 3. car. 56, hatli such '^another story, and Felix Plater, ined. observ. 
lib. I. a third of a young '^gentleman that studied physic, and for the love of a doc- 
tor's daughter, having no hope to compass his desire, poisoned himself, '^anno 1015. 
A barber in Frankfort, because his wench was betrothed to another, cut his own 
throat. '^At Neoburg, the same year, a young man, because he could not get her 
parents' consent, killed his sweetheart, and afterward himself, desiring this of the 
magistrate, as he gave up the ghost, that they might be buried in one grave. Quod- 
que rog'is superest una requiescal in urnd^ which '"^Gismunda besought of Tancredus, 
her father, that she might be in like sort buried with Guiscardus, her lover, that so 
their bodies might lie together in the grave, as their souls wander about '"^ Campos 

lugentes in the Elysian fields, quos durus amor crudeli tabe peredlt,'^^ in a 

myrtle grove 



79 

Sylva tegit : 



— "et myrtea circiim 
cura; noii ipsa ia morte reiinquuiit." 



You have not yet heard the worst, they do not offer violence to themselves in this 
rage of lust, but unto others, their nearest and dearest friends. **'' Catiline killed his 
only son, misilque ad orci pallida., lethl obniiblla, obsita tenebris loca, for the love 
of Aurelia Oristella, qudd ejus nuptias vivojilio recusaret. ^' Laodice, the sister of 
Mithridates, poisoned her husband, to give content to a base fellow whom she 
loved. '^^ Alexander, to please Thais, a concubine of his, set Persepolis on fire. 
'^^JSTereus' wife, a widow, and lady of Athens, for the love of a Venetian gentleman, 
betrayed the city; and he for her sake murdered his wife, the daughter of a noble- 
man in Venice. ^'^ Constantine Despota made away Catherine, his wife, turned his 
son Michael and his other children out of doors, for the love of a basj scrivener's 
daughter in Thessalonica, with whose beauty he was enamoured. ^^Leucophria 
betrayed the city where she dwelt, for her sweetheart's sake, that was in the enemies' 
camp. ^Pithidice, the governor's daughter of Methinia, for the love of Achilles, 
betrayed the whole island to him, her father's enemy. ®^ Diognetus did as much in 
the city where he dwelt, for the love of Policrita, Medea for the love of Jason, she 
taught him how to tame the fire-breathing brass-feeted bulls, and kill the mighty 
dragon that kept the golden fleece, and tore her little brother Absyrtus in pieces, that 
her father ^thes might have something to detain him, while she ran away with her 
beloved Jason, &c. Such acts and scenes hath this tragi-comedy of love. 



MEMB. V. 



Sub SECT. I.- — Cure of Love-Melancholy, by Labour, Diet, Physic, Fasting, 8fc. 

Although it be controverted by some, whether love-melancholy may be cured, 
because it is so irresistible and violent a passion ; for as you know, 



f8 " facilis descensus Averni ; 

Sed revocare gradnm, superasque evadere ad auras; 
Hie labor, hoc opus est." 



' It is an easy passage down to hell, 
But to come back, once there, you cannot well." 



68 Pausanias Achaicis, 1. 7. ^^ Megarensis amore 

flagrans Liician. Tom. 4. ""> Ovid. '3. mot. "i Furi- 
bundiis putavit se videre imagiiiem piiellfE, et coram 
loqui blandiens illi, &c. '^Juven. HebriPus. 

'3 Juvetiis Medicinae operain dans docloris fiiiam depe- 
rjbat, &c. ''^Gotardus Arthns Gallobelgicus, nund. 

vernal. 1G15. collutn novacula aperuit: et inde expi- 
ravit. '5 Cum renuente parente utroque et ipsa 

virgine fruj non posset, ipsum et ipsani interfecit, lioc 
i. magistratu petens, ul in eodem sopulchro sepeliri 
possent. ■''' Boccaccio. ■" Sedes eoriim qui pro 

umoris iinp^tientia pereunt, Virg. 6. iEiiid. "» " Whom 



cruel love with its wasting power destroyed." ''9"Anf» 
a myrtle grove overshadow thee; nor do (;ares reliii 
quish thee even in death itself." soSal. Val. 

^iSabel. lib. 3. En. «. »'2C(irtius, lib. 5. xaChal- 

cncondilas de reh. Tuscicis, lib. 9. Ncrei uxor Athena- 
rum domiiia, &c. 84 Nicpphnrus GreL'. hist lib. P, 
Uxorem occidit liberos et Miciiaelpm filinm videra 
al»horrnit. 'J'hessalonicae amore cajitns pronotarii, 
filire, &c. « Parthenius Err)t. lib. cap. 5. ^ d^ra 
ca. 21. Gnbernatoris alia Achillis amore capta ciri- 
latem prodidit. 8? id^,,,. cap. 9. ^Vtrg.JEa. Q 



P26 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

Yet without question, if it be taken in time, it may be helped, and by many good 
remedies amended. Avicenna, lib. 3. Fen. cap. 23. et 24. sets down seven compen- 
dious ways how this malady may be eased, altered, and expelled. Savanarola 9 
princ*ipal observations, Jason Pratensis prescribes eight rules besides physic, how 
this passion may be tamed, Lauren tius 2. main precepts, Arnoldus, Valleriohi, Mon- 
taltus, Hildesheim, Langius, and others inform us otherwise, and yet all tending to 
the same purpose. The sum of which I will briefly epitomise, (for 1 light my candle 
from their torches) and enlarge again upon occasion, as shall seem best to me, and that 
after mine own method. The first rule to be observed in this stubborn and unbridled 
passion, is exercise and diet. It is an old and well-known sentence. Sine Cerere et 
Baccho friget Venus (love grows cool without bread and wine). As an ^'^idle seden- 
tary life, liberal feeding, are great causes of it, so the opposite, labour, slender and 
sparing diet, with continual business, are the best and most ordinary means to 
prevent it. 



' Otio si tolias, periere Cupidinis artes, 
CoiitL'iiipta;que jacent, el sine luce faces." 



■ Take idleness away, and put to flight 
Are Cupid's arts, his torches give no light." 



Minerva, Diana, Vesta, and the nine Muses were not enamoured at all, because they 
never were idle. 



so " Frustra Idanditiai appulistis ad has, 
Frustra ntqiiitiae venistis ad has, 
Fru>tra delitire obsidebitis has, 
Frustra has illecebra*, el procacitates, 
Et suspiria, et osciila, et susurri, 
£t quisquis male satia corda amantum 
Blanuis ehria fasciiiat veiienis." 



' In vain are all your flatteries. 
In vain are all your knaveries, 
Delights, deceits, procacities, 
Sighs, kisses, and conspiracies, 
And whate'er is done by art. 
To bewitch a lover's heart." 



'Tis in vain to set upon those that are busy. 'Tis Savanarola's third rule, Occupari 
in mulfis el magnis negotiis., and Avicenna's precept, cap. 24, ^' Cedit amor rebus; 
res., age tutus eris. To be busy still, and as ^"^Guianerius enjoins, about matters of 



great moment, if it may be. 
of sleep." 



^^ Magninus adds, " Never to be idle but at the hours 



« "et ni 

Poscas ante diem librum cum lumine, si non 
Intcnilas animuni studiis. et rebus honestis, 
Invidia vel aiiiore miser lorquebere." 



"For if thou dost not ply thy book. 
By candle-li:ilil to study bent, 
Employ'd about some honest thing. 
Envy or love shall thee torment." 



No better physic than to be always occupied, seriously intent. 



Cur in penates rarius tenues subit, 
Hrec delicatas eligeiis peslis domus, 
Mediuiuque saiios vulgus afleclus tenet?" &c. 



" Why dost thou ask, poor folks are often free. 
And dainty places still molested be?" 



Because poor people fare coarsely, work hard, go wolward and bare. ^JYon hahtt 
unde suum paupertas pascal amorem. ^' Guianerius therefore prescribes his patient 
*' to go with hair-cloth next his skin, to go bare-footed, and bare-legged in cold 
weather, to whip himself now and then, as monks do, but above all to fast. Not 
with sweet wine, mutton and pottage, as many of those tender-bellies do, howsoever 
they put on Lenten faces, and whatsoever they pretend, but from all manner of meat. 
Fasting is an all-sufficient remedy of itself; for, as Jason Pratensis holds, the bodies 
of such persons that feed liberally, and live at ease, ^^"are full of bad spirits and 
devils, devilish thoughts ; no better physic for such parties, than to fast." Hildes- 
heim, spicel. 2. to this of hunger, adds, ^^" often baths, much exercise and sweat," 
but hunger and fasting he prescribes before the rest. And 'tis indeed our Saviour's 
oracle, ""This kind of devil is not cast out but by fasting and prayer," which makes the 
fathers so immoderate in commendation of fasting. As "hunger," saith '^Ambrose, 
"is a friend of virginity, so is it an enemy to lasciviousness, but fulness overthrows 
chastity, and fostereth all manner of provocations." If thine horse be too lusty, 
Hierpme adviseth thee to take away some of his provender ; by this means those 



89 0tium naufragiuin castitatis. Austin. 9" Bu- 

chanan. Hendeca syl. 9' Ovid lib. I. remed. "Love 
yields to business; be employed, and you 'II be safe" 
*2Cap. IG. circares arduas exerceri. ^3 part 2. c. 23. 

reg. San. His, prreter horam soinni, nulla per otiuni 
transeat. a^ Hor. lib. I. epist. 2. s^Seneca. 

*«' Poverty has not the means of feeding her passion." 
•^Tract. Hi. cap. 18. sajpe nuda carne cilicium portent 
tempore frigido sine caligis, el nudis pedibus incedant, 
in pane et aqua jejunent, stcpius se verberibus caedant. 



&c. 98 Dsemonibus referta sunt corpora nostra, illo 

rum priecipue qui delicatis vescuntur eduliis. advolitant, 
et corporibus itilijerent; hanc ob rem jejuiiiuin im- 
pendio probatur ad pudicitiam. 99 Victus sit altenua- 
tus, balnei frequens usus et sudationes, cold baths, not 
hot, saith Magninus, part 3. ca. 23. to dive over heid 
and ears in a cold river, &.c. '"oger. de gula ; fames 

amica virginitati est, inimica lasciviiB: saturitas vero 
castitatem perdit, et nutrit illecebras. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 1.] 



Cure of Love-Melancholy. 



527 



Pauls, Hilaries, Antbonies, and famous anchorites, subdued the lusts of the flesh ; by 
this means Hilarion "made his ass, as he called his own body, leave kicking, (so 
' Hierome relates of him in his life) when the devil tempted him to any such foul 
offence." By this means those ^Indian Brahmins kept themselves continent: they 
Jay upon the ground covered with skins, as the red-shanks do on heather, and dieted 
themselves sparingly on one dish, which Guianerius would have ali young men put 
m practice, and if that will not serve, ^Gordonius "would have them soundly 
whipped, or, to cool their courage, kept in prison," and there fed witli bread and 
water till they acknowledge their error, and become of another mind. If imprison- 
ment and hunger Mall not take them down, according to the directions of that 
'^ Theban Crates, " time must wear it out ; if time will not, the last refuge is a 
halter." But this, you will say, is comically spoken. Howsoever, fasting, by all 
means, must be still used ; and as they must refrain from such meats formerly men- 
tioned, which cause venery, or provoke lust, so they must use an opposite diet. 
^ Wine must be altogether avoided of the younger sort. So ^ Plato prescribes, and 
would have the magistrates themselves abstain from it, for exaniple's sake, highly 
commending the Carthaginians for their temperance in this kind. And 'twas a good 
edict, a commendable thing, so that it were not done for some sinister respect, as 
those old Egyptians abstained from wine, because some fabulous poets had given 
out, wine sprang first from the blood of the giants, or out of superstition, as our 
modern Turks, but for temperance, it being animce virus et vUiorum fames ^ a plague 
itself, if immoderately taken.' Women of old for that cause, "in hot countries, were 
forbid the use of it; as severely punished for drinking of wine as for adultery; and 
young folks, as Leonicus hath recorded, Var. hist. 1. 3. cap. 87, 88. out of Athenaeus 
and others, and is still practised in Italy, and some other countries of Europe and 
Asia, as Claudius Minoes hath well illustrated in his Comment on the 23. Emblem 
of Alciat. So choice is to be made of other diet. 



Nee minus erucas aptum est vitare salaces, 
Et quicqijid veneri corpora nostra parat." 



Eringns are not good for to he taken, 

And all lascivious meats must be forsaken.' 



Those opposite meats which ought to be used are cucumbers, melons, purslain, 
water-lilies, rue, woodbine, ammi, lettuce, which Lemnius so much commends, lib. 
2, cap. 42. and Mizaldus hort. med. to this purpose ; vitex, or agnus castus before 
the rest, which, saith '^ Magninus, hath a wonderful virtue in it. Those Athenian 
women, in their solemn feasts called Thesmopheries, were to abstain nine days from 
the company of men, during which time, saith jElian, tliey laid a certain herb, named 
hanea, in their beds, which assuaged those ardent flames of love, and freed them 
from the torments of that violent passion. See more in Porta, Matthiolus, Crescen- 
tius lib. 5. &-C., and what every herbalist almost and physician hath written, cap. de 
Satyriasi et Priapismo ; Rhasis amongst the rest. In some cases again, if they be 
much dejected, and brought low in body, and now ready to despair through anguish, 
grief, and too sensible a feeling of their misery, a cup of wine and full diet is not 
amiss, and as Valescus adviseth, cum alia honestd venerem scEpe exercendo., which 
Langius episf. med. lib. 1. epist. 24. approves out of Rhasis (ad assiduationem coitus 
invitat) and Guianerius seconds it, cap. 1 6. tract. 1 6. as a ^ very profitable remedy. 

10 " tument tibi quum inguina, cum si 

Ancilla, aut verna piaesto est, teiitigiue ruiiipi 
Malis? non ego namque," &c. 

"Jason Pratensis subscribes to this counsel of the poet, Excrefio enim aut toilet 
prorsus aut Unit cegritudinem. As it did the raging lust of Ahasuerus, ^^ qui ad im- 
patientiom amoris leniendam., per singulas fere noctes novas puellas devirginavit. 
And to be drunk too by fits ; but this is mad physic, if it be at all to be permitted. 
If not, yet some pleasure is to be allowed, as that which Vives speaks of, lib. 3. de 
anima.^ '^" A lover that hath as it were lost himself through impotency, impatience, 



• Vita Hilarionis, lib. 3. epist. cum tentassel eum 
daemon litillatione inter caetera, Ego inquit, aselle, ad 
corpus suum, faciam, &.c. • Strabo. 1. 15. Geog. sub 

pellibus,.cuhant, &c. 'Cup. 2. part. 2. Si sit juve- 

nis, et non vult obedire, flagelSetur frequenter et forti- 
ter, dum inripiat foetere. *Laertius, lib. 6. cap. 5. 

amori medetur fames; sin aliter, tempus; sin non hoc, 
laqueiis. s Vina parant animos Veneri, &c. «3 

de Legibus. ■> Non minus si vinum bibissent ac si 

adulteriu(n admisissent, Gellius lib. ]0. c. 23. •Rer. 



Sam. part. 3. cap. 23. Mirabilem vim habet. »Cum 
miiliere aliqua gratiosa sa.'pe coire erit utilissimum. 
Idem Lanrentius, cap. 11. '" Hor. " Cap. 29. de 

morb. cereb. ^"^ Btroaldus orat. de amore. i3 Ama- 
tori, cujus est pro impotentia mens amota, opus est ut 
pn'ilatim animus vclut a peregrinationedomum revoce- 
tur per musicam, cnnvivia. &c. Per aucupium. fabj. 
las, et tt«tiva8 narrationes, laborem usque ad sudorem 
&c. 



1)28 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



must be called home as a traveller, by music, feasting, good wine, i) whh\ be to 
drunkenness itself, which many so much commend for the easing of tlio mind, all 
kinds of sports and merriments, to see fair pictures, hangings, buildings, pleasant 
lields, orchards, gardens, groves, ponds, pools, rivers, fishing, fowling, hawking, 
hunting, to hear merry tales, and pleasant discourse, reading, to use exercise till he 
sweat, that new spirits may succeed, or by some vehement affection or contrary pas- 
fiion to be diverted till he be fully weaned from anger, suspicion, cares, fears, &,c., 
and habituated into another course." Semper tecum sil^ (as '^ Sempronius adviseth 
Calisto his love-sick master) qui sermones jocular es moveaf., condones ridiculas^ die- 
teriafalsa^ suaves hislorias^fahulas venuslas rccenseat., coram ludai., <^t., still have 
a pleasant companion to sing and tell merry tales, songs and facete histories, sweet 
discourse, &c. And as the melody of music, merriment, singing, dancing, doth aug 
ment the passion of some lovers, as '^Avicenna notes, so it expelleth it in others, 
and doth very much good. These things must be warily applied, as the parties' 
symptoms vary, and as they shall stand variously affected. 

If there be any need of physic, that the humours be altered, or any new matter 
aggregated, they must be cured as melancholy men. Carolus a Lorme, amongst 
other questions discussed for his degree at Montpelier in France, hath this, eSn 
amanfes et amantes iisdem remediis curentur ? Whether lovers and madmen be 
cured by the same remedies .'' he affirms it ; for love extended is mere madness. 
Such physic then as is prescribed, is either inward or outward, as hath been formerly 
handled in the precedent partition in the cure of melancholy. Consult with Valle- 
riola observat. lib'. 2. observ. 7. Lod. Mercatus lib. 2. cap. 4. de muVier. affect. Daniel 
Sennertus lib. 1. part. 2. cop. 10. '^Jacobus Ferrandus the Frenchman, in his Tract 
■le amore Ej'otique, Forestus lib. 10. observ. 29 and 30, Jason Pratensis and others 
or peculiar receipts. " Amatus Lucitanus cured a young Jew, that was almost mad 
for love, with the syrup of hellebore, and such other evacuations and purges which 
are usually prescribed to black choler : '^Avicenna confirms as much if need require, 
and '^"' blood-letting above the rest," which makes amantes ne .<int amcnies., lovers to 
come to themselves, and keep in their right minds. 'Tis the same which Schola 
Salernitana, Jason Pratensis, Hildesheim, &c., prescribe blood-letting to be used as 
a principal remedy. Those old Scythians had a trick to cure all appetite of burning 
lust, by ^° letting themselves blood under the ears, and to make both men and women 
barren, as Sabellicus in his ^neades relates of them. Which Salmutli. Tit. 10. de 
Herol. comment, in Pancirol. de nov. report. Mercurialis, var. lee. lib. 3. cap. 7. out 
of Hippocrates and Benzo say still is in use amongst the Indians, a reason of which 
Langius gives lib. 1. epist. 10. 

Hue faciunt medicamenta venerem sopientia, ut campJiora pudendis alUgafa^ et in 
brachci gesfata [quidam ait) membrum ffaccidum reddit. Labor avit hoc morbo virgo 
nobilis^ cui inter ccetera proiscripsit medicus., ut laminam plumbeam multis foramini- 
bus pertusam ad dies viginii portaret in dorso ; ad exiccandum vero sperma jussit 
cam quam parcissi.me cibari^ et manducare frequentur coriandrum prceparatum^ et 
semen lactucce et acetosa:^ et sic earn a morbo liberavit. Porro impediunt et remittunt 
Goitum folia salicis trita et epota, et si frequentius usurpentur ipsa in totum auferunt. 
Idem prfEstat Topatius annulo gestatus, dexterum lupi testiculum attrilum, et oleo 
vel aqua rosata exhibitum veneris taedium inducere scribit Alexander Benedictus : lac 
butyri commestum et semen canabis, et camphora exhibita idem praestant. Verbena 
herba gestata libidinem extinguit, pulvisquae ranae decollatae et exiccata^. Ad extin- 
guendum coitnm, ungantur membra genitalia, et renes et pecten aqua in qua opium 
Thebaicum sit dissolutum ; libidini maxime contraria camphora est, et coriandrum 
siccum frangit coitum, et erectionem virgag impedit; idem efficit synapium ebibitum. 
Da verb^nam in potu et non erigetur virga sex diebus ; utere menthd sicca cum aceto, 
genitalia illinita succo hyoscyami ant cicutce^ coitus appetitum sedant^ Sfc. R. seminis 
lactuc. portulac. coriandri an. 3j. menthoi siccce ^jfj. sacchari albiss. 3iiij. puhieriscen- 
lur omnia subtiliter, et post ea simul misce aqua neunpharis^ f. confec. solida in mor- 

aliisqiiffiaJ atram bilem pertinent. ispurjietur si 

ejus disposilio venerit ad adust, humoris, et phleboto- 
niizetnr. i9 Amantiiim uinibus ut pruritus solvitur 



i^Cffilestina^, Act. 2. Barthio interpret. i^Cap. de 
illislii, Multus hoc affectu saiiat cantilena, laititia, 
Tiusica ; et quidani sunt quos ha;c angent. i^ tiijs 

autlmr came to my hands since the third edition of tills 
oook ''Cent. 3. curat. 56. Syrupo helleborato et 



prui 

venae sectione et cucuroitulis. 20 Cura a venae 

tione per aures, unde semper steriles. 



iMc'in. 5. Subs. 2.] Cure of Love- Melancholy. 529 

sulis. Ex his sumat mane iinum quum surgat. Iiinumera fere his similia petas ab 
Ilildishemo loco praedicto, Mizaldo, Porta, caeterisque. 

SuBSECT. II. — Withstand the beginnings^ avoid occasions, change his place : fair and 
foul means,, contrary passions^ with witty inventions : to bring in another^ and di» 
commend the former. 

Other good rules and precepts are enjoined by our physicians, which, if n( 
alone, yet certainly conjoined, may do much; the first of which is obstare princi- 
piis^ to withstand the beginning, ^' Quisquis in primo obstitit^ Pepi^litque amorem 
tutus ac victor f nit .f he that will but resist at first, may easily be a conqueror at the 
last. Baltazar Castilio, /. 4. urgeth this prescript above the rest, ^-" when he shall 
chance (saitli he) to light upon a woman that hath good behaviour joined with hei 
excellent person, and shall perceive his eyes with a kind of greediness to pull unto 
them this image of beauty, and carry it to the heart : shall observe himself to be 
somewhat incensed with this influence, which moveth within : when he shall dis- 
cern those subtle spirits sparkling in her eyes, to administer more fuel to the fire, he 
must wisely withstand the beginnings, rouse up reason, stupified almost, fortify his 
heart by all means, and shut up all those passages, by which it may have entrance." 
Tis a precept which all concur upon, 

«3"Opprioie diim nova sunt subiti mala seiiiina morbi, I "Thy quick disease, whilst i^t is fre«h to day, 
Duiii licet, ill priuio Jumine siste peitein." | By all means crush, thy feet at first step stay." 

Which cannot speedier be done, than if he confess his grief and passion to some 
judicious friend ^^ [qui tacitus ardet magis uritur^ the more he conceals, the greater 
is his pain) that by his good advice may happily ease him on a sudden ; and withal 
to avoid occasions, or any circumstance that may aggravate his disease, to remove 
the object by all means ; for who can stand by a fire and not burn ? 

26" Siissilite nbsecroet mittite istaiic foras, 

dux misero mihi amariti ebibit sanguinem.'' 

'Tis good therefore to keep quite out of her company, which Hierom so much 
labours to Paula, to Nepotian ; Chrysost. so much inculcates in ser. in contubern, 
Cyprian, and many other fathers of the church, Siracides in his ninth chapter, Jason 
Pratensis, Savanarola, Arnoldus, Valleriola, &c., and every physician that treats of 
this subject. Not only to avoid, as ^^ Gregory Tholosanus exhorts, " kissing, dal- 
liance, all speeches, tokens, love-letters, and the like," or as Castilio, lib. 4. to con- 
verse with them, hear them speak, or sing, [tolerabilius est audire basiliscum sihi' 
lantern., thou hadst better hear, saith " Cyprian, a serpent hiss) ^^'^ those amiable 
smiles, admirable graces, and sweet gestures," which their presence affords. 

29" Neil capita limeni solitis morsiunculis, 
Et his papiliarum oppressiiinculis 
Abstinearit:" 

but all talk, name, mention, or cogitation of them, and of any other women, persons, 
circumstance, amorous book or tale that may administer any occasion of remem- 
brance. ^Prosper adviseth young men not to read the Canticles, and some parts of 
Genesis at other times ; but for such as are enamoured they forbid, as bef^ore, the 
name mentioned, &c., especially all sight, they must not so much as come near, or 
look upon them. 

3' " Et fugitare decet simulacra et pnbula amoris, 
Abstinere sibi atque alio converters mentem." 

" Gaze not on a maid," saith Syracides, " turn away thine eyes from a beautiful 
woman, c. 9. v. 5. 7, 8. avcrte oculos^ saith David, or if thou dost see them, as Fici- 
nus adviseth, let not thine eye be intentus ad libidinem^ do not intend her more than 
he rest : for as ^^ Propertius holds. Ipse alimenta sibi maxima prcebet amor, love as 



2J Seneoa. 22Quni in mulierem inciderit, quae cum 
forma nioriim suavitatem conjunctam habet, et jam 
oculns persenserit formte ad se imagiriem cum avidilate 
quadam rapere cum eadem, &.c. 23 Ovid. de rem. lib. 

1. ■'' vEneas Silvius. 25 piautus gurcu. '•Remove 



el scripta impudica, lilerre, Sec. '^ Lib. de singul 

Cler. 2«'j'ani admirahilem splendorem declinet, 

gratiam, sciniillas, amabiles risiis, gestus suavissimos, 
&c. asLipsius, hort. leg. lib. 3. antiq. lee. 3o Lib. 

3. de vit. ccelitus coinpar. cap. 6. ^i Lucretius. " It 



and throw her quite out of doors, she who has drank is best to shun the semblance and the food of love, t« 
.•ny love-sick blood." 26 Tom. 2. lib. 4. cap. 10. abstain from it, and totally avert the mind from tlw 

Syitag. med. arc. Mira. vitentur oscuta, tactus sermo. ( object." •'*^Lib. 3. eleg. 10. 

67 2U 



530 



Lov c-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



a snow ball t^nlargeth itself by siglit : but as Hierome to Nepotian, aut cpoullter ama^ 
aut ccqiiaater ignora^ either see all alike, or let all alone; make a league ^viih thine 
eyes, as ^^ Job did, and that is the safest course, let all alone, see none of ihem. 
Nothing sooner revives, '''*'•*• or waxeth sore again," as Petrarch holds, "than love 
doth by sight." " As pomp renews ambition ; the sight of gold, covetousness ; a 
beauteous object sets on fire this burning lust." Et multiim saliens incitaf unda 
sit'im. The sight of drink makes one dry, and the sight of meat increaseih appetite. 
'Tis dangerous therefore to see. A ^^ young gentleman in merriment would needs 
put on his mistress's clothes, and walk abroad alone, which some of her suitors es- 
pying, stole him away for her that he represented. So much can sight enforce. 
Especially if he have been formerly enamoured, the sight of his mistress strikes liim 
into a new fit, and makes him rave many days after. 



36 "Iiifiriiiis causa pusilla nocet, 

Ut peiie extinctuni cinerein si sulpliure taiigas, 

Vivet, et ex miniino inaxitnus i<;nis erit : 
Sic i:isi vitahis qiiirqiiid renovabil aniorem, 

FlHiniiin recrudesce!, quJe iiiodo nulla fiiit." 



A sickly man a little thing offends. 

As brimstone doth a fire decayed renew, 
And makes it Imrn afresh, doth love's dead flar 

If that the former object it review." 



Or, as the poet compares it to embers in ashes, which the wind blows, ^'^ut solet a 
ventis^ 4'^., a scald head (as the saying is) is soon broken, dry wood quickly kindles, 
and when they have been formerly wounded with sight, how can they by seeing but 
be inflamed ? Jsmenias acknowledgeth as much of himself, when he had been long 
absent, and almost forgotten his mistress, ^^"at the first sight of her, as straw in a 
fire, I burned afresh, and more than ever J did before." ^^^ Chariclia was as much 
moved at the sight of her dear Tlieagines, after he had been a great stranger." 
*°Mertila, in Aristeenetus, swore she would never love Pamphilus again, and did 
moderate her passion, so long as he was absent ; but the next time he came in pre- 
sence, she could not contain, effuse amplexa attrecfari se slnit^ ^t., she broke her 
vow, and did profusely embrace him. Hermotinus, a young man (in the said "" author) 
is all out as unstaid, he had forgot his mistress quite, and by his friends was well 
weaned from her love; but seeing her by chance, agnovif. veleris vestigia Jlammce,, 
he raved amain. Ilia tamen emergens veluti lucida Stella cepit elucere^ <^t., she did 
appear as a blazing star, or an angel to his sight. And it is the common passion of 
all lovers to be overcome in this sort. For that cause belike Alexander discerning 
(his inconvenience and danger that comes by seeing, "'^"when he heard Darius's 
wife so much commended for her beauty, would scarce admit her to come in his 
sight," foreknowing belike that of Plutarch, yormo5«m videre periciilosiss'ivium^ how 
full of danger it is to see a proper woman, and though he was intemperate in other 
things, yet in this superhe se gessitj he carried himself bravely. And so when as 
Araspus, in Xenophon, had so much magnified that divine face of Panthea to Cyrus, 
*^"by how much she was fairer than ordinary, by so much he was the more unwill- 
ing to see her." Scipio, a young man of twenty-three years of age, and the most 
beautiful of the Romans, equal in person to that Grecian Charinus, or Homer's 
Nireus, at the siege of a city in Spain, when as a noble and most fair young gentle- 
woman was brought unto him, ''''•'and he had heard she was betrothed to a lord, 
rewarded her, and sent her back to her sweetheart." St. Austin, as '^^ Gregory reports 
of him, ne cum sorore quidem sua pufavit hobitandum^ would not live in the house 
•with his own sister. Xenecrates lay with Lais of Corinth all night, and would not 
touch her. Socrates, though all the city of Athens supposed him to dote upon fair 
Alcibiades, yet when he had an opportunity, '^^ solus cum solo to lie in the chamber 
• with, and was wooed by him besides, as the said Alcibiades publicly ''^confessed, 
iformam sprevit et superbe contempsit, he scornfully rejected him. Petrarch, that had 
so magnified his Laura in several poems, when by the pope's means she was offered 



33Johxxxi. Pepigi ffedus cum oculis meis ne cogi- 
tarem de virgine. ^* Dial. 3. de contemptu mundi ; 

nihil facilius recrudescit quam amor; ut pompa visa 
renovat ambitionem, auri species avaritiam, sjtectata 
Rorporis forma incendit luxuriam. 3^ Seneca cont. 

lib. 2. ront. 9. 36 Ovid. 37 Met. 7. ut solet a ventis 

/alimenta resumere, quaeque Pavia sub inducta latuit 
Bcintilla favilla. Crescere et in veteres agitata resur- 
gere flammas. 38 pustathi. 1. 3. aspectus amorem 

incendit, ut marcescen em in palea ignem vcntus; 

tardi'baai interea majore concepto incendio. 36 Hollo- 



dorus, 1. 4. inflammat mentem novus aspecius, perindi, 
ac ignis materia; admolus, Chariclia, &c. *o Epist. J5. 
1. 2. 41 Epist. 4. 1. 2. « Curtius, 111). 3. cum uxorcm 
Darii laudatam audivisset, tantum cupiditati suae fnp- 
num injecit, ut illam vix vellet intueri. ''S Cyro- 

ptEdia. cum PantheiE forman evexisset Araspus, tanto 
magis, inquit Cyrus ahstinere oportet, quanto pulchrior 
est. ** Livius, cum eam r(?gulo ctiidam desponsaram 
audivisset muneribiis cumulatam remisit *'^ Ep. 39. 

lib. 7. 46 El ea loqui posset qutr soli amatores l(*4Ui 

sclent. 47 Platonis Convivio. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 2. 



Cure of Love-Melancholy. 



\ 
331 



unto him, would not accept of her. ^^'-'^ It is a good [lappiness to be rree from this 
passion of love, and great (Hscretion it argues in such a man that he can so contain 
himself; but when tliou art once in love, to moderate thyself (as he saith") is a sin- 
gular point of wisdom." 



Nam vitare plasas in nmoris ne jaciamiir 
Non ltd (lirticile est, qiiaiii capturn retil)us ipsii 
Exire, et validos Veneris pr^rriiinpere iiudos." 



' To avoid such nets is no such mastery. 
But ta'eii escape is ail the victory." 



But, forasmuch as few men are free, so discreet lovers, or that can contain them- 
selves, and moderate their passions, to curb their senses, as not to see them, not to 
look lasciviously, not to confer with them, such is the fury of this head-strong pas- 
sion of raging lust, and their weakness^ ferox ille ardor a natura insitus^ ^^ as he 
terms it "• such a furious desire nature iiath inscribed, such unspeakable delight." 



"Sic Diva^ Veneris furor, 
Iiisanis adeo uientibus incubat," 

which neither reason, counsel, poverty, pain, misery, drudgery, partus dolor., Sfc.^ can 
deter them from ; we must use some speedy means to correct and prevent that, and 
all other inconveniences, which come by conference and the lilce. The best, readiest, 
surest way, and which all approve, is Loci miitatio., to send them several ways, that 
they mav neither hear of, see, nor have an opportunity to send to one another again, 
or live together, soli cum sola., as so many Gilbertines. Elongatio a pairLl., 'tis Sava- 
narola's fourth rule, and Gordonius' precept, distrahatur ad longinquas rcgiones., send 
him to travel. 'Tis that which most run upon, as so many hounds, with full cry, 
poets, divines, philosophers, physicians, all, inutet pafriam: Valesius : ^' as a sick 
man he must be cured with change of air, Tully 4 TusciiL The best remedy is to 
get thee gone, Jason Pratensis : change air and soil, Laurentius. 

5'2-' Fu^e littus aniatum. 
Virg. Utile fiiiitiniis abstinuisse Incis." 

Travelling is an antidote of love, 



63" Ovid. I procul, et longas carpere pergje vias. 
sed fuge tutus eris." 



*» " Magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas, 
Ut me longa gravi solval amore via."' 

For this purpose, saith ^^Propertius, my parents sent me to Athens; time and patience 
wear away pain and grief, as fire goes out for want of fuel. Quantum oculis., animo 
tam procul ib.it amor. But so as they tarry out long enough : a whole year ^^ Xeno- 
phon prescribes Cri,tohulus.,vix enim intra hoc tempus ah amore sanari poteris : some 
will hardly be weaned under. All this " Heinsius merrily inculcates in an epistle to 
his friend Primierus ; first fast, then tarry, thirdly, change thy place, fourthly, think 
of a halter. If change of place, continuance of time, absence, will not wear it out 
with those precedent remedies, it will hardly be removed : but these commonly are 
of force. Felix Plater, obscrv. lib. 1. had a baker to his patient, almost mad for the 
love of his maid, and desperate; by removing her from him, he was in a short space 
cured. Isaeus, a philosopher of Assyria, was a most dissolute liver in his youth, 
paldm lasciviens., in love with all he met; but after he betook himself, by his friends' 
advice, to his study, and left women's company, he was so changed that he cared no 
more for plays, nor feasts, nor masks, nor songs, nor verses, fine clothes, nor no 
such love toys : he became a new man upon a sudden, tanquam si priores oculos 
amisisset., (saith mine ^^ author) as if he had lost his former eyes. Peter Godefridus, 
in the last chapter of his third book, halh a story out of St. Ambrose, of a young 
man that meeting his old love after long absence, on whom he had extremely doated, 
would scarce take notice of her ; she wondered at it, that he should so lightly 
esteem her, called him again, lenibat di.ctis animum., and told him who she was. Ego 
sum., inquit: At ego non sum ego; but he replied, "he was not the same man:" 
proripuit sese tandem^ as ^^^Eneas fled from Dido, not vouchsafing her any farther 
parley, loathing his folly, and ashamed of that which formerly he had done. ^°JVon 



«Heliodorus, lib. 4. expertem esse amoris beatitudo 
est, at quuin captiis sis, ad moderationem revocare 
aniniiini prudentia singularis. ^j Lucretius, I. 4. 

*<- Hjedus, lib. 1. de amor, contem. °i Loci nuita- 

tione tanquam non convalesceis curandiis est. cap. 11. 
6' "Fly the cherished shore. It is advisable to with- 
draw from the places near /t." '^ \inor'jin, I. 2. 
'Depart and lake a long journey— safety is in flieht 
nnly." 6<Q,uisquis amat, loca noia noceni ; dies 



.Tgritudinrm adimit, absentia delct. Ire licet procul 
hiiic patrireque relinquere fines. Ovid. °^ Lil». 3. 

eleg. 'iO. 66 Lib. ]. Socrat. memor. Tibi O Crito- 

bule consnio nt integrum annum absis, &c. s" Proxi- 
mum est ut esurias 2. ut nioram temporis oppotias. 
3. et locum mutes. 4. nt de laqueo cogites. *« Ftii • 

iostralus de vita Sophistraluui. *" Virg. 6. yK* 

^ Buchanan. 



532 



Love -Me lane Iwly. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 2. 



sum stullus ul ante jam JYecEra. " O Neaera, put your tricks, and practise hereafter 
upon somebody else, you shall befool me no longer." Petrarch hath such another 
tale of a young- gallant, that loved a wench with one eye, and for that cause by his 
parents was sent to travel into far countries, "after some years he returned, and 
meeting the maid for whose sake he was sent abroad, asked her how, and by what 
chance she lost her eye? no, said she, I have lost none, but you have found yours:" 
signifying thereby, that all lovers were blind, as Fabius saith, Jlma.ntes de forma 
Judicare non possunf^ lovers cannot judge of beauty, nor scarce of anything else, as 
ihey will easily confess after they return unto themselves, by some discontinuance 
or better advice, wonder at their own folly, madness, stupidity, blindness, be much 
abashed, "and laugh at love, and call it an idle thing, condemn themselves that ever 
they should be so besotted or misled : and be heartily glad they have so happily 
escaped." 

If so be (which is seldom) that change of place will not effect this alteration, tlien 
other remedies are to be annexed, fair and foul means, as to persuade, promise, 
threaten, terrify, or to divert by some contrary passion, rumour, tales, news, or some 
witty invention to alter his affection, ^' " by some greater sorrow to drive out the less," 
.saith Gordonius, as that his house is on fire, his best friends dead, his money stolen. 
^^"That he is made some great governor, or hath some honour, office, some inherit- 
ance is befallen him." He shall be a knight, a baron ; or by some false accusation, 
as they do to such as have the hiccup, to make them forget it. St. Hierome, lib. 2. 
epist. 16. to Rusticus the monk, hath an instance of a young man of Greece, that 
lived in a monastery in Egypt, ^^" that by no labour, no continence, no persuasion, 
could be diverted, but at last by this trick he was delivered. The abbot sets one of 
his convent to quarrel with him, and with some scandalous reproach or other to 
defame him before company, and then to come and complain first, the witnesses 
were likewise suborned for the plaintiff* The young man wept, and when all were 
against him, the abbot cunningly took his part, lest he should be overcome with 
immoderate grief: but what need many words .^ by this invention he was cured, and 
alienated from his pristine love-thoughts" Injuries, slanders, contempts, dis- 
graces spreimque injuria formce^ "the insult of her slighted beauty," are very 

forcible means to withdraw men's affections, confumelid ajfecli amatores amare desi- 
nunt^ as ^^Lucian saith, lovers reviled or neglected, contemned or misused, turn love 
to hate; ^^ redeamf JYon si me obsecret, " I'll never love thee more." Egone illam, 
quce illum^ qucE me, quce nonf So Zephyrus hated Hyacinthus because he scorned 
him, and preferred his co-rival Apollo (^Palephcelus fab. JVar.)^ he will not come 
again though he be invited. Tell him but how he was scoffed at behind his back, 
('tis the counsel of Avicenna), that his love is false, and entertains another, rejects 
him, cares not for him, or that she is a fool; a nasty quean, a slut, a vixen, a scold, a 
devil, or, which Italians commonly do, that he or she hath some loathsome filthy dis- 
ease, gout, stone, stranguary, falling sickness, and that they are hereditary, not to be 
avoided, he is subject to a consumption, hath the pox, that he hath three or four in- 
curable tetters, issues; that she is bald, her breath stinks, she is mad by inheritance, 
and so are all the kindred, a hair-brain, with many other secret infirmities, which 
I will not so much as name, belonging to women. That he is a hermaphrodite, 
an eunuch, imperfect, impotent, a spendthrift, a gamester, a fool, a gull, a beggar, 
a wjjoremaster, far in debt, and not able to maintain her, a common drunkard, his 
mother was a witch, his father hanged, that he hath a wolf in his bosom, a sore 
leg, he is a leper, hath some incurable disease, that he will surely beat hfer, he can- 
not hold his water, that he cries out or walks in the night, will stab his bed-fellow, 
tell all his secrets in his sleep, and that nobody dare lie with him, his house is 
haunted with spirits, with such fearful and tragical things, able to avert and terrify 
any man or woman living, Gordonius, cap. 20. part. 2. hunc in modo consulit; 
Paretur aliqua vetula turpissima aspeciu^ cum turpi et vili habitu : et poriet subtus 
gremium pannum menstrualem^ et dicat quod arnica sua sit ebriosa^ et quod mingat in 



6' Aiinuncientur valtle tristia, ut major tristitia possit 
minoreiii ohfiiscare. ^^ Aiil quod sit faclus senes- 

calliis, aul habeat hoiHireii) rnagiturii. 6^ Adolescens 
Gra;ciis crai in Egypti coenoljio qui nulla operis iiiagni- 
ludiiie, nulla uersuasione flammani poferat sedare : 



monasterii pater hac arie servavit. Fmperat cuidam i 
sociis, &c. Flehat ille, oinnes adversabantur ; sok'* 
pater calidS opponere, ne abundautia tristitia; absoru-;- 
retur, quid rnulta? hoc invento curatus est, et acogna 
tionibus pristinis avocatus. 6'' Tom 4 ^sTei 



Mem 5. Subs. 2.] Care of Love-Melancholy. 535 

leclo, et quod est epileptica et impudicia; et quod in corpore suo sunt exc^scentia 
enormes^ cum fostore anhelifns., et aim enormitates., q albas vetulce sunt edoclce : si noViJ 
his persuaderi^i sabifo extrahat ^^pannum menstraalem^ coram facie portando., excla 
mando, talis est arnica tua ; et si ex his non demiserlt., non est honio^ sed diabolus In- 
carnatus. Idem fere, Auicenna^ cap. 24, de cura Elishi, lib. 3, Fen. 1. Tract. A. JYur- 
rent res immundas vetulcB., ex quibus abomlnationem incarrat., et res ^'' sordidas et hoc 
asslduent. Idem Arculanus cap. 10. in 9. Rhasis., Sfc. 

Withal as they do discommend the old, for the better effecting a more speedy 
alteration, they must commend another paramour, alteram inducers, set him or her 
to be wooed, or woo some otiier that shall be fairer, of better note, better fortune 
biith, parentage, much to be preferred, ^^'•'' Invenies alium si te hlc fastldlt Jllexts,'*' 
by this means, which Jason Pratensis wisheth, to turn the stream of affection another 
way, '•'• Successore novo trudltur omnls amor ;'^'' or, as Valesius adviseth, by ^^sub- 
dividing to diminish it, as a great river cut into many channels runs low at last. 
'^^''^Hortor et ut parlter Unas habeatis arnicas.,'''' Sfc. if you suspect to be taken, be 
sure, saith the poet, to have two mistresses at once, or go from one to another: as 
he that goes from a good fire in cold weather is loth to depart from it, though in the 
next room there be a better which will refresh him as much; there\s as much dif- 
ference of hcec as hac ignis; or bring him to some public shows, plays, meetings, 
where he may see variety, and he shall likely loathe his first choice : carry him but 
to the next town, yea peradventure to the next house, and as Paris lost (Enone's 
love by seeing Helen, and Cressida forsook Troilus by conversing with Diomede, 
he will dislike his former mistress, and leave her quite behind him, as ■" Theseus left 
Ariadne fast asleep in the island of Dia, to seek her fortune, that was erst his loving 
mistress. "'^ JVanc primum Dor Ida vetus amator contempsi., as he said, Doris is but a 
dowdy to this. As he that looks himself in a glass forgets his physiognomy forth- 
with, this flattering glass of love will be diminished by remove ; after a little absenca 
it will be remitted, the next fair object will likely alter it. A young man in ^^Lucian 
was pitifully in love, he came to the theatre by chance, and by seeing other fair 
objects there, mentis san'itatem recep'it., was fully recovered, ^^ "■ and went merrily 
home, as if he had taken a dram of oblivion." "A mouse (saith an Apologer) was 
brought up in a chest, there fed with fragments of bread and cheese, though there 
could be no better meat, till coming forth at last, and feeding liberally of other 
variety of viands, loathed his former life: moralise this fable by thyself. Plato, in 
liis seventh book De Leglbus., hath a pretty fiction of a city under ground, '^ to 
which by little holes some small store of light came; the inhabitants thought there 
could not be a better place, and at their first coming abroad they might noi endure 
the light, (Tgerrime sotem infuerl; but after they were accustomed a little to it, 
""they deplored their fellows' misery that lived under ground." A silly lover is in 
like state, none so lair as his mistress at first, he cares for none but her; yet after a 
while, when he hath compared her with others, he abhors her name, sight, and 
memory. 'Tis generally true ; for as he observes, "'- Prlorem famma)ii novas ignis 
'ixtrudit; et ea multoram natara, ut prcesentes maxlme amenf., one fire drives out an- 
other; and such is women's weakness, that they love commonly him that is present. 
And so do many men; as he confessed, he loved Amye, till he saw Floriat, and 
when he saw Cyntliia, forgat them both : but fair Phillis was incomparably beyon(! 
them all, Cloris surpassed her, and yet when he espied Amaryllis, she was his solt- 
mistress; O divine Amaryllis : qnam procera.^ cupressl ad instar^ qaam elcga.ns^ qwim 
'lecens., 4t. How lovely, how tall, how comely she was (saith Polemius) till he saw 
another, and then she was the sole subject of his thoughts. In conclusion, her he 
loves best he saw last. "^^ Triton, the sea-god, first loved Leucothoe, till he came in 
presence of Milaene, she was the commandress of his heart, till he saw Galatea: bul 
(as ^she complains) he loved another eftsoons, another, and another. 'Tis a thing 



scHypatia Alexaneiriria quendain se adaniantem pro- 
'atis miilichrilms pantiis, et in eum CDiijcclis ah ainnris 
•nsaiiia laboravit. Suidaset Eunapiii?. ^'Savana- 

••ola. rcg. .5. c-« Virir. Eel. 3. " Yoii will easily find 

another if this Alexis (lisdains yon." ^u Oistrihntio 

jmoris fiat in plnns, ad piiires ainicas anininiii appliret. 
''' Ovjd. "I recommend you lo have two niislrepses." 
o iligiiuis, Bab. 43. '•^ l^etDnius. '3 Lib. de salt. 



"* E theatrn egressus hilaris, ac si pharmacum ohii 
vionis bihisset. "^ iMiis in cista natiis, &c. "'■ In 

qniMn e specn suhterraneo modicum Incis ilhihitur. 
'' Di-plorahant (>()rum miseriam <|ui subterraiieis \\\\<i 
locis vitam dejL'uut. 'f* I'aiius lib. (i. ''JAic* 

tiiMinlns, epist. 4. ^o Calcajfnin. Uial. Galat. IVIi>< 

aliani (ir.Ttulil, aliani pnelaturus cjuaiii primum occasio 
arriserit. 



Q t; O 



534 



Love-Melancholy. 



Tart. 3. Sec . 2. 



which, by Hieron.^s report, hath been usually practised. "'' Heathen philosopher.-, 
drive out one love with another, as they do a peg, or pin with a pin. Which those 
seven Persian princes did to Ahasuerus, that they might requite the desire of Queen 
Vashti with the love of others." Pausanias in Eliacis sailh, that therefore one Cupid 
was painted to contend with another, and to take the garland from him. because one 
love drives out another, ^^ ^'- Alterhis vires subtrahit alter amor ;''"' and Tully, 3. JVaL 
Dear, dis-puting with C. Cotta, makes mention of three several Cupids, all differing 
in office. Felix Plater, in the first book o{ his observations, boasts how he cured a 
widower in Basill, a patient of his, by this stratagem alone, that doted upon a poor ser- 
vant his maid, when friends, children, no persuasion could serve to alienate his mind: 
they motioned him to another honest man's daughter in the town, whom he loved, 
and lived with long after, abhorring the very name and sight of the first. After the 
death of Lucretia, ^^Euryalus would admit of no comfort, till the Emperor Sigismond 
married him to a noble lady of his court, and so in short space he was freed. 



SuBSECT. HI. — By counsel and persuasion^ foulness of ihe fact., men's., women'^s 
faults., miseries of marriage^ events of hist, Sfc. 

As there be divers causes of this burning lust, or heroical love, so there be many 
good remedies to ease and help; amongst which, good counsel and persuasion, w^hich 
I should have handled in the first place, are of great moment, and not to be omitted. 
Many are of opinion, that in this blind headstrong passion counsel can do no good. 



Uhep enini res in se iipque consilium neqiie modum 
Habet, ullo eani consiiio regere noii potes." 



Which thiiij; hath neither judgment, or an end, 
How should advice or counsel it amend ?" 



^^" Quis enim modus adsit amoriP'' But, without question, good counsel and 

advice must needs be of great force, especially if it shall proceed from a wise, 
fatherly, reverent, discreet person, a man of authority, whom the parties do respect, 
stand in awe of, or from a judicious friend, of itself alone it is able to divert and 
suffice. Gordonius, the physician, attributes so much to it, that he would have it 
ny all means used in the first place. Amovcatur ah ilia., consilio viri guem timet., 
ostendendo pericula sceculi., judicium inferni., gaudia Paradisi. He would have some 
discreet men to dissuade them, after the fury of passion is a little spent, or by ab- 
sence allayed; for it is as intempestive at first, to give counsel, as to comfort parents 
when their children are in that instant departed ; to no purpose to prescribe nar- 
cotics, cordials, nectarines, potions. Homer's nepenthes, or Helen's bowl, Stc. JVojt 
cessabit pectus tundcre., she will lament and howl for a season : let passion have his 
course awhile, and then he may proceed, by foreshowing the miserable events and 
dangers which will surely happen, the pains of hell, joys of Paradise, and the like, 
which by their preposterous courses they shall forfeit or incur; and ^tis a fit method, 
a very good means ; for what ^^ Seneca said of vice, I say of love. Sine magislro dis- 
citur., vix sine magistro deseritur., 'tis learned of itself, but *" hardly left without a 
tutor. 'Tis not amiss therefore to have some such overseer, to expostulate and show 
them such absurdities, inconveniences, imperfections, discontents, as usually follow; 
which their blindness, fury, madness, cannot apply unto themselves, or will not 
apprehend through weakness; and good for them to disclose themselves, to give ear 
to friendly admonitions. '•'• Tell me, sweetheart (saith Tryphena to a love-sick Char- 
mides in *^Lucian), what is it that troubles thee.? peradventure I can ease thy mind, 
and further thee in thy suit;" and so, without question, she might, and so may est 
thou, if the patient be capable of good counsel, and will hear at least what may 
be said. 

If he love at all, she is either an honest woman or a whore. If dishonest let him 
read or inculcate to him that 5. of Solomon's Proverbs, Ecclus. 26. Ambros. lib. 1. 
cap. 4. hi his book of Abel and Cain, Philo Judaeus de viercede mer. Platinas, dial 
in Amorcs., Espencaeus, and those three books of Pet. Hoedus de confem. amorihus^ 



*^i Epiat. lit). 2 lij. Pjjilosophi sceculi veterem amorem 
novo, quasi claviim cl.ivo repellcre, quod et Assuero 
rejii septeui j>rii!Cipes Pi-rsaruni f-cere, ul Vastie re^ince 
de« J' rnnn aniore con)pensarent. fss Ovid. "One 

l-tre extract's th'* intiuence of hT^'b^-r." ^^ Lujiuhri 

vf;5te indiilus, consolationes non adniisit, donee Casar 
L'X diL^ali san^'uine, forinos.im virgineiu luutriiuonio 



conjunxit. iEneas Sylvius liist. de Eurvalo of Lucretia. 
"^Ter. *5 Virg. Eel. % " For whut'liniit has love?" 

80 \Ab. de heat. vit. cap. 14. ^t L.onj.'o i,su diciniua, 

loiiga desueludine dediscendum est. Petrarch. €>'«». 
lib. 5. H. ' »«' Tom. 4. dHii. nierel. Korluss-- Lliaiu p»1 
ad amorem istum conniLd cor.tulero. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 3.1 



Cure of Love -Me lane holy. 



535 



^neas Sylvius' tart Epistlo, which he wrote to his friend Nicholas of Warthuf^u, 
which he calls mcdeJam illicit i anions.^ Sfc. ^^"For what's a whore,-' as he saith, 
"•but a poler of youth, a ^ruin of men, a destruction, a devourer of patrimonies, a 
downfall of honour, fodder for the devil, the gate of death, and supplement of helP-* 
" Talis amor est laqueus animcE^ 4*c., a bitter honey, sweet poison, delicate destruc- 
tion, a voluntary mischief, commixtum coBnum^ sferquilinium. And as '^^ Pet. Aretiiie's 
Lucretia, a notable quean, confesseth : " Gluttony, anger, envy, pride, sacrilege, theft, 
slaughter, were all born that day that a whore began her profession ; for," as she 
follows it, ^' her pride is greater than a rich churl's, she is more envious than the 
pox, as malicious as melancholy, as covetous as hell. If from the beginning of the 
world any were 7tiala^ pcjor^ pessima., bad in the superlative degree, 'tis a whore; 
how many have I undone, caused to be wounded, slain ! O Antonia, thou seest 
^what I am without, but within, God knows, a puddle of iniquity, a sink of sin, a 
pocky quean." Let him now that so dotes meditate on this ; let him see the event 
and success of others, Samson, Hercules, Holofernes, &c. Those infinite mischief? 
attend it: if she be another man's wife he loves, 'tis abominable in the sight of God 
and men; adultery is expressly forbidden in God's commandment, a mortal sin, able 
to endanger his soul: ii he be such a one that fears God, or have any religion, he 
will eschew it, and abhor the loathsomeness of his own fact. If he love an honest 
maid, 'tis to abuse or marry her; if to abuse, 'tis fornication, a foul fact (though 
some make light of it), and almost equal to adultery itself If to marry, let him 
seriously consider what he takes in hand, look before ye leap, as the proverb is, or 
settle his affections, and examine first the party, and condition of his estate and hers, 
whether it be a fit match, for fortunes, years, parentage, and such other circum- 
stances, an sit siicE Veneris. Whether it be likely to proceed : if not, let him wisely 
stave hinjself off at the first, curb in his inordinate passion, and moderate his desire, 
by thinking of some other subject, divert his cogitations. Or if it be not for his 
good, as ^neas, forewarned by Mercury in a dream, left Dido's love, and in all 
haste got him to sea, 

m" Miipstea, Sur;jestumque vocat fortemque Cloanthein, 
Classeni apteiit taciii jubet" 

and althougli she did oppose with vows, tears, prayers, and imprecation, 

95 " nullis ille movetiir 

Fletibus, aut illas voces tryctabilis audit ;" 

Let thy Mercury-reason rule thee against all allurements, seeming delights, pleasing 
inward or outward provocations. Thou mayest do this if thou \\'\\u pater non de- 
perit JiJiam., ncc frater sororem^ a falher iloies not on his own daughter, a brother 
on a sister; and why .^ because it is unnatural, unlawful, unfit. If he be sickly, 
soft, deformed, let him think of his deformities, vices, infirmities; if in debt, let him 
ruminate how to pay his debts : if he be in any danger, let him seek to avoid it : if 
he have any law-suit, or other business, he may do well to let his love-matters alone 
and follow it, labour in his vocation whatever it is. But if he cannot so ease him- 
self, yet let him wisely premeditate of both their estates; if tiicy be unequal in 
years, she young and he old, what an unfit matcli must it needs be, an uneven yoke, 
how absurd and indecent a thing is it ! as Lycinus in '-* Lucian told Timolaus, for an 
old bald crook-nosed knave to marry a young wench ; how odious a thing it is to 
see an old leecher! What should a bald fellow do with a comb, a dumb doter with 
a pipe, a blind man with a looking-glass, and thou with such a wife? How absurd 
it is for a young man to marry an old wife for a piece of good. But put case she 
be equal in years, birth, fortunes, and other qualities correspondent, he doth desire 
to be coupled in marriage, which is an honourable estate, but for what respects ? 
Her beauty belike, and comeliness of person, that is commonly the main object, she 



s9Q,iiid enim rneretrix nisi juveiitutis expilatrix, 
viri)riiiii mpiiia sen mors; patrimonii devoratrix, ho- 
noris pcrnicii-t:, i)atiulum diiibolj, janna mortis, iriferiii 
Bup|)leiiu'iitiiiii / *>Saiiguiiiem hoiniiium sorhent. 

*JConteiiiplatioiie Idiotse, c 34. discrinien vita;, mors 
tflanda, mel selleiim, diilce veiieiium, pernicies delicata, 
maliiiii soKiilaneuin, &c. »- I'ornoujdasc. dial. Ifal. 

gula, ira, iiivinia, siiperliia, sacrilt-jjia, latro(;inia,ctE(ies, 
eo diti nata suiil, quo primuii: lueretrix proftssi^^nem 



fecit. Snpcrbia major qiiam opulenti rustici, invidia 
quain liiis venera; iiiimicitia nocenlior nu-laticholia, 
avaritia in immensiim profunda. a-'Qualis e.vlra 

sum viiles, <)ualis intra novit Dens. "i Viri.'. " lie 

calls Min^stlieiis, Siiri'estus. ami the brave Cloanthus 
and orders tlieni silentl.v to prc[»nre the l!(.i;i..' ^^ >• h^ 
is moved by no tears, he c.aimnt he ■ winced to h-ar her 
words." ^s'p,,,,, 2. in votjs. Ca'vus cum sis, naoutu 
habeas simuni, &.c. 



530 



Love-Me lancho ly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



.^= a: most absolute form, ^n his eye at least, Cuiformam Paphia^ et Charites irrhut-.^e 
decor am : but do other men affirm as much ? or is it an error in his judgment. 

97 " Fallunt iios oculi vagique sensus, 
Oppressa ratione nientiunlur," 

" our eyes and other senses will commonly deceive us ;" it may be, to thee thyself 
upon a more serious examination, or after a little absence, she is not so fair as she 
.seems. QucEdam videniur et non sunt ; compare her to another standing by, 'tis a 
touchstone to try, confer hand to hand, body to body, face to face, eye to eye, nose 
to nose, neck to neck, &c., examine every part by itself, then altogether, in all pos- 
tures, several sites, and tell me how thou likest her. It may be not she, that is so 
fair, but her coats, or put another in her clothes, and she will seem all out as fair ; 
as the ^^poet then prescribes, separate her from her clothes: suppose thou saw her 
in a base beggar's weed, or else dressed in some old hirsute attires out of fashion, 
foul linen, coarse raiment, besmeared with soot, colly, perfumed with opoponax, 
sagapenum, assafoetida, or some such filthy gums, dirty, about some indecent action 
or other; or in such a case as ^^ Brassivola, the physician, found Malatasta, his pa- 
tient, after a potion of hellebore, which he had prescribed : Manibus in terram depo- 
siiis^ et ano versus ccelum elevato {ac si videretur Socraticus ille Arisiojjhanes^ qui 
Geometricas figuras in terram scribens^ tuber a colli gere videbatur) atrom bilem in 
album parietem injiciebat^ adeogue totam camera??!^ et se deturpabaf^ ut^ ^'C, all to 
bewrayed, or worse; if thou saw'st her (I say) would thou affect her as thou dost? 
Suppose thou beheldest her in a '°'' frosty morning, in cold weather, in some passion 
or perturbation of mind, weeping, chafing, &c., riveled and ill-favoured to behold. 
She many times that in a composed look seems so amiable and delicious, tam scituld 
forma^ if she do but laugh or smile, makes an ugly sparrow-mouthed face, and 
shows a pair of uneven, loathsome, rotten, foul teeth : she hath a black skin, gouty 
legs, a deformed crooked carcass under a fine coat. It may be for all her costly 
tires she is bald, and though she seem so fair by dark, by candle-light, or afar oil* at 
such a distance, as Callicratides observed in ' Lucian, " If thou should see her near, 
or in a morning, she would appear more ugly than a beast;" ^ si diligentrr conside- 
res, quid per os et nares et cceteros corporis meatus egrcditur^ villus steTquilinium 
nunquam vidisti. Follow my counsel, see her undressed, see her, if it be possible, 
out of her ^iiwes^furtivis nudatam coloribus^ it may be she is like uEs op's jay, or 
^Pliny's cantharides, she will be loathsome, ridiculous, thou wilt not endure her 
sight : or suppose thou saw'st her, pale, in a consumption, on her death-bed, skin 
and bones, or now dead, Cujus erat gratissimus amplexus (whose embrace was so 
agreeable) as Barnard saith, erit horribilis aspectus ; JVon redolet, sed olet^ quce re- 
dolere solef., ^' As a posy she smells sweet, is most fresh and fair one day, but dried 
up, withered, and stinks another." Beautiful Nireus, by that Homer so much ad- 
mired, once dead, is more deformed than Thersites, and Solomon deceased as ugly 
as Marcolphus : thy lovely mistress that was erst "^ Char is charior ocellis^ "-dearer 
to thee tlian thine eyes," once sick or departed, is Vili vili or cBstijiiai a cceno,'-'' worse 
than any dirt or dunghill." Her embraces were not so acceptable, as now her looks 
be terrible : thou hadst better behold a Gorgon's head, than Helen's carcass. 

Some are of opinion, that to see a woman naked is able of itself to alter his 
affection; and it is worthy of consideration, saith ^Montaigne the Frencliman in his 
Essays, that the skilfulest masters of amorous dalliance, appoint for a remedy of 
venerous passions, a full survey of the body; which the poet insinuates. 



6 " l!le quod obscienas in aperto corpore partes 
Vnl(;ral, in cursu qui luit, hwsil amor." 



The love stood still, that run in full oarepr, 
When once it saw those parts should not appear. 



it is reported of Seleucus, king of Syria, that seeing his wife Stratonice's bald pate, 
as she was undressing her by chance, he could never afi'ect her after. Kemundus 
LuUius, the physician, spying an ulcer or cancer in his mistress' breast, whom he so 
dearly loved, from that day following abhorred the looks of her. Philip the French 



«Petronins. a^Ovid. 99 In Catarticis, lih. 2. 

'00 Si lV;rveat dcforniis, ecce fornjosa est ; si friyeat for 
Miosa, jam SIS informis. Th. iVl<>rus Kpi:.'rani. « A mo 
rum dial. tom. 4. si quis ad an'oram conteiiipletur miil- 
lae mulieres a iiocte lecto surnenles, tiirpiores putahil 
es9e besliis. * Hugo de claustro Aiiima;, lib. 1. c. 1. 



" If you quietly reflect upon what passes through her 
inouili, nostrils, and other conduits of her body, you 
never saw vilir stiitr." » Hist. nat. II. cap. a5. A fly 
that hath golden wings but a poisoned body. •Bu- 
chanan, Hendecasyl. » Apol. pro Rem. 6eb. •(>vi«L 
2. real. 



Mein. 5. Subs. 3.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 537 

king, as Neubrigensis, lib. 4. cap. 24. relates it, married the king of Denmark's 
daughter, '"and after he had used her as a wife one night, because her breath stunk, 
they say, or for some other secret fault, sent her back again to her father." Peter 
Maltheus, in the life of Lewis the Eleventh, finds fault with our English ^chronicles, 
for writing how Margaret the king of Scots' daughter, and wife to Louis the Eleventh, 
French king, was ob graveolentiam oris, rejected by her husband. Many such 
Hiatches are made for by-respects, or some seemly comeliness, which after honey 
moon's past, turn to bitterness : for burning lust is but a flash, a gunpowder passion; 
and hatred oft follows in the highest degree, dislike and contempt. 

« " Cum se cutis arida laxat, 

Fiuiit obscuri denies" 

when they wax old, and ill-favoured, they may commonly no longer abide them, 

Jam gravis es nobis, Be gone, they grow stale, fulsome, loathsome, odious, thou 

art a beastly filthy quean, ^^faci.em Phmbe cacantis habes, thou art Saturni podex, 

withered and dry, insipida et vetula, " Te quia rugce turpant, et capitis nives, (I 

say) begone, ^^porfce patent, projiciscere. 

Yea, but you will infer, your mistress is complete, of a most absolute form in all 
men's opinions, no exceptions can be taken at her, nothing may be added to her 
person, nothing detracted, slie is the mirror of women for her beauty, comeliness 
and pleasant grace, inimitable, mercE d.eUcicB, meri lepores, she is Mi/rothctium Ve- 
neris, Gratiarum pixis, a mere magazine of natural perfections, she hath all the 

Veneres and Graces, mille faces et mi lie fgur as, in each part absolute and 

complete, ^^ Lceta genas, Icela os roseum, vaga lumina loita : to be admired for her 
person, a most incomparable, unmatchable piece, aurea proles, ad simulachruni ali- 
cujus nuniinis cojnposita, a Phcenix, vernantis cetatulcB Vencrilla, a nymph, a fairy, 
'■•like Venus herself when she was a maid, nulli secunda, a mere quintessence, ^ores 
spirans et amaracum,foeminceprodigium: put case she be, how long will she con- 
tinue ? '^ Florem decoris singuli carpunt dies : " Every day detracts from her per- 
son," and this beauty is bonum fragile, a mere flash, a Venice glass, quickly broken, 

16 ■' Anceps forma boiium mortalibus, 

exigui dunum breve temporis," 

it will not last. As that fair flower ''' Adonis, which we call an anemone, flourisheth 
but one month, this gracious all-commanding beauty fades in an instant. It is a 
jewel soon lost, the painter's goddess, falsa Veritas, a mere picture. " Favour is 
deceitful, and beauty is vanity," Frov. xxxi. 30. 

*«" Vitrea gemmula, fluxaque bullnla, Candida fornja I " A brittle gem, bubble, is boauty pale. 

Nix, rosa, faniiis, ventns el aura, nihil." [est, | A rose, dew, snow, smoke, wind, air, nought at all.'' 

If she be fair, as the saying is, she is commonly a fool : if proud, scornful, sequt- 
turque superbia formam, or dishonest, rara est concordia formcB atqiie pudicitioi, 
" can she be fair and honest too ?" '^ Aristo, the son of Agasicles, married a Spar- 
tan lass, the fairest lady in all Greece next to Helen, but for her conditions the most 
abominable and beastly creature of tlie world. So that I would wish thee to respect, 
with ^° Seneca, not her person but qualities. "• Will you say that's a good blade 
which hath a gilded scabbard, embroidered wilh gold and jewels ? No, but that 
which hath a good edge and point, well tempered metal, able to resist." This 
beauty is of the body alone, and what is that, but as ^'Gregory Nazianzan telleth 
us, " a mock of time and sickness ?" or as Boethius, ^^''' as mutable as a flower, and 
'tis not nature so makes us, but most part the infirmity of the beholder." For ask 
another, he sees no si.ch matter : Die mihi per gratias qualis tibi videtur, " I pray 
thee tell me how thou likv;st my sweetheart," as she asked her sister in Aristena3tus, 



'Post unani noctim inceitum unde nffmsam cepil 
propter foeti^ntem tjiis spirituin alii dicuiit, vel laten- 
teni foeditatem repiidiavit, rjem f.ieiens plane illicitam, 
et rogiae per.-oiijc inultiim indecorani. « Hall and 

Grafion beiik(^ » Juvenal. " When the wrinkled 

skin becomes flabby, and the t'-eth black." i" Mart. 



"Camerarius. enib. 68. rent. I. flos omnium pulcherri- 
mus etatini languescit, foruiie typus. i» Bernar 

Bauhusius Ep. I. 4. '^ Pausatiias Lacon. lib ',]. uxo- 

reni duxit Spartse mulierum oiniiium post Helenam 
fiirmosissimam at ob mores omnium turpissimam. 
20 Epist. 7(5. gladium bonum dices, non cui deauratus esj 



'iTully in Cat. " Hecause wrinkles and Iioary locks baltheus, nee cui vagina gemuiis distinguitur, sed cul 
Jisfigure you." '* Hor. ode. 13. lib. 4. '^ l^ocheus. ad secandum subtilis acies et mucro nmnimentum 



Beautiful cheeks, rosy lips, ana lafiguishing eyes.* 
* Quaiis f;iit Venus cum fuit virgu, balsnmum spirans, 
Arc. '6 Seneca. i^ Heneca Hy[». " Beauty is a gift 
)l Jubious worth to mortals, and of brief duration." ) tium infirmitas, 

^.8 



omne rupturus. ^i Pulchritudo corporis, .^jnporis et 
niorbi ludibrium. orat. 2. ^ Florum muiabilitate 

fugacior, nee sua natura formosas facit, sed apecian- 



538 



Love-Melancholy, 



[Par i. Sec. 2. 



"'iwac.n I so much admire, methinks he is the sweetest gentleman, th( /ropeiesl 
man thit ever I saw : but I am in love, I confess (nee pudetfateri) and cai /.ot there- 
fore well judge," But be she fair indeed, golden-haired, as Anacreon his Bathillus, 
(to examine particulars) she have '^^Flammeolos ocuJos, collaque lacteola, a pure san- 
guine complexion, little mouth, coral lips, white teeth, soft and plump neck, body, 
hands, feet, all fair and lovely to behold, composed of all graces, elegances, an ab- 
solute piece, 

23" Lurnina sint Meliire Juiionia, dextra Minerva;, 
MamillcE Veneris, sura maris doinina;," &c. 

r.et ^^ her head be from Prague, paps out of Austria, belly from France, back from 
Brabant, hands out of England, feet from Rhine, buttocks from Switzerland, let her 
have the Spanish gait, the Venetian tire, Italian compliment and endowments , 



'Candida sideriis ardescant lamina flaniini?, 
Suden't coilii rosas, et cedat crinilius aurum, 
Mellea puipureni deproniant ora ruborein ; 



Fulgeat, ac Venerem ccelesti c(»rpore vjiirat. 
Forma dearum omnis," &c. 



Let her be such a one throughout, as Lucian deciphers in his Imagines, as Euphanor 
of old painted Venus, Aristaenetus describes Lais, another Heknia, Chariclea^ Leu- 
cippe, Lucretia, Pandora; let her have a box of beauty to repair }\erself still, such a 
one as Venus gave Phaon, when he carried her over the ford ; let her use all helps 
art and nature can yield ; be lij-e her, and her, and whom thou wilt, or all the>*e in 
one; a little sickness, a fever *./'*ll-pox, wound, scat-, loss of an eye, or limb, a 
violent passion, a distemperarure of lieat or cold, mars all in an instant, disfigures 
all ; child-bearing, old age, that tyrant time will turn Venus to Erinnys ; raging t'me, 
care, rivels her upon a sudJen ; after she hath been married a small while, and the 
black ox hath ti*odden on her toe, she will be so much altered, and wax out of 
(avour, thou wilt not know her. One grows to fat, another too lean, Stc, modest 
Matilda, pretty pleasing Peg, sweet-singing Susan, mincing merry Moll, dainty danc- 
ing Doll, neat Nancy, jolly Joan, nimble Nell, kissing Kate, bouncing Bess, with 
black eyes, fair Phyllis, with fine white liands, fiddling Frank, tall Tib, slender Sib, 
&c., will quickly lose their grace, grow fulsome, stale, sad, heavy, dull, sour, and all 
at last out of fashion. Ubl jam vultus argutia^ suavis suavit.atio^ hlandus^ risus^ ^c. 
Those fair sparkling eyes will look dull, her soft coral lips will be pale, dry, cold, 
rough, and blue, her skin rugged, that soft and tender superficies will be hard and 
harsh, her whole complexion change in a moment, and as ^^ Matilda writ to KiJ^g 
Tohn. 

" [ am not now as when thou saw'st me last. 
That favour soon is vanished and past ; 
That rosy hhish lapt in a lily vale. 
Now is with aiorphew overgrown ar)d pale." 

'Tis so in the rest, their beauty fades as a tree in winter, which Dejanira hath ele- 
gantly expressed in the poet. 



'Defornie solis aspicis truncis nemiis? 
Sic nostra longum forma percurretis iter. 
Dcperdit aliquul semper, et fulget minus, 
Malisque mitius est qtiicquid in nobis fuit, 
Ohm petitum cecidit, et partu lahat, 
Mater(|iie multum rapiiit ex ilia milii, 
^tas citato senior eripuit gradu." 



' And as a tree that in the green wood grows, 
With fruit and leaves, and in the summer blows. 
In winter like a .'tock deformed sho«s: 
Our beauty takes his race and journey goes. 
And doth decrease, and lose, and come to I'oughi, 
Admir'd of old, to this by child-birth broug.s. • 
And mother hath berett me of my grace, 
And crooked old age coming on ap;ice." 



To conclude with Chrysostom, ^°" When thou seest a fair and beautiful person, 
brave Bonaroba, a bella donna,, quce salivam moveat^ lepidam puollam et quam tu 
facile a/nes^ a comely woman, having bright eyes, a merry countenance, a shining 
lustre in her look, a pleasant grace, wringing thy soul, and increasing thy concu- 
piscence ; bethink with thyself tliat it is but earth thou lovest, a mere excrement, 
which so vexeih thee, which thou so admirest, and thy raging soul will be at rest. 



23 Epist. 11. Quem ego depereo juvenis mihi pulche- 
rimus videtur; sed forsan amore percita de aniore non 
recte judico. ^4 i^i,c. Brugensis. " Bright eyes and 

pnow-wliite neck." '^ Idem. " Let my Melila's eyes 
Ae like Juno's, li*>r hand Minerva's, her breasts Venus', 
tier leg AmpliiUiis ." 21; B^-bclius adagiis Get. 

3' Petron. Cat. " Let her eyes be as bright as the stars, 
her neck smell like the rose, her hair shine more than 
gold, her honied Hps be ruby coloured ; let her beauty 
be resplendent, and superior lo Venus, let her be iu ail 



respects a deity," &c. 28 lyj. Drayton. 20 Senec. 

act. ii. Here. Oeteus. ^ Vides venustatn mulierem, 

fulgiduin habenteni oculuni, vultu hilari coruscantem, 
eximium quendam aspectum et decoreni pra;se feren- 
tem, urentem mentem tuam, et coiicupiscentinm agen- 
tein ; cogita terram esse idqimd amas, et (juod ndmira 
ris stercus, et quod te urit, &c., cogita illam jam senes- 
cere jam rugosam cavis gems, aegrotam ; tan lis s<»rdibua 
intus plena est, pituita, stercore ; reputa quid intra 
nures, oculos, cerebrum gestat, ou*^ sordes, &.c. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 3.] Cure of Love-Melancholy 539 

Take her skin from her face, and thou slialt see all loathsomene.ss under it, that 
beauty is a superticial skin and bones, nerves, sinews: suppose her sick, now riveled, 
hoary-headed, hollow-cheeked, old ; within she is full of filthy phlegm, slinking, 
putrid, excremental stuff: snot and snivel in her nostrils, spittle in her moutli, water 
in her eyes, what filth in her brains," &lc. Or take her at best, and look narrowly 
upon her in the light, stand near her, nearer yet, thou shall perceive almost as much, 
and love less, as ^'Cardan well writes, minus aniant qui aculcvident^ tliough Scaliger 
deride him for it: if he see her near, or look exactly at such a posture, whosoever 
he is, according to the true rules of symmetry and proportion, those I mean of 
Albertus Durer, Lomatius and Tasnier, examine him of her. If he be elegans for- 
marum spectator^ he shall find many faults in physiognomy, and ill colour: if form, 
one side of the face likely bigger than the other, or crooked nose, bad eyes, promi- 
nent veins, concavities about the eyes, wrinkles, pimples, red streaks, freckles, hairs, 
warts, neves, inequalities, roughness, scabredity, paleness, yellowness, and as many 
colours as are in a turkeycock's neck, many indecorums in iheir other parts; est 
quod desidcres^ est qund amputes^ one leers, another frowns, a third gapes, squints, &c. 
And 'tis true that he sailh, ^^ Diligenfer consideranti raro fades ahsohita^ et qucE 
vifio caret., seldom shall you find an absolute face without fault, as I have often ob- 
served ; not in the face alone is this defect or disproportion to be found; but in- all 
the other parts, of body and mind; she is fair, indeed, but foolish; pretty, comely, 
and decent, of a majestical presence, but peradventure, imperious, dishonest, acerba^ 
iniqua^ self-willed: she is rich, but deformed; hath a sweet face, but bad carriage, 
no bringing up, a rude and wanton fiirt; ?. neat body she hath, but it is a nasty 
quean otherwise, a very slut, of a bad khud. As flowers in a garden have colour 
some, but no smell, others have a fragrant smell, but are unseemly to the eye; one 
is unsavoury to the taste as rue, as bitter as wormwood, and yet a most medicinal 
cordial flower, most acceptable to the stomach; so are men and women; one is well 
qualified, but of ill proportion, poor and base: a good eye she hath, but a bad hand 
and foot, fceda pedes etfceda manus^ a fine leg, bad teeth, a vast body, Sec. Examine 
all parts of body and mind, I advise thee to inquire of all. See her angry, merry, 
laugh, weep, hot, cold, sick, sullen, dressed, undressed, in all attires, sites, gestures, 
passions, eat her meals, &c., and in some of these you will surely dislike. Yea, not 
her only let him observe, but her parents how they carry themselves : for what 
deformities, defects, incumbrances of body or mind be in them at such an aire, they 
will likely be subject to, be molested in like manner, they will patrizare or ma- 
trizare. And withal let him lake notice of her companions, in convictu (as Q^uiverra 
prescribes), et quihuscum convcrsetur., whom she converseth with. JVoscitur ex 
comife., qui non cognoscitur ex se.^ According to Thucydides, she is commonly the 
best, de quo jninimusforas hahetur sermo, that is least talked of abroad. For if she 
be a noted reveller, a gadder, a singer, a pranker or dancer, than take heed of her. 
For what sailh Theocritus } 

34 1' At vos festivEB lie ne saltate piif Ike, 

Ell iiialus hircus adest in vos sallare paratus." 

Young men will do it when they come to it, fauns and satyrs will certainly play 
wreeks, when they come in such wanton Baccho's Elenora's presence. Now when 
they shall perceive any such obliquity, indecency, disproportion, deformity, bad 
conditions, &c., let them still ruminate on that, and as ^^Hcedus adviseth out of Ovid, 
earuni mendas notent., note their faults, vices, errors, and think of their imperfections; 
'tis tlie next way to divert and mitigate love's furious headstrong passions; as a 
peacock's feet, and filthy comb, they say, make him forget his fine feathers, and pride 
of his tail ; she is lovely, fair, well-favoured, well qualified, courteous and kind, 
" but if she be not so to me, what care I how kind she be .^" 1 say with ^ Philos- 
tratus, /ormo.sa aUis., mi/ii superba, she is a tyrant to me, and so let her go. Besides 
these outward neves or open faults, errors, there be many inward infirmities, secret, 
some private (which 1 will omit), and some more common to the sex, sullen fits, 
?vil qualities, filthy diseases, in this case fit to be considered ; consideratio fagditatis 



^iSuhtil. 13. 33 Cardan, subtil, lib. 13. 3^ " Shrtw I de centum amoribiis, earuin mendas volvanl amino 
i« your company and I'll led you who you are." | sfRjie ante ocuios constituant, su^pe damiient. ""la 

" Hark. v<iu merry maids, lio not dance so, for see the I deliciis. 
e-goat is ai iia..vi, ready to pounce upon you." 3= Lib. 1 



in« 

he-goat 



540 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



mulieniin, inenstruae imprimis, quam immundae sunt, quam Savanarola proponit regula 
septima penitus observandam ; and Platina dial, amoris fuse per stringit. Lodovicus 
Bonacsialus, mulieb. lib. 2, cap. 2. Pet. Haedus. Albertus, et injimti fere medici. '^'^ A 
lover, in Calcagniniis's Apologies, wished with all his heart he were his mistress's 
ring, to hear, embrace, see, and do I know not what : O thou fool, quoth the ring, 
ir thou wer'st in my room, thou shouldst hear, observe, and see pudenda et j^ceni- 
Unda.) that which would make thee loathe and hate her, yea, peradventure, all women 
for her sake. 

I will say nothing of the vices of their minds, their pride, envy, inconstancy, 
weakness, malice, selfwill, lightness, insatiable lust, jealousy; Ecclus. v. 14. "No 
malice to a woman's, no bitterness like to hers, Eccles. vii. 21. and as the sam.e 
author urgeth, Prov. xxxi. 10. "Who shall find a virtuous woman .^" He makes a 
question of it. JVeque jus neque bonum^ neque cequum sciunt., melius pejus., prosit., 
obsit., nihil vident., nisi quod libido suggerit. " They know neither good nor bad, be 
it better or worse (as the comical poet hath it), beneficial or hurtful, they will do 
what they list. 

3*"Insidi?e huinani generis, querimonia vita, 
ExuvicK iioctis, duris-sima cura diei, 
Poena viruni, nex et juvenum," &.c. 

And to that purpose were tliey first made, as Jupiter insinuates in the ^^poet; 

" The fire that hold Prometheus stole from me, 
With plajiues nall'd women shall revenged be. 
On whose alluring and enlicinf; face, 
Poor mortals doling shall their death embrace." 

In fine, as Diogenes concludes in Nevisanus, JSulla estfoemina quce non habeat quid: 
they have all their faults. 

*" Every each of them hath some vices, 
Jf one be full of villanij, 
jlnother hath a liquorish eye, 
If one be full of wantonness, 
Another is a chideress. 

WhCii Leander was drowned, the inhabitants of Sestos consecrated Hero's lantern to 
Anteros, Ante roti sacrw?/i, ■*' and he that had good success in his love should light 
the candle : but never any man was found to light it; which I can refer to nought, 
but the inconstancy and lightness of women. 



<2 ' For in a thousand, good there is not one ; 
All be so proud, unthankful, and unkind. 
With flinty hearts, careless of other's mo; 



In their own lusts carried most headlong blind, 
But more herein to sprak I am forbidden : 
Sometimes tor speaking truth one may be chidden. 



I am not willing, you see, to prosecute the cause against them, and therefore take 
heed you mistake me not, ^ matronam nullam ego tango., I honour the sex, with all 
good men, and as I ought to do, rather than displease them, I will voluntarily take 
the oath which Mercurius Britannicus took, Viragin. descript. tib. 2.fol. 95. Me 
nihil unquam mali nobilissimo sexui., vel verbo., vel facto machinaturum., <§t., let Si- 
monides, Mantuan, Platina, Pet. Aretine, and such women-haters bare the blame, if 
aught be said amiss ; I have not writ a tenth of that which might be urged out of 
them and others; **non possurit invectivce omnes., et satirce in fceminas scriptce., uno 
volumine comprehendi. And that which I have said (to speak truth) no more con- 
cerns thei)i than men, though women be more frequently named in this tract ; (to 
apologise once for all) I am neither partial against them, or therefore bitter; what is 
said of the one, mutato nomine., may most part be understood of the other. My 
words are like Passus' picture in ''^ Lucian, of whom, w hen a good fellow had be- 
spoke a horse to be painted with his heels upwards, tumbling on his back, he made 
him passant : now when the fellow came for his piece, he was very angry, and said, 
it was quite opposite to his mind ; but Passus instantly turned the picture upside 
down, showed him the horse at that site which he requested, and so gave him satis- 
faction. If any man take exception at my words, let him alter the name, read him 
for her, and 'tis all one in effect. 



3^Q.uuin amator annulum se amicae optaret, ut ejus 
amplexu frill posset, &c. O te miserum ait annulus, si 
liieas vices oliins, .ideres, audi es, &c. nihil non odio 
iiignum ohservares. ** L.a.dieus. *' Snares of the 

Iniman species, torments of lite, spoils of the night, 
bitterest cares of day, the torture of husbands, the ruin 



of youths." 59 See our English Tatius, lib. 1. 

■*o Chaucer, in Romaunt of the Rose. - *' Qui sr 

facilem in amore probaril, banc succendiio. At qui 
succendat, ad hunc diem repertus nemo. Calcagninus 
"Ariosto. «Hor. " Christopii. Fon.seca 

^ Encom. DemostheQ. 



..l,L^l • fLJk 



i\Iem. 5. Subs. 3.] Cure of Love-Melanchohj. 54 1 

But to my purpose : If women in general be so bad (and men ^^ orse tlian tliey) 
what a hazard is it to marry ? w here shall a man find a good wife, or a woman a 
good husband ? A woman a man may eschew, but not a wife : wedding is undoing 
(some say) marrying marring, wooing woeing : ''^''a wife is a fever hectic," as Sea 
iiger calls her, "and not be cured but by death," as out of Menander, Alhenaeu'^ 
adds, 



•• In polagns te jacis neffotiorum, 

Noil Liiiyum, noii iEgeum, ubi ox tri;;inta non pereunt. 
Tria iiavij^ia: duceiis uxoreiii servatiir prorsus neiiio." 



Thou vvadesl into a sea itself of woos; 
111 Lyhyc and ^^ean eacli man knows 
Of thirty not ttiiee ships are cast away, 
But on tins rock not one escapes, I say." 



The worldly cares, miseries, discontents, that accompany marriage, I pray you leani 
of them that have experience, for 1 have none; ^' natbai iyi^ T^yov^ iyivrl(5afxr^v, libri 
mentis iihcri. For my part I'll dissemble with him, 

48 " Este procul nyniphiE, fallax genus este piielliB, 

Vita jugata lueo non facit ingenio: nie juvat,"&c. 

many married men exclaim at the miseries of it, and rail at wives downright; I never 
tried, but as I hear some of them say, '^^Mare haud mare^ vos mare acerrimum^ an 
Irish Sea is not so turbulent and raging as a litigious wife. 

£0 " Scylla et Charybdis Siciila contorqnens freta, I " Sc\ lla and Charybdis are less dangerous, 

Minus est linienda, nulla non nielior fera est." j Theie is no beast that is so noxious." 

Which made the devil belike, as most interpreters hold, when he had taken away 
Job's goods, corporis etfortunce hona^ health, children, friends, to persecute him the 
more, leave his wicked wife, as Pineda proves out of TertuUian, Cyprian, Austin, 
Chrysostom, Prosper, Gaudentius, Stc. ut 7iovum caJamitaLis inde genus viro existe- 
rct^ to vex and gall him worse quam lotus infernus^ than all the fiends in hell, as 
knowing the conditions of a bad woman. Jupiter non trihuil liomini pcstilentius 
vmlum, saith Simonides : '-'• better dwell with a dragon or a lion, tiian keep house 
with a wicked wife," Ecclus. xxv. 18. "better dwell in a wilderness," Prov. xxi. 19. 
" no w^ickedness like to her," Ecclus. xxv. 22. " She makes a sorry heart, an heavy 
countenance, a wounded mind, weak hands, and feeble knees," vers. 25. "A woman 
and death are two the bitterest things in tbe world:" uxor mild ducenda est hodie^ id 
mild visus est dicere, abi domum et suspende te. Ter And. 1. 5. And yet for all this 
we bachelors desire to be married ; with that vestal virgin, we long for it, ^' Felices 
nuptcB ! moriar, nisi nubere dulce est. 'Tis the sweetest thing in the world, I would 
I had a wife saith he, 

" For fain would I leave a single life, 
If 1 could gel nie a gnoii wile." 

Heigh-ho for a husband, cries she, a bad husband, nay, the worst that ever was is 
belter than none : O blissful marriage, O most welcome marriage, and happy are they 
that are so coupled : we do earnestly seek it, and are never well till we have effected 
it. But with what fate ? like those birds in the ^^ Emblem, that fed about a cage, so 
long as they could fly away at their pleasure liked well of it ^ but when they were 
taken and might not get loose, though they had the same meat, pined away for sul- 
lenness, and would not eat. So we commend marriage, 

"donee miselli liberi 

Aspiciinus doniinatn ; scd postquam heujanua clausa est, 
Fel intus est quod inel fuit :" 

' So long as we are wooers, may kiss and coll at our pleasure, nothing is so sweet, 
we are in heaven as we think ; but when we are once lied, and have lost our liberty, 
marriage is an hell," " give me my yellow hose again :" a mouse in a trap lives as 
merrily, we are in a purgatory some of us, if not hell itself. Dulce belhim inex- 
pertis^ as the proverb is, 'tis fine talking of war, and marriage sweet in contempla- 
tion, till it be tried : and then as wars are most dangerous, irksome, every minute at 
death's door, so is, Stc. When those wild Irish peers, saith ^^ Stanihurst, were feasted 
by king Henry the Second, (at what time he kept his Christmas at Dublin) and had 
tasted of his prince-like cheer, generous wines, dainty fare, had seen h'-s^^ massy 

•wFebris hectica uxor, et non nisi morte avellenda. p^Geinmea pnciila, argentea vasa, ca;lata candelabta, 
«*Synesius, librosego liheros genui Lipsius antiq. lect. I aurea. &c. Concliileata auliva, buccinarutn clangorem 
lib. 4S" Avauut, ye nymphs, maidens, ye are a | tihiaruin cantuin, et sym|)honiie siiavitateiii, nuijesta- 

deceitful race, no married life for me," &c. ^^ Plau- I teinque principis coronati cum vidisse-it sella dnaurata 

iua Asiii. act. 1. 6o Senec. in Hercil. 5> Seneca. &c. 

Amator. Emblem. "De rebus Hibernicis 1. 3. \ 

2V 



5i2 



Love-Mclancliohj. 



[Part. 3. -Sec. 2. 



plat ? oi' silver, gold, enamelled, beset with jewels, golden candlesticks, goodly rich 
hanging.^, brave furniture, heard his trumpets sound, fifes, drums, and his exquisite 
music in all kinds: when tliey had observed his majestical presence as he sat in pur- 
ple robes, crowned, witli his sceptre. Sec, in his royal seat, the poor men were so 
amazed, enamoured, and t^ken with the object, that they were perfcEsi domestici ei 
prislini li/rotarchi^ as weary and ashamed of their own sordidity and manner of life. 
They would aJl be English forthwith; who but English ! but when they had now 
submitted tlieniselves, and lost their former liberty, they began to rebel some of them, 
others repent of what they had done, when it was too late. 'Tis so with us bache- 
lors, when we see and behold those sweet faces, those gaudy shows that women 
make, observe their pleasant gestures and graces, give ear to their syren tunes, see 
them dance, &c., we think their conditions are as fine as their faces, we are taken 
with dumb signs, in amplexum ruimus^ we rave, we burn, and would fain be mar- 
ried. But when we feel the miseries, cares, woes, that accompany it, we make our 
moan many of us, cry out at length and cannot be released. If this be true now, 
MS some out of experience will inform us, faiewell wivnig for my part, and as the 
comical poet merrily sailh, 

)6"PnuI fall him that brought the second match to pas?, 
J'he first I wisli no harm, poor man alas! 
He knew not what he did, nor what it was." 

What sliall I say to him that marries again and again, ^' Stulta maritali qui porrigii 
ora capisiro^ 1 pity him not, for the first time he nmst do as he may, bear it out 
sometimes by the head and shoulders, and let his next neighbour ride, or else run 
away, or as that Syracusian in a tempest, when all ponderous things were to be ex- 
onerated out of the ship, qma ?}iaxi?/ium pondus erat^ fiing his wife into the sea. But 
this 1 confess is comically spoken, °^and so 1 pray you take it. In sober sadness, 
'® marriage is a bondage, a thraldom, a yoke, a hindrance to all good enterprises 
(" he hath married a wife and cannot come") a stop to all preferments, a rock on 
which many are saved, many impinge and are cast away : not that the thing is evil 
in itself or troublesome, but full of all contentment and happiness, one of the three 
things w-hich please God, ^"'•^ when a man and his wife agree together,-' an honour- 
able and happy estate, who knows it not.? If they be sober, wise, honest, as the 
poet infers. 



55 " Perdatiir ille pessiniC qui foeuiinam 

Duxit secundus. nam nihil primo imprecor! 
Ignarus ul pulo mali primus fuit." 



" " Si commodos nanciscantiir amores, 
Nullum iis abest volu{)tatis genus." 



If fitly match'd be man and wife. 
No pleasure's wanting to their life. 



But to undiscreet sensual persons, that as brutes are wholly led by fjense, it is a 
feral plague, many times a hell itself, and can give little or no content, being that 
they are often so irregular and prodigious in their lusts, so diverse in their affections. 
Uxor nomen dignitatis^ non voluptatis^ as ^Mie said, a wife is a name of honour, not 
of pleasure : she is fit to bear tliC office, govern a family, to bring up children, sit at 
a board's end and carve, as some carnal men think and say; they had rather go to 
the stews, or have now and then a snatch as they can come by it, borrow of their 
neighbours, than have wives of their own; except they may, as some princes and 
great men do, keep as many courtesans as they will themselves, fly out impiine, 
*"^ Permolere uxores alienas^ that polygamy of Turks, Lex Julia, with Caesar once 
enforced in Rome, (though Levinus Torrentius and others suspect it) uti uxores qiioi 
et quas vcllent liceret^ that every great man might marry, and keep as many wives as 
he would, or Irish divorcement were in use : but as it is, 'tis hard and gives not that 
satisfaction to these caiual men, beastly men as too many are : ^■* What still the same, 
to be tied ^'^ to one, be she never so fair, never so virtuous, is a thing they may not 
endure, to love one long. Say thy pleasure, and counterfeit as thou wilt, as '^'^ Par- 
meno told Thais, JVeque tu una cris imtenia^ " one man will never please thee;" noi 
one woman many men. But as ®^ Pan replied to his father Mercury, when )ie asked 



•oEubulus in Crisil. Atheiiseus dynosophist, 1. 13. c. 
3. Sb'i'ranslated hy my brother, Ralph Burton. 5; j,i. 
venal. "VVhothiusts his foolish neck a second time 
into the halter." ^^ Ha;c in sfieciem dicta cave ut 

credas. s" bachelors always are the bravest men. 

Bacon. Seek eternity in memory, not in posterity, like 
Epaminoiuliis tliat instead of children, left two j-real 
rictories behind him, which he called his two daughters. 



60 Ecclus. xxviii. 1. *• Euripides Andromach. 

62 Villus Verus imperator. Spar. vii. ejus. "^ Hor. 

6< Q,u(>(i licet, ingralum est. ^ For better for worse, 

for richer for poorer, in sickness and in hral'li. &.c. 'tiS 
durus scrmo to a sensual man. so'Jci act. 1. Sc, 

2. Eunuch. 67 Lucian. torn. 4. neque cui'' uiiU aliqua 
rem habere contentus foreui. 



Mem. 5 Subs. 3.j Cure of Love-Melancholy. 54 H 

whether he was married, JVequaquam pater., amator enlm sum., S^-c. " No, fatlier, m«. 
I am a lover still, and cannot be contented with one woman." Pythias, Echo, Me- 
nades, and I know not how many besides, were his mistresses, he miglit not abide 
marriage. Varietas delectaf., 'tis loathsome and tedious, what one still .? which the 
satirist said of Iberina, is verified in most, 

68"Unus ll)eii(ice vir Kiifiicit ? ocyiis illiid I "'Tis not one man will serve her by her will, 

Extoriinebis lit Jiaec onulo coiiteiita sit uno." | As soon she'll have one eye as one man slill." 

As capable of any impression as materia prima itself, that still desires new forms, 
like the sea their affections ebb and flow. Husband is a cloak for some to hide their 
villany ; once married she may fly out at her pleasure, the name of husband is a 
sanctuary to make all good. Ed ventum (saith Seneca) ul nulla vlrum haheat., nisi 
ut irritet aduUcrum. They are right and straight, as true Trojans as mine host's 
daughter, that Spanish wench in ^^ Ariosto, as good wives as Messalina. Many men 
are as constant in their choice, and as good husbands as Nero himself, they must 
have their pleasure of all they see, and are in a word far more fickle than any woman. 

For either thny hn full of jealousy, 
Or masterfuU, or loven novelty. 

Good men have often ill wives, as bad as Xantippe was to Socrates, Elevora to St. 
Lewis, Isabella to our Edward the Second; and good wives are as often matched to 
ill husbands, as Mariamne to Herod, Serena to Diocletian, Theodora to Theopiiilus, 
and Thyra to Gurmunde. But I will say nothing of dissolute and bad husbands, of 
bachelors and their vices ; their good qualities are a fitter subject for a just volume, 
too well known already in every village, town and city, they need no blazon; and 
lest I should mar any matches, or dishearten loving maids, for this present I will let 
them pass. 

Being liiat men and women are so irreligious, depraved by nature, so wandering 
in their affections, so brutish, so subject to disagreement, so unobservant of marriage 
riles, what shall 1 say ? If thou beest such a one, or thou light on such a wife, 
what concord can there be, what hope of agreement .? 'tis not conjugium but conjur- 
gium., as the Reed and Fern in the ™ Emblem, averse and opposite in nature: 'tis 
twenty to one thou wilt not marry to thy contentment : but as in a lottery forty 
blanks were drawn commonly for one prize, out of a multitude you shall hardly 
choose a good one : a small ease hence then, little comfort, 

'1 " Nee integrum uiiquam traii&iges istus diem." I " If he or she be such a one, 

I Thou hadst much better be alone." 

If she be barren, she is not Sec. If she have '^children, and thy state be not 

good, though thou be wary and circumspect, thy charge will und^ thee, fcECundd 

domum tibi prole gravabU.,'^ thou wilt not be able to bring them up, ^^ '•'• and what 
greater misery can there be than to beget children, to whom thou canst leave no 
other inheritance but hunger and ih'nst?''' '^c urn fames dominafur., strident vodes 
rogantiiwi pancm., penetrantcs patris cor: what so grievous as to tu.n them up to 
the wide world, to shift for themselves ? No plague like to want : and when thou 
hast good means, and art very careful of their education, they will not be ruled. 
Think but of that old proverb, jypwtov rUva Ttrixata, heroum filii 7?o.rrt', great men's sons 
seldom do well ; O utinam out Calebs mansissem., out prole carercm ! " would that 
I had either remained single, or not had children," '^Augustus exclaims in Suetonius. 
Jacob had his Reuben, Simeon and Levi ; David an Ainnon, an Absalom, Adoniah ; 
wise men's sons are commonly fools, insomuch that Spartian concludes, JYeminem 
prope magnorum viroruni optimum et utilcm reliquisse filium : "they had been much 
better to have been childless. 'Tis too common in the middle sort; thy son's a 
drunkard, a gamester, a spendthrift ; thy daughter a fool, a whore ; thy servants 
lazy drones and thieves ; thy neighbours devils, they will make thee weary of thy 
life. '''^"If thy wife be froward, when she may not have her will, thou hadst bettei 
be buried alive ; she will be so impatient, raving still, and roaring like Juno in thi? 



eejuvcnal. esMb. 28. 'oCamerar. H2. cent. 3. 

'1 Siinoiiides. " Cliiuuc.; .nake misfortunes more 

bitter. Bacon. "" She will sink your whole estab- 

lishmetit by her fecundity." i* Heinsius. Epist 



faniem et sitim. 'schrys. Fonseca. ''« Liberi sihi 

carciiiomata. '^ Melius fuerat eos sine liberis disces. 
sisse. '« Lemnius, cap G. lib. I. Si morosa, si non in 
omnibus olv^equaris, o;>inia iinpacata in a'dilms, omni 



Priiniero. Nihil miseriiis qiiam procreare lilteros ad ^ sur.'ium misceri videas, niults lempestates, &c. Lib.it, 
quos nihil ex haereditate tua pervenire videas prxter numer. 101. Bil. nup. 



544 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



tragedy, there's nothing but tempests, all is in an uproar." If she be soft and foo?- 
ish, thou wert better have a block, she will shame thee and reveal thy secrets ; if 
wise and learned, welj qualified, there is as much danger on the other side, mul.ierem 
doctam ducere per'iculosisshnum^ saith Nevisanus, she will be too insolent and pee- 
vish, '^Maln Venusinani qucim te Cornelia mater. Take heed ; if she be a slut, thou 
wilt loathe her; if proud, she'll beggar thee, ^° '^she'll spend thy patrimony in 
baubles, all Arabia will not serve to perfume her hair," saith Lucian \ if fair and 
wanton, she'll make thee a cornuto; if deformed, she will paint. ^' ^^ If her face be 
filthy by nature, she will mend it by art," alienis et adscititiis impost itris^ '•' which 
who can endure .?" If she do not paint, she will look so filthy, thou canst not love 
her, and that perad venture will make thee dishonest. Cromerus lib. 12. /list, relates 
of Casimirus, ""^ that he was unchaste, because his wife Aleida, the daughter of Ilenrv, 
Landgrave of Hesse, was so deformed. If she be poor, she brings beggary with her 
(saitii Nevisanus), misery and discontent. If you marry a maid, it is uncertain how 
she proves, Hcec forsan veniet non satis apt a tibi.^^ If young, she is likely wanton 
and untaught; if lusty, too lascivious; and if she be not satisfied, you know where 
and M'hen, nil nisi jiirgia., all is in an uproar, and there is little quietness to be had ; 
if an old maid, 'tis a hazard she dies in childbed; if a ^^ rich widow, induces te in 
laqueum^ thou dost halter thyself, she will make all away beforehand, to her other 

children, &c.— ^^ dominam qids pos^it ferre tonantemf she will hit thee still in 

the teeth with her first husband ; if a young widow, she is often insatiable and im- 
modest. If she be rich, well descended, bring a great dowry, or be nobly allied, thv 
wife's friends will eat thee out of house and home, dives ruinam csdibus inducit., she 

will be so proud, so high-minded, so imperious. For niJiil est magis intolera- 

bile dite.f '•'• tliere's nothing so intolerable," thou shalt be as the tassel of a gos-hawk, 
^^"she will ride upon thee, domineer as she list," wear the breeches in her oligar- 
chical government, and beggar thee besides. Uxores divites servitutem exignni (as 
Seneca hits them, declam. lib. 2. declani. 6.) Dotem accept imperium perdidi. They 
will have sovereignty, pro conjiige dominam arcessis^ they will have attendance, they 
will do what they list. ^^ In taking a dowry thou losest thy liberty, dos intrat^ 
libertas exit, hazardest thine estate. 

" Hw sunt atque aliae miiltoe in magnis dotihus 
liicomuiotlitates, sumptui-qiie iiilolerabiles," &c. 

" with many such inconveniences :" say the best, she is a commanding servant ; thou 
hadst better have taken a good housewife maid in her smock. Since then there is 
such hazard- if thou be wise keep thyself as thou art, 'tis good to match, much 
better to be Iree. 

88 " procreare liberos lepidissjmiim, 

Hercle vero liberum esse, id imiito est lepidius." 

*" Art thou young ? then match not yet ; if old, match not at all." 

" Vis juvtMiis nubere? nonduni venittempus. 
Itigravesceiite setate jam tempus pra?terijt." 

And therefore, with that philosopher, still make answer to thy friends that impor 
tune thee to marry, adhuc intempestivum., 'tis yet unseasonable, and ever will be. 

Consider withal how free, huw happy, how secure, how heavenly, in respect, a 
single man is, ^° as he said in the comedy, Et isti quod fortimatum esse aufumant^ 
uxorem nunquam habui, and that which all my neighbours admire and applaud mt 
for, account so great a happiness, I never liad a wife ; consider how contentedly, 
quietly, neatly, plentifully, sweetly, and how merrily he lives ! he hath no man to 
care for but himself, none to please, no charge, none to control him, is tied to no 
residence, no cure to serve, may go and come, when, whither, live wli^re he Aviil, 
his own master, and do what he list himself. Consider the excellency of virgins. 



■® Juvenal. "I would rather have a Venusinian 
wench than thee, Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi," 
to. 60X001.4. Ainores, omneni mariti opulentiani 
profundet. totain Arabiani capillis redoiens. ^i Idem, 
♦•t quis sans mentis siistinere qneat, &c. •'^Subejiit 
w'lllas quod uxor ejus deformior esset. ^3 " Perh-ips 
Fhe will not suit you." ^HW. iiup. 1. 2. num. 25. 

Dives inducit tempestatem, pauper curnni ; ducens vi- 
fluam se inducit in laqueum. ^ f?ic quisque dicit, 

nttcram ducjt lamen " Who can endure a virago for 



a wife?" 86<5j dotata erit, imperiosa, continuoque 

viro inequitare conabitur. Petrarch. "^ If a woman 
nourisli her husl)and, she is angry and impufient, and 
full of reproach. Ecclus. x.w. 22. Scilicet u.\ori nubere 
nolo me;e. w Hiautus Mil. Glor. act. 3. sc 1 "To 

be a father is very pleasant, hut to be a frei man still 
more so." fe'Stoba-us. fVr. CO. Alex, ab Alexand. ^b. 
4- cap. 8. w'rhcy shall attend the lamb in heaven, 

because they were no* defiled with women, Auor 'i 



Mem. 5. Subs. 3.1 



Cure of Love-Melanclioly. 



545 



•' Virgo cxlum meruit^ marriage replenisheth the earth, but virginity Paradise; Elias, 
Eliseus, John Baptist, were bachelors : virginity is a precious jewel, a fair garland, a 
never-fading liovv^er ; ^^ for why was Daphne turned to a green bay-tree, but to show 
that virginity is immortal .'' 



' Ut flo? in septis secretus nascitur hortis, 
ianotus pecori, nullo contusus aratro, 
Qiiaiii mulcent aurse, firmat sol, educat imber, k.c. 



Sic Virgo diim intacta manet, dum chara sui?, sod 
Cum Casl'jiii ainisit," <Scc. 



Virginity is a fine picture, as ^^ Bonaventure calls it, a blessed thing in itself, and if 
you will believe a Papist, meritorious. And although there he some inconveniences, 
irksomeness, solitariness, &c., incident to such persons, want of those comforts, 
qu(B cBgro assideat et curet cEgr of um^f omentum paret, roget medlcum^ <^c., embracing, 
dalliance, kissing, colling, &c., those furious motives and wanton pleasures a new- 
married wife most part enjoys ; yet they are but toys in respect, easily to be en- 
dured, if conferred to those frequent incumbrances of niarriage. Solitariness may 
be otherwise avoided with mirth, music, good company, business, employment ; in 
a word, ^^ Gaudehil minus^ et minus dolebit ; for their good nights, he siiall have 
good days. And methinks some time or other, amongst so many rich bachelors, a 
benefactor should be found to build a monastical college for old, decayed, deformed, 
or discontented maids to live together in, that have lost their first loves, or other- 
wise miscarried, or else are willing howsoever to lead a single life. The rest I say 
are toys in respect, and sufficiently recompensed by those innumerable contents and 
incomparable privileges of virginity. Think of these things, confer both lives, and 
consider last of all these commodious prerogatives a bachelor hath, how well he i? 
esteemed, how heartily welcome to all his friends, quam meniUis obsequiis^ as Ter- 
tullian observes, with what counterfeit courtesies they will adore him. follow hin> 
present him with gifts, hwnatis donis ; "• it cannot be believed (saith ^^ Ammianus) 
with what humble service he shall be worshipped," how loved and respected : '' If 
he want children, (and have means) he shall be often invited, attended on by princes 
and iiave advocates to plead his cause for nothing," as ^" Plutarch adds Wilt thou 
then be reverenced, and had in estimation .'' 



9" "dominiis tamen et domini rex 

Si til vrs fieri, nulliis tibi parvulus aufa 
Luserit ^'neas, riec filia dulcior ilia? 
JiicLindmii et cliarum sterilis facit uxor amicum. 



Live a single man, marry not, and thou shalt soon perceive how thost, Haeredipetoe 
(for so they were called of old) will seek -after thee, bribe and flatter thee for thy 
favour, to be thine heir or executor : Aruntius and Aterius, those famous parasites in 
this kind, as Tacitus and ''^Seneca have recorded, shall not go beyond them. Peri- 
piectomines, that good personate old man, delicium senis^ well understood this in 
Plautus : for when Pleusides exhorted him to marry that he might have children of 
his own, he readily replied in this sort, 



'Q,uando haheo multos cognatos, quid opus triihi sit 

iiheris? 
Nunc bene vivo et fortunate, atque animo ut lubet. 
Mea bona niea niorle cognatis dicam interpartianl. 
Illi a'pud me edunt, me curant, visunt quid agam, 

ecquid velim, 
(iu! mihi mittunt munera, ad prandium, ad coenam 

vocarit." 



Whilst I have kin, what need [ brats to have ' 
Now I live well, and as I will, most bravr 
And when I die, my goods I'll give away 
To them that do invite me every day, 
'J'hat visit n)e, and send me pretty toys. 
And strive who shall do me most courtesiea. 



This respect thou shalt have in like manner, living as he did, a single man. But ii 
thou marry once, '°° co^i/a/o in omni vita te servum fore^ bethink thyself what a 
slavery it is, what a heavy burden thou shalt undertake, how hard a task thou art 
tied to, (for as Hierome hath it, qui urorem habet^ debitor est^ et uvoris servus alii- 
gatus^) and how continuate, what squalor attends it, what irksomeness, what charges, 
for wife and children are a perpetual bill of charges ; besides a myriad of cares, 



»> NuptiiB replent lerram, virginitas Paradisum. F^ier. 
92 Daphne in laurum semper virentenj, immortalem 
docet gloriam paratam virginibus pudicitiam servanti- 
bus. 83Catul. car. nuptiali. "As the flower that 

grows in the secret inclosure of the garden, unknown 
*o the flocks, unpressed by the ploughshare, which also 
♦he breezes refresh, the heat strengthens, the rain 
i.iakes grow: so is a virgin whilst untouched, whilst 
dear to her relatives, but when once she forfeits her 
•iiastity ' &c. m Diet, salut. c. 22. pulcherrimum 

"9 2va 



sertiirn infiniti precii, gemma, et pictura speciosa. 
35 Mart. 36 Lib. 04. m^^ obse(|uiorum diversitate 

colantur homines sine liberis. 9' Hunc alii ad cnetiani 
invitant, princeps huic famulatur, oratores gratis pa- 
trorinanlur. Lib. de amnre Proljs. 98 Annal. 11 

" [f you wish to be master of your house, let no little 
ones play in your halls, nor any little daughter yet mor*- 
dear, a barren wife makes a pleasant and aflfectionatf 
companioa." »60 de beaefic. 38. '•^ E Graco 



51(5 



Lov e-Me lanclio ly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



miseries, and 'oubles ; for as that comical Plautus merrily and truly said, lie tliat 
wa)its vroubie, must get to be master of a ship, or marry a wife ; and as another 
seconds him, wife and children have undone me ; so many and such infinite incum- 
brances accompany this kind of life. Furthermore, uxor inivmuit, &.C., or as he 
said in the comedy, ' Duxi uxorem^ quam ibi miseriam vidi., nafi fdii^ alia cura. All 
gifts and invitations cease, no friend will esteem thee, and thou shalt be compelled 
to lament thy misery, and make thy moan with ^Bartholomaeus Schenieus, that 
famous poet laureate, and professor of Hebrew in Wittenberg : I had finished this 
work long since, but that inter alia dura et iristia qucp miscro milii pene tergum fre- 
gerunl^ (1 use his own words) amongst many miseries which almost broke my back, 
ov^vyta oh Xantipismum^ a shiew to my wife tormented my mind above measure, and 
beyond the rest. So shalt thou be compelled to complain, and to cry out at last, 
with ^Phoroneus the lawyer, '•^ How happy had I been, if I had wanted a wife!" If 
this which 1 have said will not sufiice, see more in Lemnius lib. 4. cap. 13. de occult, 
nat. mir. Espenseeus dc continentia^ lib. 6. cap. 8. Kornman de virginitate^ Platina 
in Amor. dial. Practica artis amandi^ Barbarus de re uxoria^ Arnisaeus in polit. cap. 

3. and him that is instar omnium^ Nevisanus the lawyer, Sylva nuptial, almost in 
every page. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Philters., Magical and Poetical Cures, 

Where persuasions and other remedies will not take place, many fly to unlawful 
means, pliilters, amulets, magic spelh^ ligatures, characters, charms, which as c 
wound with the spear of Achilles, if so made and caused, must so be cured. If 
forced by spells and philters, saith Paracelsus, it must be eased by characters, Mag 
lib, 2. cap 28. and by incantations. Fernelius Path. lib. 6. cap. 13. "* Skenkius lib. 

4. observ. med. hath some examples of such as have been so magically caused, and 
magically cured, and by witchcraft : so saith Baptista Codronchus, lib. 3. cap. 9. de 
mor. ven. Malleus malef. cop. 6. 'Tis not permitted to be done, I confess ; yet often 
attempted: see more in Wierus lib. 3. cap. 18. de prcpMig. de r erne di is per phi lira 
Delrio torn. 2. lib. 2. quast. 3. sect. 3. disquisit. magic. Cardan lib. 16. cap. 9o. 
reckons up many magnetical medicines, as to piss through a ring, &c. Mizaldus 
cent. 3. 30, Baptista Porta, Jason Prate-i-.s, Lobelius pog. 87, Matthiolus, &j.c., pre- 
scribe many absurd remedies. Radix -^L-ndragora ebibilce., Jinnuli 'ex ungulis Asini^ 
Stercus afnatce sub cervical positum., iUi ncsciente^ <^c., quum odorem fccditatis sentit^ 
amor solvitur. JVocttice ocum abstemios facit co7nestum, ex consilio JarthcE Indorum 
gymnoscphistcE apud Philostratum lib. 3. Sanguis amasice ebibitus omnem amoris sen- 
sum iollit : Faustinam Marci Aurelii uxorem^ gladiatoris amore captam^ ita penitus 
consilio Chaldceorum liber atam^ refert Julius Capitol inns. Some of our astrologers 
will eflTect as much by characteristical images, ex sigillis Hermetis,, Salomonis^ 
iChaelis., Sfc. mulieris imago hahtniis crines sparsos^ Sfc. Our old poets and fantas- 
tical writers have many fabulous remedi(^s for such as are love-sick, as that of Pro- 
iesilaus' tomb in Philostratus, in his dialogue between Phoenix and Vinitor: Vinitor, 
upon occasion discoursing of the rare virtues of that shrine, telleth him that Prote- 
silaus' altar and tomb ^''' cures almost all manner of diseases, consumptions, drop- 
sies, quartan-agues, sore eyes : and amongst the rest, such as are love-sick shall 
there be helped." But the most famous is ^ Leucata Petra, that renowned rock in 
Greece, of which Strabo writes, Geog. lib. 10. not far from St. Maures, saith Sands, 
lib. I. from which rock if any lover flung himself down headlong, he was instantly 
cured. Venus after the death of Adonis, *■' when she could take no rest for love," 
^ Cum vesana suas torreret Jlamma medullas.^ came to the temple of Apollo to know 
what she should do to be eased of her pain : Apollo sent her to Leucata Pelra, wljcre 
she precipitated herself, and was forthwith freed ; and when she would needs know 
of him a reason of it, he told her again, that he had often observed ^ Jupiter, when 



>Ter. Adelpli. " I have married a wife; what inisory 
jt has emailed upon ine ! sons were born, and otiier 
cares followed." altineraria in psahno instructione 
fid lectorem. »Bruson, iil). 7. 22. cap. Si uxor 

deesset, niliil mihi ad snniniani felicitatem defiiisset. 
*Exiinguitur viriiitas ex incanlainentoruni maleficiis; 
Deifue enim fabula est, nonnulli reperti sunt, qui ex 



veneficiis amore privati stint, ut ex muitis historiis 
patet. » Curat omnes tnorbos, phthises, hydn.pes et 

ociilorum morbos, et febrequartana laborantesel amorr 
captos, miris artibns eos demulcet. «" The mora, 

is, vehement fear expels love." iCafullus. •Quum 
Junonem deperirel Jupiter impotenter, ibi sol>tii§ 
lava re, &c 



iVfem, 5. Subsf 5.] 



Cure ofLGi'^c-Mel'i^wly. 



547 



he was enamoured on Juno, thither go to ease and wash himself, and after him divers 
others. Cephalus for the love of Protela, Degonetus' daughter, leaped down here, 
that Lesbian Sappho for Phaon, on whom she miserably doted. ^ Cupidinis iT.airo 
percila e summo prcece.ps ruit, hoping thus to ease herself, and to be freed of her 
love pangs. 



Hie se Deucalion Pyrrhre succensus amore 
Mersit. el illaeso corpore pressit aquas. 
Nee mora, f'ugil airior,"&e. 



Hither Deucalion came, when Pyrrha's love 
Tormented liim, and leapt down to the sea, 
And had no harm at ail, but by and by 
His love was gone and chatsed quite away." 



This medicine Jos. Scaliger speaks of, Jlusoniarum leciionum lib. 18. Salmutz m 
.Pancirol. de 7. mundi mi.rac. and other writers. Pliny reports, that amongst the 
Cyzeni, there is a well consecrated to Cupid, of which if any lover taste, his pas- 
sion is mitigated : and Anthony Verdurius Imag. deorvm de Cupid, saith, that amongst 
the ancients there was ^^Jlmor Lethes, "he took burning torches, and extinguished 
them in the river; his statute was to be seen in the temple of Venus Eleusina," of 
wnicn Ovid makes mention, and saith " that all lovers of old went thither on pil- 
S^rimajj^e, that would be rid of their love-pangs." Pausanias, in '^Phocicis, writes 
ol a itjmple dedicated Veneri in speluncd^ to Venus in the vault, at Naupactus in 
Achaia (now Lepanto) in which your widows that would have second husbands, 
made I'leir supplications to the goddess ; all manner of suits concerning lovers were 
commt need, and their grievances helped. The same author, in Achaicis, tells as 
much (>! the river " Senelus in Greece ; if any lover washed himself in it, by a 
secret vu>ue of that water, (by reason of the extreme coldness belike) he was healed 
of love's lorments, ^^^moris vulnus idem qui sanat facit; which if it be so, that 
water, as ne holds, is omni auro pretiosior^heiiev \h<in any gold. Where none of 
all these remedies will take place, I know no other but that all lovers must make a 
head and reDel, as they did in '^Ausonius, and crucify Cupid till he grant their re- 
quest, or snirsfy their desires. 



SuBSECT. V —T/ie last and best Cure of Love-Melancholy^ is to let them have their 

Desire. 

The last efuge and surest remedy, to be put in practice in the utmost place, when 
no other mctns will take effect, is to let them go together, and enjoy one another : 
potissima cura est ut heros amasid sua potiafur^ saith Guianerius, cap. 15. tract. 15. 
/Esculapius nimself, to this malady, cannot invent a better remedy, qudm ut amanll 
cedat amatun^^^ (Jason Pratensis) than that a lover have his desire. 



" Et pari» "r torulo birii jiin^antur in uno, 
Et pulcw^o detur ^neaj Lavinia conjux." 



And let them both be joined in a bed. 
And let ^neas (air Lavinia wed:" 



'Tis the sprcial cure, to let them bleed in vena Hymenaa^ for love is a pleurisy, and 

if it be pos-sible, so let it be, optaiaque gaudia carpant. '^ Arculanus holds it 

the speedief t and the best cure, 'tis Savanarola's '^ last precept, a principal infallible 
remedy, the last, sole, and safest refuge. 



19" Julia sola potes nostras extinjiuere flammas, 
Noa i\\\<, iniXi glacie, sed potes igne pari." 



Julia alone can quench my desire, 

With neither ice nor snow, but with like fire." 



When you have all done, saith ^°" Avicenna, there is no speedier or safer course, 
ihan to join the parties together according to their desires and wishes, the custom 
and form of law ; and so we have seen him quickly restored to his former health, 
that*was languished away to skin and bones ; after his desire was satisfied, his dis- 
content ceased, and we thought it strange ; our opinion is therefore that in such 
cases nature is to be obeyed." Areteus, an old author, lib. 3. cap. 3. hath an in- 
stance of a young man, ^' when no other means could prevail, was so speedily re- 
lieved. What remains then but to join them in marriage.'* 



» Menander. " Stricken by the gadfly of love, rushed 
headlong from the summit." lo Uvid. ep. 21. " Apud 
antiquos amor Lethes olim fuit, is ardentes faeces in 
profltientum inelinabat; hujus slatua Veneris Eleusiiiai 
tem|)lo vi.«ebatur, quo amantes confluebant, qui amicae 
memoriam deponere volebant. i'^ Lili. 10. Vota ei 

riunciipant amatores. multis do causis, sed imprimis 
viduae mulieros, ut sibi alteras a dea nuptias exposcant. 
'3Rodiginus, ant. lect. lib. 16. cap. 25. calls it Selentis. 
Omni amore liberat. i* Seneca. " 'I'he rise and 

rejiiedy of love iJje same." '^Cupido crucifixus: 



Lepidum poema. i^oap. 19. de morb. cerebri 

1' Patiens potiatur re amata, si fieri possit, optima curw, 
cap. J(i. in i) Khasis. i« Si nihil aliud, nuptiic et co- 

pulalio cum ea. ^^ Petronius Catal. 2" Cap. d<» 

llishi. Non invenitur cura, nisi regimen connexions 
inter eos. secundum modum proniis.sioii!8, et legis, el mc 
vidimus ad carnem restitulum, qui jam venerat ad artf- 
factionem ; evannitcura po^tquam sensit &,c. '^i Fama 
est melancholicum quendam ex amore iiisar abiliter se 
habenlem, ubi puellae se conjunxisset, restit turn, iu:. 



&48 



Love-Melancholy. 

Tunc et basis niorsiunculasqiie 
Siirrfptim dare, mutuos fovere 
Amplexus licet, el licet jocari ;" 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



*^ they may then kiss and coll, lie and look babies in one another's eyes," as heir 
sires before them did, they may then satiate themselves with love's pleasures, which 
they have so long wished and expected ; 

" Atque uno siniul in loro quiescant, 
('.njiincto siinul ore siiavientur, 
Et soiniios agitent qiiiete in una." 

Tea, but hie lahor^ hoc opus^ this cannot conveniently be done, by reason of man-r 
and several impediments. Sometimes both parties themselves are not agreed : parents 
tutors, masters, guardians, will not give consent; laws, customs, statutes hinder: 
poverty, superstition, fear and suspicion : many men dote on one woman, semr.l et 
simul: she dotes as much on him, or them, and in modesty must not, cannot woo, 
as unwilling to confess as willing to love: she dare not make it known, show her 
affection, or speak her mind. " And hard is the choice (as it is in Euphues) when 
one is compelled either by silence to die with grief, or by speaking to live with 
shame." In this case almost was the fair lady Elizabeth, Edward the Fourth his 
daughter, when she was enamoured on Henry the Seventh, that noble young prince, 
and new saluted king, when she broke forth into that passionate speech, ^^^' O that 
I were worthy of that comely prince ! but my father being dead, I want friends to 
motion such a matter! What shall I say.'' I am all alone, and dare not open my 
mind to any. What if I acquaint my mother with it .^ bashfulness forbids. What 
if some of the lords .^ audacity wants. O that I might but confer with him, perhaps 
in discourse I might let slip such a word that might discover mine intention!" How 
many modest maids may this concern, I am a poor servant, what shall I do ? I am 
a failierless child, and want means, I am blithe and buxom, young and lusty, but 1 
have never a suitor, Expectant stoUdi ut ego iJlos rogatum veniam^ as ^"^she said, A 
company of silly fellows look belike that I should woo them and speak first : fain 

they would and cannot woo, ^'"quce primum exordia sumam? being merely pas- 

siva they may not make suit, with many such lets and inconveniences, which J know 
not; what shall we do in such a case .'' sing "" Fortune my foe V 

Some are so curious in this behalf, as those old Romans, our modern Venetians, 
Dutch and French, that if two parties dearly love, the one noble, the other ignoble, 
they may not by their laws match, though equal otherwise in years, fortunes, edu- 
cation, and all good affection. In Germany, except they can prove their gentility by 
three descents, they scorn to match with them. A nobleman must marry a noble- 
woman : a baron, a baron's daughter; a knight, a knight's; a gentleman, a gentle- 
man's : as slaters sort their slates, do they degrees and families. If she be never so 
rich, fair, well qualified otherwise, they will make him forsake her. The Spaniards 
abhor all widows ; the Turks repute them old women, if past five-and-twenty. But 
these are too severe laws, and strict customs, dandum aliquid amori, we are all the 
sons of Adam, 'tis opposite to nature, it ought not to be so. Again : he loves her 
most impotenily, she loves not him, and so e contra. ^^''Fan loved Echo, Echo 
Satyrus, Satyrus Lyda. 

" Quantum ipsorum aliquis amantem oderat, 
Taniuni ipsius anians odiosus erat." 

'•They love and loathe of all sorts, he loves her, she hates him; and is loathad ol 
him, on whom she dotes." Cupid hath two darts, one to force love, all of gold, 

and that sharp, ^^ Quod facit auratum es/;« another blunt, of lead, and that to 

hinder; fugat hoc, facit illud aviorem^ " this dispels, that creates love." This 

w(.' see too often verified in our common experience. ^^ Choresus dearly loved thai 
virgin Callyrrhoe but the more he loved her, the more she hated him. CEnone 
loved Paris, but he rejected her : they are stiff of all sides, as if beauty were there- 
fore created to undo, or be undone. I give her all attendance, all observance, I pray 
and intreat, ^^ Alma jjrecor miserere mei^ fair mistress pity me, I spend myself, my 



22 Jovian. Pontanus. Basi. lib. J. 23 gpeede's hist, 

e M. S. Ber. Andrca\ 21 Lncreiia in Ccelestina, act. 

l:». Barthio interpret. 25 Virg. 4 ^En. " How shall 

: begin?" 26 £ QriEcho Moschi. »' Ovid. Met. ]. 

Tilt elficacious one is golden." 28 Pausanias 



Achaicis, lib. 7. Perdite amabot Callyrhoen v*rgiMen», 
et quanto erat Choresi amor vehementior era '. tanl* 
erat puellx animus ab ejus amore alienior. >" ViTf 

6 JSn. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 54"V$ 

time, friends and fortunes, to win her favour, (as he complains in the ^° Eclogue,) J 

lament, sigh, weep, and make my moan to her, "but she is hard as flint," cau- 

tibus hmariis Immotior as fair and hard as a diamond, she will not respoci, 

Desper/ius tibl sum^ or hear me, 

31 "fugit ilia vocantem 

Nil lacliryiiias miserata ineas, nil flexa qiierelis." 

What shall I do > 

" I wooed her as a young man should do, 
But sir, slie said, 1 love not you." 

8» " D'irior at scopulis mea Coelia, marinore, ferro, I " Rock, marhle. heart of oak with iron liarr'd, 
Robore, rupe, atitro, cornu, adaniarite, gelu." | Frost, flint or adamants, are not so hard." 

I give, I bribe, I send presents, but they are refused. '"Rusticus est Coridon^ nee 
munera curat Alexis. I protest, I swear, I weep, 

3* " odioque rependit amores, 

Irrisu lacliryiiias" 

" She neglects me for all this, she derides me," contemns me, she hates me, ''•Phillida 
flouts me:" Caute^feris., quercu durior Eurydice^ stiff, cliurlish, rocky still. 

And 'tis most true, many gentlewomen are so nice, they scorn all suitors, crucify 
their poor paramours, and think nobody good enough for them, as dainty to please 
as Daphne herself. 

"^ " Multi illain pet!(-re, ilia aspernate petentes, I " Many did woo her, but she scorn'd them still, 

Nee quill Hymen, quid amor, quid siiit connubia curat." ] And said she would not marry by her will." 

One while they will not marry, as they say at least, (when as they intend nothing 
less) another while not yet, when 'tis their only desire, they rave upon it. She will 
marry at last, but not him : he is a proper man indeed, and well qualified, but he 
wants means : another of her suitors hath good means, but he wants wit ; one is 
too old, another too young, too deformed, she likes not his carriage : a third too 
loosely given, he is rich, but base born : she will be a gentlewoman, a lady, as her 
sister is, as her mother is : she is all out as fair, as well brought up, hath as good a 
portion, and she looks for as good a match, as Matilda or Dorinda : if not, she is 
resolved as yet to tarry, so apt are young maids to boggle at every object, so sooa 
won or lost with every toy, so quickly diverted, so hard to be pleased. In the 
meantime, quot torsit amantesf one suitor pines away, languisheth in love, mori quot 
denique cogit ! another sighs and grieves, she cares not : and which ^^ Stroza ob- 
jected to Ariadne, 

" Nee niagis Euryali grmitu, lacrymisque moveris, I " Is no more mov'd with those sad sighs and tears, 

Q,uam prece turhati flectitur ora saii, | Of her sweetheart, than raging sea with prayers: 

Tu juvenem, quo non formosior alter in urbe, I Thou scorn'st the fairest youth in all our city, 

Spernis, et insano cogis amore mori." | And mak'sl hiir> almost mad for love to die:" 

They take a pride to prank up themselves, to make young men enamoured, 

^' capture viros et spernere captos, to dote on them, and to run mad for their sakes, 

38 " sed nullis ilia movetur I " Whilst niggardly their favours they discover, 

Fletibus, aut voces ullas iractahilis audit." | They love to be belov'd, yet scorn the lover." 

All suit and service is too little for them, presents too base: Tor mentis gaudet aman- 

tis et spol'ds. As Atalanta they must be overrun, or not won. Many young 

men are as obstinate, and as curious in their choice, as tyrannically proud, insulting, 
deceitful, false-hearted, as irrefragable and peevish on the other side; Narcissus-like, 

39 " Multi ilium juvenes, miilta- pcticre puella;, I " Young men and maids did to him sue, 

Sed full in teiiera tarn dira sU[ierbia forma, But in his youth, so proud, so coy was he, 

N'ulli ilium juveiies tiulliE petiere puella;." | Young men and maids bade him adieu." 

Echo wept and wooed him by all means above the rest. Love me for pity, or pity 
me for love, but he was obstinate. Ante alt cmorlar quam sit tlhl copla nostrl^ "he 
would rather die than give consent." Psyche ran whining after Cupid, 

4« " Kormosum tua te Psyche formosa requirit, I " Fair Cupid, f hy fair Psyche tn thee suea 

Et poscit te dia deum, puerumque puella ;" | A lovely lass a tine young gallant woos , 

but he rejected her nevertheless. Thus many lovers do hold out so long, doting on 



30 Erasmus Esl. Galatpa. si>Hnving no com|)as- I lib. 2. 37 -p. h. " To captivate the men, but despise 

sion f.>r my tears, she avoids my prayers, and is in- | tiiem when captive." 3»Virg. 4.^n. 3& Melaiuor 
h' xible to my piaitils." 3a Aiiiii'riaiins Erntoprrgnion. 3. '"' Fracastorius Dial, de anim, 
«3 Virg. 34Laecticus. 3o ovid. Met. 1. 36 Erot. | 



550 Love-Meiimciio-y. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

themselves, stand in their own light, till in the end they come to be scorned and ro 
jected, as Stroza's Gargiliana was, 

" Tf jnvenes te odere senes, de.<ertaqiie l.ingues, I *' Both young and old do hate thee scorned now, 

auffi fueras proceruin publica cura prius." | That once was all their joy and comfort too." 

As Narcissus was himself, 

*' Who despising many, 

Died ere he could enjoy the love of any. ' 

They begin to be contemned themselves of others, as he was of his shadow, and 
take up with a poor curate, or an old serving-man at last, that might have had their 
choice of right good matches in their youth ; like that generous mare, in ^' Plutarch, 
which would admit of none but great horses, but when her tail was cut off" and 
mane shorn close, and she now saw herself so deformed in the water, when she 
came to drink, ab asino conscendi se passa^ she was contented at last to be covered 
by an ass. Yet this is a common humour, will not be left, and cannot be helped. 

I " I love a maid, she loves n)e not : i'i.l fain 
*2" Hanc volo quae non viilt, illam qu.T vult ego nolo: | She would h.ive njc, l)ut I not tier a;,uin ; 

Vincere vult animos, non satiare Venus." So love to crucify men's souls is bent : 

I But seldom doth il please or give ronsent." 

"Their love danceth in a ring, and Cupid hunts them roundabout; he dotes, is 
doted on again." Dumque petit petitur^ parUerque accedit ct ardet^ their affection 
cannot be reconciled. Oftentimes they may and will not, 'tis their own foolish pro- 
ceedings that mars all, they are too distrustful of themselves, too soon dejected : 
say she be rich, thou poor: she young, thou old; she lovely and fair, thou most 
ill-favoured and deformed; she noble, thou base: she spruce and fine, but thou an 
ugly clown : nil desperandum^ there's hope enough yet : Mopso JVisa datur^ quid non 
speremus amantes ? Put thyself forward once more, as unlikely matches have been 
and are daily made, see what will be the event. Many leave roses and gather thistles, 
loathe honey and love verjuice : our likings are as various as our palates. But com- 
monly they omit opportunities, oscula qui sumpsit, Sfc.^ they neglect the usual means 
and times. 

'* He that will not when he may, 
When he will he shall have nay." 

They look to be wooed, sought after, and sued to. Most part they will and cannot, 
either for the above-named reasons, or for that there is a multitude of suitors equally 
enamoured, doting all alike; and where one alone must speed, what shall become 
of the rest? Hero was beloved of many, but one did enjoy her; Penelope had a 
company of suitors, yet all missed of their aim. In such cases he or they must 
wisely and warily unwind themselves, unsettle his afi^ections by those rules above 

prescribed, "^^quin stultos excutit ignes, divert his cogitations, or else bravely 

bear it out, as Turnu's did, Tiia sit Lavinia conjux^ when he could not get her, with 
a kind of heroical scorn he bid ^neas take her, or with a milder farewell, let her 
go. Et Pliillida solus habtto^ " Take her to you, God give you joy, sir." The fox 
in the emblem would eat no grapes, but why? because he could not get them ; care 
not then for that which may not be had. 

Many such inconveniences, lets, and hindrances there are, which cross their pro- 
jects and crucify poor lovers, which sometimes may, sometimes again cannot be so 
easily removed. But put case they be reconciled all, agreed hithejlo, suppose this 
loA or good liking be between two alone, both parties well pleased, there is mutuus 
amor^ mutual love and great affection; yet their parents, guardians, tutors, cannot 
agree, thence all is dashed, the match is unequal : one rich, another poor : durus 
pater^ a hard-hearted, unnatural, a covetous father will not marry his son, except he 
have so much money, ita in aurum omnes insaniunt^ as "^^ Chrysostom notes, nor join 
his daughter in marriage, to save her dowry, or for that he cannot spare her for the 
service she doth him, and is resolved to part with nothing whilst he lives, not a 
penny, though he may peradventure well give it, he will not till he dies, and then as 
a pot of money broke, it is divided amongst them that gaped after it so eirnestly. 
Or else he wants means to set her out, he hath no money, and though it be to the 
manifest prejudice of her body and soul's health, he cares not, he will take no notice 



J^\. Am- " Ausoniug. « Ovid. Met. « Horn. 5. in 1. epist. Thias. «:ap. 4, ver. J 



Mem. 5. Subs, 5. 



Cure of Love-Melanc/ioly. 



551 



of it, she must and shall tany. Many slack and careless parents, iniqui yatres^ 
measure their children's aflections by their own, they are now cold and decrepit 
themselves, past all such youthful conceits, and they will therefore starve their 
children's genus, have them a pueris ^'"ilUco nascl series, they must not marry, nee 
eartu/i ajincsesse rerum quas secumfert adolescentia : ex sua Ubldlne moderalur qucR 
est nunc, non quce olimfuit: as he said in the comedy : they will stifle nature, their 
young bloods must not participate of youthfu. pleasures, but be as they are them- 
selves old on a sudden. And 'tis a general fault amongst most parents in bestowing 
of tlieir children, the father wholly respects wealth, when through his folly, riot, in- 
discretion, he hath embezzled his estate, to recover himself, he confines and prosti- 
tutes his eldest son's love and affection to some fool, or ancient, or deformed piece 
for money. 

«fi" Phimaretae ducet filiam, rufain, illam virginem, 
Caisiain, sparso ore.aduiico iiaso" 

and though his son utterly dislike, with Clitipho in the comedy, JVon possum pater . 
If she be rich, Ela (he replies) ut elegans est, credas animum ibi esse? he must and 
shall have her, she is fair enough, young enough, if he look or hope to inherit his 
lands, he shall marry, not when or whom he loves, Jlrconidls hujusJUiam, but whom 
his father commands, when and where he likes, his affection must dance attendance 
upon him. His daughter is in the same predicament forsooth, as an empty boat, she 
must carry what, where, when, and whom her father will. So that iu these busi* 
nesses the father is still for the best advantage; now the mother respects good kin- 
dred, must part the son a proper woman. All which ■*' Livy exemplifies, dec. 1. lib. 4. 
a gentleman and a yeoman w^ooed a wench in Home (contrary to that statute that the 
gentry and commonalty must not match together) ; the matter was controverted : the 
gentleman was preferred by the mother's voice, qu{R quam splendisshnis nuptiis jungt 
puellam volebat : the overseers stood for him that was most worth, &c. But parents 
ought not to be so strict in this behalf, beauty is a dowry of itself all suflicient, 
*^ Virgo for mosa, etsi oppidd pauper, abunde dotata est, ''^ Rachel was so married to 
Jacob, and Bonaventure, '"^ in 4. sent, "denies that he so much as venially sins, that 
marries a maid for comeliness of person." The Jews, Deut. xxi. 11, if they saw 
amongst the captives a beautiful woman, some small circumstances observed, might 
take her to wife. They should not be too severe in that kind, especially if there be 
no such urgent occasion, or grievous impediment. 'Tis good for a commonwealth. 
^' Plato holds, that in tlieir contracts "young men should never avoid tlie aifinity of 
poor folks, or seek after rich." Poverty and base parentage may be sufficiently 
recompensed by many other good qualities, modesty, virtue, religion, and choice 
bringing up, ^^•'' I am poor, 1 confess, but am 1 therefore contemptible, and an abject: 
Love itself is naked, the graces ; the stars, and Hercules clad in a lion's skin." Give 
something to virtue, love, wisdom, favour, beauty, person; be not all for money. 
Besides, you must consider that Amor cogi non -potest, love cannot be compelled, 
they must affect as they may : ^^Fatum est in partibus illis quas sinus abscondit, as 
the saying is, marriage and hanging goes by destiny, matches are made in heaven 

" It lies not in our power to love or hate, 
For Mill in us 1=; overrul'd by fate." 

A servant maid in ^* Aristaenetus loved her mistress's minion, which when her dame 
perceived, /wriosa cBmulatione, in a jealous humour she dragged her about the house 
by the hair of the head, and vexed her sore. The wench cried out, ^^^'O mistress, 
fortune hath made my body your servant, but not my soul!" Affections are free, not 
to be commanded. Moreover it may be to restrain their ambition, pride, and covet- 
ousness, to correct those hereditary diseases of a family, God in his just judgment 
assigns and permits such matches to be made, f'or J am of Plato and '"^BocHne's 
mind, that families have their bounds and periods as well as kingdoms, beyond which 



••^Ter. <«Ter. Heaut. Seen. ult. " He will marry 

•he daughter of rirh parents, a red haired, hiear-eyed, 
t,ijj.|||rw»;,a,|^ crooked-nosed wench." ■•' Plelieins et 

iiojji..^ aidbiebant pnelliiin, puella; certaitieii in partes 
»eeiil, &c. ■*«* Apultius apol. ^s'Gen. xxvi. 

6<'Non peccat veniaiiter cjui rnulierem ducit ob pulchri- 
I'idinem. &> Lili. (i. de le^'. Kx usii rcipub. est ut in 

liuptiis jav<'nes ummn jiauoeruiu alfiiutateni fajjiam, 



neqiie divitutii sectentur. ^^ Phjiost. ep. Quoniain 

|»auper sum, itkirco contemplior et ahjeciior tibi 
videar : Amor ipse fiuiidus est, t'ratiie et astra ; He 
cules pelle leoiiiiia indulus. -3 Juvenal. ■* Lib i 
ep. 7. *^ Ejulans inquit, non menleni une addixil 

niihi fortuna servitute. "« De repub. c. de i)enod. 

rerutiipub. 



552 Love-MelanchoJy. [Part. 3. Sect. 2. 

for c ?tent or continuance they shall not exceed, six or seven hundred years, as they 
mere iUusirate by a muhitude of examples, and which Peucer and '"' Melanclhon 
approve, but in a perpetual tenor (as we see by many pedigrees of kniglits, gentle- 
men, yeomen) continue as they began, for many descents with little alteration. ITow- 
soever let them, I say, give something to youth, to love; they must not think they 
can fancy whom they appoint; ^^ Amor enim non imperatur, offcctus liber si quis 
alius et vices exigens^ this is a free passion, as Pliny said in a panegyric of his, and 
may not be forced : Love craves liking, as the saying is, it requires mutual affections, 
a correspondency : invito non datur nee aufertur^ it may not be learned, Ovid him- 
self cannot teach us how to love, Solomon describe, Apelles paint, or Helen express 
it. They must not therefore compel or intrude; ^^quis enim (as Fabius urgeth) 
amare alieno animo potest? but consider withal the miseries of enforced marriages; 
take pity upon youth: and such above the rest as have daughters to bestow, should 
be very careful and provident to marry them in due time. Syracides cap. 7. vers. 25. 
calls it '^ a weighty matter to perform, so to marry a daughter to a maji of under- 
slanding in due time:" Virgines enim tempestive locandcB^ as ^"Lemnius admonisheth, 
lih. 1. cap. 6. Virgins must be provided for in season, to prevent many diseases, of 
which ^' Rodericus a Castro de morbis mulierum^ lib. 2. cap. 3. and Lod. Mercatus 
lib. 2. de mulier. ajfect. cap. 4, de melanch. virginum et viduarum^ have both largely 
discoursed. And therefore as well to avoid these feral maladies, 'tis good to get them 
husbands betimes, as to prevent some other gross inconveniences, and for a thing 
that I know besides; ubi nuptiarwn tevipus et (Etas advenerif., as Chrysostom ad- 
viseth, let them not defer it; they perchance will marry themselves else, or do worse. 
If Nevisanus the lawyer do not impose, they may do it by right: for as he proves 
out of Curtius, and some otber civilians, Sylvae, nup. lib. 2. numer. 30. ^^'' A maid 
past twenty-five years of age, against her parents' consent may marry such a one as 
is unworthy of, and inferior to her, and her father by law must be compelled to give 
her a competent dowry." Mistake me not in the mean time, or think that I do apo- 
logise here for any headstrong, unruly, wanton flirts. 1 do approve that of St. Am- 
brose (Comment in Genesis xxiv. 51), which he hath written touching Rebecca's 
spousals, " A woman should give unto her parents the choice of her husband, ^^ lest 
she be reputed to be malpert and wanton, if she take upon her to make her own 
choice ; " for she should rather seem to be desired by a man, than to desire a man 
herself." To those hard parents alone I retort that of Curtius, (in the behalf of 
modester maids), that are to© remiss and careless of their due time and riper years. 
For if they tarry longer, to say truth, they are past date, and nobody will respect 
them. A woman with us iR Italy (saith ''^Areti-.^e's Lucretia) twenty-four years of 
age, " is old already, past the best, of no account." An old fellow, as Lycistrata 
confesseth in "^^Aristophanes, etsi sit canus, did piielJam virginem ducat uxorem^ and 
"'tis no news for an old fellow to marry a young wench : but as he follows it, mulier is 
brevis occasio est, etsi hoc non apprehenderit., nemo vult ducere uxorem, expectans 
verb sedet ; who cares for an old maid ^ she may set, &.c. A virgin, as the poet holds, 
lasciva et petulans puella virgo, is like a flower, a rose withered on a sudden. 



fi'"Q,uam 1110(36 nascentem rutilus conspexit Eous, 
Hanc rediens sero vespere vidit ami in." 



' She that was erst a maid as fresh as May, 
Is now an old crone, time so steals away." 



Let them take time then while they may, make advantage of youth, and as he 
prescribes, 



^" Collide virfro rosas dum flos noviis et nova pubes, 
Et mt-miir esto ffiviim sic properare tuum." 



Fair maids, so eather roses in the prime, 
And think that as a flower so jioes on time.' 



Let's all love, dum vires annique sinunt, while we are in the flower of years, fit for 



love matters, and while time serves : for 

69" tholes occidere et redire possum, 
Nobis cum seme! occidi*. brevis hix, 
Nox est perpetijo una dormienda." 



Suns that set may rise a<rain, 
But ifonce we h)se this liiL'ht, 
'Tis with us perpetual night." 



yolat irrevocabile tempus, time past cannot be recalled. But we need no such 



'•^Coin. in car. Chron. £8 piin. in pan. 59 Deciam. 
n06. 60 piiellis imprimis nulla damla occasio lapsus. 

l^enin. lih. 1. 54. de vil instit. 6i gee more part 1. s. 

mem. 2. snlis, 4. ^j piija excedens annum •i.'i potest 

inscio paire niibere, licet indiirnus sit maritus, et eiim 
eogere ad cong' e dotandum. ** Ne appctentiue 



procacioris rtjiuletiir auctor. « Expetitia enim 

maiiis debet videri a viro qiiam ipsa virum expetisse. 
'^s Mulier apnd nos 24. annoriim vetiila est et projec 
titia. eecoma'd. Lycistral. And. Divo Inlerpr. 

«' Aiisonius edy. 14. «« Idem. ^^'Catulliw 

•0 Translated by M. B. Johnson. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-MelancJioh/. 559 

exhortation, we are all commonly too forward : yet if there be any escape, ami all be 
' not as it should, as Diogenes struck the father when the son srwoie, becaase he taugh 
nim no better, if a maid or young man miscarry, I think their parents oftentimes^ 
guardians, overseers, governors, negue vos (saith "Chrysostom) a suppUclo imniunes 
cvadetis^ si non statini ad nupUas, Sfc. are in as*much fault, and as severely to be 
punished as their children, in providing for them no sooner. 

Now for such as have free liberty to bestow themselves, I could wish that good 
counsel of the comical old man were put in practice, 

'2" Opiilentiores paiiperiorutn ill filias I "That rich men would marry poor maidens some, 

liidotas diicaiit iixores (loiniiiii : | And iliat without dowry, and :«o bring them home, 

Et mwlto fiet civitas coticurdior, I So would mucii concord be in our city, 

Et invidia nos miiiore utemur, qudm iitimur." | Less envy slioiild we have, much more pity." 

If they would care less for wealth, we should have much more content and quiet- 
ness in a commonwealth. Beauty, good bringing up, methinks, is a sufficient portion 
of itself, ''^ Dos est sua forma puellis, "her beauty is a maiden's dower," and he 
doth well that will accept of such a wife. Eubulides, in '"^Aristsenetus, married a 
poor man's child, y'ac/e non illcLtahili^ of a merry countenance, and heavenly visage, 
in pity of her estate, and that quickly. Acontius coming to Delos, to sacrifice to 
Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a noble lass, and wanting means to get her love, 
flung a golden apple into her lap, with this inscription upon it, 

•* Jiiro tihi sane per mystica sacra Dianae, I " I swear by all the rites of Diana, 

Me tibi veiiturum coniitem, sponsunique futurum." | I'll come and be thy husband if I may." 

She considered of it, and upon some small inquiry of his person and estate, was 
married unto him. 

" Blessed is the wooing, 
That is not long a doing." 

As the saying is; when the parties are sufficiently known to each other, what needs 
such scrupulosity, so many circumstances .'' dost thou know her conditions, her 
bringing-up, like her person.? let her means be wliat they will, take her without any 
more ado. "Dido and iEneas were accidentally driven by a storm both into one 
cave, they made a match upon it; Massinissa was married to that fair captive Sopho- 
nisba, King Syphax' wife, tiie same day that he saw her first, to prevent Scipio 
Laelius, lest they should determine otherwise of her. If thou lovest the party, do 
as much : good education and beauty is a competent dowry, stand not upon money. 
Erant oUm aurei homines (saith Theocritus) et adamantes redamahant^ in the golden 
world men did so, (in the reign of '^ Ogyges belike, before staggering Ninus began 
to domineer) if all be true that is reported : and some few now-a-days will do as 
much, here and there one; 'tis well done methinks, and all happiness befal them for 
so doing. "Leontius, a philosopher of Athens, had a fair daughter called Athenais. 
multo corporis lepore ac Venere^ (saith mine author) of a comely carriage, he gave 
her no portion but her bringing up, occult o for mcR prcBsagio^ out of some secret fore- 
knowledge of her fortune, bestowing that little which he had amongst his other 
children. But she, thus qualified, was preferred by some friends to Constantinople, 
to serve Pulcheria, the emperor's sister, of whom she was baptised and called Eudo- 
cia. Theodosius, the emperor, in short space took notice of her excellent beauty 
and good parts, and a little after, upon his sister's sole commendation, made her his 
wife : 'twas nobly done of Theodosius. "^^ Rudophe was the fairest lady in her days 
in all Egypt; she went to wash her, and by chance, (her maids meanwhile looking 
but carelessly to her clothes) an eagle stole away one of her shoes, and laid it in 
Psammeticus the King of Egypt's lap at Memphis : he wondered at the excellency 
of the shoe and pretty foot, but more Aquilce factum^ at the manner of the bringing 
of it: and caused forthwith proclamation to be made, that she that owned that shoe 
should come presently to his court; the virgin came, and was forthwith married to 
the king. I say this was heroically done, and like a prince : I commend him for it, 
and all such as have means, that will either do (as he did) themselves, or so foi 
love, &.C., marry their children. If he be rich, let him take such a one as wants, if 



^' Hom. 5. in 1. Thes. cap. 4. 1. 'a Plautus. " Ovid. 
'< E()ist. 12. I. 2. Eligit conjiigeni panperem, indotatam 
et subito deaniavit, et commiseratione ejus inopire. 
''' Virg /Ell. '6 Fabius piclor : amor ipse conjurixit 

populos, 6cc. " Lipsius polil. Sehast. Mayer. Select 



70 2 W 



Sect. I. cap. 13. ""^ Mayeriis select, sect. 1. c. 14. e! 

lEIian. 1. 13. c. 33. cum fatriiihe lavantis vestes incu- 
rinsiis custodirent,&c. maiidavit per univorsam JEgy^ 
turn lit fccuiiria qiia^ren'tur, cujiis is calceus esse 
eanique sic iuventam in matrimonium accepit. 



554 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



she be virtuously given; for as Syracides, cap. 7. ver. 19. aclvisetl "Forego not a 
wife and goofl woman; for her grace is above gold." If she have fortunes of her 
own, let her make a man. Danaus of Lacedaemon had a many daughters to bestow, 
and means enough for them all, he never stood inquiring after great matches, as 
others used to do, but '^ sent for a company of brave young gallants to his house, 
and bid his daugliters choose every one one, whom she liked best, and take liim for 
her husband, without any more ado. This act of his was much approved in those 
limes. But in this iron age of ours, we respect riches alone, (for a maid must buy 
her husband now with a great dowry, if she will have him) covetousness and hlthy 
lucre mars all good matches, or some such by-respects. Crales, a Servian prince (as 
Nicephorus Gregoras Rom. hist. lib. G. relates it,) was an earnest suitor to Eudocia, 
the emperor's sister; though her brother much desired it, yet she could not ^° abide 
him, for he had three former wives, all basely abused ; but the emperor still, Oralis 
amiciliam ma g ni facie ns.^ because he was a great prince, and a troublesome neigh- 
bour, much desired his affinity, and to that end betrothed his own daughter Simonida 
to him, a little girl five years of age (he being forty-five,) and five ^' years older than 
the emperor himself: such disproportionable and unlikely matches can wealth and 3 
fair fortune make. And yet not that alone, it is not only money, but sonietimes vain- 
glory, pride, ambition, do as much harm as wretched covetousness itself in anolhei 
extreme. If a yeoman have one sole daughter, he must overmatch her, above hei 
birth and calling, to a gentleman forsooth, because of her great portion, too good fo) 
one of her own rank, as he supposeth : a gentleman's daughter and heir must be 
married to a knight baronet's eldest son at least ; and a knight's only daughter to a 
baron himself, or an earl, and so upwards, her great dower deserves it. And thus 
striving for more honour to their wealth, they undo their children, many discontents 
follow, and oftentimes they ruinate their families. '^■^Paulus Jovius gives instance in 
Galeatius the Second, that heroical Duke of Milan, externas affinitates^ decoras qiti- 
dcm regio fastu.1 sed sibi et posteris damnosas et fere exiliaJes qiuEsivil; he married 
his eldest son John Galeatius to Isabella the King of France his sister, but she was 
soccro lam gravis^ ut ducentis millibus aureorum constiterit., her entertainment at 
Milan was so costly that it almost undid him. His daughter Violanta was married 
to Lionel Duke of Clarence, the youngest son to Edward the Third, King of Eng- 
land, but, ad ejus aduentiim tanta>, opes tarn admirabili liberalitafe profusce sunt., ul 
opulent issimorum regum splendorem superasse videretur., he was welcomed with such 
incredible magnificence, that a king's purse was scarce able to bear it; for besides 
many rich presents of horses, arms, plate, money, jewels, &c., he made one dinner 
for him and his company, in which were thirty-two messes and as much provision 
left, ut rclatcE a mensa dapes decern millibus hominum sufficerent., as would serve ten 
thousand men : but a little after Lionel died, 71oucb nuptce et inf^mpestivis conviviis 
operam dans., ^c, and to the duke's great loss, the solemnity was ended. So can 
titles, honours, ambition, make many brave, but unfortunate matches of all sides for 
by-respects, (though both crazed in body and mind, most unwilling, averse, and often 
unfit,) so love is banished, and we feel the smart of it in the end. But I am too 
lavish peradventure in this subject. 

Another let or hindrance is strict and severe discipline, laws and rigorous customs, 
that forbid men to marry at set times, and in some places ; as apprentices, servants, 
coUegiates, states of lives in copyholds, or in some base inferior offices, ^^Velle licet 
in such cases, potiri non licet., as he said. They see but as prisoners through a grate, 
they covet and catch, but Tantalus a labris., S^c. Their love is lost, and vain it is 
in such an estate to attempt. ^^Gravissimum est adamare nee potiri., 'tis a grievous 
thuig to love and not enjoy. They may, indeed, I deny not, marry if they will, and 
liave free choice, some of them; but in the meantime tlieir case is desperate, Luputn 
auribus tenent., they hold a wolf by the ears, they must either burn or starve. 'Tis 
cornutum sophisma., hard to resolve, if they Liarry they forfeit their estates, they are 
undone, and starve themselves through beggary and want : if they do not marr} , in 



'•Paiisanias lib. 3. de Lrfconicis. Ditnisit qui nuncia 
runt, &c. optionein [>uellis dedit, n*. caruin quailihet eiiin 
«il)i viruin deliueret, ciijiis innxinip osset forma coiii- 
plMcila. w niiuscoiijugiuin ahuiui.ialitur. <^' Soct-ro 



qiiiiiqde circiter annos natii riiimir. *^Vit. fial'-ii 

Sf^cundi. ^^ Apulejus ia Ciilel. nobis cuj ido velle oa. 
posse abncgat. *>' Anacreon. 5<i. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] 



Cure of Lovc-Mclancholy. 



this heroical passion they furiously rage, are torinenied, and torn in pieces by their 
predominate affections. Every man hath not the gift of continence, let him '^' pray 
for it then, as Beza adviseth in his Tract de Divorli.ls^ because God hath so called 
him to a single life, in taking away the means of marriage. ^^ Paul would ha\e gone 
from Mysia to Bithynia, but the spirit suffered him not, and thou wouldst peradven- 
ture be a married man with all thy will, but that protecting angel holds it not fit. 
The devil too sometimes may divert by his ill suggestions, and mar many good 
matches, as the same ^^ Paul was willing to see the Romans, but hindered of Satan 
he could not. There be those that think they are necessitated by fate, their stars 
have so decreed, and therefore they grumble at their hard fortune, they are well in- 
clined to marry, but one rub or other is ever in the way; I know what astrologers 
say in this behalf, what Ptolemy quadriporfit. Tract. 4. cap. 4. Skoner lib. 1. cap. 12 
what heovh'ius genifur. exempl. I. which Sextus ab Heminga takes to be the horo- 
scope of Ilieronymus Wolfius, what Pezelius, Origanaus and Leovitius his illustratoi 
Garceus, cap. 12. what .Tunctine, Protanus, Campanella, what the rest, (to omit those 
Arabian conjectures a parte conjugU, a parte lasc'iDicp,^ triplicitates veneris., Sfc.^ and 
those resolutions upon a question, an arnica potiatur^ Sj-c.) determine in this behalf, 
viz. an sit natus conjugem habiturus., facile an difficulier sit sponsam impetraturus, 
quot conjugcs., quo tempore., quales dccernanlur nato uxores., de mutuo amore conju- 
gem., both in men's and women's genitures, by the examination of the seventh house 
the almutens, lords and planets there, a <^^ etQ''^ <^-c., by particular aphorisms, St 
dominus 7'"^ in 7'"^ vel secimda nobilem decernit uxorem., servam aid ignobilem si 
duodecimd. Si Venus in 12"'''>, <^x., with many such, too tedious to relate. Yet let 
no man be troubled, or find himself grieved with such predictions, as Hier. Wolfius 
well saith in his astrological ^^ dialogue, non sunt prcetoriana decreta^ they be but 
conjectures, the stars incline, but not enforce, 

69" Sidera cnrpnrihiis prre?unt coelestia nostris, 
Sunt ea de vili coiidila naiiiqiie liilo: 
Cog^re sfid neiineiiiit aiiiiiiuin ralinne frupntem, 
Q,iuppe sul) imperio solius ipse dei est." 

wisdom, diligence, discretion, may mitigate if not quite alter such decrees, Foituna 
sua a cujusque fngitur moribus^ ^°Qui cauti^ prudentes., voti coriipotes., 4'C., let no man 
then be terrified or molested with such astrological aphorisms, or be m.uch moved, 
either to vain hope or fear, from such predictions, but let every man follow his own 
free will in tliis case, and do as he sees cause. Better it is indeed to marry than 
burn, for their soul's health, but for their present fortunes, by some other means to 
pacify themselves, and divert the stream of this fiery torrent, to continue as tliey are, 
^'rest satisfied, lugentes virginitatis florem, sic aruisse^ deploring their misery with 
that eunuch in Libanius, since there is no help or remedy, and with Jephtha's 
dauofhter to bewail their virginities. 

Of like nature is superstition, those rash vows of monks and friars, and such as 
live in religious orders, but far more tyrannical and much worse. Nature, youih, 
and his furious passion forcibly inclines, and rageth on the one side; but their order 
and vow checks them on the other. ^^Votoque suo sua forma repugnat. Wliat merits 
and indulgences they heap unto themselves by it, what commodities, I know not, 
but I am sure, from such rash vows, and inhuman manner of life, proceed many 
inconveniences, many diseases, many vices, masturpation, satyriasis, ^^ priapismus, 
melancholy, madness, fornication, adultery, buggery, sodomy, theft, murder, and all 
manner of mischiefs : read but Bale's Catalogue of Sodomites, at the visitation of 
abbeys here in England, Henry Stephan. his Apol. for Herodotus, that which Ulricus 
writes in one of his epistles, ^^ '•'• that Pope Gregory when lie saw 600 skulls and 
Dones of intants taken out of a. fishpond near a nunnery, thereupon retracted that 
decree of priests' marriages, which was the cause of such a slaughter, was much 
grieved at it, and purged himself by repentance." Read many such, and then ask 



*^5C()ntiii;utiaB doniim ex fide postulet quia certiim sit 
e.itii vocari ad coelibatiim cui deiiiis, &c. *6 Act. xvi. 7. 
sTRoiii i. n "^ Pra'fix. gen. I.eovitii. f^'The 

stars in Ihe SKies preside over our persons, for lliey are 
made of hunilile matter. They cannot bind a rational 
mind, for that is under the control of God only." 
*» Idem Woltius dial. 9i " That is, make the best of 

.1. and take his lot as it falls." t^ Ovid. 1. .Met 



"Their beauty is inconsistent with their vows." 
9' Mercunalis de Priapismo. ^^ Memorabile qnod 

Ulricn.« epistola referl Gregoriiim qmiin e.x piscina 
quadain allata plus qiiam sex mille infantum capita 
vidisset, ingemiii.-;se et decretum de ca;libatii tantatii 
CTdis caiisam confessus condigno illud poJiiiteLti.*^ 
fructu pnrgasse. Kemnisius ex coiicil. Trideiil. part, '. 
dc coelibatu sacerdotuin. 



r)5b 



Lov e-Me lanclioly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



what is to be done, is this vow to be broke or not? No, saith Bellarmine, cap. 38. 
lib. de Monach. melius est scortari et uri quam de voto coBlibatus ad nuptias transire., 
better burn or fly out, than to break thy vow. And Coster in his Enchirid. de cceli- 
hat. sacerdolum^ saith it is absolutely gravius peccatum^ ®^" a greater sin for a priest 
to marry, than to keep a concubine at home." Gregory de Valence, cap. 6. de cobU- 
hat. maintains the same, as those of Essei and Montanists of old. Insomuch that 
many votaries, out of a false persuasion of merit and holiness in this kind, will 
sooner die than marry, though it be to the saving of their lives. ^^ Anno 1419. Pius 2, 
Pope, James Rossa, nephew to the King of Portugal, and then elect Archbishop of 
Lisbon, being very sick at Florence, ^^"when his physicians * /A him, that his dis- 
ease was such, he must either lie with a wench, marry, or die, cheerfully chose to 
die." Now they commended him for it; but St. Paul teacheth otherwise, "Better 
marry than burn," and as St. Hierome gravely delivers it, Alice, sunt leges CcRsarum^ alice 
Christi, oliud Papinianus., aliud Paulus noster prcEcipit., there's a difference betwixt 
God's ordinances and men's laws : and therefore Cyprian Epist. 8. boldly denounceth, 
impium es/, adulterum est., sacrilegum est^ quodcunque liumano furore statuitur., ut dis- 
positio divina violetur^ it is abominable, impious, adulterous, and sacrilegious, what 
men make and ordain after their own furies to cross God's laws. ^^Georgius Wice- 
lius, one of their own arch divines (^Inspect, eccles. pag. 18) exclaims against it, and all 
such rash monastical vows, and would have such persons seriously to consider what 
they do, whom they admit, ne in posterum querantur de inariihus stupris^ lest they 
repent it at last. For either, as he follows it, ^^you must allow them concubines, or 
suffer them to marry, for scarce shall you find three priests of three thousand, qui 
per cEtatem non anient., that are not troubled with burning lust. Wherefore I con- 
clude it is an unnatural and impious thing to bar men of this Christian liberty, too 
severe and inhuman an edict. 



100 The silly loren, the titmouse also, 

The little redhreai^t have their election, 
They fly I saw and I off ether gone, 
Whereas hern list, ahout environ 
jSs they of kinde have inclination, 
j9nd as nature impress and guide. 
Of everything list to provide. 



But man alone, alas the hard stond. 
Full cruelly by kinds ordinance 
Constrained is, and by statutes bound, 
Jlnd debarred from all such pteasance : 
What meaneth this, what is this pretence 
Of laws, I wis, against all right of kinde 
Without a cause, so narrow men to bindel 



Many laymen repine still at priests' marriages above the rest, and not at clergymen 
only, but of all the meaner sort and condition, they would have none marry but such 
as are rich and able to maintain wives, because their parish belike shall be pestered 
with orphans, and the world full of beggars : but ' these are hard-hearted, unnatural, 
monsters of men, shallow politicians, they do not ^ consider that a great part of the 
world is not yet inhabited as it ought, how many colonies into America, Terra Aus- 
tralis incognita, Africa, may be sent.^' Let them consult with Sir William Alexander's 
Book of Colonies, Orpheus Junior's Golden Fleece, Captain Whitburne, Mr. Hag- 
thorpe, &c. and they shall surely be otherwise informed. Those politic Romans 
were of another mind, they thought their city and country could never be too popu- 
lous. ^ Adrian the emperor said he had rather have men than money, malle se homi- 
num adjectione ampliare imperium., quam pecuniu. Augustus Caesar made an oration 
in Rome ad ccelihus., to persuade them to marry, some countries compelled them to 
marry of old, as ''Jews, Turks, Indians, Chinese, amongst the rest in these days, who 
much wonder at our discipline to suffer so many idle persons to live in monasteries, 
and often marvel how they can live honest. ^ In the isle of Maragnan, the governor 
and petty king there did wonder at the Frenchmen, and admire how so many friars, 
and the rest of their company could live without wives, they thought it a thing im- 
possible, and would not believe it. If these men should but survey our multitudes 
of religious houses, observe our numbers of monasteries all over Europe, 18 nun- 
neries in Padua, in Venice 34 cloisters of monks, 28 of nuns, &c. ex ungiie leoneni., 
'tis to this proportion, in all other provinces and cities, what would they think, do 
they live honest } Let them dissemble as they will, I am of Tertullian's mind, that 



■'•'"Si nuhat, quam si domi conciihinam alal. ^^ Al- 
plioiisiis CicaoMJus lilt, de neal. poiitirtcutii. s' Cum 

iiifdici suaderent nt aut iiuberet aut coitu uteretiir, sic 
luiirtem vilari posse mortem potius inlrepidus e.xpecta- 
vii, &.C. »« Episl. m 9^ Vide vitam ejus edit. l(j-23. 
by It T. James. 'ooLidgate, in Chaucer's Flower of 



Curtesie. « 'Tis not tmiititii-de but idienefs whicll 

causeth hepgary. 'Or tn set tliern a work, and liriiig 

them up in some honest trades. sDjon. Cassius. lib. 
5t3. «Saidus Buxtorphius 'Claude .Alliaville ir 

his hist, of the Freiichuun to the Isle of Muragnati 
An. 1()H. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 557 

few can continue but by compulsion. ^"O chastity (saith he) thou an a rare god- 
dess in the worid, not so easily got, seldom continuate : thou mayest now and then 
be compelled, either for defect of nature, or if discipline persuade, decrees enforce:" 
or for some such by-respects, sullenness, discontent, they have lost their first loves, 
may not have whom they will themselves, want of means, rash vows, &.c. But can 
he willingly contain .'' I think not. Therefore, either out of commiseration of 
human imbecility, in policy, or to prevent a far worse inconvenience, for they hold 
some of them as necessary as meat and drink, and because vigour of youth, the state 
and temper of most men's bodies do so furiously desire it, they have heretofore in 
some nations liberally admitted polygamy and stews, a hundred thousand courtesans 
in Grand Cairo in ^gypt, as ''Radzivilus observes, are tolerated, besides boys : how 
many at Fez, Rome, Naples, Florence, Venice, Slc, and still in many other pro- 
vinces and cities of Europe they do as much, because they think young men, church- 
men, and servants amongst the rest, can hardly live honest. The consideration of 
this belike made Vibius, the Spaniard, when his friend ^Crassus, that rich Roman 
gallant, lay hid in the cave, uf voluptafis quam celas ilia desiderat copi am facer et^ to 
gratify him the more, send tw^o ^ lusty lasses to accompany him all that while he 
was there imprisoned. And Surenus, the Parthian general, when he warred against 
the Romans, to carry about with him 200 concubines, as the Swiss soldiers do now 
commonly their wives. But, because this course is not generally approved, but 
rather contradicted as unlawful and abhorred, '°in most countries they do much en- 
courage them to marriage, give great rewards to such as have many children, and 
mulct those that will not marry. Jus trium liberorum^ and in Agellius, lib. 2. cap. 15. 
Elian, lib. 6. cap. 5. Valerius, lib. 1. cap. 9. "We read that three children freed 
the father from painful offices, and five from all contribution. " A woman shall be 
saved by bearing children." Epictetus would have all marry, and as '^ Plato will, 6 
de legibus^ he that marrieth not before 35 years of his age, must be compelled and 
punished, and the money consecrated to "'Juno's temple, or applied to public uses. 
They account him, in some countries, unfortunate that dies without a wife^ a most 
unhappy man, as '"'Boetius infers, and if at all happy, yet infortuni.o f'.lix., unhappy 
in his supposed happiness. They commonly deplore his estate, and much lament 
him for it: O, my sweet son, &c. See Lucian, de Luchi^ Sands fol. 83, &c. 

Yet, notwithstanding, many with us are of the opposite part, they are married 
themselves, and for others, let them burn, fire and flame, they care not, so they be 
not troubled with them. Some are too curious, and some too covetous, they may 
marry when they will both for ability and means, but so nice, that except as The- 
ophilus the emperor was presented, by his mother Euprosune, with all the rarest 
beauties of the empire in the great chamber of his palace at once, and bid to give a 
golden apple to her he liked best. If they might so take and choose whom they 
list out of all the fair maids their nation affords, they could happily condescend to 
marry: otherwise. Sec, why should a man marry, saiih another epicurean rout, what's 
matrimony but a matter of money } why should free nature be entrenched on, con- 
fined or obliged, to this or that man or woman, with these manacles of body and 
goods.? &c. There are those too that dearly love, admire and follow women all 
their lives long, sponsi Penelopes., never well but in their company, wistly gazing on 
their beauties, observing close, hanging after them, dallying still with them, and yet 
dare not, will not marry. Many poor people, and of the meaner sort, are too dis- 
trustful of God's providence, '^ they will not, dare not for such worldly respects," 
fear of want, woes, miseries, or that they shall light, as '^"^ Lemnius saith, on a scold, 
a slut, or a bad wife." And therefore, '^ Tristem Juventam venere deserld colunt., 
they are resolved to live single, as " Epaminondas did, '^^ JVil aii esse prius, melius 



• Rara quidem dea in es Ochastitas in his terris, nee 
facile perfecla, rarius perpeiua, cogi iioniiuiiqiiain po- 
test, oh iiaturte defectum, vel si disciplina pervaserit, 
ceiisura coinprossfril. ■> Peregrin. Hierosol. • Plii- 
larcli. vita ejus, adolescentiaj medio constitutiis. » An- 
cillas duas egregia forma et setatis flore. '<> Alex. ab. 
Alex. I. 4. c. 8. JiTres filii palrem ahexcubiis, 

quinque ab omnibus officiis liberahanto. la Praicepto 
primo cogatur nubere aut mulcletur el pecunia tcmplo 



2w2 



Junonis dedicetur et publica fiat. '3 Consol. 3. pros. 

7. '"i .\ic. Hill. Kpic pliilos, '5q,i,j se capistro 

matrimonii alligan non pntiuntur, Lemn. lib. 4. 13. de 
occult, nat. Abhorrent multi a matrimonio, ne moro- 
sam, querulam, acerham, amaram nxorem perferre co- 
gaiilur. 16 Senec. Hippol. '^Cieh-bs enim vixerat 

iiec ad uxorem diirendam tinquam induci potuil. 
'^Senec. Hip. "There is nothing better, nothing pre- 
ferable to a single life " 



658 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 
^Dctestor omnes^ 



nil coBlihe r/'/ff," and ready wiili Ilippolitus to abjure all women, 
horr.o^fuglo^ exccror^ Sfc. But, 

" Hippolite nescis quod futris vitas borium, 
Hippniite nescis" 

"alas, poor Hippolitus, thou knowest not what thou sayest, 'tis otherwise. Hippo- 
litus.'"' ''"Some make a doubt, an uxor Hiernlo sit diicenda^ whether a scholar should 
marry, if she be fair she will brmg him back from his grammar to his horn book, or 
else witli kissing and dalliance she will hinder his study; if foul with scolding, he 
cannot well intend to do both, as Philippus Beroaldus, that great Bononian doctor, once 
writ, impediri enim studia literurum^ ^-c, but he recanted at last, and in a solemn 
sort with true conceived words he did ask the world and all women forgiveness. 
But you shall have the story as he relates himself, in his Commentaries on the sixth 
of Apuleius. For a long time I lived a single life, el ah uxore ducenda semper ah- 
horrui^ nee quicquam libero lecto censui jucundius. I could not abide marriage, but 
as a rambler, erraticus ac volaficus amator (to use his own words) per muUipUces 
ainores discurrebam^ I took a snatch where I could get it ; nay more, 1 railed at mar- 
riage downright, and in a public auditory, when I did interpret that sixth Satire of 
Juvenal, out of Plutarch and Seneca, I did heap up all the dicteries 1 could against 
women ; but now recant with Stesichorus, palinodiam cano^ nee pcenitel censeri in 
ordine mariiorum^ I approve of marriage, I am glad I am a ^^ married man, I am 
heartily glad I have a wife, so sweet a wife, so noble a wife, so young, so chaste a 
wife, so loving a wife, and I do wish and desire all other men to marry ; and espe- 
cially scholars, that as of old Martia did by Hortensius, Terentia by Tullius, Cal- 
phurnia to Plinius, Pudentilla to Apuleius, ^- hold the candle whilst their husbands 
did meditate and write, so theirs may do them, and as my dear Camilla doth to me. 
Let other men be averse, rail then and scoff at women, and say what they can to the 
contrary, vir sine uxore inalorum expers cst^ <^c., a single man is a happy man, Sec, but 
this is a toy. ^^ Ace dulccs amores sperne puer^ neque tu choreas ; these men are too 
distrustful and murh to blame, to use such speeches, '^^ Par cite paucorum diffundere 
crimen in omnes. ^'^ They must not condemn all for some." As there be many bad, 
there be some good wives ; as some be vicious, some be virtuous. Read what Solo- 
mon hath said in their praises, Prov. xiii. and Syracides, cap. 26 et 30, " Blessed is 
the man that hath a virtuous wife, for the number of his days shall be double. A 
virtuous woman rejoiceth her husband, and she shall fulfil the years of his life in. 
peace. A good wife is a good portion (and xxxvi. 24), an help, a pillar of rest," 
columina quiet is^^'" Qui capit uxoreni^ fratrem capit atque sororem-. And 30, " He 
that hath no wife wandereth to and fro mourning." Minuuntur atrcB conjuge curce^ 
women are the sole, only joy, and comfort of a man's life, born ad usum et lusum 
hominum^ Jirmamenfa familice^ 

26 •> Deliti.T liiimani generis, solatia vitt-B. 
Blandilix noctis. placidissinia cura diei, 
Vola viriim, juvenuin spes," &;r;. 

^" A wife is a young man's mistress, a middle age's companion, an old man's nurse:" 
Particeps Icetorum et tristium., a prop, a help, &.c. 



>8" Optima viri possessio est uxor benevola, 

Miligaiis irani et avertens aniiuam ejus a trisiitis 



' Man's best possession is a loving wife. 
She tempers anger and diverts all strife.' 



There is no joy, no comfort, no sweetness, no pleasure in the world like to that of 
a good wife, 



'Q,nam cum chara domi conjnx, fidusque maritus 
Unanimes degunt" 



saith our Latin Homer, she is still the same in sickness and in health, his eye, his 
hand, his bosom friend, his partner at all times, his other self, not to be separated by 
any calamity, but ready to share all sorrow, discontent, and as the Indian women do, 
live and die with him, nay more, to die presently for him. Admetus, king of Thes- 
saly, when he lay upon his death-bed, was told by Apollo's Oracle, that if he could 



19 nor. 20 ^^neas Sylvius de dictis Sigismundi. Hen- 
eius. Primier*.. 21 Haheo uxorein ex anirni sententia 
Camillani Paleotti Jurisconsulli filiain. 22 Letrenli- 

bus el mcdiiantibns candelas et candelabrum teniie- 
runt. 2' Uor. •' Veither despise airreeable love, nor 
mirthful pleasure.' "Ovid. 26 Aphraniiis. "He 



who chooses a wife, takes a brother and a sister." 
26 Lochens. " I'he delight of mankind, the solace ol 
life, the blandishments of night, delicious cares of day, 
the wishes of older men, the hopps of young." 27 Ba- 
con's Essays. 2f Euripides. -9 " How liarmoniouBl) 
do a loving wife and constant husband lead their lives.* 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Mdancholy. 550 

ffet anybody to die for him, he should live longer yet, but when all refused, liis 
parents, etsl dccrepi/i., friends and followers forsook him, Alcestus, his wife, thouj^h 
young-, most willingly undertook it; what more can be desired or expected ? And 
although on the other side there be an infinite number of bad" husbands (1 should 
rail downright against some of them), able to discourage any women ; yet there be 
some gojd ones again, and those most observant of marriage rites. An honest 
country fellow (as Fulgosus relates it) in the kingdom of Naples, ^°at plough by the 
sea-side, saw liis wife carried away by Mauritanian pirates, he ran after in all haste, 
up to tlie chin first, and when he could wade no longer, swam, calling to the governor 
of the ship to deliver his wife, or if he must not have her restored, to let him follow 
as a prisoner, for lie was resolved to be a galley-slave, his drudge, willing to endure 
any misery, so that he might but enjoy his dear wife. The Moors seeing the man's 
constancy, and relating the whole matter to their governors at Tunis, set them both 
free, and gave them an honest pension to maintain themselves during their lives. J 
could tell many stories to this efl^ect; but put case it often prove otherwise, because 
marriaa;e is troublesome, wholly therefore to avoid it, is no argument; ^' " He thai 
will avoid trouble must avoid the world." (Eusebius prcp.par. Evangel. 5. cap. 50.') 
Some trouble there is in marriage I deny not, Eisi grave sit matrimonium, saith 
Erasmus, eduJcatur tamen muUis., <^t., yet there be many things to ^^ sweeten it, a 
pleasant \\'\{e^ pJacens uxor., pretty children, dulces natt, del'iclcE fiViormn hominum^ 
the chief deliglit of the sons of men ; Eccles. ii. 8. &c. And howsoever though it 
were all troubles, ^'^utUltatis puhUccE. causa decorandum., grave quid libenler suheun- 
dum.f it must willingly be undergone for public good's sake, 

34 " Andite (populus) hn^c. inqnit Susarion, I .. H,,r me, O my co„ntrymen, .aith Susarion, 

jMala; sunt iiuili<?ie<, veiuiitaiiieii O popolares, j »a7„.,,^.. o,^ r.o..,.i.f .,^t „r. Me.. ,.,;ti...... «..., 



Hv)csiiie tnalo doirmiii inhabitare iioii licet." 



Women are naught, yet no life witliout one.' 



^ Malum est mulier^ sed necessarium malum. They are necessary evils, and for our 
own ends we must make use of them to have issue, ^^ Supplet Venus ac restituit hu- 
manum genus., and to propagate the church. For to what end is a man born ? why 
lives he, but to increase the world ? and how shall he do that well, if he do not 
marry.'' Matrimomiim humano generi immortalitalem trihuit^ saith Nevisanus, ma- 
trimony makes us immortal, and according to ^'Tacitus, hisjirmissimum imperii mw 
nimentum^ the sole and chief prop of an empire. ^^Indigne vivit per quern non vivit 
et alter., ^^ which Felopidas objected to Epaniinondas, he was an unworthy member 
of a commonwealth, that left not a child after him to defend it, and as '°Trismegis- 
tus to his son TatiuS, '■'■ have no commerce with a single man :" Holding belike that 
a bachelor could not live honestly as he should, and with Georgius Wicelius, a 
great divine and holy man, who of late by twenty-six arguments commends mar- 
riage as a thing most necessary for all kind of persons, most laudable and fit to be em- 
braced : and is persuaded withal, that no man can live and die religiously, and as he 
ought, without a wife, persuasus neminem posse neque pie vivere^ neque bene mori 
citra uxorcm., he is false, an enemy to the commonwealth, injurious to himself, 
destructive to the world, an apostate to nature, a rebel against heaven and earth. Let 
our wilful, obstinate, and stale bachelors ruminate of this, " If we could live with- 
out wives,-' as Marcellus Numidicus said in '" Agellius, "we would all want them; 
but because we cannot, let all marry, and consult rather to the public good, than 
their own private pleasure or estate." It were an happy thing, as wise '^^ Euripides 
hath it, if we could buy children with gold and silver, and be so provided, sine 
mulierum congressu^ without women's company; but that may not be: 

«-'()rl.i. jacel.it squallido turpis situ, I .. p^^^^^ ^j , ^,^ ^.^^^^ ^^^ , 

Vanun, sme u l.s c ass, bus stab, t mare, ^he world itself sl.ouUl be to ruin brought." ^ 

Alesque coelo deerit et sylv,s fera. i ^ 

Ndcessity therefore compels us to marry. 

aoCnm juxta mare agriim coleret : Omnis eiiim t s' Hist. lib. 4. 38 pajingenius. " He lives contempt, 

misef.ai imiiKMnnrem, conjujjalis amor eum fecerat. t bly by whom no other lives." 39 Bruson. lib. " 

Non sine in^enti admiratione, tanta hominis charitate I cap. 2'X *° Noli societati-m habere, .fee. <' Lib. 1 

motus rex iiberf)s esse jussit, &.r. 3i q,ij vnlt vitare i cap. 6. Si, inquil, Quirites, sine uxore esye possemus 

molestias vilet mundum. ^^TiSc (iioi ride repTrvdv j omties careremus ; Sed quoniam sic est, saliiti potiu* 

arcp ;(;piifff7f aiPpshiTris. ftuid vita est qua;so quidve est puhlicse quam voluptati ronsujendum. « BeatiiHi 

fine Cypriih du'lce ? Mimner. S3 Krasmus. ' 3* K f'l'et si liberos auro et argento mercari, &.C. « Senecs 

Slo'jtfo ^ Menander 36 Seneca Hyp. lib. 3. nam i ' "v.). 



560 Love- Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

But what do I trouble myself, to find arguments to persuade to, op commend mar- 
riage .'' behold a brief abstract of all that which I have said, and much more, suc- 
cinctly, pithily, pathetically, perspicuously, and elegantly delivered in twelve motions 
to mitigate the miseries of marriage, by "^Jacobus de Voragine, 

1. Res est? habes qucB tueatur et augeat. — 2. Nan est? hnbes qua qucErat. — 

3. SecundoB res sunt ? felicitas duplicatur. — 4. Adverser sunt ? Cunsolutur, adsidet, 
nius participatut tulcrabile Jiat.—5. Domies? solitvdinis tcBdiurn pellit . — 6. Foras? 
Discendentem visu prosequitur, absentem desiderat, rtdeuntem Iccta excipH. — 7, Nihil 

jucundum absque societate? Nulla socictas matrimonio suavior. — S. Vinculum con- 
jugalis charitatifi adomentinujn. — 9. Accrescit dulcis vffinium turba, duplicatur 
Humerus parentum, fratum, sororum, nepotum. — 10. Pulchra sis prole parens. — 

11. Lex Mosis sterilitatem matrimonii execratur, qunnto ampliiis coelihatum? — 

12. Si natura pccnam non effugit, ne voluntas quidem effugiet. 

1. Hast thou means.'' thou hast none to keep and increase it. — 2. Hast none? 
thou hast one to help to get it. — 3. Art in prosperity.? thine happiness is doubled. — 

4. Art in adversity.? she'll comfort, assist, bear a part of thy burden to make it more 
tolerable. — 5. Art at home.? she'll drive away melancholy. — 6. Art abroad.? she 
looks after thee going from home, wishes for thee in thine absence, and joyfully 
welcomes thy return. — 7. There's nothing delightsome without society, no society 
so sweet as matrimony. — 8. The band of conjugal love is adamantine. — 9. The 
sweet company of kinsmen increaseth, the number of parents is doubled, of brothers, 
sisters, nephews. — 10. Thou art made a father by a fair and happy issue. — 11. Moses 
curseth the barrenness of matrimony, how much more a single life.? — 12. If nature 
escape '^ot punishment, surely thy will shall not avoid it. 

All tuis is true, say you, and who knows it not,? but how easy a matter is it to 
answer these motives, and to make an Antiparodla quite opposite unto it.? To 
exercise myself 1 will essay : 

1. Hast thou means.? thou hast one to spend it. — 2. Hast none.? thy beggary is 
increased. — 3. Art in prosperity? thy happiness is ended. — 4. Art in adversity.? like 
Job's wife she'll aggravate thy misery, vex thy soul, make thy burden intolerable.— - 

5. Art at home.? she '11 scold thee out of doors. — G. Art abroad? If thou be wise 
keep thee so, she'll perhaps graft hornjr in thine absence, scowl on thee coming 
home. — 7. Nothing gives more content than solitariness, no solitariness like this of 
a single life — 8. The band of marriage is adamantine, no hope of losing it, thou art 
undone. — 9. I'hy number increaseth, thou shalt be devoured by thy wife's friends. — 
10. Thou art made a cornuto by an unchaste wife, and shalt bring up other folks' 
children instead of thine own. — 11. Paul commends marriage, yet he prefers a single 
life. — 12. Is marriage honourable .? What an immortal crown belongs to virginity.? 

So Siracides himself speaks as much as may be for and against women, so doth 
almost every philosopher plead pro and con, every poet thus argues the case (though 
what cares vulgus nominum what they say .?) : so can I conceive peradventure, and 
so canst thou: when all is said, yet since some be good, some bad, let's put it to 
the venture. 1 conclude therefore with Seneca, 

"cur Torn viduo jacos? 

Tristein jiiventaiji solve : nunc luxus rape, 
Effunde liHlieiias, optimos vitce dies 
, Effluere prohibe." 

" Why dost thou lie alone, let thy youth and best dayj lo pass away .?" Marry 
whilst thou mayest, donee viventi canities abest morosa, whilst thou art yet able, ye* 
lusty, ^'^Elige cui dicas^ tu mild sola places, make thy choice, and that freely forth- 
with, make no delay, but take thy fortune as it falls. 'Tis true, 

46 " calan)itosiis est qui inciderit 

In malam uxoreui, felix qui in bonam," 

'Tis a hazard both ways I confess, to live single or to marry, *" JVam et uxor em ducere 
et non ducere inalum est, it may be bad, it may be good, as it is a cross and calamity 
on the one side, so 'tis a sweet delight, an incomparable happiness, a blessed estate 
a most unspeakable benefit, a sole content, on the other; 'tis all in the proof. Be 

■»4Gen. ii. Adjiitorium simile, Jfcc. « Ovid. " Find I met a bad wife, hapiiy who found a good one.' 

her lo vvhotn you may say, ■ thou art my only plea- *'' E Grapco Valerius, lib. 7- cap. 7. " To marry, and n«H 
sure ' *^ Euripides. " Unhappy the man ulio has 1 to marry, are equally base " 



Men.. 5. Subs. 5. 



Cure of Love-Melanclwly. 



561 



not then so wayward, so covetous, so distrustful, so curious and nice, but let's all 
marry, mutuos foventes amplexus ; '•'•Take me to thee, and thee to me," to-morro\K 
is St. Valentine's day, let's keep it holiday for Cupid's sake, for that great god Love's 
sake, for Hymen's sake, and celebrate ""^ Venus' vigil with our ancestors for company 
together, singing as they did. 



•• Crasarn et qui nuiiquam ama vit, quique amavit, eras 
amet, 
Ver novum, ver jRm canornrn, ver natus orF)is est, 
Vere concordant aitiores, vt re nubuiit alites, 

Et nt^nius coma resolvit, &c. 

Cras amet, &c. 



' Let those lovft now who never loved before, 
And those who always loved now love the more; 
Sweet loves are horn with every openinfj sprinfr; 
Birds from the jnder boughs tlieir pledges sing," &c. 



Let him that is averse from marriage read more in Barbarus de re uxor. lib. I. cap. 1. 
Lemnius de instituf. cap. 4. P. Godefridus de Jlmor. lib. 3. cap. 1. ''^Nevisanus, llh. 3. 
Alox. ab Alexandre, lib. 4. cap. 8. Tunstall, Erasmus' tracts in laudem inafrLmoniiy 
Sf-c.^ and I doubt not but in the end he will rest satisfied, recant with Beroaldus, do 
penance for his former folly, singing some penitential ditties, desire to be reconciled 
to the deity of this great god Love, go a pilgrimage to his shrine, offer to his image,, 
sacrifice upon his altar, and be as willing at last to embrace marriage as the rest 
There will not be found, I hope, ^°'^No, not in that severe family of Stoics, who 
shall refuse to submit his grave beard, and supercillious looks to the clipping of a 
wife," or disagree from his fellows in this point. '' For what more willingly (as 
^'Varro holds) can a proper man see than a fair wife, a sweet wife, a loving wife.'" 
can the world afford a better sight, sweeter content, a fairer object, a more gracious 
aspect ? 

Since then this of marriage is the last and best refuge, and cure of heroical love, 
all doubts are cleared, and impediments removed ; I say again, what remains, but 
that according to both their desires, they be happily joined, since it cannot other- 
wise be helped ^ God send us all good wives, every man his wish in this kind, and 
me mine! 

52^/i(i God that all this world hath ywrought 
Send him his Love that hath it so deere bought. 

If all parties be pleased, ask their banns, 'tis a match. ^^Fruitur Rhodanthe sponsa^ 
sponso Dosicle, Rhodanthe and Dosicles shall go together, Clitiphon and Leucippe, 
Theagines and Chariclea, Poliarchus hath his Argenis. Lysander Calista, to muke 
up the mask) ^* Potiturque sua puer Ipliis lanlhi. 

j?nd Troilus in lust and in quiet 
fs uf^th Cresetd, his own heart sweet. 

And although they have hardly passed the pikes, through many difficulties and de- 
lays brought the match about, yet let them take this of ^^Aristaenetus (that so marry) 
for their comfort: °^^' after many troubles and cares, the marriages of lovers are 
more sweet and pleasant." As we commonly conclude a comedy with a ^^ wedding, 
and shaking of hands, let's shut up our discourse, and end all with an ^^ Epithala- 
mium. 

Feliciter nuptis^ God give them joy together. ^^ Hymen O Hymencee^ Hymen ades 
O HymencBc ! Boniim factum., 'tis well done, Haud equidem sine mente reor, sine 
numine Divum^ 'lis a happy conjunction, a fortunate match, an even couple, 

" Atiibo atiimis, ambo prffistantes viribus, ambo 
Florentes amiis,'" 

" they both excel in gifts of body and mind, are both equal in years," youth, vigour, 
alacrity, she is fair and lovely as Lais or Helen, he as another Charinus or Alcibiades, 



Indite ut lubet et brevi 



Then modestly jjo spnrt and toy, 
And let 's have every year a boy." 



Liberos date." | 

^' " Go give a sweet smell as incense, and bring forth flowers as the lily :" that we 
may say hereafter, Scitus Mecastornutus est Pamphilo puer. In the meantime 1 say, 



**" Pervigilium Veneris e vetere poeta. <9 Domus 

non potetit consistere sine uxore. Nevisanus lib. 2. 
num. 18. 50 Nemo in severissima Stoicorum familia 

qui non barbairi qiioijue et snperciliiim amplexibus 
uxores .submii^erit, aut in ista parte a reliquis dissen- 
«erit. nensiiis Primiero. si Q,uid libentius homo 

oiasciilus videre debet qiiam bellam iixorem? ^^(jhau. 
tt.r 53 Conclusio Theod. Podro. mi. 9. I Amor. 

71 



MOvid. 63 Epist. 4. I. 2. Jucnndiores multo et 

suaviores longe post inolestas turbas amantinm nupliiP. 
''^ Olim meminisse juvabit. 5? Q,nid expeclatis, intus 
fiunt nuptial, the music guests, and all the good choe* 
is within. 68 The conclusion of Chaucer's poem of 

Troilus and Creseid. saCatullus. 60(;atulliis. J 

Secundus Sylvar. lib. Jam virgo tlialamam subibitunde 
ne virgo redeat, marite cura. ^i Ecclus. xxiix. 1» 



nG2 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



Part. 3. Sec. 3 



**" Ite, agi\ ^, (J juvenes, fi^non murmura vestra coIumb.-E, 
Brachia, iinn liederae, neque vincaiit oscula coiichiE." 



Gentle youths, po sport yourselvf-s betimes. 
Let not the doves outpass your niiirinurings. 
Or ivy-clasping anus, or oyster-kissings." 



And in ilie morn betime, as those ^^Lacedaemonian lasses saluted Helena and Mene- 
laus, singing at tlieir windows, and wishing good success, do we at yours : 

Good morrow, master bridejrroom, and mistreat 



'Salve O spnnsa, salve felix.det vol)is Latona 
Feliceni sobolein, Venus dea det ffitiualtiu aniorem 
Inter vos niutuo ; !?aturnus durabiles divitias. 
Dorniitf; in pectora niutuo auiorem inspirautes, 
Et desjderiuni !" 



Even all your lives long, 



"Cohtingat vobis turturum concordia, 
Cornicul^ vivacilas ' 



Many fair lovely bernes to you betide 
Let Venus to you mutual love procure, 
Let Saturn give you riches to endure. 
Long may you sleep in one anotliers arms, 
Inspiring sweet desire, and free J'rum harms." 



' The love of turtles hap to you, 
And ravens' years still to renew.' 



fbric'e. 



Let the Muses sing, (as he said ;) the Graces dance, not at their weddings only but 
ail their days long ; " so couple their hearts, that no irksomeness or anger ever befal 
them : let him never call her other name rhan my joy, my light, or she call him 
otherwise than sweetheart. To this happiness of theirs, let not old age any whit 
detract, but as their years, so let their mutual love and comfort increase." And 
when they depart this life, 



"Concordes quoniam vixere tot annos, 

Aufcrat hora duos eadem, nee conjugis usqnam 
Busta suie videat, nee sit tumulandus ab ilia." 



••Because they have so sweetly liv'd together, 
Let not one die a day befdre the other. 
He bury her, she him, with even fate, 
One hour their souls let jointly separate." 



68 " Fortunati ambo si quid mea carmina possunt, 
Nulla dies unquam niemori vos eximet aevo." 

Atque h32c de amore^dixisse sufficiat, suh correctione^ ^^quod ait ille, cujusque me- 
lius senlientis. Plura qui volet de remediis amoris, legat Jasonem Pratensem^ Ar- 
no'idum., MonfaJtum^ Savanarolum^ Langium^ Valescum^ Crimisonum^ Alexandrum 
Benedictum^ Laureniium^ Valleriolum^ e Poetis JVasonem, e nostratibus Chaucerum 
Sfc, with whom I conclude, 

B» For my words here and every part, 
J speak hem all uvder correction , 
Of you that feeling have iii love's art, 
^vdpvt it all in your discretion, 
To intreat or make diminution, 
Of my language, that I you beseech : 
But now to purpose of my rather speech. 



SECT. III. MEMB. L 



SuBSECT. I. — Jealousy, its Equivocations, Name, Definition, Extent, several kinds; 
of Princes, Parents, Friends. In Beasts, Men: before marriage, as Co-rivals ; 
or after, as in this place. 

Vale sous de Tarantci cap, de Melancliol. ^lian Montaltus, Felix Platerus, 
Guianerius, put jealousy for a cause of melancholy, others for a symptom ; because 
melancholy persons amongst these passions and perturbations of the mind, are most 
obnoxious to it. But methinks for the latitude it hath, and that prerogative above 
other ordinary symptoms, it ought to be treated of as a species apart, being of so 
great and eminent note, so furious a passion, and almost of as great extent as love 
itself, as ^^ Benedetto Varchi holds, '•'no love without a mixture of jealousy," ^wt 
non zeJat., nan amat. For these causes I will dilate, and treat of it by itself, as a 
bastard-branch or kind of love-melancholy, which, as heroical love goeth commonly 
before marriage, doth usually follow, torture, and crucify in like sort, deserves there- 
fore to be rectified alike, requires as much care and industry, in setting out the 
#<everal causes of it, prognostics and cures. Which I have more willingly done, that 



62Galeni Epithal. 



63 O noctem quater el quater i trahat, imo potius aliquid adaugeat. 



beatam. ei Theocritus idyl 18. «& Erasm. Epithal, 
p. iligidij. Nee saltent modo sed duo r.harissima pec 
tora indissolubili mutuHB henevolentiae nodo corpulent, 
ut nihil unquam eos incedere possit irffl vel Ifedii. Ilia 
perpetuo nihil audiat nisi, mea lux: ille vicissim nihil 
Risi anime mi: atque huic jucunditati ne senectus de 



«8" Happy 



both, if my verses have any charms, nor shall time ever 
detract from the memorable example of your lives.' 
67 Kornmannus de lined amoris. cs Finis 3 book 

of Troilus and Creseid. 69 In his Oration of Jealousy 
put out by Fr. Sansavin. 



•Viem. 1. Subs. 1.] 



Jealo2isy of Princes 



f>63 



he that is or hath been jealous, may see his error as in a glass ; he that is not, may 
learn to detest, avoid it himself, and dispossess others that are anywise arti^ctcd 
with it. 

Jealousy is described and defined to be '° " a certain suspicion which the lover 
hath of the party he chiefly loveih, lest he or she should be enamoured of anotlier:-' 
or any eager desire to enjoy some beauty alone, to have it proper to himself only : 
a fear or doubt, lest any foreigner should participate or share with him in his love. 
Or (as "' Scaliger adds) '' a fear of losing her favour whom he so earnestly affects." 
Cardan calls it "a '^zeal for love, and a kind of envy lest any man should beguile 
us." ^^Ludovicus ViVes defines it in the very san^e words, or little diflfering in sense. 

There be many other jealousies, but improperly so called all; as that of parents, 
tutors, guardians over their children, friends whom they love, or su^^h is are left to 
their wardship or protection. 

'* " Stnrax non rediit hac iiocte a coena ^i^chinus, 

Neque servuloruin quii-piain qui adversurn ierant?" 

As the old man in the comedy cried out in a passion, and from a solicitous fear 
and care he had of his adopted son ; '^'^^ not of beauty, but lest they should miscarry, 
do amiss, or any way discredit, disgrace (as Vives notes) or endanger themselves 
and us." '^^Egeus was so solicitous for his son Theseus, (when he went to fight 
with the Minotaur) of his success, lest he should be foiled, '''^ Prona est timori semper 
in pejus Jides. We are still apt to suspect the worst in such doubtful cases, as many 
wives in their husband's absence, fond mothers in their children's, lest if absent they 
should be misled or sick, and are continually expecting news from them, how they 
do fare, and what is become of them, they cannot endure to have them long out of 
their sight : oh my sweet son, O my dear child, &c. Paul was jealous over the 
Church of Corinth, as he confesseth, 2 Cor. xi. 12. "With a godly jealousy, to 
present them a pure virgin to Christ ;" and he was afraid still, lest as the serpent 
beguiled Eve, through his subtilty, so their minds should be corrupt from the sim- 
plicity that is in Christ. God himself, in some sense, is said to be jealous, '^" I am 
a jealous God, and will visit :" s-o Psalm Ixxix. 5. " Shall thy jealousy burn like 
fire for ever .^" But these are improperly called jealousies, and by a metaphor, to 
show the care and solicitude they have of them. Although some jealousies express 
all the symptoms of this which we treat of, fear, sorrow, anguish, anxiety, suspicion, 
hatred, &c., the object only varied. That of some fathers is very eminent,, to their 
sons and heirs ; for though they love them dearly being children, yet now coming 
towards man's estate they may not well abide them, the son and heir is comruomy 
sick of the father, and the father again may not well brook his eldest son, mae 
simultates^ pJerumque contenliones et ini/nicitice ; but that of princes is most noto- 
rious, as when they fear co-rivals (if I may so call them) successors, emulators, 
subjects, or such as they have ofl^ended. "^^ Omnisque poteslas impatiens consortis 
erit : " they are still suspicious, lest their authority should be diminished," ^° as one 
observes; and as Comineus hath it, "^''^it cannot be expressed what slender causes 
they have of their grief and suspicion, a secret disease, that commonly lurks and 
breeds in princes' families." Sometimes it is for their honour only, as that of Adrian 
the emperor, ^^" that killed all his emulators." Saul envied David ; Domitian Agri- 
cola, because he did excel him, obscure his honour, as he thought, eclipse his fame. 
Juno turned Praetus' daughters into kine, for that they contended with her for beauty; 
*^ Cyparissas, king Eteocles' children, were envied of the goddesses for their excel- 
lent good parts, and dancing amongst the rest, saith ^ Constantine, " and for that 
cause flung headlong from heaven, and buried in a pit, but the earth took pity of 
them, and brought out cypress trees to preserve their memories." ^^Niobe, Arachne, 
and Marsyas, can testify as much. But it is most grievous when it is for a kingdom 



''0 Bene.ietto Varclii. ^i Exercitat. 317. Cum inetui- 
mus iie amatJe rei exturbiiniir possessione. '^'^Zelas 

de forma est invideiiliffi species tie quis forma quain 
amaiuus frnatur. 733 jg An una. '* " Has not 

every one of the slaves that weal to meet liini returned 
this night fi )m the supper?" "& R. de Aninia. Tan- 

giniur zelotypia de pupillis, liberis charisque cuiai iios- 
tree c.oncreditis, non de forma, sed rie male sit iis, aut 
ne nobis sibique parent ignominiam. '^ Plutarch. 

''Senec. in Here. fur. '8 £xod. xx. '"•Lucan. 



80 Danffius Aphoris. poiit. semper metuunt ne eorum 
auctotitas minuatur. «i Belli Neaj.ol. lib. 5. ("^ Dici 
non potest quam tennes et infirmas causas habeni 
moeroris et suspicionis, et hie est morbus occultus, qui 
in familiis principum regnat. ^ Omnes temulos in- 

lerficit. Lamprid. s< Constant, agricult. lib. lO. c. 

5. (.'yparissie Eteoclis filiie, saltantes ad emulationeii. 
dearum in puteum demoliiee sunt, sed terra miseiaia 
cupressos inde produxit. ^sQvid. Mel. 



^^■n 



564 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 3. 

Kself, or matters of commodity, it produceth lamentable effects, especially amongst 
tyrants, \n despolico Imperio^ and such as are more feared than beloved of their sub- 
jects, that get and keep their sovereignty by force and fear. ^ Quod chrihus tenere 
te invitis scios^ Sfc.^ as Phalaris. Dionysius, Periander held theirs. For though fear, 
cowardice, ar d jealousy, in Plutarch's opinion, be the common causes of tyranny, 
as in Nero, Caligula, Tiberius, yet most take them to be symptoms. For "" what 
^lave, what hangman (as Bodine well expresseth this passion, /. 2. c. 5. de rep.) can 
so cruelly torture a condemned person, as this fear and suspicion } Fear of death, 
infam}, torments, are those furies and vultures that vex and disquiet tyrants, and 
torture them day and night, with perpetual terrors and affrights, envy, suspicion, fear, 
desire of revenge, and a thousand such disagreeing perturbations, turn and affright 
the soul out of the hinges of health, and more grievously wound and pierce, than 
those cruel masters can exasperate and vex their apprentices or servants, with clubs, 
whips, cliains, and tortures."' Many terrible examples we have in this kind, amongst 
the Turks especially, many jealous outrages ; ^^Selimus killed Kornutus his youngest 
brother, five of his nephews, Mustapha Bassa, and divers others. ^^Bajazet the 
second Turk, jealous of the valour and greatness of Achmet Bassa, caused him to 
\fe slain. ^"Solyman the Magnificent murdered his own son Mustapha; and 'tis an 
ordinary thing amongst them, to make away their brothers, or any competitors, at 
the first coming to the crown : 'tis all the solemnity they use at their fathers' fune- 
rals. What mad pranks in his jealous fury did Herod of old commit in Jewry, when 
he massacred all the children of a year old .'' ^' Valens the emperor in Constanti- 
nople, when as he left no man alive of quality in his kingdom that had his name 
begun with Theo ; Theodoti, Theognosti, Theodosii, Theoduli, &c. They went 
ail to their long home, because a wizard told him that name should succeed in his 
empire. And what furious designs hath '^ Jo. Basilius, that Muscovian tyrant, prac- 
tised of late r It is a wonder to read that strange suspicion, which Suetonius reports 
of Claudius CiEsar, and of Domitian, they were- afraid of every man they saw: and 
which llerodian of Antoninus and Geta, those two jealous brothers, the one could 
not endure so much as the other's servants, but made away him, his chiefest fol- 
lowers, and all that belonged to him, or were his well-wishers. ^^Maximinus "per- 
ceiving himself to be odious to most men, because he was come to that height of 
lionour out of base beginnings, and suspecting his mean parentage would be ob- 
jected to him, caused all the senators that were nobly descended, to be slain in a 
jealous humour, turned all the servants of Alexander his predecessor out of doors, 
and slew many of them, because they lamented their master's death, suspecting them 
to be traitors, for the love they bare to him." When Alexander in his fury had 
made Clitus his dear friend to be put to death, and saw now (saith ^'*Curtius) an 
alienation in his subjects' hearts, none durst talk with him, he began to be jealous 
of himself, lest they should attempt as much on him, " and said they lived like so 
many wild beasts in a wilderness, one afraid of another." Our modern stories afford 
us many notable examples. ^^ Henry the Third of France, jealous of Henry of 
Lorraine, Duke of Guise, anno 1588, caused him to be murdered in his own cham- 
ber. ^^ Louis the Eleventh was so suspicious, he durst not trust his children, every 
man about him he suspected for a traitor ; many strange tricks Comineus telleth of 
him. How jealous was our Henry the ^' Fourth of King Richard the Second, so 
long as he lived, after he was deposed? and of his own son Henry in his latter days .'* 
which the prince well perceiving, came to visit his father in his sickness, in a watchet 
velvet gown, full of eyelet holes, and with needles sticking in them (as an emblem 
of jealousy), and so pacified his suspicious father, after some speeches and protesta- 
tions, which he had used to that purpose. Perpetual imprisonment, as that of Robert 



6*Setieca. "'^Q.uis aiitfiin carnifex addictum sup- 

plicio criidelius afficiat, quam metus? Metiis inquam 
mortis, infamia} cracialus, suiil ille ulirices furia: quu; 
lyraiirios exaijilaiit, &;c. JVlullo acerl)iijs sauciaiit el 
punguiit, quaiii cnideles doniini servos vinctos fustibus 
ac torineiitis exulcerare possuiit. "- Lonicerus, 'I'o. 

I. Turc. lust. c. 24. ''''Jovius vita ejus. ^^ Knowles. 
Busbequius. Sand. fol. 52. 9' Nicephorus, lii. II. c. 

45. Socrates, lib. 7. cap. 35. Neque Valeiis alicui pe- 
percit (jui Theo coiriioiuine vocaretur. ^2 Alexand. 

Gaguui. Muscov. hist, descrip. c. 5. ^'D Flelther. 



timet oinnes ne iusidiae cssent, Herodot. I. 7. Maximi 
mis iiivisuin se sentieus, quod ex infinio loco in taiitain 
fortunam veiiisset nioribusac genere barbarus, iiietuens 
ne natalium obscuritas objiceretur, omnes Alexandri 
priPdecessoris ministros ex aula ejecil, pluribus inter- 
I'ectis quod Jiicesti esse'nt ad inortein Alexandri, insidiaa 
iiide nietuens. "* Lib. 8. taiiquani ferse soljtudin* 

vivebant, terrentes alios, timentes. »j Serres, fol. 5C. 
86 Neap, belli, lib. 5. nulli prorsus boinini fidebat, omiie* 
insidiari sibi putabat. »' Camden's £«7-iaifts 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] 



Jealousy of Beasts. 



565 



*^Duke of Normandy, in the clays of Henry the First, forbiddrng of marriage to 
some persons, with such like edicts and prohibitions, are ordinary in all states. In 
•d word (^^as he said) three things cause jealousy, a mighty state, a rich treasure, a 
feir wife; or where there is a cracked title, much tyranny, and exactions. In our 
state, as being freed from all these fears and miseries, we may be most secure ant* 
happy under the reign of our fortunate prince : 



'CO" His fortune hath iiuiehted him to none 
Hut to all his people universally ; 
And not to thcin hut for their love alone, 
Which they account as placed uoithily. 



He is so set, he hath no cause to be 
Jealous, or (lrea<lful of (lisloyally ; 
The pedestal whereon his ijireatness stands. 
Is held of all our hearts, and all our hands.' 



But I rove, I confess. These equivocations, jealousies, and many such, which cru- 
cify the souls of men, are not here properly meant, or in this distinction of ours in- 
cluded, but that alone which is for beauty, tending to love, and wherein they can brook 
no co-rival, or endure any participation: and this jealousy belongs as well to brute 
beasts, as men. Some creatures, saith 'Vives, swans, doves, cocks, bulls, &c., are 
jealous as well as men, and as much moved, for lear of communion. 



'"Grege pro toto bella juvenci, 
Si con jil<.'io tiKinere siio, 
Poscunt iJniidi (ir.'eHa ctrvi, 
Et niugitns daiit coiicepli signa furoris.'' 



In Venus' cause what mighty battles make 
Your ravint; bulls, and stirs for their herd's sake : 
And harts and bucks that are so timorous, 
Will fight and roar, if once they be but jealous." 



In bulls, horses, goats, this is most apparently discerned. Bulls especially, aliiim 
in pascms nan admiflit^ he will not admit another bull to feed in the same pasture, 
saith '^Oppin: which Stephanus Bathorius, late king of Poland, used as an impress, 
with that motto, Regniim non capit duos. R. T. in his Blason of Jealousy, telleth 
a story of a swan about Windsor, that finding a strange cock with his mate, did 
swim I know not how many miles after to kill him, and when he had so done, came 
hack and killed his hen; a certain truth, he saith, done upon Thames, as many 
watermen, and neigiibour gentlemen, can tell. Fidem suam liberet; for my part, 1 
do believe it may be true; for swans have ever been branded with that epithet of 
jealousy. 

< The jealous swanve against his death that siiigcth, 
And eke the owle that of death bode bringeth. 

^Some say as much of elephants, that they are more jealous than any other creatures 
whatsoever; and those old Egyptians, as ^Pierius informeth us, express in their 
hieroglyphics, the passion of jealousy by a camel; '^because that fearing the worst 
still about matters of venery, he loves solitudes, that he may enjoy his pleasure 
alone, et in quoscunque nbv'ios insurgif^ Zelolypice siimuli.s agltatus^ he will quarrel 
and fight with whatsoever comes next, man or beast, in his jealous fits. I have read 
•ds much of *^ crocodiles; and if Peter Martyr's authority be authentic, legal. Baby- 
lonicce., lib. 3. you shall have a strange tale to that purpose confidently related. An- 
other story of the jealousy of dogs, see in Hieron. Fabricius, Tract. 3. cap. 5. de 
loqueld animaUum. 

But this furious passion is most eminent in men, and is as well amongst bachelors 
as married men. If it appear amongst bachelors, we commonly call them rivals or 
co-rivals, a metaphor derived from a river, rivales^ a ^rivo ; for as a river, saith Acron 
in Hor. Art. Poet, and Donat. in Ter. Eunuch, divides a common ground between 
two men, and both participate of it, so is a woman indifferent between two suitors, 
both likely to enjoy her; and thence comes this emulation, which breaks out many 
times into tempestuous storms, and produceth lamentable effects, murder itself, with 
mucii cruelty, many single combats. Tiiey cannot endure the least injury done 
unto them before their mistress, and in her defence will bite off one another's noses; 
they are most impatient of any flout, disgrace, lest emulation or participation in that 
kind. '^'^ Lucerat lacer'um Largl mordax Memnius. Memnius the Roman (as Tully 
tells the story, de oralore^ lib. 2.), being co-rival with Largus Terracina, bit him by 
the arm, which fact of his was so famous, that it afterwards grew to a proverb in 
those parts. " Phasdria could not abide his co-rival Thraso ; for when Parmeno de- 



*• Ma "aris. sa R. T. notis in blason jcalousif. 

'•irf Daniel in his Pantuyric to the kin-:. » 3. de aniina, 
cap. de zel. Animalia qua;dem zelotypia tanguiiUir, ut 
olores, coliiinbiP, gaUi, taiiri, &.c. ob metuin commu- 
nionis. aSeneca. 3 Lib. 11. Cynojfet. «Chaucer, 
in his Assembly of Fowls. ' .\ldtrovand. s Lib. I'i. 
iSibi 'iiiiens circa res vcnereas, solitudines amat quo 

2X 



solus sola foeinina fruatur. «Crocodili zolotypj el 

uxoruin amaritissiuii, &r. 9 Qui dividit agruui 

communeni ; inde d(;dticilur ad amaiites. 'o Rrasinus 
cliil. 1. cent. 9. ada>r. SMI. n Ter. Eun. Act. 1. sc I 

Munus nostrum ornnlo verbis, et istuiu {emulum, quou*' 
poieris, ab ea peUito. 



^^^« 



566 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 3 



""Tu mihi vel ferro peclu:», vel perde vetieno, 
A domina lantum te iiiodn idlle tnea; 

Te sociuin vilee te corporis esse licehit, 
'J'e dominum adinilto rebus amice meis. 

Lecto te solum, lecto te deprecnr uno, 
Kivalem possum noii ego ferre Jovem." 



maaded. numquid al'iud iniperas? whetlier he would command him any more ser 
vice : •'• No more (saith lie) but to speak in his behalf, and to drive away his co-rival 
if iie could." Conslantine, in the eleventh book of his husbandry, cap. 11, hath a 
pleasant tale of the pine-tree; '^she was once a fair maid, whom Pineus and Boreas, 
two co-rivals, dearly sought; but jealous Boreas broke her neck, kc. And in his 
eighteenth chapter he telleth another tale of '^ Mars, that in his jealousy slew Adonis. 
Peironius calleth this passion amant'iuni furiosum cemulationein^di furious emulation; 
aiK. their symptoms are well expressed by Sir Geoftrey Chaucer in his first Canter- 
bury Tale. It will make the nearest and dearest friends fall out; they will endure 
all other things to be common, goods, lands, moneys, participate of each pleasure, 
and take in good part any disgraces, injuries in another kind; but as Propertius well 
describes it in an elegy of his, in this they will suffer nothing, have no co-rivals. 

"Stab uie with sword, or poison strong 

(rive me to work my hnne: 
So thou court not my lass, so thou 

From mistress mine refrain. 
Command nnself, n)y hndy, purse, 

As thine own ^oods take all, 
And as my ever dearest friend, 

I ever use thee sliall. 
O s;pare my love, to have alone 

Her to myself [ crave, 
Nay, Jove himself [ "11 not ondure 

My rival for to have." 

This jealousy, which I am to treat of, is that which belongs to married men, in 
respect of their own wives ; to whose estate, as no sweetness, pleasure, happiness 
can be compared in the world, if they live quietly and lovingly together ; so if they 
disagree or be jealous, those bitter pills of sorrow and grief, disastrous mischiefs, 
mischances, tortures, gripings, discontents, are not to be separated from them. A 
most violent passion it is where it taketh place, an unspeakable torment, a hellish 
torture, an infernal plague, as Ariosto calls it, '' a fury, a continual fever, full of sus- 
picion, fear, and sorrow, a martyrdom, a mirth-marring monster. The sorrow and 
grief of heart of one woman jealous of another, is heavier than death, Ecclus. xxviii. 0. 
as '^ Peninnah did Hannah, vex her and upbraid her sore." 'Tis a main vexation, a 
most intolerable burden, a corrosive to all content, a frenzy, a madness itself; as 
'^ Beneditto Varchi proves out of that select sonnet of Giovanni de la Casa, that 
reverend lord, as he styles him. 

SuBSECT. II. — Causes of Jealousy. Who are most opt. Idleness, melancholy, im- 
poiency, long absence, beauty, wantonness, naught themselves. Allurements, from 
time, place, persons, bad usage, causes. 

Astrologers make the stars a cause or sign of this bitter passion, and out of 
every man's horoscope will give a probable conjecture whether he will be jealous or 
no, and at what time, by direction of the signitlcators to their several promissors : 
their aphorisms are to be read in Albubator, Pontanus, Schoner, Junctine, &c. Bodine, 
cap. 5. nieth. hist, ascribes a great cause to the country or clime, and discourseth 
largely there of this subject, saying, that southern men are more hot, lascivious, and 
jealous, than such as live in the north; they can hardly contain themselves in those 
hotter climes, but are most subject to prodigious lust. Leo Afer telleth incredible 
things almost, of the lust and jealousy of his countrymen of Africa, and especially 
such as live about Carthage, and so doth every geographer of them in 'Msia, Tur- 
key, Spaniards, Italians. Germany hath not so many drunkards, England tobacco- 
nists, France dancers, Holland mariners, as Italy alone hath jealous husbands. And 
in '^ Italy some account them of Piacenza more jealous than the rest. In '^Germany, 
France, Britain, Scandia, Poland, Muscovy, they are not so troubled with this feral 
malady, although Damianus a Goes, which I do much wonder at, in his topography 
of Lapland, and Herbastein of Russia, against the stream of all other geographers, 
would fasten it upon those northern inhabitants. Altomarius Poggius, and Mui;ster 
in his description of Baden, reports that men and women of all sorts go commonly 

•2 Pinur. piiella quondam fuit, &c. '3 Mars zelo- I nnllam honestam credunt nisi doino con^lusa rivat 

•ypiis Adonidem interfecit. 'i R. T. i* I Sam. i. ti. '** Fines Morison. is* ,\omen zeiotypitE »i.» id ifita 

Blazon nf lealousy. i' Mulierum conditio misera : I locum non habet, lib. 3. c. o. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Jealousy. OHT 

into the baths together, without all suspicion, '" the name of jealousy (^saith ]\I jnster 
is not so much as once heard of among them." In Friesland the women kiss him 
they drink to, and are kissed again of those they pledge. The virgins in Holland 
go hand in hand with young men from home, glide on tht ice, such is their harmless 
liberty, and lodge together abroad without suspicion, which rash Sansovinus an 
Italian makes a great sign of unchastity. In France, upon small acquaintance, it is 
usual to court other men's wives, to come to their houses, and accompany them arm 
in arm in the streets, without imputation. In the most northern countries young 
men and maids iamiliaiiy dance togeiiier, men and their wives, ^^ which, Siena only 
excepted, Italians may not abide. The "" Greeks, on the other side, have their private 
baths for men and women, wiiere they must not come near, nor so much as see one 
another : and as '^^ Bodine observes lib. 5. de reyuh. "'' the Italians could never endure 
this," or a Spaniard, the very conceit of it would make him mad : and for that cause 
they lock up their women, and will not suffer tliem to be near men, so much as in 
the "^"^ church, but with a partition between. He telleth, moreover, how that ""• when 
he was ambassador in England, he heard Mendoza the Spanish legate timhng fault 
with it, as a filthy custom for men and women to sit promiscuously in churches 
together ; but Dr. JJale the master of itie requests told him again, that it was indeed a 
filthy custom in Spam, where they could not contain themselves from lascivious 
thoughts in their holy places, but not with us." Baronius in his Annals, <mt of 
Eusebius, taxeth Liciuius the emperor for a decree of his made to this effect, Jubens 
ne vlri siniul cum muiieribus in ecclesid inleressent : for being prodigiously naught 
himself, aUorum naturaiii ex sua vUload mente speclavU, he so esteemed others. But . 
we are i'av Irom any sucli stiange conceits, and will permit our wives and daughters. 
to go to the tavern with a fiiend, as Aubanus saith, 7nodo absit lascivia^ and suspect* 
nothing, to kiss coming and going, wiiicli, as Erasmus writes in one of his epistles, 
they cannot endure. England is a paradise for women, and hell for horses:. Italy a 
paradise for horses, hell for women, as the diverb goes. Some make a question 
whether this headstrong passion rage more in women than men, as Montaigne- k 3. 
But sure it is more outrageous in women, as all other melancholy is, by^ reason of 
the weakness of their sex. Scaliger Poet. lib. cap. 13. concludes agaiust women: 
'^^ '•^ Besides their inconstancy, treachery, suspicion, dissimulation, superstuiou, pride, 
(for ail women are by nature proud) desire of sovereignty, if they be gveaX women, 
(he gives instance in Juno) bitterness and jealousy are the most remarkable affections. 

"Sed ne(|ue fulvu!* aptr media tain fulvus in ira est, I " Tiger, boar, bear, vi pet,, lioness, 

FuiniMieo rapidos uuiu rotai tjre caiies. A woman's fury cannftt, tt^tpress." 

Nee leo," &c. | 

^ Some say red-headed women, pale-coloured, black-eyed, and of a, shrill, voice, 
are most subject to jealousy. 

26 " Hij^h colour in a woman choler shows, 

Nauylit are tliey, peivisl), pi(,iid, nialicions; 
But wi;rst of ail, red, sJirill, and jealous." 

Comparisons are odious, 1 neither parallel them with oihevs, nor debase them any 
more : men and women are both bad, and too subject to this pernicious mrirmity.. 
It is most part a symptom and cause of melancholy, as VlaLer ajad Valescus teach 
us : melancholy men are apt to be jealous, and jealous ap^„ to be- melancholy. 

• Pale jealousy, child of insatiate luve, I VVitli heedless youlk and error vainly !«d. 

Of heart sick thom;hts wliirli intlanclinly bred, | A niorial pla^'ue, a virlue-dr<)wnin<; Hvxtd, 

A he!i-tornienting fear, no .laitli can move, ' A heliish tire not tiaeucUed bat v\ uLl b.:ooil.' 

By disconieni witli deadly poison fed; I 

If idhness concur with melancholy, such persons are most apt to be jealous; 'tis 
^^ Nevisanus' note, " an idle woman is presumed to be lascivious, and often jealous.'* 
Mulicr cum sola cogitat^ male cogitat : and 'tis not milikely, for they have no other 
business to trouble their iieads with. 

More particular causes be these which follow. Impolency first, when a man is 

'•» Fines Moris, part. 3. cap. f '^' Busbeciuius. ^ terquani quod sviiit iiifida}, snspicaces, inconslanles, ii 

Sands. 2-^ I'liE amore el z.-loivpia sicpius insaniunt. ' sniioste, siiriulatrices, siiperslitiosa;. et si pctenles, in 

«3 Australes ne sacra (luidein p.iblica neri patiuntur, tolerabiles, ;uu«. re /eloiypje supra modum. Ovid. 2. de 
nisi uienjue sexus pariete medi - -Jividatur: el qiiuni in art. ^ Bariello. 2b ft. p. a? L,jb \1. num. & 

Angliam inquit, l(;.'atioi.;s tau.-n piofec.tus essem, au- mulier otiosa facile prfesunjiiur luxuriosa, ol sa;pe z* 
divi .Meniiozam leuaUim Hisp»...aruMi diceniem turpe lotypa. 
e»ss vifoe et inoiuinas in, &.c. 34 idea: uiulieres pras- I 



568 



Love-Me lanclioly. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 3. 



lict able of liimself to perform those dues which lie ought unto his wife : for though 
♦le be an honest liver, hurt no man, yet Trebius the lawyer may make a question, 
an suum cuique trlbuat, whether he give every one their own ; and therefore when 
he takes notice of his wants, and perceives her to be more craving, clamorous, in- 
satiable and prone to lust than is fit, he begins presently to suspect, that wherein he 
IS defective, she will satisfy herself, she will be pleased by some other means. Cor- 
nelius Gallus hath elegantly expressed this humour in an epigram to his Lychoris. 

28" Jamqiie alios juvenes aliosque reqiiirit amores. 
Me vocal iinbelleiu decrepitiimqiie senem," &.c. 

For this cause is most evident in old men, that are cold and dry by nature, and mar- 
ried sued plenis^ to young wanton wives ; with old doting Janivere in Chaucer, they 
begin to mistrust all is not well, 

She was young- and he was old. 

And therefore he feared to be a cuckold. 

And how should it otherwise be ? old age is a disease of itself, loathsome, full of sus- 
picion and fear; when it is at best, unable, unfit for such mattei-s. ^^Tam apta nupti.is 
quuin bruina messibus^ as welcome to a young woman as snow in harvest, saith Ne- 
visaj'us : Et si capls juvenculaniy faciei tibi cornua : marry a lusty maid and she 
will surely graft horns on thy head, ^'^"AU women are slippery, often unfaithful to 
their husbands (as ^neas Sylvius episL 38. seconds him), but to old men most 
treacherous : they had rather mortem amplexarier^ lie with a corse than such a one: 
^^Oderunt ilium pueri^ coniemnunt midieres. On the other side many men, saith 
Hieronymus, are suspicious of their wives, ^^if they be lightly given, but old folks 
:above the rest Insomuch that she did not complain without a cause in ^^Apu]eius, 
of an old bald bedridden knave she Imd to her good man : "• Poor woman as 1 am, 
what shall I do ? 1 have an old grim sire to my husband, as bald as a coot, as little 
and as unable as a child," a bedful of bones, ^* he keeps all the doors barred and 
locked upon me, woe is me, what shall J do ?^' He was jealous, and she made him 
a cuckold for keeping her up : suspicion without a cause, hard usage is able t^f itself 
to make a woman fly out, that was otherwise honest, 

3^ " plera^que bonas tractatio pravas 

Ess(! facit," 

" bad usage aggravates the matter." JVam quando mulieres cognoscunt mantwm Jioc 
adverlcre^ licentius peccant^ ^^as Nevisanus holds, when a woman thinks her hus- 
band watcheth her, she will sooner oflend \ ^^Liberius peccant^ et pudor cnnnis ahesty 
rough handling makes them worse : as the goodwife of Bath in Chaucer bragSy 

In his own grease I made himfrie 
For anger and for every jcalousie. 

Of two extremes, this of hard usage is the worst. 'Tis a great fault (for some mere 
are uxorii) to be too fond of their wives, to dote on them as ^"Senior Deliro on his 
Fallace, to be too efieminate, or as some do, to be sick for their wives, breed chil- 
dren for lhem,and like the ^^Tiberini lie in for them, as .'^ome birds hatch eggs by turns, 
they do all women's offices : Caelius Khodiginus ant. lect. lib. 6. cap. 24. makes men- 
tion of a fellow out of Seneca, ^^ that w as so besotted on his wife, he could not en- 
dure a moment out of her company, he wore her scarf when he went abroad next 
his heart, and would never drink but in that cup she began first. We have many- 
such fondlings tiiat are their wives' pack-horses and slaves, [nam grave malum uxor 
superans virum suum^ as the coaiical poet hath it, there's no greater misery to a man 
than to let his wdfe domineer) to carry her muff', dog, and fan, let her wear the 
breeches, lay out, spend, and do what she will, go and come whither, when she will, 
they give consent. 



'Here, take iny muff, and, do you hear, good nran 
N'ow gjve me pearl, and carry you my fan,"&€. 



*o "poscit pallam, rcdimicula, insures; 

Curre, quid liic cessas ? vulgo vuU ilia videri, 
Tu pete lecticas" 



*^"Aiid now «iie requires otlier youtlis and other 
loves. <:«JI.< jjie an imbecile and diicrepit old m;in." 
29 Lib. -Z. num. 4. su Q,uum omnibus infi<leles 

€(£mi\\i£, 6<.'iiihus iofldelissimcB. 2' ftljmnernus. 

*^Vix alnpia mtn ijnpudica. ht quam noii suspectam 
inerito quis Jiabeat. S3 i,jb. 5. tie aur. asmo At 

ego misera |)atre meo seniorem maritum nacta sum, 
4tiui cucurbita falvjwrem el quovis puero pumiliorem. 



cunclam domum seris et catenisobditam custodientem. 
34Ctialoner. 3o L,ib. 4. n. hO. t« Ovid 2. de art. 

amandi. 3" Rvery Man out of his Dumour. s^Cal- 
cajjuitius Apol. 'J'lberini ab uxorum parlu earum vices 
siit)eunt, ut aves per vices incubant, &.c. s** Exiturus 
fascia uxoris pectus alligabat, nee moiaenlo prsesentia 
ejus carere poterat, poiumuue non hauriebat uisi pr«- 
gustalum labris ejus. ■«o Chaloiier, 



Mem. 1 Subs 2.] Causes of Jealousy. 509 

many brave and worthy men have trespassed in this kind, multos for^s claros do- 
viestica ha.c destruxit mfa?nia^ and many noble senators and soldiers (as "' Fliny 
notes) liave lost their honour, in being uxorii, so soltishly overruled by their wives . 
and therefore Cato in Plutarch made a bitter jest on his fellow-citizens, the Ronians 
^•^ we govern all the world abroad, and our wives at home rule us." These ollend 
in one extreme ; but too hard and too severe, are far more oilensive on the other. 
As just a cause may be long absence of either party, when they must of necessity 
be much from home, as lawyers, physicians, mariners, by their professions ; or 
otherwise make frivolous, impertinent journeys, tarry long abroad to no purpose, lie 
out, and are gadding still, upon small occasions, it must needs yield matter of sus- 
picion, wlien they use their wives unkindly in the meantime, and never tarry at home, 
it cannot use but engender some such conceit. 

« " Uxor si cessas aniare le cogitat I " If tliou be absent long, thy wife ihen thinks, 

Aul tete aiuan, aiu potare, aut animo obsequi, | 'J'h' art drunk, at ease, or with some pretty minx. 
Ex libi bene esse soli, quuni sibi sit male." "i'is well with thee, or else beloved of some, 

I Whilst she poor soul doth fare full ill at home." 

Elippocrates, the physician, had a smack of this disease; for when he was to gc 
home as far as Abdera, and some other remote cities of Greece, he writ to his friend 
Dionysius (if at least those "^ Epistles be his) ■*■*" to oversee his wife in his absence, 
(as Apollo set a raven to watch his Coronis) although she lived in his house with 
her father and mother, who he knew would have a care of her; yet that would not 
satisfy his jealousy, he would have his special friend Dionysius to dwell in his 
house with her all the time of his peregrination, and to observe her behaviour, how 
she carried herself in her husband's absence, and that she did not lust after other 
men. ^' For a woman had need to have an overseer to keep her honest ; they are 
bad by nature, and lightly given all, and if they be not curbed m time, as an unpruned 
tree, they will be lull of wild branches, and degenerate of a sudden." Especially 
in their husband's absence : though one Lucretia were trusty, and one Penelope, yet 
Clytemnestra made Agamemnon cuckold ; and no question there be too many of her 
conditions. U their husbands tarry too long abroad upon unnecessary business, well 
they may suspect : or if they run one way, their wives at home will fly out another, 
Quid pro quo. Or if present, and give them not that content which they ought,' 
^Primum higratcB^ mox inviscE nodes qucB per somnum transiguntur^ they cannot 
endure to lie alone, or to fast long. "*' Peter Godefridus, in his second book of Love, 
and sixth chapter, hath a story out of St. Anthony's life, of a gentleman, who, by 
that good man's advice, would not meddle with his wife in the passion week, but 
lor his pains she set a pair of" horns on his head. Such another he hath out of 
Abs'.emius, one persuaded a new married man, "**" to forbear the three first nights, 
and he should all his lifetime after be fortunate in cattle," but his impatient wife 
would not tarry so long: well he might speed in cattle, but not in children. Such 
a tale hath Heinsius of an impotent and slack scholar, a mere student, and a friend 
of his, that seeing by chance a fine damsel sing and dance, would needs marry her, 
the match was soon made, for he was young and rich, genis grains., corpore glabel' 
lus, arte viuhiscius,^ tlfortunci ojjulentus., like that Apollo in ''^Apuleius. The first 
night, having liberally taken his liquor (as in that country they do) my fine scholar 
was so fuzzled, that he no sooner was laid in bed, but he fell fast asleep, never waked 
till morning, and then much abashed^ purpurcis for mosa rosis cum Jlurora ruberet^ 
when the lair morn with purple hue 'gan shine, he made an excuse, I know not what, 
out of Hippocrates Cous, Sic, and for that time it went current : but when as after- 
ward he did not play the man as he should do, she fell in league with a good fellow, 
and whilst he sat up late at his study about those criticisms, mending some hard 

" Panejryr. Trajano. ^2'fer. Adelph. act 1. see. 1. j adiit. ''" Netribus prioribus noctibus rem haberet 

<3Fab. Caivo. Kavennate iiiterprete. -i^Diim cum ea. nt essel in peconlius fortunaius, ab uxore mors 

rediero domum meam habitabis, et licet cum parentibus | impalienle, &.c. ^y'rutain noctt^m bene et pmlice ne- 
habitet hac niea peregrinatione ; eam tamen et ejus mini molestus dormieiido transegii ; mane autcm (]iiiim 
mores observabis uti absentia viri sui probe degat, nee I nulliiis consciiis far.inoris sibi esset, et inertiae puderet, 
alios viros cogilet aut quaerat. 45 Fcemina semper audisse se ilicebat eum dulore calculi solere eam con- 

oustode eget qui se pudicam contineat ; suapte enim ^ flictari. Duo pr;ecepta Juris una iiocte expressil, ne- 
natura neqiiilias insitas liabet, quas nisi indies ci)m- \ mnieiii laeserat el hoiieste vixerat, sed an snum cuif|ue 
priinat, ut arbores siolones emiltunt, &c. ■'t' Hein- j reddiilisset, qiitcri puterat. iVluiius opinor et Trebatim 

Bius. •»■ Uxor cujiisdam nobilis qiiiiin debitum mari- hoc iiegassenl. lib. 1. 

lale sacro passionis hebdoaiada noii obtiueret, alterum 

72 2x2 



570 Love-Melancnily [Part. 3. Sec. 3. 

places in Festiis or Pollux, came cold lo bed, and would tell her still what he had 
done, she did not much regard what he said, &c. ^°"She would have another mat- 
ter mended much ratlier, which he did not conceive was corrupt :" thus he continued 
at his study late, she at her sport, alibi enim fesiivas nodes agitabai^ hating all 
scholars for his saiie, till at length he began to suspect, and turned a little yellow, as 
well he might; lor it was his own fault; and if men be jealous in such cases (^' as 
oft it falls out) the mends is in their own hands, they must thank themselves. Who 
will pity them, saith Neander, or be much oflended with such wives, si dcceptcB 
prius viros decipianl^ et cnrnutos rcddcint^ if they deceive those that cozened ihenn 
first. A lawyer's wife in ^^Aristaenetus, because her husband was negligent in his 
business, quando leclo danda opera, threatened to cornute him : and did not stick to 
tell Philinna, one of her gossips, as much, and that aloud for him to hear : '^ If he 
follow other men's matters and leave his own, I'll have an orator shall plead my 
cause," I care not if he know it. 

A fourth eminent cause of jealousy may be this, when he that is deformed, and 
as Pindarus of Vulcan, sine gratiis nafiis, hirsute, ragged, yet virtuously given, will 
marry some fair nice piece, or light housewife, begins to misdoubt (as well he may) 
she doth not afiect him. ^'^Lis est cum forma magna pudicitia, beauty and honesty 
have ever been at odds. Abraham was jealous of his wife because she was fair : so 
was Vulcan of his Venus, when he made her creaking shoes, saith ^' Philostratus, 
ne m(Bcharetur^ sandalio scilicet defercnie, that he might hear by them when she 
stirred, which Mars indigne ferre, "^ was not well pleased with. Good cause had 
Vulcan to do as he did, for she was no honester than she should be. Your fine 
faces have commonly this fault; and it is hard to find, saith Francis Philelphus in 
an epistle to Saxola his friend, a rich man honest, a proper woman not proud or un- 
chaste. " Can she be fair and honest too .?" 

50" Siepe etenim oculuit picta sese hydra sub herba, 
Sub specie foiuKi;, iiicuuto se sape nianto 
Nequam animus veiidit," 

He that marries a wife that is snowy fair alone, let him look, saith ^' Barbarus, for 
no better success than Vulcan had with Venus, or Claudius with Messalina. And 
'tis impossible almost in such cases the wife should contain, or the good man not 
be jealous: for when he is so defective, weak, ill-proportioned, unpleasing in those 
parts which woir.en most afiect, and she most absolutely fair and able on the other 
side, if she be not very virtuously given, how can she love him ? and although she 
be not fair, yet if he admire her and think her so, in his conceit she is absolute, he 
holds it impossiblf^ for any man living not to dote as he doth, to look on her and 
not lust, not to covet, and if he be in company with her, not to lay siege to her 
honesty : or else out of a deep apprehension of his infirmities, deformities, and other 
men's good parts, out of his own little worth and desert, he distrusts himself, (for 
what is jealousy but distrust.?) he suspects she cannot afiect him, or be not so kind 
and loving as she should, she certainly loves some other man better than himself. 

^""Nevisanus, lib. 4. num. 72, will have barrenness to be a main cause of jealousy. 
If her husband cannot play the man, some other shall, they will leave no remedies 
unessayed, and thereupon the good man grows jealous ; ] could give an instance, 
but be it as it is. 

I find this reason given by some men, because they have been formerly naught 
themselves, they think they may be so served by others, they turned up trump be- 
fore the cards were shuffled ; they shall have therefore lege?u talionis. like for like. 

'^ " J use miser docui. quo posset ludere paclo I " Wretch as I was, 1 taujjht her bad In be, 

(JtistuUes, etKMi nunc premor arte moa." [ And now mine own sly tricks are put upon me." 

Mala mens, mains animus, as the saying is, ill dispositions cause ill suspicions. 

60 "There is none jealous, I durst pawn my life, 
But he that liath detiled another's wife. 
And for that i»e iiimself hath gone astray, 
He straiglilwuy thinks his wife will tread hat way." 



WAIterius loci emendationem seric ;tabat, quern I ^s Hor. epist. 15. " v)ften has the serpent lain hid oe- 
corruptum esse ille non invetiit. *" Such another ii' ath the coloured gra^s, uiiiier a beautiful aspect, and 

tale IS Ml iXeander de Joosenis, his tirst tale. ^^ Li , often has the evil inclination atlecied a sale without 
2. Ep. 3. Si perL'it alienis neaotiis operam dare c- ! tii.. hiiehjinii'* nrivitv " '^ De re 'ivo(i« iS \ rap S. 
negliguns, eril alius mihi orator qui rem ir.eam agat. i "' nm steriies sunt, ex muiHMone viri ee puianl (O^- 
■' V'Vid rara est inMcudia forma? atque pudicili.i? [ cipere ^ Tibullus, elee- (i «> Witiicr'* ^ at 

'>*£wi«t. ^Q,uod strideret e*us calct Uiieutum. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Jealousy. 571 

To these two above-named causes, or incendiaries of tnis rage, I may very well 
annex tiiose circumstances of time, place, persons, by which it ebbs and (lows, the 
fuel of this fury, as '" Vives truly observes ; and such like accidents or occasions, 
proceeding from the parties themselves, or others, which much aggravate and intend 
this suspicious humour, for many men are so lasciviously given, eilher out of a 
depraved nature, or too much liberty, which they do assume unto themselves, by 
reason of their greatness, in that they are noble men, (for llccntia peccandi^ et mill' 
tiiudo peccanlium are great motives) though their own wives be never so fair, noble, 
virtuous, honest, wise, able, and well given, they must have change. 

w " Q,ui cum legitiini junguntur fuedere lecti, i 

Viittile egreyiis, facieque doiiiiique puellis, | " Who beinsr riiatch'd to wives most virtuous, 

Scoria laiiieii, foedafqiie lupas m foriiict' quterunt, Nuble, and fair, fly out lascivious." 

tt per aduilenuui nova carpere gauuia lentaiit." j 

Quod licet ingratum est^ that which is ordinary, is unpleasant. Nero (saith Tacitus) 
abhorred Octavia his own wife, a noble virtuous lady, and loved Acte, a base quean 
in respect. ^"^ Cerinthus rejected Sulpitia, a nobleman's daughter, and courted a poor 

servant maid. tanta. est allend in messe voluplas, for that ^^'* stolen waters be 

more pleasant :" or as Vitellius the emperor was wont to say, Jucundlores amores^ 
qui cum periculo habentur^ like stolen venison, still the sweetest is that love which 
is most difficultly attained : they like better to hunt by stealth in another man's 
walk, than to have the fairest course that may be at game of their own. 

6i'"Aspice ut 111 ccdIo inodo sol, modoluna ministret, I "As sun and moon in heaven change their course, 
Sic eiiam nolns una peila paruui est." | So tliey change loves, tliough often to the worse." 

Or that some fair object so forcibly moves them, they cannot contain themselves, 
be it heard or seen they will be at it. "Nessus, the centaur, was by agreement to 
carry Hercules and his wife over the river Evenus ; no sooner had he set Dejanira 
on the other side, but he would have offered violence unto her, leaving Hercules to 
swim over as he could : and though her husband was a spectator, yet would he not 
desist till Hercules, with a poisoned arrow, shot him to death. ^' Neptune saw by 
chance that Thessalian Tyro, Eunippius' wife, he forthwith, in the fury of his lust, 
counterfeited her husband's habit, and made him cuckold. Tarquin heard Collaline 
commend his wife, and was so far enraged, that in the midst of the night to her he 
went. ^"Theseus stole Ariadne, vi rapuit that Trazenian Anaxa, Antiope, and now 
being old, Helen, a girl not yet ready for a husband. Great men are most part thus 
afiecied all, ^' as a horse they neigh," saith ^^ Jeremiah, after their neighbours' wives, 

ut visa pullus adhiuiut equd : and if they be in company with other women, 

though in their own wives' presence, they must be courting and dallying with them. 
Juno in Lucian complains of Jupiter that he was still kissing Ganymede before her 
lace, which did not a little offend her : and besides he was a counterfeit Amphitryo, 
a bull, a swan, a golden shower, and played many such bad pranks, too long, too 
shamclul to relate. 

Or that they care little for their own ladies, and fear no laws, they dare freely 
keep whores at their wives' noses. 'Tis too frequent with noblemen to be dis- 
honest ; Pielas, probitas, Ji,des, privata bona sunt^ as "° he said long since, piety, 
chastity, and such like virtues are for private men : not to be much looked after in 
great courts : and which Suetonius of the good princes of his time, they might be 
all engraven in one ring, we may truly hold of chaste potentates of our age. For 
great personages will lamiliaily run out in this kind, and yield occasion of offence. 
'' Montaigne, in his Essays, gives instance in Cicsar, Mahomet the Turk, that sacked 
Constantinople, and Ladislaus, king of Naples, that besieged Florence : great men, 
and great soldiers, are commonly great, istc, probatum est^ they are good doers. 
Mars and Venus are equally balanced in their actions, 

""Militis in galea nidum fecere columbae, j "A dove within a head pitce made her nest, 

Apparet Mar'i oiiam sit ainica Venus." | "i'wixt Mars and Venus see an inlerest.' 

Especially if they be bald, for bald men have ever been suspicious (read more in 
Arist.;tlc, Sect. 4. prob. 1 9.) as Galba, Otho, Domitian, and remarkable Ca^.sar amongst 



«3 de Anima. Crescit ac decrepcit zelotypia cum 
p*'rsonis, l(icis, ten porihus, negoliis. ^- Maiullus. 

WTibu.'/ s Epig. w Prov. vx. 17 ^^ Propert. eli-g. 



crevit iinbrihiis hyemalibus. Deianiram suscipit, Her- 
culeiii iiaiido seiiui juliet. ^^ Lucian, torn. 4 

6» Plutarch. 6.'Cap. V. 8. 'o Seneca. "Lib 



66 uviU. lib. 9, Wet Pausa-.ia- Sirab» , quum | 2. cap. 23. '* Pelronius Catal. 



571 



Love-Melancholy. 



Part. 3. Sec. 3. 



the rest. "^^Urhani servate uxores., mceclmni calvum adducimus ; besides, this bald 
Oaesar, saith Curio in Sueton, was omnium mulierum vir ;. l.c made love to Eunoe, 
queen of Mauritania ; to Cleopatra ; to Posthumia, wife to Sergius Sulpitius ; to Lollia, 
wife to Gabinius; to Tertulla, of Crassus ; to Mutia, Pompey's wife, and 1 know 
not how many besides : and well he might, for, if all be true that I have read, he 
had a license to lie with whom he list. Inter alios honores Ccesari decrctos (as Sue- 
ton, cap. 52. de Julio., and Dion, lib. 44. relate) jus illi datum., cum quibuscunque 
fcBminis se jungendi. Every private history will yield such variety of instances : 
otherwise good, wise, discreet men, virtuous and valiant, but too faulty in this. 
Priamus had fifty sons, but seventeen alone lawfully begotten. '■• Philippus Bonus 
left fourteen bastards. Lorenzo de Medici, a good prince and a wise, but, saitii 
Machiavel, "'' prodigiously lascivious. None so valiant as Castruccius Castrucanus, 
but, as the said author hath it, ''^ none so incontinent as he was. And 'lis not only 
predominant in grandees this fault : but if you will take a great man's testimony, 
'tis familiar with every base soldier in France, (and elsewhere, I think). "This vice 
C'^ saith mine author) is so common with us in France, that he is of no account, 
a mere coward, not worthy the name of a soldier, that is not a notorious whore- 
master." In Italy he is not a gentleman, that besides his wife hath not a courtezan 
and a mistress. 'Tis no marvel, then, if poor women in such cases be jealous, when 
they shall see themselves manifestly neglected, contemned, loathed, unkindly used : their 
disloyal husbands to entertain others in their rooms, and many times to court ladies 
to their faces : other men's wives to wear their jewels : how shall a poor woman 
in such a case moderate her passion } "^^Quis tibi nunc Dido cernenti talia scnsusf 
How, on the other side, shall a poor man contain himself from this feral malady, 
when he shall see so manifest signs of his wife's inconstancy } when, as Milo's 

wife, she dotes upon every young man she sees, or, as ''^ Martial's Sota, deserfo 

sequitur Clitum marito., " deserts her husband and follow s Clitus." Though her 
husband be proper and tall, fair and lovely to behold, able to give contentment to 
any one woman, yet she will taste of the forbidden fruit : Juvenal's Iberina to a 
hair, she is as well pleased with one eye as one man. If a young gallant come by 
chance into her presence, a fastidious brisk, that can wear his clothes well in fashion, 
with a lock, jingling spur, a feather, that can cringe, and withal compliment, court a 
gentlewoman, she raves upon him, " O what a lovely proper man he was," another 
Hector, an Alexander, a goodly n)an, a demi-god, how sweetly he carried himself, 
with how comely a grace, sic oculos., sic die manus., sic ora ferebat., how neatly he 
did wear his clothes! ^Quam sese ore fcrens., quam forti pectore et armis., how 
bravely did he discourse, ride, sing, and dance, &c., and then she begins to loathe 
her husband, repugnans osculatur., to hate him and his filthy beard, his goatish com- 
plexion, as Dons said of Polyphemus, ^Uotus qui saiiiem, lotus ut hircus olet., he is 
a rammy fulsome fellow, a goblin-faced fellow, he smells, he stinks, Et ccppas simul 

alliumque ructat^^ si quando ad ihalamum., «^'C., how like a dizzard, a fool, an 

ass, he looks, how like a clown he behaves himself! '^she will not come near him 
by her own good will, but wholly rejects him, as Venus did her fuliginous Vulcan, 
at last, JVec Dens hunc mensa., Dea nee dignata cubili est.^^ So did Lucretia, a lady 
of Senae, after she had but seen Euryalus, in Eurialum tola ferebatur., domum reversa^ 

^■c., she would not hold her eyes ofl' him in his presence, ^' tantum egregio 

decus enitct ore., and in his absence could think of none but him, odit virum^ she 
loathed her husband forthwith, might not abide him : 



86 " Et conjiigalis negligens tori, viro 
l'ra;s( ate, acerbo iiauseat fastidio ;" 



' All againgt the laws of matrimony, 
Slie (lul ablior her husband's phis"nomy 



and sought all opportunity to see her sweetheart again. Now when the good man 
shall observe his wife so lightly given, " to be so free and familiar with every gallant, 
her immodesty and wantonness," (as ^^Camerarius notes) it must needs yield matter 



"Sueton. '4 Pontus Heuter, vita ejus. "s Lib. 

8. Flor. hist. Dux omnium oplimuB et sapientissiuius, 
eod in re venerea prodigiosus. ''^ Vita Castruccii. 

Idem uxores niiintis abalit'navit. " Seselius, lib. 

2. de Repiib. (Jalloriiui. I(a nunc apud infimos oLiinnit 
hoc viiium, nt iiullius fere pretii sit, et i^navus miles 
q II noil 111 sciiitatioiie inaxime excellat, el adulterio. 
"*Virg. ^.11. 4. •■ What now must have been Dido's 
■ensalions wlien slie witnessed these doings ?" '^ Epig. 



9. lib. 4. 6» Virg. 4. /Fm. »iSecundu.-s syl. 

"^2 "And belches out the smell of onions and garlic." 
^3 ^neas Sylvius. s^ •> jVeitiier a god honoured him 

with his table, nor a goddess with her bed." "■> Virg. 
4. iEii. " Such beauty slimes in his graceful features." 
t^ss. Grffico Simonides. *>''Cont. ti. ca. 3.s. Opcr. 

siibcis. mulieris liberius et familiariiis communicantif 
cum omnibus licentia et immodestia, sinistri derinonu 
et suspicioius maleriam viro pra?bet. 



Mfem. 1. Subs. 2.1 



Causes of Jealousy. 



ii73 



of suspicion to him, when she still pranks up herself beyond ber means a-:d for- 
tunes, makes impertinent journeys, unnecessary visitations, stay? out so long, with 
such and such companions, so frequently goes to plays, masks, feasts, and all public 
meetmgs, shall use such immodest ^^ gestures, free speeches, and withal show sf)me 
distaste of her own husband ; how can he choose, " though he were another Socra- 
tes, but be suspicious, and instantly jealous ?" '^^^'•Socraticas tandem faciei trans- 
cendere met as ;^'' more especially when he shall take notice of their more secret and 
sly tricks, which to cornuie their husbands they commonly use [dam ludis^ Judos 
hcec iefacit), they pretend love, honour, chastity, and seem to respect them before 
all men living, saints in show, so cunningly can they dissemble, they will not so 
much as look upon another man in his presence, ^° so chaste, so religious, and so 
devout, they cannot endure the name or sight of a quean, a harlot, out upon her! 
and in their outward carriage are most loving and officious, will kiss their husband, 
and hang about his neck (dear husband, sweet husband), and with a composed coun- 
tenance salute him, especially when he comes home; or if he go from home, weep, 
sigh, lament, and take upon them to be sick and swoon (like Jocundo's wife in 
^' Ariosto, when her husband was to depart), and yet arrant, &c. they care not for 
him, 



' Aye me, the thought (quoth she) makes me so 'fraid, 
That scarce the breath abideth in my breast; 
Peace, my sweet love and wife, Jocuiido said, 
And weeps as fast, and conifi)rts her his best, &;c. 
All this mighi not assuage the woman's jiain, 
Needs must I die before you come again. 
Nor how to keep my life I can devise, 



The doleful days and nights I shall sustain, 

From meat my mouth, from sleep will keep mine 

eyes, &c. 
That very night that went before the morrow, 
'J'hat he had pointed surely to depart, 
Jocundo's wife was sick, and swoon'd for sovrt^vf 
Amid liis arms, so heavy was her heart." 



And yet for all these counterfeit tears and protestations, Jocundo coming back in all 
haste for a jewel he had forgot, 



His chaste and yoke-fellow he found 

Yok d with a knave, all honesty neglected. 

The adulterer slee[)iMg very sound, 



Yet bj' his face was easily detected: 

A bei.'gar"s brat bred by him foni his cradle, 

And now was riding on his master's saddle." 



Thus can they cunningly counterfeit, as ^^ Platina describes their customs, '•'• kiss their 
husbands, whom they had rather see hanging on a gallows, and swear they love 
him dearer than their own lives, w^hose soul they would not ransom for their little 
dog's ;'' 

"similis si permutatio detur, 

Morte viri cupiunt animam servare cafelloe." 

Many of them seem to be precise and holy forsooth, and will go to sucli a ^^ church, 
to hear such a good man by all means, an excellent man, when 'tis for no other in- 
tent (as he follows it) than '^ to see and to be seen, to observe \vhat fashions are in 
use, to meet some pander, bawd, monk, friar, or to entice some good fellow." For 
they persuade themselves, as ^'^Nevisanus shows, '•'•That it is neither sin nor shame 
to lie with a lord or parish priest, if he be a proper man; ^'and though she kneel 
often, and pray devoutly, 'tis (saith Platina) not for her husband's welfare, or chil- 
dren's good, or any friend, but for her sw^eetheart's return, her pander's health." If 
her husband would have her go, she feigns herself sick, ^'^Et s'imulat suhitb condo- 
luisse caput : her head aches, and she cannot stir : but if her paramour ask as much, 
she is for him in all seasons, at all hours of the night. ^^ Jn the kingdom of Mala- 
bar, and about Goa in the East Indies, the women are so subtile that, with a certain 
drink they give them to drive away cares as they say, ^'^^ they will make them sleep 
for twenty-four hours, or so intoxicate them that they can remember nought of that 
they saw done, or heard, and, by washing of their feet, restore them again, and so 
make their husbands cuckolds to their faces." Some are ill-disposed at all times, to 
all pC'-«ons they like, others more wary to some few, at such and such seasons, as 
Augusta, Livia, non nisi plena navi vectorem tollehat. But as he said, 



8s Voces libera^, oculorum colloquia,contractiones pa- 
rum verecundie, motiis iinmodici. ifcc. Heinsius. '■^cfia- 
loner. »» What is here said, is not prejudicial to 

honest women. "» Lib. 28. sc. 1."}. ^2 Uial. amor. 

Pendet fallax et blanda circa oscula mariti, quem in 
cruce, si fieri posset, deosculari velit : illius vitam cha* 
rioreni esse sua jurejurando aflirmat; quem eerie mtn 
redimeret anima calelli si posset. ^^ Adeunt lem- 

"luin ut rem divinam audiant, ut ips?e simulant, sed vel 
Ht monaclmm fratrem, vel adulterum lingua, oculis, ad 
Vibidinem provocent. ^^ Lib. 4. num. bl. Ipsesibi 



persuadent, quod adulterium cum priiicipo vel cum pra;. 
sale, non est pudor, nee peccatum. "^ Deum rogat, 

non pro salute mariti, filii,ciii.'nati vota suscipit, sed pro 
reditu nifBchi si abest, pro Viihtudiiie letioiiis si aJiirotet. 
'•■S'l'ibullus. 9i Gortardus Arthiis descrip. [iidis 

Orient. Linchoflen. 9»Garcias ab Horto, hist, lib, 

'2. cap. 24. Daturam herbam vocat et describit, tain pro. 
dives sunt ad venerem miilieres ut viros inebrient per 
24 horas, liquore quoilam, ut nihil videant, reconlentur, 
at doriniant, et post iotioiuun pedum, ad se restituunt 
&c. 



574 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 3. 



No pen cniild write, no tongue attnin to tell, 

By force of elociinMice, or help of art, 

Of woiiien's trtaclieries the hundredth part.' 



Holh, t\ say truth, are often faulty; men and women give just occasions in this 
humoui of discontent, aggravate and vie'd matter of suspicion : but most part of the 
chief causes proceed from other adventitious ^accidents and circumstances, thougn 
the parties be free, and both well given themselves. The indiscreet carriage of some 
lascivious gallant (c/ e contra of some light woman) by his often frequenting of a 
house, bold unseemly gestures, may make a breach, and by his over-familiarity, if 
he be inclined to yellowness, colour him quite out. If he be poor, basely born, 
saith Beneditto Varchi, and otherwise unhandsome, he suspects him the less ; but 
if a proper man, such as was Alcibiades in Greece, and Castruccius Castrucanus in 
Italy, well descended, commendable for his good parts, he taketh on the more, and 
watcheih his doings. '"''Theodosius the emperor gave his wife Eudoxia a golden 
apple when he was a suitor to her, which she long after bestowed upon a young 
gallant in the court, of her especial acquaintance. The emperor, espying this apple 
in his hand, suspected forthwith, more than was, his wife's dishonesty, banished him 
the court, and from that day following forbare to accompany her any more. 'A rich 
merchant had a fair wife; according to his custom he Ment to travel ; in his absence 
a good fellow tempted his wife; she denied him; yet he, dying a little after, gave 
her a legacy for the love he bore her. At his return, her jealous husband, because 
she had got more by land than he had done at sea, turned her away upon suspicion. 
Now when those other circumstances of time and place, opportunity and impor- 
tunity shall concur, what will they not effect ? 

" Fair opportunity can win the coyest she that is, 
So wisely he takes time, as he "II t)e sure he will not miss: 
Then he that loves her gamesome vein, and tempers toys with art, 
Brings love that s\\ immeth in lier eyes to dive into her heart." 

As at plays, masks, great feasts and banquets, one singles out his wife to dance 
another courts her in his presence, a third tempts her, a fourth insinuates with a 
pleasing compliment, a sweet smile, ingratiates himself with an amphibological speech, 
as that merry companion in the ^Satirist did to his Glycerium, ^ adsidens et interio- 
reni palmam amahiliter concutiens, 

" Q,uod nieus hortus hahet sumat impure licebit, 
Si dederis nobis quod luus hortus habet ;" 

With many such, &c., and then as he saith, 

* She may vo while in chastity abide, 
That is assaid on every side. 

For after a great feast, — ^Vino scppe suum nescit arnica virum. Noah (saith ^ Hierome) 
" showed his nakedness in his drunkenness, which for six hundred years he had 
covered in soberness." Lot lay with his daughters in his drink, as Cyneras with 

Myrrha, 'quid, enim Venus ebria curat? The most continent maybe overcome, 

or if otherwise they keep bad company, they that are modest of themselves, and 
dare not otfend, " confirmed by ® others, grow impudent, and confident, and get an 
ill habit." 

»" Alia qiifEstiis gratia matrimonium corrunipit, 
Alia peccans multas vult iiiorbi habere socias." 

Or if they dwell in suspected places, as in an infamous inn, near some stews, near 
monks, friars, Nevisanus adds, where be many tempters and solicitors, idle persons 
that frequent their companies, it may give just cause of suspicion. Martial of old 
inveighed against them that counterfeited a disease to go to the bath ; for so, many 
umes, 

" relicto 

Conjuge Penelope venit, abil Helene." 

.3^neas Sylvius puts in a caveat against princes' courts, because there be tot formes 
juvenes qui promittunt. so many brave suitors to tempt, &c. '° If you leave her in 



w Ar;osto, lib. 28. st. 
neca, lib. 2. controv. 8 



looLipsius polit. 
a Bodicher. Sat. 



iSe- 
'Sit 



llCL>u, 111/. 'W. i-«Jii I I v» V . <j. - Lfyjvii*,n\->i . k_'(»i,. - K^i u- 

ting close to her, and shaking her hand lovingly." 
• Tihnllus. 8 "After wir.c ilie mistress is often 

anable to distinguisli her own lover." « Epist. 85. 

ad Oct'anui.i. Ad unius hora? ebrieiatem nudat femora, 
luae per sexcentos annos sobrietate conle.xerat. ■» Juv. 



Sat. 13. « Nihil audent prime, post ah aliis con. 

firmatffi, audaces et confidentes sunt. Ubi semel vere- 
cundia? limites Iransierint. » Euripides, I. (33. "Love 
of gain induces one to break her marriage vow, a wist 
to have associates to keep her in countenance actuate? 
others." lo De miser. Curialium. Aut ulium cum ei« 

invenies, aut isse alium reperies. 



Mem 2. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Jealousy. 575 

sucli a place, you shall likely find her in company you like not, either they come to 
lier, or she is gone to them." " Kornmannus makes a doubting jest in his lascivious 
country, Virgm'is U/ihnIa censentur ne castUas ad quam freqiwiilur accedani sc/io- 
lares? And Baldus the lawyer scoffs on, quum scholaris, inquit^ loquitur cum pu- 
elld, nan prcESumltur ei dicere, Pater noster^ when a scholar talks with a niaid, or 
another man's wife in private, it is pre.su med he saith not a pater iwster. Or if 1 
shall see a monk or a friar climb up a ladder at midnight into a vn-gin's or widovv"'8 
chamber windov>^, J shall hardly think he then goes to administer tlie sacraments, or 
to take her confession. These are the ordinary causes of jealousy, which are in- 
tended or remitted as the circumstances vary. 



MEMB. II. 

fuBSECT. I. — Symptoms of Jealousy^ Fear, Sorrow, Suspicion, strange Actions, 
Gestures, Outrages, Locking up. Oaths, Trials, Laws, 6^c. 

Of all passions, as I have already proved, love is most violent, and of those bitter 
potions which this love-melancholy affords, this bastard jealousy is the greatest, as 
appears by those prodigious symptoms which it jiath, and that it produceth. For 
besides fear and sorrow, which is common to all melancholy, anxie-ty of mind, sus- 
picion, aggravation, restless thoughts, paleness, meagreness, neglect of business, and 
the like, these men are farther yet misatiected, and in a higher strain. 'Tis a more 
vehement passion, a more furious perturbation, a bitter pain, a fire, a pernicious curi- 
osity, a gall corrupting the honey of our life, madness, vertigo, plague, hell, the) are 
more than ordinarily disquieted, they lose honum pads, as '"Chrysostom observes; 
and though tliey be rich, keep sumptuous tables, be nobly allied, yet miserrlmi om^ 
mum sunt, they are most miserable, they are more than ordinarily discontent, moie 
sad, nilill tristius, more than ordinarily suspicious. Jealousy, saith '^ Vives, " begets 
unquietness in the mind, night and day : he hunts after every word he hears, every 
whisper, and amplifies it to himself (as all melancholy men do in other matters) 
with a most unjust calumny of others, he misinterprets everytliing is said or done, 
most apt to mistake or misconstrue," he pries into every corner, ioUows close, ob- 
serves to a hair. 'Tis proper to jealousy so to do, 

"Pale hag, infernal fury, pleasure's smart, 
Envy's observer, prying in every part." 

Besides those strange gestures of staring, frowning, grinning, rolling of eyes, me- 
nacing, gliastly looks, broken pace, interrupt, precipitate, half-turns. He will some- 
times sigh, weep, sob for anger. JVempe -suos imbres etlam ista tonltrua fundunt,^'* — 
swear and belie, slander any man, cursf,, threaten, brawl, scold, fight; and sometimes 
again flatter and speak fair, ask forgiveness, kiss and coll, condemn his rashness and 
folly, vow, protest, and swear he will never do so again ; and then eftsoons, im- 
patient as he is, rave, roar, and lay about him like a madman, thump her sides, drag 
her about perchance, drive her out of doors, send her home, he will be divorced 
forthwith, she is a whore. Sec, and by-and-by with all submission compliment, en- 
treat her fair, and bring her in again, he loves her dearly, she is his sweet, most kind 
and loving wife, he will not change, nor leave her for a kingdom ; so he continues 
off and on, as the toy takes him, the object moves .':im, but most part brawling, fret- 
ting, unquiet he is, accusing and suspecting not strangers only, but brothers and sis- 
ters, father and mother, nearest and dearest friends. He thinks with tliose Italians, 

*'Chi non tncca parentado, 
Torxa inai e rado." 

And through fear conceives unto himself things almost incredible and impossible to 
be effected. As a heron when she fishes, still prying on all sides ; or as a cat doth 

>iCap 18. de Virg. 12 Horn. 38. in c. 17. Gen. I lumnia. MaximS suspiciosi, et ad pejora credendurn 

Etsi majjnisatflnutit divitiis, &c. '^Sde Aniina. ( proclives. ""These thunders pourdown their 

Omnes voces, auras, oinries susurros capiat zelotypus, peculiar showers " 
ot arapliiicat apud se cum iniquissima de singulis ca- | 



57o 



Lov e-Me lane ho ly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 3. 



a mouse, his eye is never off her's ; he gloats on him, on her, accurately observing 
on whom she looks, who looks at her, what she saith, doth, at dinner, at supper, 
sitting, walking, at home, abroad, he is the same, still inquiring, mandring, gazing, 
listenmg, affiighted with every small object; why did she smile, why did she pity 
him, commend him ? why did she drink twice to such a man .? why did ihe offer to 
kiss, to dance } Slc, a whore, a whore, an arrant whore. All this he confesseth it 
the poet. 



IS "Omnia iiie terrent, timidus sum, ignosce tiinori. 
Et miser in tunica suspicor esse virum. 
Me Ictiiil si ninlta til)i dabitoscuia mater. 
Me suidr, et cum qua doniiil arnica siinul." 



Each thin? affrights me, I do fear, 

Ah pardon me my fear, 
I doubr a man is hid vvilliin 

'I'he clotlies that thou dost wear.' 



Is it not a man iu woman's apparel ? is not somebody in that great chest, or behind 
the door, or hangings, or iti some of those barrels? may not a man steal in at the 
window with a ladder of ropes, or come down the chimney, have a false key, or get 
in when he is asleep ? If a mouse do but stir, or the wind blow, a casement clatter, 
that's the villain, tliere he is: by his good-will no man shall see her, salute her, 
speak with her, she shall not go forth of his sight, so much as to do her needs. 
''*JVb?i da hovem argus^ Sfc. Argus did not so keep his cow, that watchful dragon 
the golden fleece, or Cerberus the coming in of hell, as he keeps his wife. If a dear 
friend or near kinsman come as guest to his house, to visit him, he will never let 
him be out of his own sight and company, lest, peradventure, &c. If the necessity 
of his business be such that he must go from home, he doth either lock her up, or 
commit her with a deal of injunctions and protestations to some trusty friends, him 
and her he sets and bribes to oversee : one servant is set in his absence to watch 
another, and all to observe his wife, and yet all this will not serve, though his busi- 
ness be very urgent, he will when he is halfway come back in all post haste, rise 
from supper, or at midnight, and be gone, and sometimes leave his business undone, 
and as a stranger court his own wife in some disguised habit. Though there be no 
danger at all, no cause of suspicion, she live in such a place, where Messalina her- 
self could not be dishonest if she would, yet he suspects her as much as if she were 
in a bawdy-house, some prince's court, or in a common inn, where all comers might 
have free access. He calls her on a sudden all to nought, she is a strumpet, a light 
housewife, a bitch, an arrant whore. No persuasion, no protestation can divert this 
passion, nothing can ease him, secure or give him satisfaction. It is most strange to 
report what outrageous acts by men and women have been committed in this kind, 
by women especially, that will run after their husbands into all places and compa- 
nies, '"'as Jovianus Pontanus's wife did by him, follow him whithersoever he went, 
it matters not, or upon what business, raving like Juno in the tragedy, miscalling, 
cursing, swearing, and mistrusting every one she sees. Gomesius in his third book 
of the Life and Deeds of Francis Ximenius, sometime archbishop of Toledo, hath a 
strange story of that incredible jealousy of Joan queen of Spain, wife to King Philip, 
mother of Ferdinand and Charles the Fifth, emperors ; when her husband Philip, 
either for that he was tired with his wife's jealousy, or had some great business, 
went into the Low Countries : she was so impatient and melancholy upon his de- 
parture, that she would scarce eat her meat, or converse with any man ; and thougl 
she were with child, the season of the year very bad, the v/ind against her, in al 
haste she would to sea after him. Neither Isabella her queen mother, the arch- 
bishop, or any other friend could persuade her to the contrary, but she would after 
him. When she was now come into the Low Countries, and kindly entertained by 
her husband, she could not contain herself, '^ " but in a rage ran upon a yellow- 
haired wench," with whom she suspected her husband to be naught, " cut off her 
hair, did beat her black and blue, and so dragged her about." It is an ordinary thing 
'for women in such cases to scratch the faces, slit the noses of such as they sus 
pect ; as Henry the Second's importune Juno did by Rosamond at Woodstock ; foi 
she complains in a '^ modern poet, she scarce spake. 



' But flies with eager fury to my face, 
Oflering me most unwomanly disgrace. 
Look how a tigress, &,c. 



So fell she on me in outrageous wisp, 
As could disdain and jealousy devise.' 



"Propertius. i« ^Eneas Silv. J^ Ant. Dial. I biliter insultans faciera vibicibus faedavit. ^'Danici 

* Rabie concepta, caesariem abrasit, puellieque mira- | 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Jealousy. 57 7 

Or if it be so they dare not or cannot execute any such tyrannical injustice, they 
will miscall, rail and revile, bear them deadly hate and malice, as ^'^ Tacitus observes^ 
The hatred of a jealous woman is inseparable against such as she suspects." 



21 " Nulla vis rtamiiui' tumidique venti 
'I'aiiiu, iiec teli irietuaiida toiti. 
Q,uaiiia cum coiijux viiluata laedis 
Ardet et odit.' 



" Winds, weapons, flames make not such hurly burly 
As raving women turn all topsy-turvy." 



So did Agrippina by Lollia, and Calphurnia in the days of Claudius. But women 
are sulliciently curbed in such cases, the rage of men is more eminent, and frequently 
put in practice. See but with what rigour tliose jealous husbands tyrannise over 
their poor wives. In Greece, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Africa, Asia, and generally over 
all those hoi countries, ^^^Mulieres vcstrce terra vestra, urate sicut vullis^Mnhomei in 
his Alcoran gives this power to men, your wives are as your land, till them, use 
them, entreat them fair or foul, as you will yourselves. ^^Mccastor lege dura vivunt 
7nuUeres, they lock them still in their houses, which are so many prisons to them, 

will sufler nobody to come at them, or their wives to be seen abroad, nee cam- 

pos liceat lustrare patentes. They must not so mucli as look out. And if they be 
great persons, they have eunuchs to keep them, as the Grand Seignior among the 
Turks, the Sophies of Persia, those Tartarian Mogors, and Kings of China. Infantes 
masculos castrant innumcros ut regl serviant^ saith ^"^ Riccius, "they geld innumera- 
ble infants" to this purpose; the King of "^^ China ^' maintains 10,000 eunuchs in 
his family to keep his wives." The Xeriffes of Barbary keep their courtezans in 
such a strict manner, that if any man come but in sight of them he dies for it ; and 
if they chance to see a man, and do not instantly cry out, though from their win- 
dows, they must be put to death. The Turks have 1 know not how many black, 
deformed eunuchs (for the white serve for other ministeries) to this purpose sent 
commonly from Egypt, deprived in their childhood of all their privities, and brought 
up in the seraglio at Constantinople to keep their wives ; which are so penned up 
they may not confer with any livmg man, or converse with younger women, have 
a cucumber or carrot sent into them for their diet, but sliced, for fear. Sec. and so 
live and are left alone to their unchaste thoughts all the days of their lives. The 
vulgar sort of women, if at any time they come abroad, which is very seldom, to 
visit one another, or to go to their baths, are so covered, that no man can see them, 
as the matrons were in old Rome, lecticd aut sella tectd vecta:^ so ^^Dion and Seneca 
record, VelatcB totce incedimt^ which ^" Alexander ab Alexandro relates of the Par- 
thians, Uh. 5. vap. 24. which, with Andreas Tiraquellus his commentator, I rather 
think should be understood of Persians. I have not yet said all, they do not only 
lock them up, sed et pudendis seras adhibent : hear what Bembus relates lib. 6. of 
his Venetian history, of those inhabitants that dwell about Quiloa in Africa. Lusi- 
tani, inquit^ quorundu?u civitates adierunt., qui natis statim foeminis naturam consuunt^ 
quoad urince exitus ne impcdiafur, easque quum adoleverini sic consuias in matrimo- 
nium collocanf, ut sponsi prima cura sit conglulinalas puellce orasferro inter scindere. 
In some parts of Greece at this day, like those old Jews, they will not believe their 
wives are honest, nisi pannujn menslruatum prima nocte videant : our countryman 
^* Sands, in his peregrination, saith it is severely observed in Zanzynthus, or Zante ; 
and Leo Afer in his time at Fez, in Africa, non credunt virginem esse nisi videant san- 
guineam viajjpam ; si non, ad parentes piidore rejicitur. Those sheets are publicly 
shown by their parents, and kept as a sign of incorrupt virginity. Tlie Jews of old 
examined their maids ex tcnui membrana., called Hymen, which Laurentius in his 
anatomy, Columbus tib. 12. cap. 10. Capivaccius lib. 4. cap. 11. de uteri ajfectibus, 
V^incent, Alsarus Genuensis qucesit. med. cent. 4. Hieronymus Mercurialis consult. 
Ambros. Parens, Julius Caesar Claudinus Respons. 4. as that also de ^^ruptura vena- 
rum ut sanguis fluat, copiously confute; 'tis no sufficient trial they contend. And 
yet others again defend it, Caspar Bartholinus Institut. Jlnat. lib. 1. cap. 31. Pinaeus 
of Paris, Albertus Magnus de secret, mulier. cap. 9 &, 10. &.c. and think they speak 

'•» Annal. lib. 12. Principis mulieris zelotypre est in I eunuchorum niillia niimerantur in re!,Ma familia qui 
alias nuili'jres cjuas suspectas liabet, odium insepara- I S( rvant uxores ejus. ^k Lib. 57. ep. 81. 2. s,.|,ioii9 

bile. 21 rieneca in IVledea. 2j Alcoran cap. ^ a viris servant in iiiterionbiis, ab eorun' conspectu im- 

Bovis, interpreie Kicardo pruid. c. 8. Confutationis. niunes. •" i^ib. 1. Ibl. 7. 2a Djruptioncs hymenM 

» riautu-s 24 Expedit. in Sinas. 1. 3. c.9. 2i Decern | siepe rtunt a propriis dii-ilis vel ab aliis instrumentU, 

73 2Y 



578 Lovc-Melanclioly. [Part 3. Sect. 3 

too much 11 favour of women. ^°Ludovicus Boiicialus tih. 4. cap. 2. muliehr. na- 
luralcm ilium uferi labiorum const rici'ioiicm^ in qua virginUatem consistere volunU 
aslr'nigendbiis medicinis fieri posse vcndicaf^ el si defioratm sint^ astutce ^' mulieres 
{inquit) nos fallunt in his. Idem Jllsarius Crucius Genutnsis iisdem fere verbis. 
Idem Avicenna lib. 3. Fen. 20. Tract. 1, cap. 47. ''^ Rhasis Continent, lib. 24.- Ro- 
dericiis ii Castro de not. v^ul. lib. 1. cap. 3. An old bawdy nurse in ^^ Aristfenetus, 
(like that Spanish Ceelestina. ^"^ ^w^k quinque mille virgines fecit mulieres^ totidemque 
mulieres arte sua virgines) when a fair maid of her acquaintance wept and made her 
moan to her, how she had been deflowered, and now ready to be married, was afraid 
it would be perceived, comfortably replied, JVoli vereri filia^ ^t. *'• Fear not, daugh- 
ter, 1 '11 teach thee a trick to help it." Sed hcec extra callem. To what end are all 
those astrological questions, cr.w sit virgo^ an sit casta., an sit mulierf and such 
strange absurd trials in Albertus Magnus, Bap. Porta, Mag. lib. 2. cap.2\.\n Wecker. 
lib. 5. de secret, by stones, perfumes, to make them piss, and confess 1 know not 
what in their sleep ; some jealous brain was the first founder of them. And to what 
passion may we ascribe those severe laws against jealousy, JS'um. v. 14, Adulterers 
Deut. cap. 22. v. xxii. as amongst the Hebrews, amongst the Egyptians (read ^^Bo- 
hemus /. 1. c. 5. de mor. gen. of the Carthaginians, cap. 6. of Turks, lib. 2. cap. 11.; 
amongst the Athenians of old, Italians at this day, wherein they are to be severely 
punished, cut in pieces, burned, vivi-combiirio, buried alive, with several expurga- 
tions, &c. are they not as so many symptoms of incredible jealousy } we may say 
the same of those vestal virgins that fetched water in a sieve, as Tatia did in Rome, 
anjio ab. urb. condita 800. before the senators ; and ^^^milia, virgo innocens, that 
ran over hot irons, as Emma, Edward the Confessor's mother did, the king himself 
being a spectator, with the like. We read in Nicephorus, that Chunegunda the 
wife of Henricus Bavarus emperor, suspected of adultery, insimulata adulterii per 
ignitos vomeres illoisa transiit^ trod upon red hot coulters, and had no liarm : such 
another story we find in Regino lib. 2. In Aventinus and Sigonius of Charles the 
Third and his wife Richarda, Jin. 887, that was so purged with hot irons. Pausanias 
saith, that he was once an eye-witness of such a miracle at Diana's temple, a maid 
witnout any harm at all walked upon burning coals. Pius Secund. in his descrip- 
tion of Europe, c. 46. relates as much, that it was commonly practised at Diana's 
temple, for women to go barefoot over hot coals, to try tlieir honesties : Plinius, So- 
linus, and many writers, make mention of ^^ Geronia's temple, and Dionysius Hali- 
carnassus, lib. 3. of Memnon's statue, which were used to this purpose. Tatius lib. 
6. of Pan his cave, (much like old St. Wilfrid's needle in Yorkshire) wherein they 
did use to try maids, ^^ whether they were honest; when Leucippe went in, suavis- 
simus exaudiri sonus ccepit Austin de civ. Dei lib. 10. c. 16. relates many such ex- 
amples, all which Lavaler de spectr. part. 1. cap. 19 contends to be done by the 
illusion of devils; though Thomas qucest. 6. de potentid^ 4'c. ascribes it to good 
angels. Some, saith ^^ Austin, compel their wives to swear they be honest, as if 
perjury were a lesser sin than adultery ; '^'^some consult oracles, as Phaerus that blind 
king of Egypt. Others reward, as those old Romans used to do ; if a woman were 
contented with one man. Corona pudiciticB donabatur^ she had a crown of chastity 
bestowed on her. When all this will not serve, saith Alexander Gaguinus, cap. 5. 
descript. Muscovies, the Muscovites, if they suspect their wives, will beat them till 
they confess, and if that will not avail, like those wild Irish, be divorced at their 
pleasures, or else knock them on the heads, as the old ^' Gauls have done in former 
ages. Of this tyranny of jealousy read more in Parthenius Erot. cap. 10. Camera- 
rius cap. 53. hor. subcis. et cent. 2. cap. 34. Caelia's epistles, Tho. Chaloner de 
repub. Aug. lib. 9. Ariosto lib. 31. stasse 1. Faelix Palterus observat. lib. 1. Sfc. 

30 Idem Rliasis Arab, cont. 3i Jta clausse phar- 3'' Viridi gaudens Feroiiia luco. Virg. 38 Ismehe 



macis iit iion posi^unr coitum exercere. 32Qai et 

ipharinacuin pnescribit docetque. 33 Epist. G. Mer* 

cero Inter. 34 Bartiiius. Ludus illi temeratuin 

pudicitice florem menlitis machinis pro integro vendere. 
Ego docebo te, qui niulier ante iiiiptias sponso te probes 
virgiiiem. 3oQ,jj mulierem violassel, virilia execa- 

t»anl, et mille virgas dabaut. seuion. Halic. 



was so tried by Dians well, in which maids did swi 
unchaste were drowned, Eustathius, lib. 8. 39 Contra 
niendac. an confess. '21 cap. ''" Pii;i;riis Mgypli res 

captus ociilis per decennium. oraculum consiikiit de 
uxoris pudicitia. Herod. Euterp. •» Ca;sar. lib. 6 

bello Gall, vitee Jiecisque in uxores habuerunt potesta 
tern. 



Mem. 3.1 



Symptoms of Jealousy. 



57S! 



MEMB. III. 

.PrognosTics of Jealousy^ Despair^ Madness^ to make away themselves and others. 

Those which are jealous, most part, if they be not otherwise relieved, ^^'''' pro- 
feed from suspicion to hatred, from hatred to frenzy, madness, injury, murder and 
despair." 

■s;' A plague by whose most (iaiunnble effect, I By vvliicli a man to madness near is brought, 

l)lVH^^^ in (letjp despair to die have sought, | As well with causele:?s as with just sut-poct." 

In their madness many limes, saith "Wives, they make away themselves and others. 
Which induceth Cyprian to call it, Faicundam et viultiplicem yerniciem^fontem clch- 
dlum et scmhiarium delictorum^ a fruitful miscliief, the seminary of otlences, and foun- 
tain of murders. Tragical examples are too common in this kind, both new and 
old, in all ages, as of "^'Cephalus and Procris, "^^Phaereus of Egypt, Tereus, Atreus, 
and Thyestes. ''"Alexander Phxreus was murdered of his wife, oh peUicatus suspi- 
tionem^T xiWy saith. Antoninus Verus was so made away by Lucilla ; Demetrius the 
son of Antigonus, and Nicanor, by their wives. Hercules poisoned by Dejanira, 
■*^Caecinna murdered by Vespasian, Justina, a Roman lady, by her husband. "^ Ames- 
tris, Xerxes' wife, because she found her husband's cloak in Masista's house, cut off 
Masista, his wife's paps, and gave them to the dogs, tiayed her besides, and cut off 
her ears, lips, tongue, and slit the nose of Artaynta her daughter. Our late writers 
are full of such outrages. 

^°Paulus ^^iinilius, in his history of France, hath a tragical story of Chilpericus 
the First his death, made away by Ferdegunde his queen. \i\ a jealous humour he 
came from hunting, and stole behind his wife, as she was dressing and combing her 
head in the sun, gave her a familiar touch with his wand, which she mistaking for 
her lover, said, '^ Ah Landre, a good knight should strike before, and not behind :" 
but when she saw herself betrayed by his presence, she instantly took order to make 
him away. Hierome Osorius, in his eleventh book of the deeds of Emanuel King 
of Portugal, to this effect hath a tragical narration of one Ferdinandus Chalderia, 
that wounded Gotherinus, a noble countryman of his, at Goa in the East Indies, 
^'"and cut off one of his legs, for that he looked as he thought too familiarly upon 
his wife, which was afterwards a cause of many quarrels, and much bloodshed." 
Guianerius cap. 36. de cpgritud. matr. speaks of a silly jealous fellow, that seeing his 
child new-born included in a caul, thought sure a ^^ Franciscan that used to come to 
his house, was the father of it, it was so like the friar's cowl, and thereupon threat- 
ened the friar to kill him : Fulgosus of a woman in Narbonne, that cut off her hus- 
band's privities in the night, because she thought he played false with her. The 
story of Jonuses Bassa, and fair Manto his wife, is well known to such as have read 
the Turkish history; and that of Joan of Spain, of which I treated in my former 
section. Her jealousy, saith Gomesius, was the cause of both their deaths : King 
Philip died for grief a little after, as ^^ Martian his physician gave it out, '^ and she 
for her part after a melancholy discontented life, misspent in lurking-holes and 
corners, made an end of her miseries." Faelix Plater, in the first book of his ob- 
servations, hath many such instances, of a physician of his acquaintance, ^^ "'■ that 
was first mad through jealousy, and afterwards desperate :" of a merchant ^^"^ that 
killed his wife in the same humour, and after precipitated himself:" of a doctor of 



<2 Animi dolores et zelotypia si diutius perserverent, 
dementes reddunt. Acak. comment, in par. art. Gn- 
leni. « Ariosto, lib. 'Jl. staff. 6. "3deanima, 

c. 3. de zelotyp. transit in rabiem et odium, etsibi et 
aliis violentas saepe manus injiciunt. •»& Higinus, 

cap. J89. Ovid, &c. ^^ Phanis .^sypti rex de cceci- 

late oraculum consulens, visum ei rediturum accepit, si 
oculos abhiisset lotio mulieris quas aliorum virorum 
estiet expers; uxoris urinam exjiertus nihil profecit, et 
aliarum frustra, eas omnes (ea excepta per (juam cura- 
Us fuit) unum in locum coactas concremavit. Herod. 
Eulerp. *'' Offic. lib. 2. *" Aurelius Victor. 

•*• Herod, lib. 9. in Calliope. Masistfe uxorem excarni- 
M, mammillas jirae.scindit, aesque canibus abjicit, 
.filuc nares [iraiscidit. labFa, linguam,&c. ^"Lib. 1. 

Ouiii forma; curaiidiE intenta capiiluin in sole pectit, & 



marito per lusum leviter percussa furtim supervenienle 
virga, ri:*u suborto, mi Landrice dixit, froiilem vir foitis 
petet, <fcc. Marito conspecto attonila. cum Landrico 
mox in ejus mortem conspirat, et statim inter veiiaii- 
dum efficit. 6' Qui Goa> uxorem habens, Gotheri- 

niim principem quendam virum quod iixori suae oculog 
adjecisset, ingeiiti vulnere delormavit in facie, et tibi- 
am abscidit, uiide miituie ccedes. ^'^ lio quod infans 

natus involutus esset panniculo, crcdebat eiim filiuiii 
fratris Francisci, (fcc. ^^ Zelotypia regiiiffi regis 

mortem acceleravit pauio post, ut Mardanns meiicua 
niihi retulit. Ilia autem atra bile inde exagitata in 
latebras se subdiiceiis prie re^'ritudine animi reliquum 
tempus consumpsit. ^ A zelotypia redaclus ad iii 

saniam et despcrationem. s"' Uxorem intcrumi 

inde desperabundus ex alto se prcecipitavit. 



680 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 3 



law that cut off his man's nose: of a painter's wife in Basil, anno 1600, that was 
mother of nine children and had been twenty-seven years married, yet afterwa;ds 
jealous, and so impatient that siie became desperate, and would neither eat nor drink 
'n her own house, for fear her husband should poison her. 'Tis a common sign 
his; for when once the humours are stirred, and the imagination misaffected, it will 
vary itself in divers forms ; and many such absurd symptoms will accompany, even 
madness itself Slvenkius ohservat. lib. 4. cap. de Ute.r. hath an example of a jealous 
woman that by this means had many fits of the mother: and in his first book of 
some that through jealousy ran mad : of a baker that gelded himself to try his wife's 
honesty, &c. Such examples are too common. 



Qui timet ut sua sil, ne quis sibi subtrahat illam, 
llle Machaouia vi.x ope salvus erit." 



MEMB. IV. 

SuBSECT I. — Cure of Jealousy ; by avoiding occasions., not to be idle : of good 
counsel; to contemn it., not to watch or lock them up : to dissemble it., <^'c. 

As of all other melancholy, some doubt M'hether this malady may be cured or no, 
they think 'tis like the '^gout, or Switzers, whom we commonly call Walloons, those 
hired soldiers, if once they take possession of a castle, they can never be got out. 

6" " This is the cruel wound against whose smart, 
IVo liquor's force prevails, or any plaister. 
No skill of stars, no depth of magic art, 
Devised by that great clerk Zoroaster, 
A wound that so infects the soul and heart, 
As all our sense and reason it doth master ; 
A wound whose pans and torment is so durable, 
As it may rightly called be incurable." 

Yet what I have formerly said of other melancholy, I will say again, it may be cured 
or mitigated at least by some contrary passion, good counsel and persuasion, if it be 
withstood in the beginning, maturely resisted, and as those ancients hold, **''^' the 
nails of it be pared before they grow too long." No better means to resist or repel 
it than by avoiding idleness, to be still seriously busied about some matters of im- 
portance, to drive out those vain fears, foolish fantasies and irksome suspicions out 
of his head, and then to be persuaded by his judicious friends, to give ear to their 
good counsel and advice, and wisely to consider, how much he discredits himself, 
his friends, dishonours his children, disgraceth his family, publisheth his shame, and 
as a trumpeter of his own misery, divulgeth, macerates, grieves himself and others ; 
what an argument of weakness it is, how absurd a thing in its own nature, how 
ridiculous, how brutish a passion, how sottish, how odious; for as ^^Hierome well 
hath it. Odium suifacit., et ipse novissime sibi odio est., others hate him, and at last 
he hates himself for it; how harebrain a disease, mad and furious. If he will but 
hear them speak, no doubt he may be cured. *^.Ioan, queen of Spain, of whom I 
have formerly spoken, under pretence of changing air was sent to Complutum, or 
Alcada de las Heneras, where Ximenius the archbishop of Toledo then lived, that 
by his good counsel (as for the present she was) she might be teased. *' " For a dis- 
ease of the soul, if concealed, tortures and overturns it, and by no physic can sooner 
be removed than by a discreet man's comfortable speeches." I will not here insert 
any consolatory sentences to this purpose, or forestall any man's invention, but leave 
it every one to dilate and amplify as he shall think fit in his own judgment : let him 
advise with Siracides cap. 9. 1. '•^ Be not jealous over the wife of thy bosom ;" read 
tliat comfortable and pithy speech to this purpose of Ximenius, in the author him- 
self, as it is recorded by Gomesius ; consult with Chaloner lib. 9. de repub. Anglor. 
or Caslia in her epistles, &.c. Only this I will add, that if it be considered aright, 
which causeth this jealous passion, be it just or unjust, whether with or without 
cause, true or false, it ought not so heinously to be taken ; 'tis no such real or 



6« Tollere nodosam nescit medicina podagram. " Ari- 
osto, lib. HI. stair. 58 Veieres mature suadent 

ungues amoris esse radendos, priusquam producant se 
niuiis. 69 ill Jovianum. eoGon-esius, lib. 3. de 



reb. gestis Ximenii. 6i jjrit enim prrRcordia egn 

tndo animi compressa, et in angustiis adducta inentent 
subvertit, nee alio medicamine facilius erigitur, quam. 
cordati hoininjs sennone. 



Mem. 4. Si .)s. 1.] Cure of Jealousy. 581 

capital matter, that it should make so deep a wound. 'Tis a blow that hurts not, 
in insensible smart, grounded many times upon false suspicion alone, and so fostered 
by a sinister conceit. If she be not dishonest, he troubles and macerates himself 
without a cause; or put case which is the worst, he be a cuckold, it cannot be 
helped, the more he stirs in it, the more he aggravates his own misery. How much 
better were it in such a case to dissemble or contemn it ? why should that be feared 
which cannot be redressed ? mullce tandem deposucrunt (saith ^^ Vives) quiiin Jiecti 
maritos non posse vidcnt., many women, when they see there is no remedy, have been 
pacified ; and shall men be more jealous than women ? 'Tis some comfort in such 
a case to have companions, Solamcn miser is socios hahuisse dolor is ; Who can say 
he is free } Who can assure himself he is not one de prcp.terito^ or secure himself 
defuturo? If it were his case alone, it were hard; but being as it is almost a com- 
mon calamity, 'tis not so grievously to be taken. If a man have a lock, which every 
man's key will open, as well as his own, why should he think to keep it private to 
himself? In some countries they make nothing of it, ne nobiles quide?n^ saith **^Leo 
Afer, in many parts of Africa (if she be past fourteen) there's not a nobleman that 
marries a maid, or that hath a chaste wife ; 'tis so common ; as the moon gives horns 
onee a month to the world, do they to their husbands at least. And 'tis most part 
true which that Caledonian lady, "^"^ Argetocovus, a British prince's wife, told Julia 
Augusta, when she took her up for dishonesty, " We Britons are naught at least with 
some few choice men of the better sort, but you Romans lie with every base knave, 
you are a company of common whores." Severus the emperor in his time made 
laws for the restraint of this vice; and as ^' Dion Nicaeus relates in his life, tria 
millia ?nccchorum, three tiiousand cuckold-makers, or nafurce monetam adidteranits^ 
as Philo calls them, false coiners, and clippers of nature's money, were summoned 
*nto the court at once. And yet, JVon omnem moiitor qucE Jluit undam videt^ 'Hhe 
miller sees not all the water that goes by his mill :" no doubt, but, as in our days, 
these were of the commonalty, all the great ones were not so much as called in 
question for it. ^"^ Martial's Epigram I suppose might have been generally applied in 
those licentious times. Omnia solus habes^ 4'c., thy goods, lands, money, wits are 
thine own, Uxorem scd habes Candide cum populo_ ; but neighbour Candidus your 
wife is common : husband and cuckold in that age it seems were reciprocal terms ; 
the emperors themselves did wear Actagon's badge ; how many Caesars might 1 
reckon up together, and what a catalogue of cornuted kings and princes in every 
story? Agamemnon, Menelaus, Phillippus of Greece, Ptolomeus of ^gypt, Lucul- 
lus, Caesar, Pompeius, Cato, Augustus, Anlonius, Antoninus, &c., that wore fair 
plumes of bull's feathers in their crests. The bravest soldiers and most heroical 
spirits could not avoid it. They have been active and passive in this business, they 
have either given or taken horns. ^'King Arthur, whom we call one of the nine 
worthies, for all his great valour, was unworthih^ served by Mordred, one of his 
round table knights: and Guithera, or Helena Alba, his fair wife, as Leland interprets 
't, was an arrant honest woman. Parcerem Ubenter (saith mine "'author) Heroina- 
rum IcBscE majestati^i si non Idstorice Veritas aurem vellicaret^ I could willingly wink 
at a fair lady's faults, but that 1 am bound by the laws of history to tell the truth: 
against his will, God knows, did he write it, and so do I repeat it. I speak not of 
our times all this while, we have good, honest, virtuous men and women, whom 
fame, zeal, fear of God, religion and superstition contains : and yet for all that, we 
have many knights of this order, so dubbed by their wives, many good women 
abused by dissolute husbands. In some places, and such persons you may as soon 
enjoin them to carry water in a sieve, as to keep themselves honest. What shall a 
man do now in such a case? What remedy is to be had? how shall he be eased? 
By suing a divorce ? this is hard to be effected : si non caste., taiien caute they carry 
the matter so cunningly, that though it be as common as simony, as clear and as 
aianifest as the nose in a man's face, yet it cannot be evidently proved, or they likely 

62 3 De anijiia. ^^ Lih. 3. fi-i Arjrctncoxi Calc- ■ inoechis fecit, ex civibiis plures in jus vncati. 6" I^. 3 

doni Rejjuli uxor, Jiiliae Augusta^ ruin ipsaui uuniterct j Epijr. 'Jti. 6' Asser Arilniri ; parcerem libentcr heroi 

quod irilioiiesle versantur, respondet, nns cum <)piiuiis | iianim \jes^ maj<;siiiti, si noi iiistorise Veritas aiinnii 
virisoonsueiiKliiiem tiabemus; vos Jlomanas auiem oc- vellicaret, Lelaiid. «^ Lelaiid's assert. A Ihiiri. 

cuite pass-'ii hou-.-v.es c( nstupraiii. ^ Leges de ' 

2 Y 2 



mm 



'2" Be it tliat some woman break chaste wedlock's 
laws, 
And leaves her husband and becomws unchaste : 
Ynt commonly it is not without cau>e, 
She se»iS her man in sin her goods to waste, 



582 Love-MclancJioIy. [Part. 3. Sec. 3. 

taken in tve fact : they will have a knave Gallus to watch, or with that Roman 
*^Sulp tia, ill made fast and sure, 

" \e se Cadnrcis destitutam fasciis, 
Nudam Caleno concumbentem videat." 

'* she will hardly be surprised by her husband, be he never so wary." Much better 
then to put it up : the more he strives in it, the more he shall divulge his own shame: 
make a virtue of necessity, and conceal it. Yea, but the world takes notice of it, 
'tis in every man's month : let them talk their pleasure, of whom speak they not in 
this sense ? From the highest to the lowest they are thus censured all : there is no 
remedy then but patience. It may be 'tis his own fault, and he hath no reason to 
complain, 'tis quid fro quo^ she is bad, he is worse: '°" Bethink thyself, hast thou 
not done as much for some of thy neighbours .'' why dost thou require that of thy 
wife, which thou wilt not perform thyself? Thou ranges', like a town bull, ■" why 
ait thou so incensed if she tread awry V 

She feels that he his love from her withdraws, 
And hath on some perhaps less worthy placed. 
Who strike with sword, the scabbard them may 

strike. 
And sure love craveth love, like asketh like." 

Ea semper studehit^ saith '^Nevisanus, pares reddere vices^ she will quit it if she 
can. And therefore, as well adviseth Siracides, cap. ix. 1. " teach her not an evil les- 
son against thyself," which as Jansenius^ Lyranus, on his text, and Carthusianus in- 
terpret, is no otherwise to be understood than that she do thee not a m.ischief. I do 
not excuse her in accusing thee ; but if both be naught, mend thyself first ; for as 
the old saying is, a good husband makes a good wife. 

Yea but thou repliest, 'tis not the like reason betwixt man and woman, through 
her fault my children are bastards, I may not endure it ; '^ Sit amaruhnla, sit impe- 
riosa prodiga., &)C. Let her scold, brawl, and spend, I care not, modo sit castu^ so 
she be honest, I could easily bear it; but this I cannot, I may not, J will not; "my 
faith, my fame, mine eye must not be touched," as the diverb is, J\hn patitur tactum 
fama^Jides^ ocuJus. I say the same of my wife, touch all, use all, take all but this. 
J acknowledge that of Seneca to be true, JVullius honi jucunda posscssio sine socio^ 
there is no sweet content in the possession of any good thing without a companion, 
this only excepted, I say. This. And why this .? Even this which thou so much 
abhorrest, it may be for thy progeny's good, '^better be any man's son than thine, 
to be begot of base Irus, poor Seius, or mean Mevius, the town swineherd's, a shep- 
herd's son : and well is he, that like Hercules he hath any two fathers; for thou thyself 
nast peradventure more diseases than a horse, more infirmities of body and mind, a 
cankered soul, crabbed conditions, make the worst of it, as it is vuJnus insanabilc^ sic 
vulnus insensibite^ as it is incurable, so it is insensible. But art thou sure it is so } ~^res ' 
agit ille tuas? "doth he so indeed .^" It may be thou art over-suspicious, and without 
tt cause as some are : if it be octimeslri.s partus, born at eight months, or like him, and 
him, they fondly suspect he got it; if she speak or laugh familiarly witii su?horsucli 
men, then presently she is naught with them; such is thy weakness; whereas charity, [ 
or a well-disposed mind, would interpret all unto the best. St. Francis, by chance seeing 
a friar familiarly kissing another man's wife, was so far from misconceiving it, that 
he presently kneeled down and thanked God there was so much charity left: but 
they on the other side will ascribe nothing to natural causes, indulge nothing to 
familiarity, mutual society, friendship : but out of a sinister suspicion, presently lock 
them close, watch them, tliinking by those, means to prevent all such inconveniences, 
that's the way to help it; whereas by such tricks they do aggravate the mischief. 
'Tis but in tain to watch that which will away. 

H" Nec custodiri si velit nlla potest; [ " None can be kept resisting for her part ; 

Nee mentem strvare putes, lictt omnia serves; Thoujrh body be kept close, within her heart 

v>mnibus exclusis, intus adulter erit." | Advoutry lurks, t' exclude it there's no art." 

Argus with a hundred eyes cannot keep her, et hunc unus scBpefefillit amor^ as in 
^^Ariosto, 

®Epipram. TOCoffita an sic aliistu nnquam I osto, li. 28. stal^'e 80. "'sSylv nupt. 1 4. num. 72. 

leceris; an hoc tihi nunc tit-ri diLMinm sit? severus aliis, | "4 Leninius, lib. 4. caj). 13. de occult, nat. jnir. '^Opti 
iiidul'.'ens lihi, ciir. ab u.\or# exiais (jiiod non ipse (tries- mum bene nasci. '^ Mart. " Ov» i. amor. lib. 3 

las? Plutar. "iVa<»fi iibMiiiie cnin ipse quovis rapi- | eleg. '« Lib. 4. st. 72. 
aris.cur si vel modicum U,net ipsa, insanias? ^^Ari. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 1.] 



Cure of Jealousy. 

If all our hearts were eyes, yet sure they said 
We hushaiiJs of our wives should be heirayed.' 



583 



Hierome holds, Uxor impudica servari non potest^ piidica non debet^ injida c^isws 
castifafis est necessitas, to what end is all your custody .^ A dishonest woman can- 
not be kept, an honest woman ought not to be kept, necessity is a keeper not to be 
trusted. Difficile cusfodilur^ quod plures amanl ; that which many covet, can hardly 
be preserved, as "^^ Salisburiensis thinks. I am of iEneas Sylvius' mind, ^°''' Those 
jealous Italians do very ill to lock up their wives ; ("or women are of such a (hsposi 
tion, they will most covet that which is denied most, and offend least when they have 
free lr>)erty to trespass." It is in vain to lock her up if she be dishonest; et tijrrani- 
cum imperium^ as our great Mr. Aristotle calls it, too tyrannical a task, most unfit: 
for when she perceives her husband observes her and suspects, Uberius peccaf^ saith 
^'Nevisanus. ^^ Toxica Zclofypo dedit uxor mcBcha viarito^ she is exasperated, seeks 
by all means to vindicate herself, and will therefore offend, because she is unjustly 
suspected. The best course then is to let them have their own wills, give them free 
liberty, without any keeping. 

" iii vain our friends from this do us dehort, 
For beai]ty will he where is most resort." 

If she be honest as Lucretia to Collatinus, Laodamia to Protesilaus, Penelope to her 
Ulyssps, she will so continue her honour, good name, credit, Penelope conjn.x sent' 
per Uhjssis ero ; " I shall always be Penelope the wife of Ulysses." And as Phocias' 
wife in '^^ Plutarch, called her husband *"• her wealth, treasure, world, joy, delight, orb 
and sphere," she will her's. The vow she made unto her good man ; love, virtue, 
religion, zeal, are better keepers than all those locks, eunuchs, prisons; she will not 
be moved : 



M " At mihi vpI tellus optem prius ima dehisrat, 

Aut pater oiniiipotens adifjat nie tulmiue ad umbras, 
Pailenles umbras Erebi, noctcmque prdfiiiidam, 
Ante piidor quam le violem, aul lua jura resolvam." 



' First I desire the earth to swallow me. 
Uefoie I violate mine honesty, 
Or thunder from above drive me to hell, 
With iho^re pale ghosts, and ugly nights to dwell.* 



She is resolved with Dido to be chaste ; though her husband be false, she will b« 
true: and as Octavia writ to her Antony, 

85" These walls that here do keep me out of sight, 
Shall ket'p me all unspotted unto thee. 
And testify that [ will do thee right, 
I'll never stain thine house, ihough thou shame mo." 

Turn her loose to all those Tarquins and Satyrs, she will not be tempted. In the 
time of Valence the Emperor, saith ^" St. Austin, one Archidamus, a Consul of An- 
tioch, offered a hundred pounds of gold to a fair young wife, and besides to set her 
husband free, who was then suh gravissimd cusfodin^ a dark prisoner, pro unlus noc- 
iis concuhitu: but the chaste matron would not accept of it. ^'When Ode com- 
mended Theana's fine arm to his fellows, she took him up short, " Sir, 'tis not com- 
mon:" she is wholly reserved to her husband. ^^Bilia had an old man to her spouse, 
and his breath stunk, so that nobody could abide it abroad; " coming home one day 
he reprehended his wife, because she did not tell him of it : she vowed unto him, 
she had told him, but she thought every man's breath had been as strong as his.'^ 
^^Tigranes and Armena his lady were invited to supper by King Cyrus: when they 
came home, Tigranes asked his wife, how she liked Cyrus, and what she did espe- 
cially commend in him.? "she swore she did not observe him; when he replied 
again, what then she did observe, whom she looked on .'* She made answer, hei 
husband, that said he would die for her sake." Such are the properties and condi 
tions of good women : and if she be well given, she will so carr) herself; if other- 
wise she be naught, use all the means thou canst, she will be naught, JYon deest ani- 
mus sed corruptor., she hath so many lies, excuses, as a hare hath muses, tricks, pan 
ders, bawds, shifts, to deceive, 'tis to no purpose to keep her up, or to reclaim her 
by hard usage. "Fair means peradventure may do somewhat." ^^ Obsequio vnices 



^9 Policrat. lib. 8. c. 11. De amor. «> Euriel. et 

1/Ucret. «pii uxores occiudunt, meo judicio minus utili- 
ter faciiint; sunt enim eo incenio mulieres ut id potis- 
simuni cupiant, quod maxime denegatur: si liberas 
hahent habenas, minus delinquunt; frustra seram ad- 
bibes, si r.nn sit spoiit§ casta. ^i Qiiando cognos- 

cunt maritos hoc advertere. ^2 A„sonius. ^Opes 
luas mundum suum, thesaurui i suuin, &c 84 Virg. 



Mn. 85 Daniel. 86 ] fje serm. d. in inonte ros 16. 

8'0 quam formosus lacertus hie quidain iin|iiit ad 
a;quales cnnversns; at ilia, publicus, inq'iit, non est. 
'''^Bilia Diniituin viruni seiniu dibnit et spirilnni fneti- 
diim habentem, qnem cpium quidain e\probrass(;t, &;c. 
**" Niimquid tibi, Armena, Tijiranes videbatur esse pul 
Cher? el ilium, inquit, a;depol, &;c. Xeuoph. Cyroitsed. 
I. 3. 90 Ovid. 



>^ . <^,'.^A .A^r 



584 



Love-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 3. 



aplius ipse iuo. Men and women are both in a predicament in this behalf, no soonei 
won, and belter pacified. Duel volunt., non r.ngl : though she be as arrant a scold as 
Xantippe, as cruel as Medea, as clamorous as Hecuba, as lustful as Messalina, by 
such means (if at all) she may be reformed. Many patient ^' Grizels, by their obse- 
quiousness in this kind, have reclaimed their husbands from their wandering lusts. 
In Nova Francia and Turkey (as Leah, Rachel, and Sarah did to Abraham and Jacob) 
they bring their fairest damsels to their husbands' beds; Livia seconded the lustful 
appetites of Augustus : Stratonice, wife to King Diotarus, did not only bring Elec- 
tra, a fair maid, to her good man's bed, but brought up the children begot on her, as 
carefully as if they had been her own. Tertius Emilius' wife, Cornelia's mother, 
perceiving her husband's intemperance, rem dissmulavit^ made much of the maid, 
and would take no notice of it. A new-married man, when a pickthank friend of 
his, to curry favour, had showed him his wife familiar in private with a young gal- 
lant, courting and dallying, &.c. Tush, said he, let him do his worst," I dare trust my 
wife, though I dare not trust him. The best remedy then is by fair means ; if that 
will not take place, to dissemble it as I say, or turn it off with a jest : hear Guexerra's 
advice in this case, vel joco excipies^ vel silentio eludes; for if you take exceptions 
at everything your wife doth, Solomon's wisdom, Hercules' valour, Homer's learn- 
ing, Socrates' patience, Argus' vigilance, will not serve turn. Thetefore Minus ma- 
lum^ ^-'d less mischief, Nevisanus holds, dissimulare^ to be ^^ Cunarum emptor, a buyer 
of cradles, as the proverb is, than to be too solicitous, ^''"A good fellow, when his 
wife was brought to be<J before her time, bought half a dozen of cradles beforehand 
for so many children, as if his wife should continue to bear children every two 
months." ^° Pertinax the Emperor, when one told him a fiddler was too familiar with 
his empress, made no reckoning of it. And when that Macedonian Philip was up- 
braided with his wife's dishonesty, cum tot victor regnorum ac populorum esset, <^c., 
a conqueror of kingdoms could not tame his wife (for she thrust him out of doors), 
he made a jest of it. Sapientes portant cornua in pectore, siulti in fronte, sailh Nevi- 
sanus, wise men bear their horns in their hearts, fools on their foreheads. Eumenes, 
king of Pergamus, was at deadly feud with Perseus of Macedonia, insomuch that 
Persn;is hearing of a journey he was to take to Delphos, ^^set a company of soldiers 
to intercept him in his passage; they did it accordingly, and as they supposed left 
him stoned to death. The news of this fact was brought instantly to Pergamus; 
Attains, Eumenes' brother, proclaimed himself king forthwith, took possession of 
the crown, and married Stratonice the queen. But by-and-by, when contrary news 
was brought, that King Eumenes was alive, and now coming to the city, he laid by 
his crown, left his wife, as a private man went to meet him, and congratulate his 
return. Eumenes, though he knew all particulars passed, yet dissembling the mat- 
ter, kindly embraced his brother, and took his wife into his favour again, as if on 
such matter had been heard of or done. Jocundo, in Ariosto, found his wife in bed 
with a knave, both asleep, went his ways, and would not so much as wake them, 
much less reprove them for it, ^' An honest fellow finding in like sort his wife had 
played false at tables, and borne a man too many, drew his dagger, and swore if he 
had not been his very friend, he would have killed him. Another hearing one had 
done that for him, which no man desires to be done by a deputy, followed in a rage 
with his sword drawn, and having overtaken him, laid aduliery to his chaige; the 
offender hotly pursued, confessed it was true; with which confession he was satis- 
fied, and so left him, swearing that if he had denied it, he would not liave put it up. 
How much better is it to do thus, than to macerate himself, impatiently to rave and 
rage, to enter an action (as Arnoldus Tilius did in the court of Toulouse, against 
Martin Guerre his fellow-soldier, for that he counterfeited his habit, and was too 
familiar with his wife), so to divulge his own shame, and to remain for ever a cuck- 
old on record ? how much better be Cornelius Tacitus than Publius Cornutus, to 
condemn in such cases, or take no notice of it .'' Melius sic errare, quam Zelofypiir 



»> Read Petrarch's Tale of Patient Grizel in Ciiaiicer. 
«Sil iiiii». lib. 4. num. 80. "3 Erasmus. a^auum 

Hccepissei uxoreni pepcrisse secundo a nuptiis mense, 
cunas quiiias vel senas coemit, ut si forte uxor singulis 
biuiensjliiis p.ireret. s^ JuliusCn[)itol. vita ejus, 

quutn palam ('ithanedus uxoreni diliceret, niinime cu- 
liotiUfl fuit. "6 Dispohii it armalos qui ipsuni inlerfice- 



rent: hi proteniis mandatum exequentes, &c. Lie et 
rex deciaralur, et Stratoniceni qiiffifratri iiupserat, uxo- 
rem ducit : sed po.^tquam audivit fratrem viven-, &c. 
Attalum c<niiter accepit, pristinnmiiue uxoreni com 
plexus, iriauno honore apud se habiiit. »'Stt? Joan 

Harrington's notes in 28. book of Arioslo. 



Alem. 4. Subs. 2.] Cure of Jealousy. 585 

:uris^ saith Erasmus, se conficrre^ better be a wittol and put it up, than to trouble 
•limself to no purpose. And though he will not omnibus dormire^ be an ass, as he 
's an ox, yet to wink at it as many do is not amiss at some times, in some cases, to 
some parties, if it be for his commodity, or some great man's sake, his landlord, 
patron, benefactor, (as Calbas the Roman saith ^'^ Plutarch did by Maecenas, and 
Phaylius of Argos did by King Philip, when he promised him an office on that con 
dition he might lie with his wife) and so let it pass : 

**9"pol me liaiid poenitet, 

Scilicet 1)0111 diniidium dividere cum Jove," 

" it never troubles me (saith Amphitrio) to be cornuted by Jupiter, l^^t it not molest 
ihee then ;" be friends with her ; 

100 Tu cum Alcineiia uxore antiquam in gratiam 
Redi" 

" Receive Alcmena to your grace again ;" let it, I say, make no breach of love be- 
tween you. Howsoever the best way is to contemn it, which ' Henry I], king of 
France advised a courtier of his, jealous of his wife, and complaining of her un- 
chasteness, to reject it, and comfort himself; for he that suspects his wife's incon- 
tinency, and fears the Pope's curse, shall never live a merry hour, or sleep a quiet 
night : no remedy but patience. When all is done according to that counsel of 
^ Nevisanus, si vitium vxoris corrigi nan jjotesl^ fercndum est : if it may not be 
helped, it mu.^t be endured. Date veniam et susiinete iaciti, 'lis Sophocles' advice, 
keep it to tliyself, and which Chrysostom cdiWs paIcBstraj7i phi losophice, et domeslicum 
gyvmasiam a school of philosophy, put it up. There is no other cure but time to 
wear it out, Injur iarum remedium est oblivio^ as if they had drunk a draught of 
Lethe in Trophonius' den : to conclude, age will bereave her of it, dies dolorem 
minuit^ time and patience must end it. 

3 "The mind's affectioriB patience will appease, 
It passions kills, and healeth each disease." 

SuESECT. II. — By prevention befoie, or after Marriage^ Plato^s Community, marry 
a Courtezan, Philters, Sfeivs, to marry one equal in years,Jortunes, of a good 
family, education, good place, to use them well, ^"c. 

Of such medicines as conduce to the cure of this malady, I have sufficiently 
treated ; there be some good remedies remaining, by way of prevention, precautions, 
or admonitions, which il" rightly practised, may do much good. Plato, in his Com- 
monwealth, to prevent this mischief belike, would have all tilings, wives and chil- 
dren, all as one: and which Caesar in his Commentaries observed of those old 
Britcyus, that tirst inhabited this land, they had ten or twelve wives allotted to such 
a family, or promiscuously to be used by so many men ; not one to one, as with us, 
or foui, five, or six to one, as in Turkey. The ^ Nicholaites, a set that sprang, saith 
Austin, from Nicholas the deacon, would have women indifferent; and the cause of 
this fflt/iy sect, was Nicholas the deacon's jealousy, for which when he was con- 
demned to purge himself of his offence, he broached his heresy, that it was lawful 
to lie with one another's wives, and for any man to lie with his : like to those "" Ana- 
baptists in ivlunster, that would consort with other men's wives as the spirit moved 
them: or pp *^ Mahomet, the seducing prophet, would needs use women as he list 
himself, to beget prophets; two hundred and ffve, their Alcoran saith, were in love 
with him, and '' he as able as forty men. Amongst the old Carthaginians, as ^Bohe- 
inus ri'lales out of Sabellicus, the king of the country lay with the bride the ffrst 
night, and once in a year they went promiscuously all togetiier. Munster Cosmog. 
lib. 3. cap. 497. ascribes the beginning of this brutish custom (unjustly) to one 
Picardus, a Frenchman, that invented a new sect of Adamites, to go naked as Adam 
did, and to use promiscuous venery at set times. When the priest repeated that of 
Gfinesis, *•' Increase and multiply," out ^ went the candles in the place where they 



*8 Atna«or. dial. 99 Plautus s. en. ult. Amphit. 

100 Mem. i 1. Daniel conjiirat. Fifiich a Lib. 

4. num. !-0. 3 R. I'. * Lilt, de iien.'s. Qiiuin de 

Eele culpan-tur, pur;.'an(li se causa pi rlni^isse fertur ut 
fii (nii villi't uttreUir; quod ejus (actum in sectam tur- 
pistiHiiain versum est, qua placet usus jadifferens foemi- 

71 



naruin. » Sleiden, Com. s Alcoran. '.Alcoran 

edit, ot Bihliandro. » De nior. •iciit. lih. 1. cao- C 

Niiptuni' rci.'i de virginandte cxhibcntur. "» Luniina 

exiinjiuehanlur, iiec persoiiaett anati.s liahila revereutia; 
ill quam quisque per tenebras incidit, mulierem cog- 

llOSCJt. 



586 



Love-Melancho ly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 3. 



met, •' ancl witliout all respect of age, persons, conditions, catch that catch may, 
every man toolv her that came next," &.c. ; some fasten this on those ancient Bohe- 
mians and Hussians : '" others on the inhabitants of Mambrium, in the Lucerne vahey 
in Piedmont; and, as I read, it was practised in Scotland amongst Christians them- 
selves, until King Malcolm's time, the king or the lord of the town had their maiden- 
heads. In some parts of " India in our age, and those ''^islanders, '^as amongst the 
Babylonians of old, they will prostitute their wives and daughters (which Chalco- 
condila, a Greek modern writer, for want of better intelligence, puts upon us Britons) 
to sucli travellers or seafaring men as come amongst them by chance, to show how 
far they were from this feral vice of jealousy, and how little they esteemed it. The 
kings of Calecut, as '"'Lod. Vertomannus relates, will not touch their wives, till one 
of their Biarmi or high pritsts have lain first with them, to sanctify their wombs. 
But those Esai and Montanists, two strange sects of old, were in another extreme, 
they would n.ot marry at all, or have any society with women, '^"because of their 
intemperance tliey held them all to be naught." Nevisanus the lawyer, lib. 4. num. 
33. sy/v. nup. would have him that is inclined to this malady, to prevent the worst, 
marry a quean, Capiens meretricou^ hoc liabet saltern bout quod non decipitur^ quia 
scit earn sic esse., quod non conlingit uliis. A fornicator in Seneca construpated two 
wenches in a night ; for satisl'action, tlie one desired to hang him, the other to marry 
him. '^^ Hieron.e, king of Syracuse in Sicily, espoused himself to Pitho, keeper of 
the stews \ and Ptolemy took Thais a common whore to be his wife, had tw^o sons, 
Leontiscus and Lagus by her, and one daughter Irene : 'tis therefore no such un- 
likely thing. '"A citizen of Eugubine gelded himself to try his wife's honesty, and 
to be fieed iVom jealousy; so (hd a baker in '^ Basil, to the same intent. But of all 
other precedents in this kind, that of '^Combalus is most memorable; who to pre- 
vent his master's suspicion, for he was a beautiful young man, and sent by Seleucus 
his lord and king, with Stratonice the queen to conduct her into Syria, fearing the 
worst, gelded hnnself before he went, and left his genitals behind him in a box 
sealed up. His mistress by the way fell in love with him, but he not yielding to 
her, was accused to Seleucus of incontinency, (as that Bellerophon was in like case, 
falsely traduced by Slhenobia, to King Pragtus her husband, cum non posset ad coi- 
tum inducerc) and that by her, and was therefore at his coming home cast into 
prison : the day of hearing appointed, he was sufficiently cleared and acquitted, by 
showing his privities, which to the admiration of the beholders he had formerly cut 
off. I'lie Lydians used to geld women whom they suspected, saith Leonicus var. 
hist. lib. 3. cap. 49. as well as men. To this purpose ^'^ Saint Francis, because he 
used to confess women in private, to prevent suspicion, and prove himself a maid, 
stripped himself before the Bishop of Assise and others : and Friar Leonard for the 
same cause went through Vilerbium in Italy, without any garments. 

Our Pseudocaiholics, to help these inconveniences which proceed from jealousy, 
to keep themselves and their wives honest, make severe laws ; against adultery pre- 
sent death ; and withal fornication, a venal sin, as a sink to convey that furious and 
swift stream of concupiscence, they appoint and permit stews, those punks and 
pleasant sinners, the more to secure their wives in all populous cities, for they hold 
them as necessary as ciiurches ; and howsoever unlawful, yet to avoid a greater mis- 
chief, to be tolerated in policy, as usury, for the hardness of men's hearts ; and for 
this end they have whole colleges of courtezans in their towns and cities. Of 
^' Cato^s mmd belike, tliat would have his servants (^cwti ancillis congredi coitus 
causa, dejinito cEre., ut graviora facinora evitarent, cceferis interim i7iterdicens) fami- 
liar with some such feminine creatures, to avoid worse mischiefs in his house, and 
made allowance for it. They hold it impossible for idle persor.j, young, rich, and 



loLeaniler Albertus. Flagitioso ritu cuncti in fEdcm 
conveuieiiles pi^st inipiiram coiicioiieiu, exiiiictis lunii- 
ilibus in Veiitiieiii ruunt. ^' Lod. Veitomariiius 

•lavif,'. lid. t). cap. H. et Marcus Polus lib. ]. cap. 4b. 
tlxores vialoribiis pros-litiiuiit. i* Uitlunarus, 

Bleskenius, ut Agetas Anstoui, pulcherriuiaui iLXoreiii 
babeiis pi().->uiuil.. ^^ Herudut. in Erato. Mulieres 

Babyloiii cjEcuin liospite peruiisceiit ur ob argeiiUun quod 
post Veiieri sacrum, liohenius, lib. 2 i^ Navi^ut. 

lib. 5. cap. 4. prius thoruiii iioii iiiit, quam a dij^'iioiL' 
•acerdotc uuva nupla detiorata sit. i» ijohcinus 



lib. 2. cap. 3. Ideo nnbere nolleir,, ob mulierum inleiu 
perantiiun, nullain servareviro fidem putnbatit. KSte» 
phanus pritfat. Herod. Alius e iupaiiari inereiricem, 
I'ltho diclam, i.. UAorem diixit; Ptoloir '£us Thaidem 
nobile scortum duxit et e.\ ea duos tilios suscepit, &;c. 
'' Poj:giu8 Floreno. is Fulix Plater. la Plutarc;i, 

Lticiaii, Salmutz Tit. 2. do porcellaiiis cuav in Panciro K 
de nov. rtpert. et Plutarchus. ^o 'iteplianus e 1. 

coiifur. Bonavent. c. (J. vit. Francisci. ^' Plularcfc 

vit. ejus. 



I\lem. 4. Subs. 2. 



Care of Jealousy. 



5S7 



lusty, so many servants, monks, fiiars, to live honest, loo tyrannical a burden to 
compel them to be chaste, and most unfit to sutler poor men, youn<rer brothers and 
soldiers at all to marry, as those diseased persons, votaries, priests, servants. Tiiere- 
fore, as well to keep and ease the one as the other, they tolerate and wink at these 
kind of brothel-liouses and stews. Many probable arguments they have to prove 
tiie lawfulness, the necessity, and a toleration of them, as of usury ; and withoul 
question in policy they are not to be contradicted : but altogether in religion. Others 
prescribe filters, spells, charn)s to keep men and women honest. ^^MiiUcr ut alicnum 
virum non admiUat prceter suum: Acc'ipe fel hirci, et adipem^ el exsicca, calescat in 
oleo^ 4'c., et non alluiii prceter et amahii. In Alexi. Porta^ 4'c., plura invenies., et 
muJld his absurdlora^ uti et in Rhasi., ne mulicr virum admitlat, et maritum solum 
diligut^ 4c. But these are most part Pagan, impious, irreligious, absurd, and ridicu- 
lous devices. 

The best means to avoid these and like inconveniences are., to take away the 
causes and occasions. To this purpose '^''Varro writ Satyram Menippeam^ but it is 
lost. ^^Patritius prescribes four rules to be observed in choosing of a wife (which 
who so will may read); Eonseca, the Spaniard, in his 45. c. Amphilheat. Amoris, 
sets down six special cautions for men, four for women ; Sam Neander out of Shon- 
bernerus, five for men, five for women ; Anthony Guiavarra many good lessons ; 
^^Cleobulus two alone, others otherwise; as first to make a good choice in marriage, 
to invite Christ to their wedding, and which ^'^ St. Ambrose adviseth, Dcwn conjugii 
prcp.sidem habere, and to pray to him for her, (.^ Domino enim datur uxor prudens, 
Prov. xix.) not to be too rash and precipitate in his election, to run upon the first he 
meets, or dote on every stout fair piece he sees, but to choose her as much by his 
ears as eyes, to be well advised wiiom he takes, of what age, &lc., and cautelous in 
his proceedings. An old man should not marry a young woman, nor a young woman 
an old man, ^Qudm maU incsquales veniunt ad arata juvenci! such matches must 
needs minister a perpetual cause of suspicion, and be distasteful to each other. 



Noctua lit in tumulis, super atque cadaver.i bubo. 
Talis apiiil Sophocloni uuslia puella sedet." 



Night-crows on tombs, owl sits on carcass dead, 
So lies a wencl) with iSoplKjcles in bed." 



For Sophocles, as -^ Atheneus describes him, was a very old man, as cold as January, 
a bed-fellow of bones, and doted yet upon Arcliippe, a young courtezan, than which 
nothing can be more odious. ^'Senex marilus uxori juveni ingratus est, an old man 
is a most unwelcome guest to a young wench, unable, unfit : 

31 "Ainplexiis siios fusiunt piiella;, 

Unmis horret amor Venusque Hynienque." 

And as in like case a good fellow that had but a peck of corn weekly to grind, yet 
would needs build a new mill for it, found his error eftsoons, for either he must let 
his mill lie waste, pull it quite down, or let others grind at it. So these men, &c. 

Seneca therefore disallows all such unseasonable matches, hahent enim male.dicti 
locum crebrcB nuptice. And as ^^ Tully farther inveigiis, " 'tis unfit for any, but ugly 
and filthy in old age." Turpe senilis amor, one of the three things ^■'' God hateth. 
Plutarcii, in his book contra Coleten, rails downright at such kind of marriages, 
which are attempted by old men, qui jam corpore impolenti, et a voluptatibut deserti, 
peccant unimo, and makes a question whetiier in some cases it be tolerable at least 

for such a man to marry, qui Venerem affectat sine viribus, ••' that is now past 

those venerous exercises," ••' as a gelded man lies with a virgin and sighs," Ecclus 
XXX. 20, and now complains with him in Petronius, funerata est hcac pars jam ^ucr 
fuit olim Jlchillea, he is quite done, 

34 «' Vixit puella nuper idoneus, 
Et niililavit non sine, gloria.'' 

But the question is whether he may delight himself as those Priapeian popes, which, 
in their decrepit age, lay commonly between two wenches every night, contacta for- 



'^ Vecker. lib. 7. secret. 23 citatnr a Gellio. 

*■« Lib. 1. Tit. 4. <le instil, reipub. de otiicio inariti. 
!«\ecuni ea blande niinis agas, ne objurges prteseiiti- 
bus e.xtraneis. 26 Epi.st. 'iO. '^^ Ovid. "How 

badiv steers of different ages are yoked to the plough." 
»' Alciat enib. IIG. 23 Deipnosoph. 1. 3. cap. lA 

** Euripides. 3. Pontanus hiaium lib. 1. " Maider 3 



shun their embraces ; [jove, Venus, Hymen, all abhor 
them." 3*()tfic. lib. Luxuria cum oinni aita^ 

turpis, turn senectuti fa;dissima. ^^ Kcclus. xxv. 2 

"An old man that dotes," &c. ^^ Hor. jj|,. ;j. ode 

26. " He was lately a match for a maid, and contende<^ 
not ingloriously." 



5S8 



Lov e-Me lancho ly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. C 



mosaruiu, et conirccfatione^ nuni adhtic gaudeat ; and as many doting sires do to theii 
own shame, their children's undoing, and *heir ^milies' confusion : he abhors il 
tanquam ah agresti et furioso domino fugiendum, it must be avoided as a bedlam 
master, and not obeyed. 



Ipsa faces pra-fert nul)entibus, et malus Hymen 
Triste ululai," 

the devil himself makes such matches. ^^ Levinus Lemnius reckons up three thm^s 
which generally disturb the peace of marriage : the first is when they marry intem- 
pestive or unseasonably, "as many mortal men marry precipitately and inconside- 
rately, when they are effete and old : the second when they marry unequally for for- 
tunes and birth : the third, when a sick impotent person weds one tliat is sound, 
nov(B nuptce spes frustrafur : many dislikes instantly follow." Many doting dizzards, 
it may not be denied, as Plutarch confesseth, ^'^ " recreate themselves witli such obso- 
lete, unseasonable and filthy remedies (so he calls them), with a remembrance of 
their former pleasures, against nature tliey stir up their dead flesh :" but an old lecher 
is abominable; mulier tertio nubens^ '^^ JNTevisanus holds, prcesumitur luhrica, et in- 
constans^ a woman that marries a third time may be presumed to be no honester 
than she should. Of them both, tluis Ambrose concludes in his comment upon 
Luke, ^^" they that are coupled together, not to get children, but to satisfy their lust, 
are not husbands, but fornicators," with whom St. Austin consents : matrimony with- 
out hope of ciiildren, non matrimonium^ sed concubium did debet^ is not a wedding 
but a jumbling or coupling together. In a word (except they wed for mutual society, 
help and comfort one of another, in which respects, though '^"Tiberius deny it, with- 
out question old folks may well marry) for sometimes a man hath most need of a 
wife, according to Puccius, v/hen he hath no need of a wife; otherwise it is most 
odious, when an old acherontic dizzard, that hath one foot in his grave, a silicer- 
nium^ shall flicker after a young wench that is blithe and bonny, 

■•1 '* salaciorque 

Veriio passere, et albulis columbis." 



What can be more detestable .'' 

42 " Tu cano capite arnas senex riequissiiue 
Jam plenijs aetatis, animaque foeiida, 
Seiiex Inrcosus tti osculare mulierem? 
Utiiie adieus vomitum potius excuties." 



"Thou old goat, hoarj' leclier, naughty man. 
With stinkiti}; breath, art thou in love? 
Must iho'i he slaveriuj; ? she spews to see 
'i'iiy filthy face, it doth so move." 



Yet, as some will, it is much more tolerable for an old man to marry a young wo- 
man (our ladies' match they call it) for eras erit mulier^ as he said in Tully. Cato 
the Roman, Critobulus in ^^Xenophon, ""^ Tyraquellus of late, Julius Scaliger, &.C., 
and many famous precedents we have in that kind; but not c contra : 'tis not held fit 
for an ancient woman to match with a young man. For as Varro will, Anus diim 
ludit morli delitias facit^ 'tis Charon's match between "^Cascus and Casca, and the 
devil himself is surely well pleased with it. And, therefore, as the ■*®poet inveighs. 
thou old Vetustina bed-ridden quean, that art now skin and bones. 



Cui tres ca[)illi, quatuorque sunt denies, 
Pectus cicada;, crusculumque formica', 
Rugosiorem qu;e tjeris slola frontcm, 
Et arenarum cassihus pares mammas." 



■Tliat liast three hairs, four teeth, a breast 
Like grasshopper, an emmet's crest, 
A skin more ru^'ged than thy coat. 
And drugs like spider's web to boot." 



Must thou marry a youth again ? And yet ducenfas ire nupium post mortes amant . 
howsoever it is, as ""^ Apuleius gives out of his Meroe, congressus annosus^ pcstilens^ 
abhorrendus^ a pestilent match, abominable, and not to be endured. In such case 
how can they otherwise choose but be jealous, how should they agree one with an- 
other ^ This inequality is not in years only, but in birth, fortunes, conditions, and 
all good "''* qualities, si qua voles ape nubere^ nube pari^ 'tis my counsel, saith An- 



sa " Alecto herself holds the torch at such nuptials, 
and malicious Hymen sadly howls." ^^Cap. 5. instit. 
ad optimam vitam : maxima inortalium pars priEcipi- 
tanteret inconsiileratG nubit, idque eaa;tate qua? minus 
Bfita est, quuuj seiii^x adolescei.tultE, sarms morbidae, 
dives pauperi, (kc, ^''Obsolelo, intempestivo, turpi 

remedio fatentur se nti; recordatione pristinarum vo- 
luptalum se recreant, et adversante natura, pollinctam 
carnem el enectam excitant. s^Lih. 'i. iiu. iiS. 

»«Q.ui vero non procreandse prolis, scd explendai libidi- 



nis causa sihi invicem copulantur, non tain conju;.'eii 
qiiam fornicarii habentur. ^o Lpx Papia. Sucton. 

Claud, c. 23. ■*! Pontanus biarum lib. 1. ' More sa- 

lacious than the sparrow in spring, or the snow-white 
rinji-doves." ^2 piantus mercator. 43Symposio 

«Vide 'I'huani historiain. •'^Calabpct. vet. poeta- 

rum. <6 Martial, lib. 3. (52. Epig. ^ Lib. 1. ,Vlil"-i. 

''^OVid. ''If you would marry suitably, marry you 
equal in every respect." 



Mem. 4. Subs. 2.] / Cure of Jealousy. 58? 

thony Guiverra, to choose such a one. Civis Civem ducaf^ .Xohilis JVohilem., let a 
citizen match with a citizen, a gentleman with a gentlewoman; he tiiat observes nol 
this precept (saith he) nnn gencrum scd malum Geniuni^ nan nurum sed Furiam^ non 
vita, ComUem^ sed Ulis fomifem dom'i hahehif., instead of a fair wife sliall have a fury, 
for a fit son-in-law a mere fiend, &c. examples are too frequent. 

Another main caution fit to be observed is this, that though they be equal in years, 
birth, fortunes, and other conditions, yet they do not omit virtue and good education 
which Musonius and Antipater so much inculcate in Stobeus : 

<9"Dnst est magna parenturri 

Virtus, el inetiieris altcrius viri 
Certo fcEdere castitas." 

If, as Plutarch adviseth, one must eat modium sails., a bushel of salt with him, before 
he choose his friend, what care should be had in choosing a wife, his second self, 
how solicitous should he be to kiiow her qualities and behaviour; and when he is 
assured of them, not to prefer birth, fortune, beauty, before bringing up, and good 
conditions. ^"Coquage god of cuckolds, as one merrily said, accompanies the god- 
dess Jealousy, both follow the fairest, by Jupiter's appointment, and they sacrifice to 
them together: beauty and honesty seldom agree; straight personages have often 
crooked manners ; fair faces, foul vices ; good complexions, ill conditions. Suspi.- 
cionis plena res es/, et insidiarum., beauty (saith ^' Chrysostom) is full of treachery 
and suspicion : he that hath a fair wife, cannot have a worse mischief, and yet most 
covet it, as if nothing else in marriage but that and wealth were to be respected. 
•'^Francis Sforza, Duke of Milan, was so curious in this behalf, that he would not 
marry the Duke of Mantua's daughter, except he might see her naked first : which 
Lycurgus appointed in his laws, and Morus in his Utopian Commonwealth approves. 
•'^ In Italy, as a traveller observes, if a man have three or four daughters, or more, 
and they prove fair, they are married eftsoons : if deformed, they change their lovely 
names of Lucia, Cynthia, Camaena, call them Dorothy, Ursula, Bridget, and so pui 
them into monasteries, as if none were fit for marriage, but such as are eminently 
fair : but these are erroneous tenets : a modest virgin weil conditioned, to such a fair 
snout-piece, is much to be preferred. If thou wilt avoid them, take away all causes 
of suspicion and jealousy, marry a coarse piece, fetch her from Cassandra's ^^ temple, 
which was wont in Italy to be a sanctuary of all deformed maids, and so shalt thou 
be sure that no man will make thee cuckold, but for spite. A citizen of Bizance in 
France had a filthy, dowdy, deformed slut to his wife, and finding her in bed with 
another man, cried out as one amazed; miser I quce te necessitas hue adegit? O 
thou wretch, what necessity brought thee hither? as well he might; for who can 
affect such a one .? But this is warily to be understood, most offend in another ex- 
treme, they prefer wealth before beauty, and so she be rich, they care not how she 
look; but these are all out as faulty as the rest. Attendenda uxor is forma., as ^'Salis- 
buriensis adviseth, ne si alteram aspexeris.^ mox earn sordere putes, as the Knight in 
Chaucer, that was married to an old woman, 

.^7id all day after hid him as an owl. 
So woe was his wife looked so foul. 

Have a care of thy wife's complexion, lest whilst thou seest another, thou loathest 
her, she prove jealous, thou naught, 

66" Si tibi deformis conjux, si serva venusta, 
Ne utaiis serva," 

I can perhaps give instance. Molestum est possiderc^ quod nemo habere dignetur^ a 
misery to possess that which no man likes : on the other side, Dijficih cusloditur 
quod plures amant. And as the bragging soldier vaunted in the comedy, nimia est 
miser ia pule hrum esse hominem nimis. Scipio did never so hardly besiege Carthage, 
as these young gallants will beset thine house, one with wit or person, another with 



*9" Parental virtue is a rich inheritance, as well as 
that cliastity which habitually avoids a second hus- 
band." so Kabelais hist. I'antajL'ruel. 1. 3. cap. 33. 
»i Horn. 80. Q,iii pulchrain hahet uxorem, nihil pejus 
habere potest. saArniseus. ^3 itinerar. Ital, 
Coloniae edit. 1C20. Nomine trium. Ger. fol. .304. displi- 
cuit quod dunlins filiabus immutent nomen inditum in 



Baptisime, et pro Catharina, Margareta, &c. ne quid 
dcsit nd luxuriam, appellant ipsas nominibus CynthiiE, 
Canuenffi, &c. ^4 J^eonicus de var, lib. 3. c. 43. Asy- 

lus virginuni deforuiium Cassandra" templum. I'Intarch. 
55 Polycrat. I. 8. cap. II. '•^ If your wife seem de- 

formed, your maid beautiful, ■ ..till abstain from the 
latter." 



2Z 



590 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 3. 



wealtli, &.C. If she be fair, saith Guazzo, she will be suspected howsoever. Both 
rxtremes ate naught, Pulchra citb adamalur^ fceda facile concupiscil^ the one is soon 
beloved, the other loves : one is hardly kepi, because proud and arrogant, the other 
not worth keeping; what is to be done in this case .^ Ennius in Menelippe adviseth 
thee as a friend to take staiam formam^ si vis habere incolumem pudicitiam^ one of 
H middle size, neither too fair nor too foul, °'' JVec formosa magis quam mihi casta 
placet^ with old Cato, though fit let her beauty be, neque lectissima^ neque illiheralis^ 
between both. This 1 approve; but of the other two I resolve with Salisburiensis, 
ccBterls paribus^ both rich alike, endowed alike, major i miserid deformis habetur quam 
formnsa scrvaiur, I had rather marry a fair one, and put it to the hazard, than be 
troubled with a blowze ; but do as thou wilt, I speak only of myself. 

Howsoever, quod iterum maneo^ I would advise thee thus much, be she fair or foul, 
to choose a wife out of a good kindred, parentage, well brought up, in an honest 
plac*-. 

M" Primiim aninio tibi proponas quo sansuine creta, 
Q,iia forma, qua aetate, quihusqiie ante omnia virgo 
Moribus, in junctos venial nova nupta penates." 

He 'iiat marries a wife out of a suspected inn or alehouse, buys a horse in Smith- 
lielu, and hires a servant in Paul's, as the diverb is, shall likely have a jade to his 
hoio'e, a knave for his man, an arrant honest woman to his wife. Filia prcESumitur 
esse matri s/miZis, saith ^^Nevisanus .? "Such®°a mother, such a daughter ;" wia/i 
coTci malum ovum^ cat to her kind. 

61 " Scilicet e.xpectas ut tradat mater honestos 
Atque alios mores quam qiios liabet V 

" If the mother be dishonest, in all likelihood the daughter will mairizare^ take after 
her in all good qualities," 

" Creden' Pasipliae non tauripotente futuram 
'I'auripetam ?" 

'^ If the dam trot, the foal will not amble." My last caution is, that a woman do 
»?ot bestow herself upon a fool, or an apparent melancholy person ; jealousy is 9 
symptom of that disease, and fools have no moderation. Justina, a Roman lady, 
was much persecuted, and after made away by her jealous husband, she caused and 
enjoined this epitaph, as a caveat to others, to be engraven on her tomb : 



62"Discite ab exeniplo Justinse, di?cite patres, 
Ne nubal fatno filia vestra viro," &.c. 



Learn parents all, and by Justina's case, 
Your children to no dizzards for to place." 



After marriage, I can give no better admonitions than to use their wives well, and 
which a friend of mine told me that was a married man, I will tell you as good cheap, 
saith Nicoslratus in ^^ Stobeus, to avoid future strife, and for quietness' sake, "when 
you are in bed, take heed of your wife's flattering speeches over night, and curtain 
sermons in the morning." Let them do their endeavour likewise to maintain thern 
to their means, which '*■* Patricius ingeminates, and let them have liberty with discre- 
tion, as time and place requires : many women turn queans by compulsion, as ^^Ne- 
visanus observes, because their husbands are so hard, and keep them so short in diet 
and apparel, paupertas cogit eas meretricari^ poverty and hunger, want of means, 
makes them dishonest, or bad usage; their churlish behaviour forceth them to fly 
out, or bad examples, they do it to cry quittance. In the other extreme some are 
too liberal, as the proverb is. Tardus malum sibi cacaf^ they make a rod for their 
own tails, as Candaules did to Gyges in ^''Herodotus, commend his wife's beauty 
himself, and besides would needs have him see her naked. Whilst they give their 
wives too much liberty to gad abroad, and bountiful allowance, they are accessary to 
their own miseries; animce uxorum pessime olcnt^ ?ls Plautus jibes, they have de- 
formed souls, and by their painting and colours procure odium marili^ their husband'? 

hate, especially, ^' cum misere viscantur labra mariti. Besides, their wives 

(as ^ Basil notes) Impudenter se exponunt masculorum aspeclibus, jactantcs tunicas,, 



6' Manillus. " Not the most fair but the most virtu- 
ous pleases me." 6«Chaloner lib. 9. de repub. An-j. 
69 Lit). 2. num. 150. t^o gj geneirix caste, caste 
qu.ique filia vivit ; si meretrix mater, filia talis erit. 
61 Juven. Sat. 6. ^'Camerarius cent. 2. cap. 54. 
oper. subcis. ^sSer. 72. Quod amicus quidam 
uuremhabens mihi dixit, dicani vobis. In cubili ca- 
rendae adulationes vesperi, mane damores. " lji,. 



4. tit. 4. de institut. Reipub. cap. de officio mariti et 
uxoris. 65 Ljh. 4. syl. niip. num. 81. Nou curant 

de uxoribus, nee volunt iis subvenire de victu, vestitu, 
&c. ^ In Clio. Speciem uxoris supra modum i xtol 

lens, fecit ul illain nudam coram aspiceret. *>'' Ijven 
Sat, C. •' He cannot kiss his wife for paint " ear, a, 
contra ebr. 



Mem 4. Subs. 2.] Cure of Jealmsy. 591 

$t coram tripudiantes^ impudently thrust themselves into other men's companies, and 
by their indecent wanton carriage provoke and tempt the spectators. Virtuous 
women should keep house ; and 'twas weU performed and ordered by the Greeks, 

69 " mulier iie (]un in publicum 

Spectandaiii se sine arhitro prcebeat viro ;" 

which made Phidias belike at Elis paint Venus treading on a tortoise, a symbol of 
women's silence and housekeeping. For a woman abroad and alone, is like a deer 
broke out of a park, quam mille venafores insequuntur^ whom every hunter follows; 
and besides hi such places she cannot so well vindicate herself, but as thai virgin 
Dinah (Gen. xxxiv., 2,) " going for to see the daughters of the land," lost her vir- 
ginity, she may be defiled and overtaken of a sudden : Imhelles damcB quid nisi 
prceda sumus? ° 

And therefore I know not what philosopher he was, that would have women come 
but thrice abroad all their time, "" '•'• to be baptized, married, and buried ;" but he was 
too strait-laced. Let them have their liberty in good sort, and go in good sort, viodo 
non annos viginti a>tatis sum domi relinquant^ as a good fellow said, so that they look 
not twenty years younger abroad than they do at home, they be not spruce, neat, 
.angels abroad, beasts, dowdies, sluts at home ; but seek by all means to please and 
give content to their husbands : to be quiet above all things, obedient, silent and 
patient ; if they be incensed, angry, chid a little, their wives must not '^ cample again, 
but take it in good part. An honest woman, I cannot now tell w^here she dwelt, but 
by report an honest woman she was, hearing one of her gossips by chance complain 
of her husband's impatience, told her an excellent remedy for it, and gave her withal 
a glass of W'Uter, which when he brawled she should hold still in her mouth, and 
that toties qvoties^ as often as he chid ; she did so two or three times with good suc- 
cess, and at length seeing her neighbour, gave her great thanks for it, and would 
needs know the ingredients, ''^she told her in brief what it was, "fair water," and 
no more : for it was not the water, but her silence which performed the cure. Let 
every froward woman imitate this example, and be quiet within doors, and (as '^ M. 
Aurelius prescribes) a necessary caution it is to be observed of all good matrons that 
love their credits, to come little abroad, but follow their work at home, look to their 
household affairs and private business, oBcoiiomice incumbenles^ be sober, thrifty, wary, 
circumspect, modest, and compose themselves to live to their husbands' means, as a 
jood housewife should do, 

75"Q.U!E studiis pavisa coli. partita labores 

Falltt opus cantu, f()rni;e assiniulata coronje 
Cura puellaris, circuni fusosque rotasque 
Cum volvet," &:c. 

flowsoever 'tis good to keep them private, not in prison ; 

''6"Q,uisquis custodit uxorem vectihus et seris, 
Etsi sibi sapiens, siultus est, et nihil sapit. 

Read more of this subject, Horol, princ. lib. 2. per totum. Arnisasus, polif. Cyprian, 
Tertullian, Bossus de mulier. opparat. Godefridus de Amor. lib. 2. cap. 4. Levinus 
Lemnius cap. 54. de instifut. Christ. Barbarus de re uxor. lib. 2. cap. 2. Franciscus Pa- 
tritius de insf.itut. Reipub. lib. 4. Tit. 4. et 5. de officio mariti et uxoris^ Christ. Fonesca 
Ampkitheat. Amor. cap. 45. Sam. Neander, Sic. 

These cautions concern him ; and if by those or his own discretion otherwise he 
cannot moderate himself, his friends must not be wanting by their wisdom, if it be 
possible, to give the party grieved satisfaction, to prevent and remove the occasions, 
objects, if it may be to secure him. If it be one alone, or many, to consider whom 
he suspects or at what times, in what places he is most incensed, in what companies. 
"Nevisanus makes a question whether a young physician ought to be admitted in 
cases of sickness, into a new-married man's house, to administer a julep, a syrup, or 
some such physic. The Persians of old would not suffer a young physician to come 

W'Tliat a matron should not be seen in public with- nis illustrihus ne frequenter exeant. "Chaloner. 

out her husband as her spokesman." '""Helpless' "One who deli<ihts in the labour of the distalf, and 



deer, what are we but a prey ?" 'i Ad baptismu 

matrimoniuin et tuinultuin. " \on vociferatur ilia 

«i niaritus obeanniat. '^ Fraudem aperiens osten- 

iit ei non aquam sed siientiuin iracundiae moderari. 
**Horc; princi. lib. 2. cap. 8. Diligentercavendum foemi- 



heguiles the hours of labour with a sonjj : her duties 
assume an air of virtuous beauty when she is busied at 
the wheel and the spindle with her maids." ''« Me 

I ander. " Whoever guards his wife witii bolts and bart 
v,ill repent his narrow policy." "Lib. 5. num. II 



592 Love-Melancholy. [TuYi 3. Sect. 3. 

amongst women. '^ Apollonides Cons made Artaxerxes cuckold, and was after buried 
alive for it. A goaler in Aristaenetus had a fine young gentleman to his prisoner; 
^^in commiseration of his youth and person he let him loose, to enjoy the liberty of the 
prison, but he unkindly made him a cornuto. Menelaus gave good welcome to Paris 
a stranger, his whole house and family were at his command, but he ungently stole 
away his best beloved wife. The like measure was offered to Agis king of Lace- 
dcemon, by ^"^ Alcibiades ai\ exile, for his good entertainment, he was too familiar with 
Timea his wife, begetting a child of her, called Leotichides : and bragging 'moreover 
when he came home to Athens, that he had a son should be king of the Lacedemo- 
nians. Jf such objects were removed, no doubt but the parties might easily be satis- 
fied, or that they could use them gently and intreat them well, not to revile them, 
scoff at, hate them, as in such cases commonly they do, 'tis a human infirmity, a 
miserable vexation, and they should not add grief to grief, nor aggravate their misery, 
but seek to please, and by all means give them content, by good counsel, removing 
such offensive objects, or by mediation of some discreet friends. In old Rome there 
was a temple erected by the matrons to that ^' Vi.riplaca Dea^ another to Venus 
verticorda^ qucE maritos uxorihus reddebat henevolos, whither (if any difference hap- 
pened between man and wife) they did instantly resort: there they did offer sacrifice. 
a white hart, Plutarch records, sine felle^ without the gall, (some say the like of 
Juno's temple) and make their prayers for conjugal peace; before some "indifferent 
arbitrators and friends, the matter was heard between man and wife, and commonly 
composed. In our times. we want no sacred churches, or good men to end such 
controversies, if use were made of them. Some say that precious stone called 
^beryllus, others a diamond, hath excellent virtue, contra hosttum injurias^ el conju" 
gatos invicem conclliare^ to reconcile men and wives, to maintain unity and love; 
you may try this when you will, and as you see cause. If none of all these means 
and cautions will take place, I know not what remedy to prescribe, or whither such 
persons may go for ease, except they can get into the same ^^ Turkey paradise, 
'''• Where they shall have as many fair wives as they will themselves, with clear eyes, 
and such as look on none but their own husbands," no fear, no danger of being 
cuckolds; or else I would have them observe that strict rule of ^^Alphonsus, to 
marry a deaf and dumb man to a blind woman. If this will not help, let them, to 
prevent the worst, consult with an ^'^ astrologer, and see whether the significators in 
her horoscope agree with his, that they be not in signis et partihus odiose inluentihus 
aut imperanfibiis^ sed mutuo et amice antisciis et obedientibus^ otherwise (as they hold) 
there will be intolerable enmities between them : or else get them sigillum veneris^ 
a characteristical seal stamped in the day and hour of Venus, vi'hen she is fortunate, 
with such and such set words and charms, which Villanovanus and Leo Suavius pre- 
scribe, ex sigillis magicis Salomonis^ Hennetis., RagueUs., S^c.^ with many such, which 
Alexis, Albertus, and some of our natural magicians put upon us : ut mulier cum 
aliquo adnlterare non possit^ incide de capillis ejus., (^c, and he shall surely be gra- 
cious in all women's eyes, and never suspect or disagree with his own wife so long 
as he wears it. If this course be not approved, and other remedies may not be had, 
they must in the last place sue for a divorce ; but that is somewhat difficult to effect, 
and not all out so fit. For as Felisacus in his Tract de jusia uxore urgeth, if that 
law of Constantine the Great, or that of Theodosius and Valentinian, concerning 
divorce, were in use in our times, innumeras propemodum viduas haberemus., et cmlibes 
viros^ we should have almost no married couples left. Try therefore those former 
remedies; or as Tertullian reports of Democritus, that put out his eyes, ^'because 
he could not look upon a woman without lust, and was much troubled to see that 
which he might not enjoy; let him make himself blind, and so he shall avoid that 
care and molestation of watching his wife. One other sovereign remedy I could 
fepeat, an especial antidote against jealousy, an excellent cure, but I am not now dis- 



••sctesias in Persicia finxit vulvae morbiiin esse nee 
cur;iri posse nisi cum viro concuniberet, liac arte voti 
compos. &p "9 Exsolvit vinculis soliitiimque deini- 

sit, ai ille inhnmatiiis stupravit conju£em. »" Plu- 

tarch, vita ejus. »' Kosinus lib. 2. 19. Valerius lib. 2. 
cap. 1. ^"^ Alexander ab Alexandre I. 4. cap. 8. gen. 

ilit'f. 83 Fr. Rueus de gernmis I. 2. cap. 8. et 15. 

wStroziusCicogna lib. 2. cap. 15. spiritet in can. habeiit 



ibidem uxores quot volunt cum oculis clarissimis, quns 
iiiinqoam in aliquem prtpter maritum fixuri sunt, &,c. 
Bredeiibacchius, Idem et Boheinus, &c. ^^^ Uxor CEca 
ducat maritum surduni, &c. ^ See Valent. IVabod 

differ, com. in Alcabitium, ubi plura. ^^ Cap. 46 

Apol. quod mulieres sine concupiscentia aspicere non 
posset, &.C. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Reltgious Melancholy. 59 J 

posed to tell it, not that like a covetous empiric I conceal it for any gain, but S(.mfi 
other reasons, J am not willing to publisii it: if you be very desirous to know it, 
when I meet you next I will peradventure tell you what it is in your ear. This is 
the best counsel I can give ; which he that hath need of, as occasion serves, may 

apply unto himself. In the mean time, dii lalem terris avertite peslem, ^^as the 

proverb is, from heresy, jealousy and frenzy, good Lord deliver us. 



SECT. IV. MEMB. I. 



SuTisF.cT. I. — Religious Melancholy. Its object God; ichat his beauty is; How it 
allures. The parts and parties ajj'ected. 

That there is such a distinct species of love melancholy, no man hath ever yet 
doubted: but whether this subdivision oV^ Religious Melancholy be v/arrantable, it 
may be controverted. 

BO" Pergite Pierides, medio iiec calle vawantem 

LiiKiiiite me, qua nulla pedum vestigia ducunt,. 
Nulla rota; currus lestaiitur signa pnures." 

1 have no pattern to follow as in some of the rest, no man to imitate. No physiciarr 
hath as yet distinctly written of it as of the other; all acknowledge it a most notable 
symptom, some a cause, but few a species or kind. ^' Areteus, Alexander, Rhasis, Avi- 
cenna, and most of our late writers, as Gordonius, Fuchsius, Plater, Bruel, Montal- 
tus, Sec. repeat it as a symptom. ^" Some seem to be inspired of the Holy Giiost, some 
take upon them to be prophets, some are addicted to new opinions, some foretell strange 
things, de statu mundi et Antichristi., saith Gordonius. Some will prophesy of the 
end of the world to a day almost, and the fall of the Antichrist, as they have been 
addicted or brought up; for so melancholy works w^ith them, as ''^ Laurentius holds. 
If they have been precisely given, all their meditations tend that way, and in con- 
clusion produce strange eiiects, liie humour imprints symptoms according to their 
several inclinations and conditions, which makes ^^Guianerius and '^^ Felix Plater put 
too much devotion, blind zeal, fear of eternal punishment, and that last judgment for 
a cause of those enthusiastics and desperate persons : but some do not obscurely 
make a distinct species of it, dividing love melancholy into that whose object is 
women ; and into the other whose object is God. Plato, in Convivio, ni:;»kes men- 
tion of two distinct furies; and amongst our Neoterics, Hercules de Saxonid lib. 1. 
pract. med. cap. 16. cap. de Mclanch. doth expressly treat of it in a distinct species. 
'"^''Love melancholy (saiih he) is twofold; the lirst is that (to which peradventure 
some will not vouchsafe this name or species of melancholy) affection of those which: 
put God for their object, and are altogether about prayer, fasting, &.C., the other about 
women." Peter Forestus in his observations delivereth as much in the same words: 
and Felix Platerus de mentis alienat. cap. S. frequeritissinia est ejus species., in qua 
curanda scepissime inultiim fui impeditus ; 'tis a frequent disease; and they have a 
ground of what they say, tbrth of Areteus and Plato. ^^ Areteus, an old author, in 
his third book cap. 6. doth so divide love melancholy, and derives this second from 
the first, which comes by inspiration or otherw^ise. ^'^ Plato in his Phaedrus hath 
these words, '^Apollo's priests in Delphos, and at Dodona, in their fury do many 
pretty feats, and benefit the Greeks, but never in their right wits." He makes them 
all mad, as well he might; and he that shall but consider that superstition of old, 

fe8 "Ye gods avert such a pestilence from the world." i still troi»l»led for their sins. ^^ piater c. 13. ^ Me- 
*9Called religious because it is still conversant ah4)ut ' lancliolia Erotica vel quiu cum ainore est, duplo.\ est: 
religion and sucii divine objects. "^Grotiiis. "Pro- prima quit ali aliis forsan non nieretur noiiien melan- 

ceed, ye must s, nor desert me in tlie middle of my cluilia;, est aftectio eorum qua; pro objecto proponunt 
journey, where no footsteps lead me, no « lieeltracks Deum et ideo nihil aliutl curant aut cogitant quaia 
indicate the transit of former chariots." 'Ji Lib. I. Deum, jejiinia, vigilias: altera ob mulieres. ^' Alia 

cap. Iti. nonnulli opiuionibus addicti sunt, et futura sc reperitur furoris species a p-rin>a vel a .secunda, deorum 



priL-dicere aroitrantiir. '•'2 Aliis vi.lelur quod sunt 

propheiJE et ins|)irati aSpiritu sancto, et incrpiiint pro- 
phetare, et multa futura prasdicunt. ^'■HJap. (3. de 

Melancli. "* Lap 5. Tractat. inuiti ob timoreiii 

Dei sunt melancholici, et tunorera gehennae. They are 

75 2z2 



ntium, vel atilatu numinum furor hie venit 
''"Qui in Uelphis futura pra;d)cunl vates, et in Dodomi 
sacerdotes furentws quidem multa jocundi Grtecis defe- 
runt, saiii vero exigua aut nulla. 



094 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 4. 



those prodigious efTec^^s ol it (as in its place I will shew the several furies of our 
fatidici dii, pythonissas, sibyls, enthusiasts, pseudoprophets, heretics, and schismatics 
in tliese our latter ages) shall instantly confiess, that all the world again cannot afford 
so much matter of madness, so many stupendous symptoms, as superstition, heresy, 
schism have brought out : that this species alone may be paralleled to all the former, 
has a greater latitude, and more miraculous effects; that it more besots and infatuates 
men, than any other above named whatsoever, does more harm, works more dis- 
quietness to manivind, and has more crucified the souls of mortal men (such hath 
been the devil's craft) than vvars, plagues, sicknesses, dearth, famine, and all the rest. 

Give me but a little leave, and I will set before your eyes in brief a stupendous, 
vast, infinite ocean of incredible madness and folly : a sea full of shelves and rocks, 
sands, gulfs, euripes and contrary tides, full of fearful monsters, uncouth shapes, 
roaring waves, tempests, and siren caluis, halcyonian seas, unspeakable misery, such 
comedies and tragedies, such absurd and ridiculous, feral and lamentable fits, that I 
know not whether they are more to be pitied or derided, or may be believed, but 
that we daily see the same still practised in our days, fresh examples, nova novitia^ 
fresh objects of misery and madness, in this kind that are still represented unto us, 
abroad, at home, in the midst of us, in our bosoms. 

But before I can come to treat of these several errors and obliquities, their ''causes, 
symptoms, affections, &c., I must say something necessarily of the object of this 
love, God himself, what this love is, how it allureth, whence it proceeds, and (which 
is the cause of all our miseries) how we mistake, wander and swerve from it. 

Amongst all those divine attributes tliat God doth vindicate to himself, eternity, 
omnipotency, immutability, wisdom, majesty, justice, mercy, &c., his ^^ beauty is not 
the least, one thing, saith David,. have I desired of the Lord, and that 1 will still 
desire, to behold the beauty of the Lord, Psal. xxvii. 4. And out of Sion, which is 
the perfection of beauty, hath God shined, Psal. 1. 2. All other creatures are fair, I 
conliess, and many other objects do much enamour us, a fair house, a fair horse, a 
comely person, '''° '" 1 am amazed," saith Austin, '•'' when 1 look up to heaven and 
behold the beauty of the stars, the beauty of angels, principalities, powers, who can 
express it .'* who can sufficiently commend, or set out this beauty which appears in 
us ? so fair a body, so fair a lace, eyes, nose, cheeks, chin, brows, all fair and lovely 
to behold ; besides the beauty of the soul which cannot be discerned. If we so 
labour and be so much affected with the comeliness of creatures, how should we be 
ravished with that admirable lustre of God himself.?" If ordinary beauty have such 
a prerogative and power, and what is amiable and fair, to draw the eyes and ears, 
hearts and affections of all spectators unto it, to move, win, entice, allure: how shall 
this divine form ravish our souls, which is the fountain and quintessence of all 
beauty.'' CiElum pulchrum^ scd pulchrior cgbH fabricator ; if heaven be so fair, the 
sun so fair, how much fairer shall he be, that made them fair.? '•'•For by the great- 
ness and beauty of the creatures, proportionally, the maker of them is seen," Wisd. 
xiii. 5. If there be such pleasure in beholding a beautiful person alone, and as a 
plausible sermon, he so much affect us, what shall this beauty of God himself, that 
is infinitely fairer than all creatures, men, angels, &lc. ^ Ovinis jmJchriludo forem, 
■homimwi^ angelorum^ et rerum omnimn pulcliernmarum ad Dei pulchriludinem collata, 
nox est et tenebrcE., all other beauties are night itself, mere darkness to this our inex- 
plicable, incomprehensible, unspeakable, eternal, infinite, admirable and divine beauty. 
This lustre, puichritudo omnium pulcherrima. This beauty and ^" splendour of the 
divine Majesty," is it that draws all creatures to it, to seek it, love, admire, and adore 
it; and tiiose heathens, pagans, philosophers, out of those relics they have yet left 
of God^s image, are so far forth incensed, as not only to acknowledge a God ; but, 
ihough after their own inventions, to stand in admiration of his bounty, good- 
ness, to adore and seek him ; the magnificence and structure of the world itself, an I 
beauty of all his creatures, his goodness, providence, protection, enforceth them lo 
love him, seek him, fear him, though a wrong way to adore him : but for us thai 



88 Deus bonus, jusius, pulcher, juxta Platonem. 
""•Mimrct stiipeo cum ccBlum aspicio et pulcliritudi 
*)«ui sidcruiii, angeloruiii, &c. et quis digne laudel quod 
ta nobis vigct, coruusiaiu pulchrum, froutem pulchram, 



nares, getias, oculos, in ellectuni, nniiiia pulclua; si sic 
in creaturis laborainus; quMl in ipsotleo? « iJrexe 

lius Nicel lib. 2. cap. 11. * Fulgor divi"^* majeiitatis. 
Aug. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1.1 



That it Is a distinct species. 



595 



are christians, regenerate, that are his adopted sons, ilhiminated by his ,vord, having 
the eyes of our hearts and understandings opened •, how fairly doth he offer and 
expose himself.'' Jimhit nos Dciis (Austin saith) donis et forma .sua, he woos us by* 
his beauty, gifts, promises, to come unto him ; ^" the whole Scripture is a message, 
an exhortation, a love letter to this purpose;" to incite us, and invite us, "* God's 
epistle, as Gregory calls it, to his creatures. He sets out iiis son and his church hi 
that epithalamium or mystical song of Solomon, to enamour us the more, comparing 
his head "to rine goUl, his locks curled and black as a raven. Cant. iv. 5. his eyes 
like doves on rivers of waters, washed with milk, his lips as lilies, (h-ooping do vn 
pure juice, his hands as rings of gold set with chrysolite: and his church to a vine- 
yard, a garden inclosed, a fountain of living waters, an orchard of pomegranates, 
with swe.ei scents of saffron, spike, calamus and cinnamon, and all the trees of in- 
cense, as the chief spices, the fairest amongst women, no spot in her, ^his sister, his 
spouse, undefiled, the only daughter of her mother, dear unto her, fair as the moon, 
pure as the sun, looking out as tlie morning;" that by these figures, that glass, these" 
spiritual eyes of contemplation, we might perceive some resemblance of his beauty, 
the love between his church and him. And so in the xlv. Psalm this beauty of his 
church is compared to a "queen in a vesture of gold of Ophir, embroidered raiment 
of needlework, that the king might take pleasure in her beauty." To incense us 
further yet, ^ John, in his apocalypse, makes a description of that heavenly Jeru- 
salem, the beauty, of it, and in it the maker of it; "Likening it to a city of pure 
gold, like unto clear glass, shining and garnished with ail manner of precious stones, 
having no need of sun or moon : for the lamb is the light of it, the glory of God 
doth illuminate it: to give us to understand the infinite glory, beauty and happiness 
of it." Not tiiat it is no fairer than these creatures to which it is compared, but 
that this vision of his, this lustre of his divine majesty, cannot otherwise be ex- 
pressed to our apprehensions, " no tongue can tell, no heart can conceive it," as Paul 
saith. Moses hnnself, Exod. xxxiii. 18. Vv'hen he desired to see God in his glory, 
was answered that he might not endure it, no man could see his face and live. 
Sensibile forte destruit scnsinn., a strong object overcometh the sight, according to 
that axiom in i^hilosophy : fulgor em soli s ferre non potes., multo magis creaioris ; 
if thou canst not endure the sunbeams, how canst thou endure that fulgor and bright- 
ness of him that made the sun i The sun itself and all that we can imagine, are 
but shadows of it, 'tis visio prcECcU.ens., as 'Austin calls it, the quintessence of beauty 
this, '•' which far exceeds the beauty of heavens, sun and moon, stars, angels, gold 
and silver, woods, fair fields, and whatsoever is pleasant to behold." All those 
other beauties fail, vary, are subject to corruption, to loathing; ^" But this is an im- 
mortal vision, a divine beauty, an immortal love, an indefatigable love and beauty, 
with sight of which we shall never be tired nor wearied, but still the more we see 
the more we shall covet him." ^" For as one saith, where this vision is, there is ab- 
solute beauty ; and where is that beauty, from the same fountain comes all pleasure 
and happiness ; neither can beauty, pleasure, happiness, be separated from his vision 
or sight, or his vision, from beauty, pleasure, happiness." In this life we have but 
a glimpse of this beauty and happiness : we shall hereafter, as John saiih, see him 
as he is : thine eyes, as Isaiah promiseth, xxxiii. 17. " shall behold the king in his 
glory," then shall we be perfectly enamoured, have a full fruition of it, desire, '° be- 
hold and love him alone as the most amiable and fairest object, or summum bonum<^ 
or chiefest good. 

This likewise should we now have done, had not our will been corrupted ; and 
as we are enjoined to love God with all our heart, and all our soul : for to that end 
were we born, to love this object, as " Melancthon discourselh, and to enjoy it. 
"And him our will would have loved and sought alone as our summum bonum^ or 



»Iri Psal. Ixiv. misit ad nos Epistolas et lotain 
Bcripturiun, quihus nohis fac«rel ainaiidi ilesidenuai. 
« Episi. 4ti. I. 4. quid est tota scripliira nisi E|)islola oin- 
niputeiilis Uei ad crealiiruiu suani? »Cap. vi. 8. 

• Cap. xxvii. II. 1 lit Psal. Ixxxv. oinnes [)ulchri- 

•udiiies terreiias auri, argenti, nt'inoriiiii et caiiiporiim 
rulchntiidineiii Soliset Luiiie, stellariiiii, omnia pulclira 
iiiperaiis. e Iminortalis lioec visio inimorlalis amor, 

indefessus amor et VISIO. »Osorius; ubicuiique visio 



et pulchritiido divini aspectiis, iiii voluptas ex enderii 
fuiite omnis(|ue heatiliido, iiec ab ejus aspectii vohiptas, 
nee ab ilia voluptate aspectus separan potest. '•> i,hoii 
fliebreus. Diibitalur an huiiiana felicitas Ueo cojriios- 
cendo an ainaiulo terminetur. " Lib. de anima. 

Ad hoc objeclnin amaiidiim et frnendinn nati siiiims; 
ethunc expetisset, uiiiciiiri hunc airiasset humana, vo- 
luntas, ut summum boiium, et ca.'leras res oinnes oo 
urdiae. I 



696 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 'S. Sec. 4 



principal g<»oJ, iiid all other good things for God's sake: and nature, as slie pro- 
ceeded from it. would have sought this fountain ; but in this inrirmity of human 
nature this order is cHsturbed, our love is corrupt:" and a man is like that monster 
in '^ Plato, composed of a Scyila, a lion and a man ; we are carried away headlong 
with the torrent of our affections : the world, and that infinite variety of pleasing 
objects in it, do so allure and enamour us, that we cannot so luuch as look towards 
God, seek him, or think on him as we should : we cannot, saith Austin, Rempub. 
c'wlestem cogitare^ we cannot contain ourselves from them, their sweetness is so 
pleasing to us. Marriage, saith '^Gualter, detains many; *•' a thing in itself laudable, 
good and necessary, but many, deceived and carried away with the blind love of it, 
have quite laid aside the love of God, and desire of his glory. Meat and drink hath 
overcome as many, whilst they rather strive to please, satisfy their guts and belly, 
than to serve God and nature." Some are so busied about merchandise to get money, 
they lose their own souls, whilst covetously carried, and with an insatiable desire 
of gain, they forget God ; as much we may say of honour, leagues, friendships, 
health, wealth, and all other profits or pleasures in this life whatsoever. '" ^' \n this 
world there be so many beautiful objects, splendours and brightness of gold, majesty 
of glory, assistance of friends, fair promises, smooth words, victories, triumphs, and 
such an infinite company of pleasing beauties to allure us, and draw us from God, 
that we cannot look after hini." And this is it which Christ himself, those prophets 
and apostles so much thundered against, 1 John, xvii. 15, dehort us from ; " love not 
the world, nor the things that are in the world : if any man love the world, the love 
of the father is not in him, 16. For all that is in the world, as lust of the flesh, 
the lust of the eyes, and pride of life, is not of the Father, but of tlie world : and 
the world passelh away and the lust thereof; but he that fulfilleth the will of God 
abideth for ever. No man, saith our Saviour, can serve two masters, but he must 
love tiie one and hate the other, &c., " bonos vel malos viores^ boni vel malt faciunt 
amores,, Austin well infers : and tliis is that which all the fathers inculcate. He can- 
not (''Austin admonisheih) be God's friend, that is delighted with the pleasures of 
the world : " make clean thine heart, purify thine heart; if thou wilt see this beauty, 
prepare thyself for it. It is the eye of contemplation by which we must behold it, 
the wing of meditation which lifts us up arid rears our souls with the motion of our 
hearts, and sweetness of contemplation :" so saith Gregory cited by '^Bonaventure. 
And as '' Pliilo Judaeus seconds him, "he that loves God, will soar aloft and take 
him wings ; and leaving the earth fly up to heaven, wander with sun and moon, stars, 
and that heavenly troop, God himself being his guide." if we desire to see him, we 
must lay aside all vain objects, which detain us and dazzle our eyes, and as '^Ficinus 
adviseth us, '*■ get us solar eyes, spectacles as they that look on the sun : to see this 
divine beauty, lay aside all material objects, all sense, and tlien thou shalt see him 
as he is." Thou covetous wretch, as "* Austin expostulates, "■ why dost thou stand 
gaping on this dross, muck-hills, filthy excrements .? behold a far fairer object, God 
liimself woos thee; behold him, enjoy him, he is sick for love." Cant. v. he invites 
thee to his siglit, to come into his fair garden, to eat and drink with him, to be 
merry with him, to enjoy his presence for ever. ^° Wisdom cries out in the streets 
besides the gates, in the top of high places, before the city, at the entry of the door, 
and bids them give ear to her instruction, which is better than gold or precious 
stones ; no pleasures can be compared to it : leave all then and follow her, vos ex- 
liortor 6 amici et obsecro. In ^'.Ficinus's words, 'M exhort and beseech you, that 
you would embrace and follow this divine love with all your hearts and abilities, by 
ail offices and endeavours make this so loving God propitious unto you." For 



»2 9. de Repub. i3 Horn. 9. in epist. Johai.nis rap*. 

2. Rlultos coiijufiium ilecepit, rts ainjqui salutaris et 
iiecess-ana, en (juod ca;co ejus ainore deceidi, <liviiii 
atnoris el glonte studiuin in universuin alyecerimt; 
plurimos cihus et polus perdit. » In niundo splendor 
opiun g!.iiria; niajestas, aniicitiarum piffitfiilia, verburuni 
ItlandiiiEE, voluplatuni omnis generis illeceltrre, victoria;, 
triumph), et iiitiiiita alia ah ainore dei iios abstraliunt, 
-&c. ^^iri psal. xxxii. Dei amicus esse iion potest 

!|ui mundi siudiis delectatur ; ill hanc, formain videas 
inunda cor, s-erena cor, Jfcc. '^ Coiitemplationis pluma 
nos 8ublevat, atque iiide erigimur intenticne curdis. 



diilcediiie contemplaiionis distinct. 6. de 7. Itiiieritms. 
1' Lib devicliuiis: amans Deum, sublimia petit, siiinp- 
tis alis et in coelum rt:cJe volat, relicia terra, cupidus 
aberraiidi cum sole, luiia, sieilaruiiKjue sacra inilitia, 
ipso Deo duce. i" In com. Plat. cap. 7. ut Solcm 

videas (M'.uiis, fieri dehes solans: ut divinam as[)icia3 
piilchritudinem, demitte matcriam, demitte seii.-><iiii el 
Deum qualis sit videbis. '^ Avare, ipiid iiiliia.< liis 

&c. pulclirior est qui le ambit ;psiim visurus, ipsum ha- 
biturus. 20 prov. viii. 2i (j;,p. i>^. Rom. Anioreiu 

hunc divinnm totis viribus ainpiexamini ; Deum vobi» 
omni oliiciorum geiiere propitiuiu facile. 



Mem. 1. Subs. I.] Causes of Religious Melanr.lwly. 597 

whom alone, saitli ^^Piotiniis, "'we must forsake the kingdoms and empires --^f ihr 
wliole earth, sea, land, and air, if we desire to be ingrafted into him, leave all anc* 
follow him." 

Now, forasmuch as this love of God is a habit infused of God, as ^^Thomas holds, 
1. 2. quiTst. 2\^. "by which a man is inclined to love God above all, and his neigh- 
Dour as himself," we must pray to God that he will open our eyes, make clear our 
hearts, that we may be capable of his glorious rays, and perform those duties that 
he requires of us, Deut. vi. and Josh, xxiii. " to love God above all, and our neigh- 
bour as ourself, to keep his commandments. In this we know, saith John, c. v. 2, 
we love the children of God, when we love God and keep his commandments." 
"• This is the love of God, that we keep his conmiandments; he that loveth not. know- 
eth not God, for God is love, cap. iv. 8, and he that dwelleth in love, dwelleth in 
God, and God in him;" for love pre-supposeth knowledge, faith, hope, and unites 
us to God himself, as ^^ Leon Hebreus delivereth unto us, and is accompanied with 
the fear of God, humility, meekness, patience, all those virtues, and charity itself. 
For if we love God, we shall love our neighbour, and perform the duties which are 
required at our hands, to which v/e are exhorted, 1 Cor. xv. 4, 5 ; Ephes. iv.; Colos. iii.; 
Rom. xii. We shall not be envious or puffed up, or boast, disdain, think evil, or be 
provoked to anger, "but sufter all things; endeavour to keep the unity of the spirit 
in the bond of peace." Forbear one another, forgive one another, clothe the naked, 
visit the sick, and perform all those works of mercy, which ^^ Clemens Alexandrinus 
calls anioris el. amicifice impletionem et extenfioncm^ the extent and complement of 
love; and that not for fear or worldly respects, but ordine ad DeuMj for the love of 
God himself This we shall do if we be truly enamoured; but we come short in 
both, we neither love God nor our neighbour as we should. Our love in spiritual 
things is too ^^ defective, in worldly things too excessive, there is a jar in both. We 
love the world too much; God too little; our neighbour not at all, or for our own 
ends. Vulgus amicitias utiliiate jyrohaL "The chief thing we respect is our com- 
modity;" and what we do is for fear of worldly punishment, for vain-glory, praise 
of men, fashion, and such by respects, not for God's sake. We neither know God 
aright, nor seek, love or worship him as we should. And for these defects, we in- 
volve ourselves into a multitude of errors, we swerve from this true love and wor- 
ship of God: wdiich is a cause unto us of unspeakable miseries; running into both 
extremes, we become fools, madmen, without sense, as now in the next place 1 will 
show you. 

The parties affected are innumerable almost, and scattered over the face of the 
earth, far and near, and so have been in all precedent ages, from the beginning of 
the world to these time.s, of all sorts and conditions. For method's sake I will re- 
duce them to a two-fold division, according to those two extremes of excess and 
defect, impiety and superstition, idolatry and atheism. Not that there is any excess 
of divine worship or love of God ; that cannot be, we cannot love God too much, 
or do our duty as we ouglii, as Papists hold, or have any perfection in this life, much 
less supererogate: when we have all done, we are unprofitable servants. But be- 
cause we do aliud agere^ zealous without knowledge, and too solicitous about tliat 
which is not necessary, busying ourselves about impertinent, needless, idle, and vain 
ceremonies, populo ut placerent., as the Jews did about sacrifices, oblations, offerings, 
incense, new moons, feasts, &c., but Isaiah taxeth them, i. 12, " who required tliis at 
your hatids .''" We have loo great opinion of our own worth, that we can satisfy the 
law: and do more than is required at our hands, by performinij those evangelical 
counsels, and such works of supererogation, merit for others, which Bellarmine, Gre- 
gory de Valentia, all their Jesuits and champions defend, that if God should deal in 
rigour with them, some of their Franciscans and Dominicans are so pure, that no- 
thing could be objected to them. Some of us again are too dear, as we think, more 
divme and sanctified than others, of a better mettle, greater gifts, and with that proud 
Pharisee, contenm others in respect of ourselves, we are better Christians, better 
learned, choice spirits, uispired, know more, have special revelation, perceive God's 

'^Cap. 7. de pulcliritiidine rejrna at itnperia lotius I quoin inclinatur homo !i(i(lili<.'firi(1iim Deuin super orniiia. 
terrse et maris ft cocli oportet alijicere si ad ipsum con- ^4 Oial. I. Omnia, cniivertit amor in ipsiiis pulcliri uaiu- 
\ersus velis iiiseri. ^3 Ilatjitus a Deo infusus, per | ram. 2& Stromaliuu lib. 2. *<'Greenhaiu. 



598 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. -i. 

.secrets, and thereupon presume, say and do that many times wh cli is not befitting 
to be said or done. Of this number are all superstitious idolaters, ethnics, Ma- 
hometans, Jews, heretics, ^'^ enthusiasts, (hvinators, prophets, sectaries, and schisma- 
tics. Zanchius reduceth such infidels to four chief sects; but 1 will insist and fol- 
low mine own intended method : all which with many other curious persons, monks, 
hermits, &.C., may be ranged in this extreme, and fight under this superstitious ban- 
ner, with those rude idiots, and infinite swarms of people that are seduced by them. 
In the other extreme or in defect, march those impious epicures, libertines, atheists, 
hypocrites, infidels, worldly, secure, impenitent, unthankful, and carnal-minded men, 
that attribute all to natural causes, that will acknowledge no supreme power; that 
have cauterised consciences, or live in a reprobate sense; or such desperate persons 
as are too distrustful of his mercies. Of these there be many subdivisions, diverse 
degrees of madness and folly, some more than other, as shall be shown in the symp 
toms : and yet all miserably out, perplexed, doting, and beside themselves for reli- 
gion's sake. For as ^"Zanchy well distinguished, and all the world knows religion 
is twofold, true or false; false is that vain superstition of idolaters, such as were of 
old, Greeks, Romans, present Mahometans, Sic. Tiniorem deorurn inanem^ '^ Tully 
could term it; or as Zanchy defines it, U hi falsi dii., aut falso cultu col.itur Deus, 
when false gods, or that God is falsely worshipped. And 'tis a miserable })lague, a 
torture of the soul, a mere u'adness, Religiosa insania.^ ^°Meteran calls it, or insanus 
error.) as ^' Seneca, a frantic error; or as Austin, Insanus animi morhus., a furious dis- 
ease of the soul ; insania omnium insanissima., a quintessence of madness ; ^^ for he 
that is superstitious can never be quiet. 'Tis proper to man alone, iini superhia., ava- 
riiia., supersfifio., sailii Plin. lib. 7. cap. 1. alque etiam post scEvit de futuro, which 
wrings his soul for the present, and to come : the greatest misery belongs to man- 
kind, a perpetual servitude, a slavery, ^^Ex timore limor., a heavy yoke, the seal of 
damnation, an intolerable burden. They that are superstitious are still fearing, sus- 
pecting, vexing themselves with auguries, prodigies, false tales, dreams, idle, vain 
works, unprofitable labours, as ^^ Boterus observes, cwd mentis ancipite versantur : 
enemies to God and to themselves. In a word, as Seneca concludes, Rcligio Deum 
cola., superstitio desfruit^ superstition destroys, but true religion honours God. True 
religion, uhi verus Dens vere colifur^ where the true God is truly worshipped, is the 
way to heaven, the mother of virtues, love, fear, devotion, obedience, knowledge, &c. 
It rears the dejected soul of man, and amidst so many cares, miseries, persecutions, 
wjiich this world aflbrds, it is a sole ease, an unspeakable comfort, a sweet reposal, 
Jugum suave.) et leve^ a light yoke, an anchor, and a iiaven. It adds courage, bold- 
ness, and begets generous spirits : although tyrants rage, persecute, and that bloody 
Lictor or sergeant be ready to martyr them, aid Ufa., aut. morere., (as in those perse- 
cutions of the primitive Church, it was put in practice, as you may read in Eusebius 
and others) though enemies be now ready to invade, and all in an uproar, ^'"Sifrac- 
tus illahatur orbis., impavidos fcricnt ruina.) though heaven should fall on his head, 
he would not be dismayed. But as a good Christian prince once made answer to a 
menacing TuvV^ facile scclerata hominum arma contemnit^ qui dei prcpsidio tutus est : 
or as ^^ Phalaris writ to Alexander in a wrong cause, he nor any other enemy could 
terrify him, for that he trusted in God. Si Dcus 7iobiscum., quis contra nosf In all 
calamities, persecutions whatsoever, as David did, 2 Sam. ii. 22, he will sing with 
him, " the Lord is my rock, my fortress, my strength, my refuge, tlie tower and 
horn of my salvation," See. In all troubles and adversities, Psal. xlvi. 1. "God is 
my hope and help, still ready to be found, I will not therefore fear," &.C., 'tis a fear 
expelling fear; he hath peace of conscience, and is full of liope, which is (saith 
"'Aus!in) vita vitce mortalis., the life of this our mortal life, hope of inniiortality, 
the sole comfort of our misery: otherwise, as Paul saitli, we of all others were 
most wretched, but this makes us happy, counterpoising our hearts in all miseries; 
>^up( rstition torments, and is from the devil, the author of lies; but tliis is from Goo 
fiimself, as Lucian, that Antiochian priest, made his divine confession in ^^Eus-bius, 
Auctor nobis dc Deo Dcus est, God is the author of our religion himself, his won 

2" He priino pra'cepto. '■'^ Dr rcliL'. I. 2. Thes. 1. I stitione imbiittis est. qiiiotiis f.'sse iniriquam pntes' 

W'J D.; iiJit. (ledrtim. 3« Hist. Helgic. lib. H. 3i Super- 3u Gre^'. ai i>,)|jt. lib. ]. cap. 7 \ 3'.iior. se Epja 
itilio orrur iiit-aiius est tjpist. 2JJ. ^a jVaia qui super- | I'lialar. 3' In P»al. lii. 3^ L)*». 9. cap. S. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1, 



Parlies affected. 



59\) 



is our rule, a lantern to us, dictated by tlie Holy Ghost, he plays upon our hearts a» 
many harpstrings, and we are his temples, he dwelleth in us, and we in him. 

The part atiected of superstition, is tlie brain, heart, will, understanding, sou. 
itself, and all the faculties of it, tohini conijjositum^ all is mad and dotes : now for the 
extent, as J say, the world itself is the subject of it, (to omit that grand sin of 
atheism,) all times liave been misaffected, past, present, '•'• there is not one that doth 
good, no not one, from the prophet to the priest, &c." A lamentable thing it is to 
consider, how many myriads of men this idolatry and superstition (for that com- 
preliends all) hath infaiuaied in all ages, besotted by this blind zeal, which is reli- 
gion's ape, religion's bastard, religion's shadow, false glass. For where God hath a 
temple, the devil will have a chapel : where God hath sacrifices, the devil will have 
his oblations : where God hath ceremonies, the devil will have his traditions ; where 
there is any religion, the devil will })lant superstition ; and 'tis a pitiful sight to be- 
hold and read, what tortures, miseries, it hath procured, what slaughter of souls it 
hath made, how it rageth amongst those old Persians, Syrians, Egyptians, Greeks, 
Ronjans, Tuscans, Gauls, Germans, Britons, &c. Britannia jam /iodic celehrat tarn 
attomte^ saith '^^Fimy, tajitis ceremoniis (^speaking of superstition) ^it dedisse Persis 
vidtri po^ssit. The Britons are so stupendly superstitious in their ceremonies, that 
they go beyond those Persians. He tiiat shall but read in Pausanias alone, those 
gods, temples, aliurs, idols, statues, so curiously made with such infinite cost and 
charge, amongst those old Greeks, such multitudes of them and frequent varieties, 
as ''^Gerbelius truly observes, may stand amazed, and never enough wonder at it; 
and thank God withal, tiiat by the liglit of the Gospel, we are so happily freed from 
that slavish idolatry in these our days. But heretofore, almost in all countries, in 
all places, superstition hath blinded the hearts of men ; in all ages what a small por- 
tion hath the true church ever been! Divisum imperiinn cum Jove Dcpmoji hahet.^ 
The patriarchs and their families, the Israelites a handful in respect, Christ and his 
apostles, and not all of them, neither. Into what straits hath it been compinged, a 
little fiock ! how hath superstition on the other side dilated herself, error, ignorance, 
barbarism, folly, madness, deceived, triumphed, and insulted over the most v.-ise dis- 
creet, and understanding man, philosophers, dynasts, monarchs, all were involved 
and overshadowed in this niist, in moie than Cimmerian darkness. '^'^Adeo ignara 
superslitio mentes honiiniun depracat^ et nonnunquam sapienlum animos tra7isversos 
agii. At this presein^ quota pars ! How small a part is truly religious ! How little 
in respect! Divide the world into six parts, and one, or not so mucli, \i christians; 
idolaters and Mahometans possess alniost Asia, Africa, America, Magellanica. The 
kings of Cliina, great Cham, Siam, and Borneo, Pegu, Deccan, Narsinga, Japan, &.C., 
are gentiles, idolaters, and many other petty princes in Asia, Monomotopa, Congo, 
and 1 know not how many negro princes in Africa, all Terra Australis incognita 
most of America pagans, ditiering all in their several superstitions ; and yet all idola- 
ters. The Mahometans extend themselves over the great Turk's dominions in Eu- 
roj)e, Africa, Asia, to the Xerities in Barbary, and its territories in Fez, Sus, .Moiocco, 
&c. The Tartar, the great Mogor, the Sopiiy of Persia, with most of their domi- 
nions and subjects, are at this day Mahometans. See how the devil rageth : those 
at odds, or ditiering among themselves, some for ** Ali, some Enbocar, for Acmor, 
and Ozimen, those four doctors, Mahomet's successors, and are subdivided into 
seventy-two inferior sects, as '*"*Leo Afer reports. The Jews, as a company of vaga- 
bonds, lua scattered over all parts; wliose story, present estate, progress from time 
to time, is fully set down by ""^ Mr. Thomas Jackson, Doctor of Divinity, in his com- 
ment on the creed. A fifth part of the world, and hardly that, now professeth 
CHRIST, but so inlarded and interlaced with several superstitions., that there is scarce 
a sound part to be found, or any agreement amongst them. Presbyter John, in Africa, 
lord of those Abyssinians, or Ethiopians, is by his profession a christian, but so dif- 
ferent from us, with such new absurdities and ceremonies, such liberty, such a mix 
ture of idolatry and paganism, ""^ that they keep little more than a bare title of chris- 



ms Lib. 3. 40 Lib. 6. descrip. Grsec. nulla est via 

•;;;« u-m innumeris icJolis es^l referta. Tantum tunc 
lejuporis in uiis^i- '■'•.. v>-- mortales potential el crudelis 
Tyraniiidis Siitaii excrcuu. ■*' '■ Tlie devil divide:? 

Uie eujpire witli Jupiter." ^ Alex. ab. Alex. lib. G. 



cap. 2(i. 43 Purchas Pilgrim, lib. 1 c. :i. ^4 ijb. 3 

4^2 Part. sect. 3. lib. 1. cap. et deiiiceps. 'is'i'iteliuan 
nus. Mayiiiiis. Hredenbachuis. Fr. Aluarcsius lliii. d€ 
Abyssiiiis Herbis solum vescuntur votarii, aqiiis uient* 
tenus durmiuni, &.c. 



600 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 4 



tianity. They suffer polygamy, circumcision, stupend fastings, divorce as they will. 
themselves, &c., and as the papists call on the Virgin Mary, so do they on Thomas 
Didymus before Christ. ''"'The Greek or Eastern Church is rent from this of the 
West, and as they have four chief patriarchs, so have they four subdivisions, besides 
those Nestorians, Jacobins, Syrians, Armenians, Georgians, &c., scattered over Asir 
Minor, Syria, Egypt, &c., Greece, Walachia, Circassia, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Albania, 
lUyricum, Sclavonia, Croatia, Thrace, Servia, Rascia, and a sprinkling amongst the 
Tartars, the Russians, Muscovites, and most of that great duke's (czar's) subjects, 
are part of the Greek Church, and still christians : but as ''^one saith, femporis sue- 
cessu maltas iUi addiderunt supers! iiiones. In process of time they have added so 
many superstitions, they be rather senii-christians than otherwise. That which re- 
mains is the Western Church with us in Europe, but so eclipsed w^ith several schisms, 
heresies and superstitions, that one knows not where to find it. The papists have 
Italy, Spain, Savoy, part of Germany, France, Poland, and a sprinkling in the rest 
of Europe. In America, they hold all that wliich Spaniards inhabit, Hispania Nova, 
Castella Aurea, Peru, &lc. In the East Indies, the Philippinoe, some small holds about 
Goa, Malacca, Zelan, Ormus, &lc.. which the Portuguese got not long since, and 
those land-leaping Jesuits have essayed in China, Japan, as appears by their yearly 
letters ; in Africa they have Melinda, Quiloa, Mombaze, &c., and some few towns, 
they drive out one superstition with another. Poland is a receptacle of all religions, 
where Samosetans, Socinians, Pholinians (now protected in Transylvania and Poland), 
Arrians, anabaptists are to be found, as well as in some German cities. Scandia is 
christian, but ^^Damianus A-Goes, the Portugal knight, complains, so mixed with 
magic, pagan rites and ceremonies, they may be as well counted idolaters : what 
Tacitus formerly said of a like nation, is verified in them, ="" A people subject to 
superstition, contrary to religion." And some of them as about Lapland and the 
Pilapians, the devil's possession to this day. Miser a hcBC gens (saith mine ^' author) 
Satancc hactenus possessio^-^et quod maxime mirandiim et dolendum^ and which is to 
be admired and pitied; if any of them be baptized, which the kings of Sweden much 
labour, they die within seven or nine days after, and for that cause they will hardly 
be brought to Christianity, but worship still the devil, who daily appears to them. 
In their idolatrous courses, Gandentibus diis palriis^ quos religiose colunf^ 4'c. Yet 
are they very superstitious, like our wild Irish : though they of the better note, the 
kings of Denmark and Sweden themselves, that govern them, be Lutherans ; the 
remnant are Calvinists, Lutherans, in Germany equally mixed. And yet the emperor 
himself, dukes of Lorraine, Bavaria, and the princes electors, are most part professed 
papists. And though some part of France and Ireland, Great Britain, half the can- 
tons in Switzerland, and the Low Countries, be Calvinists, more defecate than the 
rest, yet at odds amongst themselves, not free from superstition. And which ^' Bro- 
chard, the monk, in his description of the Holy Land, after he had censured the 
Greek church, and showed their errors, concluded at last, Faxit Deus ne Latinis 
mulia irrvpserint stuUitics^ I say God grant there be no fopperies in our church. As 
a dam of water stopped in one place breaks out into another, so doth superstition. 
I say nothing of Anabaptists, Socinians, Brownists, Familists, &c. There is super- 
stition in our prayers, often in our hearing of sermons, bitter contentions, invectives, 
persecutions, strange conceits, besides diversity of opinions, schisms, factions, 8tc. 
But as the Lord (Job xlii. cap. 7. v.) said to Eliphaz, tlie Temanite, and his two 
friends, '•^ his wrath was kindled against them, for they had not spoken of him things 
that were right:" we may justly of these scismatics and heretics, how wise soever 
in their own conceits, non rede loquuniur de Deo^ they speak not, they think not, 
they write not well of God, and as they ought. And therefore, Quid quceso vd 
Dorpi^ as Erasmus concludes to Dorpius, hisce Tlieologis faciamus^aut quid preceris^ 
nisi J'orlejidelem medicum^ qui cerebro medeaturf What shall we wish them, but 
sanaiii menicm^ and a good physician ? But more of their differences, paradoxes, 
opinions, mad pranks, m the symptoms : I now hasten to the causes. 



f Brederibachiiis JckI. a Mejjgeii. •'*' gee Pa.^sevinus 
flert»aslt;iti. M.i^'in. D. Flelclier, Joviiis, llacliiit. Piir- 
tlnis, &c. (if tluir errors. *'^ Dcplorat. Gt- tilis Lapp. 

»>Gens supct-slilioni ohnoxia, religioiiibus adversa. 



61 Bnissardus de Magia. Intra septimuin aut non i,n k 
bupti»<iri() diem nioriuntur. Hinc fit, &.c. 62(ja|,, d^, 

tucolia terrcs sancto. 



Rlein. J . Subs. 2.] Causes of Religious Melancholy. 6ul 

SuBSECT. II. — Causes of Religious melancholy. From the Devil hy miracles^ appa- 
ritions., oracles. His instruments or factors., politicians, Priests, Impostors, Here 
tics, blind guides. In them simplicity, fear, blind zeal, ignorance, soUtarines 
curiosity, pride, vain-glory, presumption, 4'c. his engines, fasting, solitariness, hcve, 
fear, Sfc. 

We are taught in Holy Scripture, tliat the " Devil rangeth abroad like a roaring 
lion, still seeknig whom he may devour :" and as in several shapes, so by several 
engines and devices he goeth about to seduce us ; sometimes he transforms himself 
into an angel of light; and is so cunning that he is able, if it were possible, to de- 
ceive the very elect. He will be worshipped as ^^God himself, and is so adored by 
the heathen, and esteemed. And in imitation of that divine power, as ^'Eusebius 
observes, "Ho abuse or emulate God's glory, as Dandinus adds, he will' have all 
homage, sacrifices, oblations, and whatsoever else belongs to the worship of God, to 
be done likewise unto him, similis erit altissimo, and by this means infatuates the 
world, deludes, entraps, and destroys many a thousand souls. Sometimes by dreams, 
visions (as God to Moses by familiar conference), the devil in several shapes talks 
with them : in the ^^ Indies it is common, and in China nothing so familiar as appa- 
ritions, inspirations, oracles, by terrifying them with false prodigies, counterfeit mira- 
cles, sending storms, tempests, diseases, plagues (as of old in Athens there was 
Apollo, Alexicacus, Apollo %.6iin,Gi, pestifer et malorum depulsor), raising wars, sedi- 
tions by spectrums, troubling their consciences, driving them to despair, terrors of 
mind, intolerable pains ; by promises, rewards, benefits, and fair means, he raiseth 
such an opinion of his deity and greatness, that they dare not do otherwise thar 
adore him, do as he will have them, they dare not offend him. And to compel thera 
more to stand in awe of him, ^^'•'•he sends and cures diseases, disquiets their spirits 
(as Cyprian saith), torments and terrifies their souls, to make them adore him : and 
all his study, all his endeavour is to divert them from true religion to superstition : 
and because he is damned himself, and in an error, he would have all the world par- 
ticipate of his errors, and be damned with him. The primum mobile, therefore, and 
first mover of all superstition, is the devil, that great enemy of mankind, the prin- 
cipal agent, who in a thousand several shapes, after diverse fashions, with several 
engines, illusions, and by several names hath deceived the inhabitants of the earth, 
in several places and countries, still rejoicing at their falls. '^ All the world over 
before Christ's time, he freely domineered, and held the souls of men in most slavish 
subjection (saith ''*' Eusebius) in diverse forms, ceremonies, and sacrifices,' till Christ's 
coming," as if those devils of the air had shared the earth amongst them, which the 
Platonisls held for gods [^"Ludus deorum sumus)., and were our governors and 
keepers. h\ several places, they had several rites, orders, names, of which read 
\Vierus de pra^stigiis dcemonum, lib. 1. cap. 5. ^^Strozius, Cicogna, and others; Ado- 
nided amongst the Syrians; Adramalech amongst the Capernaites, Asiniie amongst 
the Emathites ; Astartes with the Sidonians ; Astaroth with the Palestines ; Dagon 
with the Philistines; Tartary with the Hana^i ; Melchonis amongst the Ammonites: 
Beli the Babylonians ; Beelzebub and Baal with the Samaritans and Moabites ; Apis, 
isis, and Osiris amongst the ^Egyptians; Apollo Py thins at Delphos, Colophon, 
Ancyra, Cuma, Erythra; Jupiter in Crete, Venus at Cyprus, Juno at Carthage, ^Escu- 
lapius at Epidaurus, Diana at Ephesus, Pallas at Athens, Slc. And even in these 
oui days, both in the East and West Indies, in Tartary, Cliina, Japan, &c , what 
strange idols, in what prodigious forms, with what absurb ceremonies are they 
adored? What strange sacraments, like ours of Baptism and the Lord's Supper, 



53 Plato in Oit. Dajinoiies ciistixles sunt hoinitiuin fX 
eorutii (U)iiiiiii, lit uu^ uniiiialiniii ; iiec lioiiiiinbiis, sed 
bt re^ioiiilius )iii|)eraiit, \aticiniis, au^unis, iios rebuilt, 
lilein ffre Aiax. 'I'^niis s^iT. 1. et -JG. 'Zl. iiiedio^ vult 
teiiiDiies iiitt r U.kis et iKtinines dLoruiu inimstros, pr.e- 
eides lioiiiiiiiim, a ctelo ad liDiuiiiesdesceiiileiiles. ^^ Do 
oraparat. IJvaiijiel. 55 Vt I in altiisuin Uei vol in 

»-.iimlati(inLMi. Dandinus coin, in lib. -J. Arist. de An. 
IVxt. 'i'J. 56 Uttniones consiiliiiit, et faniiliaies 

hahent dii'iiiones plenque sacer.ioies. Kicciiis lili. 1. 
:ap 10. e.vpt'dit Suiai. "'' Vitani turliant, soninos 

iuquietaiit, irrcpentes et am in curpura uieiiteis lerrent, 



7G 3 A 



valetudiiiein fran<.'unt, niorUos Incessant, ut ad cultuna 
suic()j;aiit, nee almd his sIudlllnl,■(^u.ln) iit a vera reli 
j;i()ne, adsu|)eistitioneni vertant : cunisint ipsi preriales, 
(luicruiil silii adpwiias coniiles, ul liiilie.mt eiiuris par- 
ticipes. 5H L,ib. 4. pra-paiat. KvaiKel. c. Tantainque 

victoriatn amentia liominnm coiisciiiiuti sunt, ut si 
colligerc in iiniim velis, universum irrl)cm istis sceiesti 
bus spiritibns suhjcctnm fnisse invenies: Usque ad 
Salvatons adventum liominum ci'do pernicio'^issimoa 
dajniones placahant, &c. ^u piaio. *" rflrozius, 

Cicojjna omnif. mag. lib. % cap. 7. Ezi'k. viii. 4. ; Reg 
11. 4.; Reg. 3. el 17. 14; Jer. xlix.; \um. xi. 3. ; Keg. 13 



60-2 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 

what goodly temples, priests, sacrifices they had in America, when the Spaniards fh-sl 
landed there, let Acosta the Jesuit relate, lib. 5. cap. 1, 2, 3, 4, &c., and how the 
devil imitated the Ark and the children of Israel's coming out of Egypt; with many 
such. For as Lipsius well discourseth out of the doctrine of the Stoics, inaxime 
cupiunt adorationem hominum^ now and of old, they still and most especially desire 
to be adored by men. See but what Vertomannus, /. 5. c. 2. Marcus Polus, Lerius, 
Benzo, P. Martyr in his Ocean Decades, Acosta, and Mat. Riccius expedit. Christ, 
in Sinus, lib. 1. relate. ^' Eusebius wonders how that wise city of Athens, and 
flourishing kingdoms of Greece, should be so besotted ; and we in our times, how 
those witty Chinese, so perspicacioirs in all other things should be so gulled, so tor- 
tured with superstition, so blind as to worship stocks and stones. But it is no 
marvel, when we see all out as great effects amongst Christians themselves; how are 
those Anabaptists, Arians, and Papists above the rest, miserably infatuated ! Mars, 
Jupiter, Apollo, and ^sculapius, have resigned their interest, names, and offices to 
Saint George. 

62 " (Maxime bf^llnrum rector, quern nostra juventus 
Fro Mavorie tolil.)" 

St. Christopher, and a company of fictitious saints, Venus to the Lady of Loretto. 
And as lliose old Piomans had several distinct gods, for divers offices, persons, places, 
so have they saints, as ^^Lavater well observes out of Lactantius, mutato nomine tan- 
tum^ 'tis the same spirit or devil that deludes them still. The manner how, as I say, 
is by rewards, promises, terrors, afirights, punishments. Jn a word, fair and foul 
means, hope and fear. '* How often haih Jupiter, Apollo, Bacchus, and the rest, sent 
plagues in ^^ Greece and Italy, because their sacrifices were neglected.'"' 

66"Dii multa neglecti dederuiit 
HesperiJD mala luctuosie," 

to terrify them, to arouse them up, and the like : see but Livy, Dionysius Halicar- 
nassasus, Thucydides, Pausanius, Philostratus, ^^ Polybius, before the battle of Cannaj, 
prodigiis signts., ostentis^ templa ciincla, privates etiam cades scafebant. Q^neus reigned 
in ilitolia, and because he did not sacrifice to Diana w^th his other gods (see more 
in Labanius his Diana), she sent a v/ild boar, insoUfce magnitiidinis^ qui terras et 
homines ?iiisere drpascebotur^ to spoil both men and country, which was afterwards 
killed by Meleager. So Plutarch in the Life of Lucullus relates, how Mithridates, 
king of Pontus, at the siege of Cizicum, witli all his navy, was overthrown by Pro- 
serpina, for neglecting of her holy day. She appeared in a vision to Aristagoras in 
the night, Cras inquit tyhicinem Lybicum cum tybicine pontico co7n?nit.lam [^* to-mor- 
row I will cause a contest between a Lybian and a Pontic minstrel), and the day fol- 
lowing this enigma was understood ; for with a great south wind whicii came from 
Lybia, she quite overwhelmed Mithridates' army. What prodigies and miracles, 
dreams, visions, predictions, apparitions, oracles, have been of old at Delphos, Do- 
dona, Trophonius Denne, at Thebes, and Lebaudia, of Jupiter Amnion in Egypi, 
Amphiareus in Attica, &c. ; what strange cures performed by Apollo and jEscula- 
pius .^ Juno's image and that of ^"Fortune spake, ^^ Castor and Pollux fought in per- 
son for the Romans against Hannibal's army, as Pallas, Mars, Juno, Venus, for 
Greeks and Trojans, Sec. Amongst our pseudocatholics nothing so familiar as such 
miracles ; how many cures done by our lady of Loretto, at Sichem ! of old at our 
St. Thomas's shrine. Sic. ^^St. Sabine was seen to fight for Arnulphus, duke of Spo- 
leto. "'St. George fought in person for John the Bastard of Portugal, against the 
Castilians ; St. James for the Spaniards in America. In the battle of Bannockburn. 
where Edward the Second, our English king, was »foiled by tlie Scots, St. Philanus' 
arm was seen to fight (if ''' Hector Boethus doth not impose), that was before shut 
up in a silver capcase ; another time, in the same author, St. Magnus fought for thein. 
Now for virions, revelations, miracles, not only out of the legend, out of purgatory. 
but everyday comes news from the Indies, and at home read the Jesuits' Letters, 



«' Lib. 4. cap. B. prappar. ^ Bapt. Mant. 4. Fast. ' de nat. deoruin lib. 2. JEqua Venus 'IVucns Pallas ini 

»k' Saiit;iu Ci (irgio. •' U great niasttT of war, vvliiim our qua fuit. ^'■' Jo. Moiauus lib. 3. cap. 51\ ■"' Pet. Oii 
youllis Mor^iiip as if he were Mars self. t3 Part. 1. ver. de Johaime prinio PortugalliK Kege strenu** p Jg 

cap. 1. et lib. t>. cap. 9. «i Polyd. Virg. lib. ]. de pro- nans, et diversie partis ictus clyt)eo e.vcipieiis. ' i 14 

dig. «•• Hiir. 1. :{. od. 6. ^ I.ib. 3. hist. ^r oiaia Loculcs ^ponte aperuisse el pro iis p* g/'asso. 

lejje me dicastis muiieres Dion. Halicaru. <>* 'J'ully , 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Religious Melancholy. 603 

ilibadineira, Tliurselinus, Acosta, Lipponianus, Xaverius, Ignatius' Livei^-, kc, und 
tell me what difference ? 

His ordinary instruments or factors which he uselh, as God himself, did ^ood 
kings, lawful magistrates, patriarchs, prophets, to the establishing of his church, 
"are politicians, statesmen, priests, heretics, blind guides, impostors, pseudoprophets, 
to propagate his superstition. And first to begin of politicians, it hath ever been a 
principal axiom with them to maintain religion or snperstition, which they determine 
of, alter and vary upon all occasions, as to them seems best, tiiey make religion 
mere policy, a cloak, a human invention, iiildl a;que valet ad regendos vu/gi animos 
ac supcrstitio^ as "^Tacitus and '"'Tully hold. Austin, /. 4. de civilat. Dei. c. 9. cen- 
sures Scaevola saying and acknowlf-dging cxpedire civitates religion^ fa U., that it 
was a fit thing cities should be deceived by religion, according to the diveib, Si mun- 
dus vull decipi., decipiatur^ if the world will be gulled, let it be gulled, 'tis good how- 
soever to keep it in subjection. 'Tis that '^Aristotle and "^ Plato inculcate in their 
politics, " Religion neglected, brings plague to the city, opens a gap to all naughti- 
ness." 'Tis that which all our late politicians ingeminate. Cromerus, /. 2. pol. hist. 
Boterus, /. 3. de incrementis urhiiim. Clapmarius, /. 2. c. 9. de Arcanis rerump. cap. 4. 
lib. 2. polit. Captain Machiavel will have a prince by all means to counterfeit reli- 
gion, to be superstitious in show at least, to seem to be devout, frequent holy exer- 
cises, honour divines, love the church, affect priests, as Numa, Lycurgus, and such 
law-makers were and did, non ut his fdem haheant., sed ut snbdilos religionis metu 
facilius in officio confimant^ to keep people in obedience. '"^ JVa/n naturalifer (as 
Cardan writes) lex Christiana lex est pietatis., juslLti(P.ffdei., siiuplicitatis., S,x. Bui 
this error of his, Innocentius Jentilettus, a French lawyer, theorem. 9. comment. I. 
de Relig. and Thomas Bozius in his book de ruinis gentium et Regnorum have copi- 
ously confuted. Many politicians, I dare not deny, maintain religion as a true means, 
and sincerely speak of it without hypocrisy, are truly zealous and religious them- 
solves. Justice and religion are the two cliief props and supporters of a well-go- 
verned commonwealth : but most of them are but Machiavelians, counterfeits only 
for political ends; for solus rex (which Campanella, cap. 18. aiheisnd triumphati ob- 
serves), as amongst our modern Turks, reipiib. Finis., as knowing '^magnuH ejus in 
animos imperium; an-d that, as '^Sabellicus delivers, ••'•A man without religion, is like 
a horse without a bridle." No way better to curb than superstition, to terrify men's 
consciences, and to keep them in awe : they make new laws, statutes, invent new 
religions, ceremonies, as so many stalking horses, to their ends. ^°Ha>c enim [religio) 
si falsa sit., dummodo vera credatur., animorum ferociam domat^ libidines coercet^ sub^ 
ditos principi obsequentes efficit.^^ Therefore (saith ^^Polybius of Lycurgus), '•'did he 
maintain ceremonies, not that he was superstitious himself, but that he had perceived 
mortal men more apt to embrace paradoxes than aught else, and durst attempt no 
evil things for fear of the gods." This was Zamolcus's stratagem amongst the 
Thracians, Numa's plot, when he said he had conference with the nymph JEgeria, 
and that of Sertorius with a hart ; to get more credit to their decrees, by deriving 
them from the gods ; or else they did all by divine instinct, which Nicholas Damascen 
well observes of Lycurgus, Solon, and Minos, they had their laws dictated, 7nonte 
sacro., by Jupiter himself So Mahomet referred his new laws to the *^^ angel Gabriel, 
by whose direction he gave out they were made. Caligula in Dion feigned himself 
to be familiar with Castor and Pollux, and many such, which kept those Romans 
under (who, as Machiavel proves, lib. 1. disput. cap. 11. e/. 12. were Religione maxime 
moti, most superstitious): and did curb the people more by this means, than by force 
of arms, or severity of human laws. Sola plebecula earn agnoscebat (saith Vaninus, 
dial. I. lib. 4. de admirandis natures arcanis) speaking of religion, que facile deci- 
pitur^ magnates vera et philosophi nequaquam^ your grandees and philosophers had 

« Religion, as tliey hold, is policy, invented alone to [ de oraciilis. 8i •• [f a religion be false, only let it be 

keep men in awe. "3 1 Anna!. '^Oninps religione supposed to be true, and it will tame mental ferocity 



loventur. 5. in Verreni. '5 Zeleiichus, pra^fat. legis 

'jui nrhem aiit regionem inhabitant, persiiasos esse 

'portft esse Deos. '6 jo. (\^> legibns. Religio neglecta 
inaximam pestetn in civitatem infert, omnium scelerum 
fenestram aoerit. "Cardanus Com. in I'tojotneum 

tii«dri|)Hri. *"' Ijpsius 1. 1. c. 3. ''^ Humo sine 

religione. siazt equus sine fraeno. ^ Vaninus dial. 52. 1 



restrain lusts, and make loyal subjects." ''^ Lib. 10 

Ideo Lyrnrgus, &c. non quod ipse snperstitiosus, sed 
quod videret mortaies paradoxa facilius amplecti, nee 
res graves audere sine periculo deonim. ^-^ Cleonar- 

diis epi.-^t. J. N'ovas leges suas ad Aiiyelnm (Jabrielei* 
referebat, pro monitors inentiebatur omnia se gerere. 



rtOI 



Religiout Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 4. 



uo such conceit, St rt xd imperii conformationem et amplijicationem quam sine prcBfexiu 
rcligionis tucri non poteranl ; and many thousands in all ages liave ever held as much, 
Philosophers especially, animadvertehant hi semper hcec esse fabellas^ attamen oh 
metum publiccE poteslatis silere cogehunlur they were still silent for fear of laws, &c. 
To this end tliat Syrian Phy resides, Pythagoras his master, broached in the East 
amongst the heathens, first the immortality of the soul, as Trismegistus did in Egypt, 
with a many of feigned gods. Those French and Briton Druids in the West first 
taught, saith ^"' Caesar, non inrerire animas (that souls did not die), "but after death 
to go from one to another, that so they might encourage them to virtue." 'Twas 
for a politic end, and to this purpose the old ^"^ poets feigned those elysian fields, their 
^acus, Minos, and Khadamanthus, their infernal judges, and those Stygian lakes, 
fiery Phlegethons, Pluto's kingdom, and variety of torments after death. Those that 
had done well, went to the elysian fields, but evil doers to Cocytus, and to that 
burning lake of ^^ hell v/ith fire and brimstone for ever to be tormented. 'Tis this 
which *"' Plato labours for in his Phasdon, et 9. de rep. The Turks in their Alcoran, 
when they set down rewards, and several punishments for every particular virtue and 
vice, "^ when they persuade men, that they that die in battle shall go directly to 
heaven, but wicked livers to eternal torment, and all of all sorts (much like our 
papistical purgatory), for a set time shall be tortured in their graves, as appears by 
that tract which John Baptisia Alfaqui, that Mauritanian priest, now turned Christian, 
hath written in his confutation of the Alcoran. After a man's death two black angels, 
Nunquir and Nequir (so they call them) come to him to his grave and punish him 
for his precedent sins; if he lived well, they torture him the less; if ill, jt>er indesi- 
nentes crucial us ad diemfudicii^ they incessantly punisli him to the day of judgment 
jYemo vivcnlium qui ad horum menlionem non totus horret el confremiscif^ the thought 
of this crucifies them all their lives long, and makes them spend their days in lasting 
and prayer, ne mala hcec continganl., ^'c- A Tartar prince, saith Marcus Polus, hh. 1. 
cap. 28. called Senex de Montibus, the better to establish his government amongst 
his subjects, and to keep them in awe, found a convenient place in a pleasant valley, 
environed with hills, in ^^^''^ which he made a delicious park full of odoriferous 
flowers and fruits, and a palace of all worldly contents," that could possibly be de- 
vised, music, pictures, variety of meats, &.c., and chose out a certain young man, 
whom with a '"soporiferous potion he so benumbed, that he perceived nothing: 
"and so fast asleep as he was, caused him to be conveyed into this fair garden :" 
where after he had lived awhile in all such pleasures a sensual man could desire,^' "He 
cast him into a sleep again, and brouglu him forth, that when he awaked he might 
tell others he had been in Paradise." The like he did for hell, and by this means 
brought his people to subjection. Because heaven and hell are mentioned in the 
scriptures, and to be believed necessary by Christians : so cunningly can the devil 
and his ministers, in imitation of true religion, counterTeit and forge the like, to cir- 
cumvent and delude his superstitious followers. Many such tricks and impostures 
are acted by politicians, in China especially, but with what effect I will discourse in 
the symptoms. 

Next to politicians, if I may distinguish them, are some of our priests (who make 
religion policy), if not far beyond them, for they domineer over princes and states- 
men themselves. Carnijicinain excrcent^ one saith they tyrannise over men's con- 
sciences more than any other tormentors whatsoever, partly for their commodity and 
gai»; Religionem enim omnium ahusus (as '^^Postellus holds), qucestus scilicet sacriji- 
cum in causa est : for sovereignty, credit, to maintain their state and reputation, out 
of ambition and avarice, which are their chief supporters : what have they not made 
the common people believe.? Impossibilities in nature, incredible things; what de- 
vices, traditions, ceremonies, have they not invented in all ages to keep men in obe- 
dience, to enrich themselves .? Quibus qucsstui sunt capli supcrstitione anitni, as 
®^Livy saith. Those Egyptian priests of old got all the sovereignty into their hand^, 



M Lib. 16. belli Gallici. Ut metii inortis neglecto, ad 
virtntc-tn iiicilan'tit. «'I)e his Icj^e Luciamim de 

iictu loiTi. 1. Homer. Oflyss. 11. Virg. JF.n. G. "'^ Haia- 
tlieo suiCijie et tlamnia slai;nante ^teriiiiiii (iemer},'e- 
oaiitur. *"' El :<. de repuh. oinni.s institiitio adoles- 

Teiittiiii eo rcf«ruii(la iil de dco bene seiitiai* ob coin- 
«uae boiiuiu. « liou-rus. "" Oilra aqiiaiii, 



viri(!arium plantavit nia.xiiniiin et piilciierrimiiin. flori- 
bus odoriferis et suavibus plenum, Jlcc. "•* potiini 

qiieridatn dedit qiu) iiiescatus, et ^ravi sopore o[»pressiis, 
ill viridarium interim dncebalnr, ic. ^' Atque 

iteruin meinoratniii poluin bibendnm exliibuit, et sic 
extra Paradisuiri rediixit, iit cum evigilaret, sopoia bo- 
lulo, &c. w Lib. i. de orb. Concord cap. 7. ^^lab.*. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Religious Melancht ly. 005 

and knowing, as ^^ Curtius insinuates, rm//a rc5 ejficacius muUiiudniem regit qiiain 
super st itio ; melius vatibus quam ducibus parent^ v ana religione capti^ etiam i/npo- 
tentes fcemince ; the common people will sooner obey priests than captains, and 
nothing so forcible as superstition, or better than blind zeal to rule a multitude ; have 
so territied and gulled them, that it is incredible to relate. All nations almost have, 
been besotted in this kind ; amongst our Britons and old Gauls the Druids ; magi 
in Persia; philosophers in Greece; Chaldeans amongst the Oriental; Brachmanni 
in India; Gymnosophists in Ethiopia ; the Turditanes in Spain; Augurs in Home, 
have insulted ; Apollo's priests in Greece, Phaebades and Pythonissee, by their oracles 
and phantasms; Ampliiarius and his companions; now maliometan and pagan priests, 
wbat can they not eti'ect ? How do they not infatuate the world ? Adco ubiqiie (as 
^'Scaliger writes of the mahomelan priests), turn gentium turn locorum^ geus ista sa- 
crorum ministra^ vulgi secat spes^ ad ea quae ipsijingunt somnia^ "-so cuimingly can 
thev gull tlie commons in all places and countries." But above all others, that high 
priest of Rome, the dam of that monstrous and superstitious brood, tlie bull-bellow- 
ing pope, which now rageih in the West, tliat three-iieaded Cerberus hath played hia 
part. "'*'•'' Whose religion at this day is mere policy, a state wholly composed of 
superstition and wit, and needs nothing but wit and superstition to maintain it, that 
iiseth colleges and religious houses to as good purpose as forts and castles, and doth 
more at this day" by a company of scribbling parasites, fiery-spirited friars, zealous 
anchorites, hypocritical confessors, and those pretorian soldiers, his Janissary Jesuits, 
and that dissociable society, as ^' Languis terms it, postrenius diaboU conatus el sctculi 
cxcrementnm^ that now stand in the fore front of the battle, will have a monopoly 
of, and engross all other learning, but domineer in divinity, ^^Excipiunt soli fotius 
vulnera belli^ and fight alone almost (for the rest are but his dromedaries and asses), 
than ever he could have done by garrisons and armies. What pov/er of prince, or 
penal law, be it never so strict, could enforce men to do that which for conscience'- 
sake they will voluntarily undergo } And as to fast from all flesh, abstain from mar- 
riage, rise to their prayers at midnight, whip themselves, with stupendous fasting and 
penance, abandon the world, wilful poverty, perform canonical and blind obedience, 
to prostrate their goods, fortunes, bodies, lives, and ofl'er up themselves at their supe- 
rior's feet, at his command ? What so powerful an engine as superstition ? which they 
right well perceiving, are of no religion at all themselves: Primum enim (as Calvin 
rightly suspects, the tenor and practice of their life proves), arcancE illius theo/ogicBj 
quod apiid eos regnal^ caput est, nullum esse deum, tliey hold there is no G(h1, as Leo 
X. did, Hildebrand the magician, Alexander VI., Julius II., mere atheists, and which 
the common proverb amongst them approves, ^^""The worst Christians of ll\i\y are 
the Romans, of the Romans the priests are wildest, the lewdest priests are preferred 
lo be cardinals, and the baddest men amongst the cardinals is chosen to be pope," 
that is an epicure, as most part the popes are, infidels and Lucianists, for so they think 
and believe ; and what is said of Christ to be fables and impostures, of heaven and 
hell, day of judgment, paradise, immortality of the soul, are all, 

100" Rumnres variii. verbaqiie inania, 
Et par sollicito fabula soiniiio." 

" Dreams, toys, and old wives' tales." Yet as so many ' whetstones to make other 
tools cut, but cut not themselves, though they be of no religion at all, they will 
make others most devout and superstitious, by promises and threats, compel, enforce 
from, and lead them by the nose like so many bears in a line; when as their end is 
not to propagate the church, advance God's kingdom, seek His glory or conmion 
good, but lo enrich themselves, to enlarge their territories, to domineer and compel 
ihem to stand in awe, to live in subjection to the See of Rome. For what otherwise 
care they ? Si rnundus vult decipi, decipiatur, " since the world wishes to be gulled, 
let it be gulled," 'tis fit it should be so. And for which ^Austin cites Varro to main- 
tain his Roman religion, we may better apply to them: muUa vtra^ quoi mdgus scire 
non est utile ; pleraque falsa, qucc tam.en uliter existimare popiilum cxpedit ; some 
things are true, some false, which for their own ends they will not have the gullish 

MLib.4. 95Exerc.228. 96 s. Ed. Sands. 97 in i 993. Ed. Sands in his Relation. 'ooSr-neca. « Vim 
ionsult. de princ. inler provinc. Europ. 98 Lucian. cotis, acutnni Reddere qiue ferriiin valet, oxors ipsa ae 

"By themselves sustain the brunt of every battle." | candi. ^De civ. Dei lib. 4. cap. 31. 

3a2 



oUG 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 4 



commonalty take notice of. 7\s well may witness their intolerable covetcusnesa, 
fitrange forgeries, fopperies, fooleries, unrighteous subtleties, impostures, illusions, new 
doctiines, paiadoxes, traditions, false miracles, which they have still forged, to enthral, 
circunivent and subjugate them, to maintain their own estates. ^ One while by bulls, 
pardons, indulgencies, and their doctrines of good works, that they be meritorious, 
hope of heaven, by that means tliey have so fleeced the connnonalty, and spurred on 
this free superytitious horse, that he runs himself blind, and is an ass to carry bur- 
dens. They have so ampliHed Peter's patrimony, that from a poor bishop, he is be- 
ome Rex Regum, Dominus dominanttum^ a demigod, as his canonists make him 
Felinus and tlie rest), above God himself. And for his wealth and * temporalties, 
s not inferior to many kings : ^ his cardinals, princes' companions ; and in every 
kingdom almost, abbots, priors, monks, friars, &c., and his clergy, have engrossed a 
third pari, half, in some places all, into their hands. Three princes, electors in Ger- 
many, bishops; besides Magdeburg, Spire, Saltsburg, Breme, Bamberg, &c. In France, 
as Bodine lib. de repub. gives us to understand, their revenues are 12,300,000 livres; 
and of twelve parts of the revenues in France, the church possesseth seven. The 
Jesuits, a new sect, begun in this age, have, as "xVIiddendorpius and ^Pelargus reckon 
up, three or four hundred colleges in Europe, and more revenues than many princes. 
In France, as A mold us proves, in thirty years they have got bis centum librarum millia 
annua, 200,000/. I say nothing of the rest of their orders. We have had in En- 
gland, as Armachanus demonstrates, above 80,000 friars at once, and as ^ Speed col- 
lects out of Leland and others, almost 600 religious houses, and near 200,000/. in 
revenues of the old rent belonging to them, besides images of gold, silver, plate, fur- 
niture, goods and ornaments, as '^VVeever calculates, and esteems them at the disso- 
lution of abbeys, worth a million of gold. How many towns in every kingdom hath 
superstition enriched } What a deal of money by musty relics, images, idolatry, have 
their mass-priests engrossed, and what sums have they scraped by their other tricks! 
Loretto in Italy, Walsingliam in England, in those days. Ubi omnia auro nitent., 
'*• where everything shines witli gold," saith Erasmus, St. Thomas's shrine, &c., may 
witness. " Delphos so renowned of old in Greece for Apollo's oracle, Delos com- 
mune conciJiabulum ct emporium sold religione manitum; Dodona, whose fame and 
wealth were sustained by religion, v/ere not so rich, so famous. If they can get but 
a relic of some saint, the Virgin Mary's picture, idols or the like, that city is for ever 
made, it needs no other maintenance. Now if any of these their impostures or 
juggling tricks be controverted, or called in question : if a magnanimous or zealous 
Luther, an heroical Luther, as '^Dithmarus calls him, dare touch the monks' bellies, 
all is ill a combustion, all is in an uproar : Demetrius and his associates are ready to 
pull him in pieces, to keep up their trades, '^'•^ Great is Diana of the Ephesians :" 
with a mighty shout of two hours long they will roar and not be pacified. 

jVow for their authority, what by auricular confession, satisfaction, penance, Peter's 
keys, thunderings, excommunications, &c,, roaring bulls, this high priest of Rome, 
shaking his Gorgon's head, hath so terrified the soul of many a silly man, insulted 
over majesty itself, and swaggered generally over all Europe for many ages, and still 
doth to some, holding them as yet in slavish subjection, as never tyrannising Spa- 
niards did by their poor negroes, or Turks by their galley-slaves. '^ "• The bishop 
of Rome (saith Siapleton, a parasite of his, de mag. Eccles. lib. 2. cap. 1.) hath done 
that without arms, which those Roman emperors could never achieve with forty 
legions of soldiers," deposed kings, and crowned them again with his foot, made 
friends, and corrected at his pleasure, &c. '' 'Tis a wonder," saith Machiavel, Flo- 
rentince, his. lib. I. " what slavery King Henry II. endured for the death of Thomas a 
Beckett, what things he was enjoined by the Pope, and how he submitted himself to 
do that which in our times a private man would not endure," and all through super- 



a Seeking their own, saith Paul, not Christ's. ♦ He 
hath the Diicliy of Spoleto in Italy, the Mariiuisati; of 
Ancona, beside Rome, and the territories adjacent, Bo- 
logna, Ferrara, &c. Avi<;non in France, &.c. <> Estote 
fratres inei, et principes hujns inutidi. sTlie Laity 

Buspect their ureatness, witness those statntes of mort- 
main. I Lib. 8. de Academ. » Prtefat. lib. de 
paradox. Jesnit Ron., provincia habct (^ol. 3G. Ncapol. 
'>:J. Venrta 13. Lncit. 15 India, orient. 17. Bmsil. 20, &c. 
•In his Chroni* 'it. Hen 8. w 15 can. of his fune- 



ral monuments. " Pansanias in Laconicis lib. 3. 

Idem de Achaicas lib. 7. cujus summaR opes, et \ aide i:i« 
clyta fama. '2 Exercit. Eth. Collejr. 3. disp. 3. i3 AcU 
xix. 28. '■' Pontifex Romanus prorsus inermis re^ri 

bus terr;fi jura dat, ad rejrna evt-hit ad pacem cojrit, e. 
pcccantHS castisrat, &.c. quod imperatores Roinani 40. 
Iccionibns arinati noii eft'ecerniit. is Mjmni quanta 

passus sit H. 2. quomodo se submisit, ea se facturuni 
polljcitus, quorum hodie ne privatus quideni p-irteia 
fateret. 



•.. .^L^^'tmzj.i^.x.M ^ 



MeiTi. 1. Subs. '4.] Causes of Religious Melancholy. C07 

Btition. "^ Henry IV. disposed of his empire, stood barefooted with his wife ai i'',e gales 
of Canossus. ''Frederic the Emperor was trodden on by Alexander JII., another iield 
Adrian'.s stirrup, King John kissed the knees of Pandulphos the Pope's legate, Stc. 
What made so many thousand Christians travel from France, Britain, &.C., into the Holy 
Land, spend such huge sums of money, go a pilgrimage so familiarly to Jerusalem, to 
creep and crouch, but slavish superstition ? What makes them so freely venture their 
lives, to leave their native countries, to go seek martyrdom in the Indies, but supersti- 
tion ? to be assassins, to meet death, nmrder kings, but a false persuasion of merit, of 
canonical or blind obedience which they instil into them, and animate them by strange 
illusions, hope of being martyrs and saints : such pretty feats can the devil work by 
priests, and so well for their own advantage can they play their parts. And if it were 
not yet enough, by priests and politicians to delude mankind, and crucify the souls 
of men, he haih more actors in his tragedy, more irons in the fire, another scene of 
heretics, lactious, ambitious wits, insolent spirits, schismatics, impostors, false pro- 
phets, blind guides, liiat out of pride, singularity, vain-glory, blind zeal, cause much 
more madness yet, set all in an uproar by their new doctrines, paradoxes, figments, 
crotchets, make new divisions, subdivisions, new sects, oppose one superstition to 
another, one kingdom to another, commit prince and subjects, brother against brother, 
father against son, to the ruin and destruction of a commonwealth, to th'^ disturb- 
ance of peace, and to make a general confusion of all estates. How did those Arrians 
rage of old } how many did they circumvent } Those Pelagians, Manichees, &c., 
their names alone would make a just volume. How many silly souls have impos- 
tors still deluded, drawn away, and quite alienated from Christ! Lucian's Alexander 
Simon i\lagus, whose statue was to be seen and adored in Rome, saith Justin Martyr, 
Simoni deo sancto^ 6)X.^ after his decease. '* Apollonius Tianasus, Cynops, Eumo, 
who by counterfeiting some new ceremonies and juggling tricks of that Dea Syria, 
by spitting tire, and the like, got an army together of 40,000 men, and did much 
harm: with Eudo de stellis, of whom Nubrigensis speaks, lib. 1. cap. 19. that in 
King Stephen's days imitated most of Christ's miracles, fed I know not how many 
people in the wilderness, and built castles in the air, Stc, to the seducing, of multi- 
tudes of poor souls. In Franconia, 1470, a base illiterate fellow took upon him to 
be a prophet, and preach, John Beheim by name, a neatherd at Niciioihausen, he 
seduced oO,000 persons, and was taken by the commonalty to be a most holy man, 
come from heaven. '''••" Tradesmen left their shops, w^omen their distaffs, servants ran 
from their masters, children from their parents, scholars left their tutors, all to hear 
him, some for novelty, some for zeal. He was burnt at last by the Bishop of VVartz- 
burg, and so he and his heresy vanished together." How many such impositors, 
false prophets, have lived in every king's reign } what chronicles will not afibrd such 
examples t that as so many ignesfatui., have led men out of the way, terrified some, 
deluded others, that are apt to be carried about by the blast of every wind, a rude 
inconstant multitude, a silly company of poor souls, that follow all, and are cluttered 
together like so many pebbles in a tide. What prodigious follies, madness, vexa- 
tions, persecutions, absurdities, impossibilities, these impostors, heretics, &c., have 
thrust upon the world, what strange effects sliall be shown in the symptoms. 

Now the means by which, or advantages the devil and his infernal ministers take, 
so to delude and disquiet the world with such idle ceremonies, false doctrines, super- 
stitious fopperies, are from themselves, innate fear, ignorance, siuiplicity, hope and 
fear, those two battering cannons and principal engines, with their objects, reward 
and puni'oi^iiient, pnrgai >ry, Livibus Palrum., i^x. which now more than ever tv^an- 
nise ; ^^""for wdiat province is free from atheism, superstition, idolatry, schism, 
heresy, impiety, their factors and followers .? thence they proceed, and from that 
same decayed image of God, which is yet remaining in us. 

21 " Os hoinini sublime dedit, coeluinque tueri 
Jussit." 



isSigonius 9. hisl tal. "Curio lib. 4. Fox 

Martyrol. i" Hierocles contends Apollonius to liave 

been an great a prophet as Christ, whom Eusebius con- 
futes, s iVluiistar Cosui ij;. I. '^. c. 37. Artifices ex 
otftcinis, arator e stiva, Icemiiire e colo, &;c. quasi nu 



tie qLioduHi rapti, nesciis parentibus et duiiuiiis recta fix his eyes on heaven." 



adeunt, &,c. Combustus demuni ab Herbipolensi Rpiji- 
copo; haeresis evanuit. 20 Nulla non prcjvincia 

ha'resiltus, Atlieisinis, &c. plena. Nulliis oihis anjiulug 
al) hisce helluis imnmnis. '■'i Lib. 1. de nal. Deoruin. 

•' He gave to man an upward gaze.couunanding him to 



608 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 

Our own conscience doth dictate so much unto us, we know there is a God and 
nature doth inform us ; Axilla gens fam harbara (saith Tully) cid non insideat, hcBC 
persnasio Dcum esse ; sed nee Scyfha^ nee Groecus., nee Persa^nec Hyperhoreus dis- 
senficf (as Maximus Tyrius the Platonist ser. 1. farther adds) nee eontinentis nee insula' 
rum habitafor^ let him dwell where he will, in what coast soever, there is no nation so 
barbarous that is not persuaded there is a God. It is a wonder to read of that infinite 
superstition amongst the Indians in this kind, of their tenets in America, pro suo 
quisque libi/u varias res venerabaniur snpersfifiose, plantas^ animalia., mantes^ Sfc. 
omne quod amabant out horrebant (some few places excepted as he grants, that had 
no God at all). tSo '• ihe heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament declares 
his handy work," Psalm xix. "Every creature will evince it;" Prcesentemque refert 
qucelibet lierba. deum. JVo/enfes sciunt^fafentur inviti., as the said Tyrius proceeds, 
will or nill, they must acknowledge it. The philosophers, Socrates, Plato, Plotinus, 
Pythagoras, Trismegistus, Seneca, Epictetus, those Magi, Druids, &c. went as far 
as they could by the light of nature; ^^mulla prceclara^ de naturd Dei seripla rcli' 
querunt,f " writ many things well of the nature of God, but they had but a confused 
light, a glimpse," 

23 "Quale per incertam luriam sub luce maligna 
Est iter in sylvis," 

" as he that walks by moonshine in a wood," they groped m the dark ; they had 
gross knowledge, as he in Euripides, O Dens quicquid es^ sive ccelum^ sive ierrct^ 
sive aliud qiiid^ and that of Aristotle, Ens entium miserere mei. And so of the im- 
mortality of the soul, and future happiness. Immortalilalem animcB (saith Hierom) 
Plltluigorus soniniavif^ Democritus nem credidit in consolationem damnationis suce 
Socrates in carcere disputavit ; Indus., Ptrsa^ Colhus^ <^t. Philosophaniur. So some 
said tliis, some that, as they conceived themselves, which the devil perceiving, led 
them farther out (as "^'Lemnius observes) and made them worship him as their God 
with stocks and stones, and torture themselves to their own destruction, as he thought 
fit himself, inspired his priests and ministers with lies and fictions to prosecute the 
same, v/hicli they for their own ends were as willing to undergo, taking advantage 
of their simplicity, fear and ignorance. For the common people are as a fiock of 
sheep, a rude, illiterate rout, void many times of common sense, a mere beast, bellua 
mullorum capifmu^ will go whithersoever they are led : as you lead a ram over a gap 
by the horns, all the rest will follow, ^' jYon qua eundum., sed qua itur^ they will do 
as they see others do, and as their prince will have them, let him be of what religion 
h«9 will, they are for him. Now for those idolaters, Maxentius and Licinius, then 
for Constaniine a christian. ^^Qui Christum negant male pereant., aeclamatum est 
Decies^ for two hours' space ; qui Christum no7i colunt^ Jiugusti inimici sunt., aecla- 
matum est ter dccies ; and by and by idolaters again under that Apostate Julianus ; 
all Arrians under Constantius, good catholics again under Jovinianus, " And litlle 
difference there is between the discretion of men and children in this case, especially 
of old folks and women, as ^'Cardan discourseth, when as they are tossed with fear 
and superstition, and with other men's folly and dishonesty." So that I may say 
their ignorance is a cause of their superstition, a symptom, and madness itself: 
Supplicii causa est., sappUciumque sui. Their own fear, folly, stupidity, to be de- 
plored lethargy, is that which gives occasion to the other, and pulls these miseries 
on their own heads. For in all these religions and superstitions, amongst our idola- 
ters, you shall find that the parties first afiected, are silly, rude, ignorant people, old 
folks, that are naturally prone to superstition, weak women, or some poor, rude, 
illiterate persons, that are apt to be wrought upon, and gulled in this kind, pron^ 
without either examination or due consideration (for they take up religion a trust, as 
at mercers' they do their wares) to believe anything. And the best means they have 
to broach first, or to maintain it when they have done, is to keep them still in 
ignorance : for ^ ignorance is the mother of devotion," as all the world knows, and 

22Zanchiiis. 23 virg. 6. iEn. 24 guperstitio ex 324. vit. Constantin. 27 De reruin varietate, I. 3. 

igiioraiitia divitiitatis cniersit, ex vitior^a iiMntilatione ! c. 38. Paruni vero distat sapientia viroruin a |)!ieriii, 
et (lipniunis illocebris, inconstans, tiniens, fluctuans, el multo minus senuni ct niulicriim, cinu metu ct supersi: 
cui se addicat ne.<ciens, qm-rn inipinret, cui se commit- tione et aliena stullitia et iiiiprobitale simplices agi 
tat, a d'ftnone liicile decepta. Lenmius, lih. 3. c. 8. taiitur. 
** Seneca. -^ Vide Baruniuui 3 Annalium ad annum 



'^HP'^^^BCTIPF 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Religions Melancholy. 609 

these times cant amply witness. This hath been th^ devil's practice, anil his in- 
fernal ministers in all ages ; not as our Saviour by a k\v silly fishennen, to con- 
found the wisdom of the world, to save publicans and sinners, but to make advantage 
of their ignorance, to convert them and their associates ; and that they may belter 
effect \rhat tliey intend, they begin, as I say, with poor, '''stupid, illiterate per- 
sons. So Mahomet did when he publislied his Alcoran, which is a piece of work 
'(saith ^^Bredenbachius) ''full of nonsense, barbarism, confusion, without rhyme, rea- 
son, or any good composition, first published to a company of rude rustics, hog- 
rubbers, that had no discretion, judgment, art, or understanding, and is so still main- 
tained." For it is a part of their policy to let no man comment, dare to dispute or 
call in question to this day any part of it, be it never so absurd, incredible, ridicu- 
lous, fabulous as it is, must be believed impIicUc^ upon pain of death no man must 
dare to contradict it, " God and the emperor, &c." What else do our papists, but 
bv keeping the people in ignorance vent and broach all their new ceremonies and 
traditions, when they conceal the scripture, read it in Latin, and to some few alone, 
feeding the slavish people in the meantime with tales out of legends, and such like 
fabulous narrations ? Whom do they begin with but collapsed ladies, some few trades- 
men, superstitious old folks, illiterate persons, weak women, discontent, rude, silly 
companions, or sooner circumvent } So do all our schismatics and heretics. Marcus 
and Valentinian heretics, in ^"Jrenaeus, seduced first I know not how many women, 
and made them believe they were prophets. ^' Friar Cornelius of Dort seduced a 
company of silly women. What are all our anabaptist, brownists, barrowists, fami- 
lists, but a company of rude, illiterate, capricious, base fellows ? What are most of 
our papists, but stupid, ignorant and blind bayards? how should they otherwise be. 
when as they are brought up and kept still in darkness? ^^"-'If their pastors (saith 
Lavater) have done their duties, and instructed their flocks as they ought, in the 
principles of christian religion, or had not forbidden them the reading of scriptures, 
they had not been as they are." But being so misled all their lives in superstition, 
and carried hood-winked like hawks, how can they prove otherwise than blind idiots, 
and superstitious asses ? what else shall we expect at their hands ? Neither is it suf- 
ficient to keep them blind, and in Cimmerian darkness, but withal, as a schoolmaster 
doth by his boys, to make them follow their books, sometimes by good hope, pro- 
mises and encouragements, but most of all by fear, strict discipline, severity, threats 
and punishment, do they collogue and soothe up their silly auditors, and so bring 
them into a fools' paradise. Rex eris aiiint., si recte facie s^ do well, thou shalt be 
crowned ; but for the most part by threats, terrors, and affrights, they tyrannise and 
terrify their distressed souls : knowing that fear alone is the sole and only means to 
keep men in obedience, according to that hemistichium of Petronius, primus in orbe 
deos fecit timor^ the fear of some divine and supreme powers, keeps men in obe- 
dience, makes the people do their duties : they play upon their consciences; ^ which 
was practised of old in Egypt by their priests ; when there was an eclipse, they made 
the people believe God was angry, great miseries were to come ; they take all op- 
portunities of natural causes, to delude the people's senses, and with fearful tales 
out of purgatory, feigned apparitions, earthquakes in Japonia or China, tragical ex- 
amples of devils, possessions, obsessions, false miracles, counterfeit visions, &c. 
They do so insult over and restrain them, never hoby so dared a larke, that they 
will not ^^ ofl^end the least tradition, tread, or scarce look awry : Dens hone (''^Lavater 
exclaims) quot hoc cominentum de jmrgaiorio misere afflixif ! good God, how many 
men have been miserably afflicted by this fiction of purgatory ! 

"^o these advantages of hope and fear, ignorance and simplicity, he hath several 
engines, traps, devices, to batter and enthral, omitting no opportunities, according to 
men's several inclinations, abilities, to circumvent and humour them, to maintain his 
Buperstitions, sometimes to stupefy, besot them : sometimes again by oppositions. 



** In all superstition wise men follow fools. Bacon's 
Essays. 29 Peregrin. Hieros. ca. 5. totiini scriptiini 

confnsiim sine ordine vel colore, ahsqiie sensu d ra- 
tione ad rusticissimos, idem Ipdit, rudissitnos, et pror- 
t>ui a}:r(?stes, qui nuliius era it discretiftiiis, ut dijudi- 
tare possent. so Lib. 1, cap. 9. Valent. ha^res. 9. 

»i Meleraniis .. S. hist. Belg. ^^Si doclores suuin | 

77 



feciss(!nt officinm, et piebem fidei commissam recte in- 
(rtitiiissent de doctriiiie Christianas capitib. ncc sacrii 
scripliiris interdixissent, de mnltis proculdiiliio recte 
seiisisseiit. 33 Cnrtiiis ii. 4. 34 gpg more in 

Keiiinisiii!;' Exnnion Uoticil. Trident, de Turgatoric 
^» Pan 1. c, lU. pan 3. cap. 18. et H. 



dio 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 4. 



factions, to set all at odd 5 and in an uproar; sometunes he infects one man, and 
makes him a principal agent:, sometimes whole cities, countries. If of meaner sort. 
hy stupidity, canonical obedience, blind zeal, &lc. If of better note, by pride, ambi- 
tion, popularity, vain-glory. If of the clergy and more eminent, of better parts than 
the rest, more learned, eloquent, he puifs them up with a vain conceit of their own 
worth, scientid inftatU they begin to swell, and scorn all the world in respect of 
themselves, and thereupon turn heretics, schismatics, broach new doctrines, frame 
new crotchets and the like ; or else out of too much learning become mad, or out 
of curiosity they will search into God's secrets, and eat of the forbidden fruit ; or 
out of presumption of their holiness and good gifts, inspirations, become prophets, 
enthusiasts, and what not ? Or else if they be displeased, discontent, and have not 
(as they suppose) preferment to their worth, have some disgrace, repulse, neglected, 
or not esteemed as they fonuly value themselves, or out of emulation, they begin 
presently to rage and rave, coolum terra miscenf^ they become so impatient in an in- 
.•i?tant, tliat a whole kingdom cannot contain them, they will set all in a combustion, 
all at variance, to be revenged of their adversaries. ^^Donatus, when he saw Cecilia- 
nus preferred before him in the bishopric of Carthage, turned heretic, and so did 
Arian, because Alexander was advanced : we have examples at home, and too many 
experiments of such persons. If they be laymen of better note, the same engines of 
pride, ambition, emulation and jealousy, take place, they will be god-s themselves: 
^^ Alexander in India, after his victories, became so insolent, he would be adored for 
a god : and those Roman emperors came to that height of madness, they must have 
temples built to them, sacrifices to their deities, Divus Augustus, D. Claudius, D. Adria- 
nus : '^'^Heliogabalus, '^ put out that vestal fire at Rome, expelled the virgins, and 
banished all other religions all over the world, and would be the sole God himself." 
Our Turks, China kings, great Chams, and Mogors do little less, assuming divine 
and bombast titles to themselves ; the meaner sort are too credulous, and led with 
blind zeal, blind obedience, to prosecute and maintain whatsoever their sottish lead- 
ers shall propose, what l^iey in pride and singularity, revenge, vain-glory, ambition, 
spleen, for gain, shall rashly maintain and broach, their disciples make a matter of 
conscience, of hell and damnation, if they do it not, and will rather forsake wives, 
children, house and home, lands, goods, fortunes, life itself, than omit or abjure the 
least tittle of it, and to advance the common cause, undergo any miseries, turn traitors, 
assassins, pseudo-martyrs, with full assurance and hope of reward in that other w^orld, 
that they shall certainly merit by it, win heaven, be canonised for saints. 

Now when they are truly possessed with blind zeal, and misled with superstition, 
'he hath many other bails to inveigle and infatuate them farther yet, to make them 
quite mortified and mad, and that under colour of perfection, to merit by penance, 
going wolward, whipping, alms, fastings, &c. An. 1320. there was a sect of ^^ whippers 
in Germany, that, to the astonishment of the beholders, lashed, and cruelly tortured 
themselves. 1 could give many other instances of each particular. But these works 
so done are meritorious, ex opere operate^ ex condigno^ for themselves and others, 
to make them macerate and consume their bodies, specie virtufis et vmbrd^ those 
evangelical counsels are propounded, as our pseudo-catholics call them, canonical 
obedience, wilful poverty, ''"vows of chastity, monkery, and a solitary life, which 
extend almost to all religions and superstitions, to Turks, Chinese, Gentiles, Abys- 
sinians, Greeks, Latins, and all countries. Amongst the rest, fasting, contempla- 
tion, solitariness, are as it were certain rams by which the devil doth batter and 
work upon the strongest constitutions. JVonnulli (saith Peter Forestus) ob longas 
incdios^ studia et nieditationes coslestes^ de rebus sacris et religione semper agitanl^ 
by fasting overmuch, and divine meditations, are overcome. Not that fasting is a 
tiling of itself to be discommended, for it is an excellent means to keep the body in 
subjection, a preparative to devotion, the physic of the soul, b}'^ which chaste thoughts 
are engendered, true zeal, a divine spirit, whence wholesome counsels do proceed, 
concupiscence is restrained, vicious and predominant lusts and humours are expelled. 
The fathers are very much in commendation of it, and, as Calvin notes, " sometimes 



86 Austin. s^Ciirtiiis. lib. 8. 3f ^ampridius 

ritJB ejus. Virgines vestales, et sacrum isrneiri Romre" 
ejctiiixit, et oinnes ubique per ortiein terras religiones, 



unum hoc studens ut solus deus coleretur. sTlaeeUa- 
torutn secta. Muustef lib. 3. Cosmog. cap. 19. wVo 
tuai ccclibatus, tnonaciiatus. 



^ ' .t.J4 *.. ^^V^V^i^M- •. M^A 



Merri. 1. Subs. 2. 



Causes of RrJigious Melancholy. 



611 



immoderate. '*' The mother of ! ealth, kev « i heaven a spiritual wing t(^ ereare us, 
tlie chariot of the Holy Ghost, oanner ol" laith," &.c. And 'tis true they s<»y A' it, 
ii" it be moderately and seasonably u-;ed, hv such j^arties as Moses, Elias, Daniel, 
Christ, anM his ''-apostles made use of it; but when by this means they will supeve- 
rogaie, and as ^^ Erasmus well taxeth, Cozlhrn non sujficere putant suis rneritis^ Heaven 
is too small a reward ibr it; they make choice of times anxi meats, buy and sell thei»' 
merits, attribute more to them than to the ten Commandments, and count it a greater sin 
to eat meat in Lent, than to kill a man, and as one sayeth, Plus respiciunt ossnm 
piscem., qiiam Cliristum crucifixum^ plus salmonem qiiani Solomonem., quihus in ore 
Chnstus^ Epicurus in corde^ '•'' pay more respect to a broiled fish than to Christ cru- 
ciMed, more regard to salmon than to Solomon, have Christ on their lips, but E[)i- 
curus in their hearts," when some counterfeit, and some attribute more to such works 
of theirs than to Christ's death and passion ; the devil sets in a foot, strangely de- 
ludes them, and by that means makes them to overthrow the temperature of their 
bodies, and hazard their souls. Never any strange illusions of devils amongst her- 
mits, anchorites, never any visions, phantasms, apparitions, enthusiasms, prophets, 
any revelations, but immoderate fasting, bad diet, sickness, melancholy, solitariness, 
or some such things, were the precedent catses, the forerunners or concomitants of 
them. The best opportunity and sole occasion the devil takes to delude them. 
Marcitius Cognatus, lib. 1. cont. cap. 7. hath many stories to this purpose, of such as 
after long fasting have been seduced by devils ; and '*^ '■'' 'tis a miraculous thing to re- 
late (as Cardan writes) what strange accidents proceed from fasting; dreams, super- 
stition, contempt of torments, desire of death, prophecies, paradoxes, madness; fast- 
ing naturally prepares men to these things." Monks, anchorites, and the like, after 
much e.nptiness, become melancholy, vertiginous, they think they hear strange noises, 
confer with hobgoblins, devils, rivel up their bodies, et dum hostem insequimur^ saith 
Gregory, civem quern diUginius^ Irucidamus., they become bare skeletons, skin and 
bones; Carnibus abslincnles proprias carnes devorant^ ut nil prcBttr cutem et ossa 
sit reiiquum. Hilarion, as '^^Hierome reports in his life, and Athanasius of Antonius, 
was so bare with fasting, " that the skin did scarce stick to the bones ; for want^of 
vapours he could not sleep, and for want of sleep became idleheaded, heard every 
night infants cry, oxen low, wolves howl, lions roar (as he thought), clattering of 
chains, strange voices, and the like illusions of devils." Such symptoms are com- 
mon to those that fast long, are solitary, given to contemplation, overmuch solitari- 
ness and meditation. Not that these things (as I said of fasting) are to be discom- 
mended of themselves, but very behoveful in some cases and good : sobriety and 
contemplation join our souls to God, as that heathen '^^Porphyrie can tell us. 
*'''•' Ecstacy is a taste of future happiness, by which we are united unto God, a divine 
melancholy, a spiritual wing Boiiaventure terms it, to lift us up to heaven ; but as 
it is abused, a mere dotage, madness, a cause and symptom of religious melancholy, 
^sujf you shall at any time see (saith Guianerius) a religious person over-supersti- 
tious, too solitary, or much given to fasting, that man will certainly be melancholy, 
thou mayest boldly say it, he will be so." P. Forestus hath almost the same words, 
and ''^Cardan subtil, lib. 18. et cap. 40. lib. 8. de rcrum variolate., "solitariness, fast- 
ing, and that melancholy humour, are the causes of all hermits' illusions." Lavater, 
dc sped. cap. 19. part. i. and part. 1. cap. 10. puts solitariness a main cause of such 
spectrums and apparitions; none, saith he, so melancholy as monks and hermits, the 
devil's hath melancholy; ^"none so subject to visions and dotage in this kind, as 
such as live solitary lives, they hear and act strange things in their dotage." ^' Poly- 



pi Mater sanitatis, clavis ccelorum, ala aniniie quce 
leves peniias pri)diicai. ut in suhliiiio ferat ; curriis 
epiritiis sancli, veAillum fidei, porta paradisi, vita an- 
gfctnriiin, &c. 42 (jitstijro corpus iiieiim. « Mor. 

necoin. ■*'• Lih. 8. cap. 10. de rerurii varielate: aditii- 
raiioiie digna sunt quK per jejuniuiii hoc inodo coiilin- 
gunt : soinnia, SMi»Hrstitio. conternptus tDriiieiitoniiri, 
mortis desideriuin obstinata opinio, insania : jcjiiniutn 
naliiraliter proparat ad [\vec omnia. *' Epist. i.3. Ita 
atten'ialns fuit jejunio el vijjiliis, in tantuni exeso cor 
pore nt ossibiis vix ha,'retiat, iindc nocte int'antum vagi- 
Uis, bala'u.* pecoruni, muiiitiis boiim, voces et ludibria 
(lem inutn. iStc. -"g Lib, de ahstinentia. Sobrielas et 

conliuentia luentem deo conjungunt. '•''Extusis 



nihil est aliud qiiam giistus futiirne beatitudinis. Eras, 
musepisl. ad Dorpium inquatoti absorbemunn Ui-uui. 
■•"Si reliijiosiim nimis jejunia videris observantcm, an- 
dacifr melancholiciim proniinciabis. Tract. 5. cop. $ 
■•^Solitudo ipsa, mens aigra laboribiis anxiis et jejiiiiiis, 
turn temperatura cibis mutata agrestibus, el liumoi 
melancholicns lleremitis illiisionum causa sunt, o So- 
litude est causa a()paritionuin ; nulli visionibus et liinr 
delirio magis obnoxii sunt quam qui collejris et en.'mf; 
vivunt monachi : tales plerumrjue inelancliolici ob vie- 
tuin, soliludinem. si Monachi sese putant prophetarti 
ex Deo, el qui solitariam affunl viiam, quum sii in 
stinctu dsemonum; et sic falluntur fatidicae ; a mal<. 
genio habent.. qua; putant a Deo, el .sic enUrjsiasta;. 



612 



Religions Melancholy 



[Van. 3. Sec. 4 



dore Virgil, /ih. 2, prodigiis^ "holds that those prophecies and monks' revelations^ 
nuns dreams, vvhicli they suppose come from God, to proceed wholly ab instinciu 
danu nmn^ by the devil's means ; and so those enthusiasts, anabaptists, pseudo- 
propl\ets from the same cause. ^^ Fracastorius, lih.2. de intellect, will have all your 
pythonesses, sybils, and pseudo-prophets to be mere melancholy, so doth Wierus 
prove, lib. 1. cop. 8. et I. 3. cap. 7. and Arculanus in 9 Rhasis, that melancholy is a 
sole cause, and the devil together, with fasting and solitariness, of such sybilline 
prophecies,^ if there were ever such, which with °^Casaubon and others 1 justly ex- 
cept at ; for it is not likely that the Spirit of God should ever reveal such manifest 
revelations and predictions of Christ, to those Pythonissas witches, Apollo's priests, 
the devil's ministers, (they were no better) and conceal them from his own prophets; 
for these sybils set down all particular circumstances of Christ's coming, and many 
other future accidents far more perspicuous and plain than ever any prophet did. 
But. howsoever, there be no Phsbades or sybils, I am assured there be other enthu- 
siasts, prophets, dii Fatidici^ Magi, (of whicli read Jo. Boissardus, who hath labo- 
riously collected them into a great ^^ volume of late, with elegant pictures, and 
epitomised their lives) &c., ever have been in all ages, and still proceeding from those 
causes, ^'' qui visiones suas enarrant^ somniant futura^ prophetisant., et ejusmodi deliriis 
agitati^ Spiritum Sanctinn sihi commvnicari putant. That which is written of Saint 
Francis' five wounds, and other such monastical effects, of him and others, may 
justly be referred to this our melancholy; and that which Matthew Paris relates of 
the ^'^monk of Evesham, who saw heaven and hell in a vision; of "Sir Owen, that 
went down into Saint Patrick's purgatory in King Stephen's days, and saw as much; 
Walsingham of him tliat showed as much by Samt Julian. Beda, lib. 5. cap. 13. 14. 
15. et 20. reports of King Sebba, lib. 4. cop. ll.eccles. hist, that saw strange ^^ visions; 
and Stumphius Ifelvet Cornic, a cobbler of Basle, that beheld rare apparitions ai 
Augsburg, '^ in Germa'uy. Alexander ab Alexandro, gen. dier. lib. 6. cap. 21. of an 
enthusiastical prisoner, (all out as probable as that of Eris Armenius, in Plato's tenth 
dialogue de Repub. that revived again ten days after he was killed in a battle, and 
told strange wonders, like those tales Ulysses related to Alcinous in Homer, or 
Lucian's vera historia itself) was still after much solitariness, fasting, or long sick- 
ness, when their brains were addled, and their bellies as empty of meat as their heads 
of wit. Florilegus hath many such examples, ^bZ. 191. one of Saint Gultlake of 
Crowald that fought with devds, but still after long fasting, overmuch solitariness, 
^'^ the devil persuaded him therefore to fast, as Moses and Elias did, the better to de- 
lude him. ^' In the same author is recorded Carolus Magnus vision .^72. 185. or 
ecstacies, wherein he saw heaven and hell after much fasting and meditation. So did 
ihe devil of old with Apollo's priests. Amphiaraus and his fellows, those Egyptians, 
still enjoin long fasting before he would give any oracles, triduum a cibo etvino ab- 
stinercnf^^^ before they gave any answers, as Volateran lib. 13. cap. 4. records, and 
Strabo Geog. lib. 14. describes Charon's den, in the way between Tralles and Nis- 
sum, whither the priests led sick and fanatic men : but nothing performed without 
long fasting, no good to be done. That scoffing ^'^Lucian conducts his Menippus to 
hell by the directions of that Chaldean Mithrobarzanes, but after long fasting, and 
such like idle preparation. Which the Jesuits right well perceiving of what force 
this fasting and solitary meditation is, to alter men's minds, when they would make 
a man mad, ravish him, improve him beyond himself, to undertake some great busi- 
ness of moment, to kill a king, or the like, ^'* they bring him into a melancholy dark 
chamber, where he shall see no light for many days together, no company, little 
meat, ghasdy pictures of devils all about him, and leave him to lie as he will him- 
self, on the bare floor in this chamber of meditation, as they call it, on his back, 
side, belly, till by this strange usage they make him quite mad and beside himself. 



52SibyIIae, Pytliii, et prophetae qui divinifjre solerit, 
omnes faiiatici sutil inelancholici. ''S Exeioit. c. 1. 

'* De (iiviiiatioiie et iiiagicis priestiKiis. ^° Idem, 

^i! Post. 15 dieruiii preces et jejuiiia, iiiirabiles videbat 
visioiies. i^' Fol. 84. vita Stephaiii, et fol. 177. post 

Iriuin iriensium inediam et lanj^uoreiii per il dies nihil 
coinedens aiit biheiis. 58 After cotiteiiiplatiori in an 

ecstacy ; so Hitjrom was whipped for reading Tully; 
fee millions of •.'\aniples in our ainials. &• Bede, 

Gregory, Jafobus de Voragine, Lipp^:ui.u:!iu3, Hieroiiy- 



mus, John Major de vitiis patrum, &c. ^° Fol. 19!> 

post abstinentia; curas miras iliusiones dspnionum au. 
divit. 61 Pol. 155. post seriam nieditationcm in 

viffila dici domitiicae visionem habuit de purgatorio. 
82 Ubi multos dies manent jejuni consiiio sacerdoluni 
auxilia invocantes. 63 in Necroniant. Ktcibusqui. 
dem glandes erant, potus aqua, lectus sub divo, &.R 
"John Everardus Britanno. Romanus lib. edit. Iftll 
describes all the manner of it. 



Mum. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of Rehgious Melancholy. 6Ki 

And then after some ten days, as they find him animated and resolved, i\u f make 
use of him. The devil hath many such factors, many such engines, whii h what 
effect they produce, you shall hear in the following symptoms. 

SuBSECT. III. — Symptoms general^ love to their own sect^ hate of all other religions^ 
ohstlnacy^ peevishness, ready to undergo any danger or cross for it ; Martyrs^ 
hliw' zeal, blind obedience^ fastings, vows, belief of incredibilities^ impossibilities : 
Panicuhir of Gentiles, Mahometans, Jews, Christians ; and in them, heretics old 
and new, schismatics, schoolmen, prophets, enthusiasts, <^'c. 

Flejit Heraclitus, an rideat Democritus? in attempting to speak of these symp 
toms, shall I laugh with Democritus, or weep with Heraclitus } they are so ridiculous 
and absurd on the one siile, so lamentable and tragical on the other: a mixed scene 
offers itself, so full of errors and a promiscuous variety of objects, that 1 know not 
in what strain to represent it. When. 1 think of the Turkish paradise, those Jewish 
fables, and pontifical rites, those pagan superstitions, their sacrifices, and ceremonies, 
as to make images of all matter, and adore them when they have done, to see them 
kiss the pyx, creep to the cross, &c. J cannot choose but laugh with Democritus : 
but when I see them whip and torture themselves, grind their souls for toys and 
trifles, desperate, and now ready to die, I cannot but weep with Heraclitus. When 
1 see a priest say mass, with all those apish gestures, murmu rings, &ic. read the cus- 
toms of the Jews' synagogue, or Mahometa Meschites, I must needs '^^ laugh at their 
folly, visum teneatis anuci'^ but when 1 see them make matters of conscience of 
such toys and trifles, to adore the devil, to endanger their souls, to offer their chil- 
dren to their idols, &c. 1 must needs condole their misery. When I see two super- 
stitious orders contend pro aris etfocis, with such have and hold, de land caprina^ 
some write such great volumes to no purpose, take so much pains to so small etlect. 
their satires, invectives, apologies, dull and gross fictions; when I see grave learned 
men rail and scold like butter-women, methinks 'tis pretty sport, and fit ^''for Cal- 
phurnius and Democritus to laugh at. But when I see so much blood spilt, so many 
murders and massacres, so many cruel battles fought, Sec. 'tis a fitter subject for 
Heraclitus to lament. ^^ As Merlin wlien he sat by the lake side wiih Vortigern, ana 
had seen the white and red dragon fight, before he began to interpret or to speaii, in 
Jletum jjrorupit, fell a weeping, and then proceeded to declare to the king what it 
meant. I should first pity and bewail this misery of human kind with some pas- 
sionate preface, wishing mine eyes a fountain of tears, as Jeremiah did, and then to 
my task. For it is that great torture, that infernal plague of mortal men, omnium 
pestium pestilentissima superstitio, and able of itself alone to stand in opposition to 
all other plagues, miseries and calamities whatsoever; far more cruel, more pestife- 
rous, more grievous, more general, more violent, of a greater extent. Other fears 
and sorrows, grievances of body and mind, are troublesome for the time; but this is 
for ever, eternal damnation, hell itself, a plague, a fire : an inundation hurts one pro- 
vince alone, and the loss maybe recovered; but this superstition involves all the 
world almost, and can never be remedied. Sickness and sorrows come and go, but 
a superstitious soul hath no rest ; ^^ super stitione imbutus animus nwnquam quietus esse 
potest, no peace, no quietness. True religion and superstition are quite opposite, 
longe dJversa carnifcina et jnetas, as Lactantius describes, the one erects, tlie other 
dejects; illorum pietas, mera impietus ; tlie one is an easy yoke, the other an in- 
tolerable burden, an absolute tyranny; the one a sure anchor, a haven ; the other a 
tempestuous ocean; the one makes, tlie other mars; the one is wisdom, the other 
is folly, madness, indiscretion; the one unfeigned, the other a counterfeit; the one 
a diligent observer, the other other an ape ; one leads to heaven, the other to hell. 
But these differences will more evidently appear by their particular symptoms. What 
religion is, and of what parts it doth consist, every catechism will tell you, what 
symptoms it hath, and what effects it produceth : but for their superstitions, no 
•ongue can tell them, no pen express, they are so many, so diverse, so uncertain, so 



" Varins mappa compoiiere risiim vix poterat. ^° IMe:io riiitjt Calpliuinius ore. Hor. ^^ Alanus 

d« Iiisulis. e« Cicero 1. de liiiil)us. 

3B 



mm 



(514 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect. \ 

inconstant, a^id so different from themselves. Tot mundl super stitwnes quot ccb^o 
stcllce^i one s&ith, there be as many superstitions in the world, as there be stars in 
heaven, or devils themselves that are the first founders of them : with such ridicu- 
lous, absurd symptoms and signs, so many several rites, ceremonies, torments and 
vexations accompanying, as may well express and beseem the devil to be the author 
and maintainer of them. I will only point at some of them, ex ungue leonem guess 
at the rest, and those of the chief kinds of superstition, which beside us Christians 
*\ow domineer and crucify the world. Gentiles, Mahometans, Jews, &c. 

Of these symptoms some be general, some particular to each private sect: general 
to all, are, an ex^traordinary love and afTection they bear and show to such as are of 
their own sect, and more than Vatinian hate to such as are opposite in religion, as 
they call it, or disagree from them in their superstitious rites, blind zeal, (which is as 
much a symptom as a cause,) vain fears, blind obedience, needless works, incredibili- 
ties, impossibilities, monstrous rites and ceremonies, wilfulness, blindness, obstinacy, 
&c. For the first, which is love and hate, as ^^Montanus saith, nulla Jirmior amicitia 
qudm quce contrahitur hinc ; nulla discordia major, quam quce d religione fit ; no greater 
concord, no greater discord than that which proceeds from religion. It is incredible 
to relate, did not our daily experience evince it, what factions, quam telerrimcp, 
factlones, (as "°Kicli. Dinoth writes) have been of late for matters of religion in 
France, and what hurlyburlies all over Europe for these many years. JYihil est quod 
tam impofeniur rapiaf homines, quam suscepfa de salute opinio ; siquidem pro ea omnes 
gcntes corpora et animus devovere solent, et arctissimo necessitudinis vinculo se inviceni 
colligare. We are all brethren in Christ, servants of one Lord, members of one 
body, and therefore are or should be at least dearly beloved, inseparably allied in thu 
greatest bond of love and familiarity, united partakers not only of the same cross, 
but coadjutors, comforters, helpers, at all times, upon all occasions : as they did in 
the primitive church, Jtcts the 5, they sold their patrimonies, and laid them at the 
apostles' feet, and nmny such memorable examples of mutual love we have had 
under the ten general persecutions, many since. Examples on the other side of dis- 
cord none like, as our Saviour sa'ith, he came therefore into the world to set father 
against son, &c. In imitation of whom the devil belike {^'^nam superstitio irrepsit 
verce religionis imitatrix, superstition is still religion's ape, as in all other things, so 
in this) doth so combine and glue together his superstitious followers in love and 
affection, that they will live and die together : and what an innate hatred hath he still 
inspired to any other superstition opposite.^ How those old Romans were affected, 
those ten persecutions may be a witness, and that cruel executioner in Eusebius, aui 
lita aut morere, sacrifice or die. No greater hate, more continuate, bitter faction, 
wars, persecution in all ages, than for matters of religion, no such feral opposition, 
father against son, mother against daughter, husband against wife, city against city, 
kingdom against kingdom : as of old at Teniira and Combos : 

■I*" Immortale odium, et nunqiiam sanahile viilnus, I " Immortal hate it breeds, a wound past cure, 

liuie fuior viilgo, quod luimiiia viciiiomni | And fury to ttie commons still to endure: 

Odit ulerque locus, quum solos credit liabendos Because one city t' other's sods as vain 

Esse deos quos ipse colat." | Deride, and his alone as good maintain." 

The Turks at this day count no better of us than of dogs, so they commonly call 
us giaours, infidels, miscreants, make that their main quarrel and cause of Christian 
persecution. If he will turn Turk, he shall be entertained as a brother, and had in 
good esteem, a Mussulman or a believer, which is a greater tie to tliem than any 
atiinity or consanguinity. The Jews stick together like so many burrs; but as for 
the rest, whom they call Gentiles, they do hate and abhor, they cannot endure their 
Messiah should be a common saviour to us all, and rather, as '^Luther writes, "than 
they that now scofl' at them, curse them, persecute and revile them, shall be coheirs 
and brethren with them, or have any part or fellowship with their Messiah, they 
v.'ould crucify their Messiah ten times over, and God himself, his angers, and all his 
creatures, if it were possible, though they endure a thousand hells for it." Such l^ 
their malice towards us. Now for Papists, what in a common cause for the advance; 

" In Micah crmment. WGall. hist. lib. 1. '• Lat- I crucifixuri e.ssent, ipsunique Denm ?i ,f3 ft(?ri posset, una 
tanlius. '2 Jiiv. Sat. 15. ^3 (Joinnient in Micah. | cum angelis et creaturis omnibus, r>ec alisterretui uh 

r^-'-i .!on p /ssu:it 111 iiiofum Missias coiumunis serva- | hoc facto et si mille interna i-lowflnda fort lit. 
»0J sil, noslrun*! gaudiun., £ic. Alessias vci dc'c;-;ii docies j 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symp fonts of Religious Melancholy. 615 

nient of iheir religion they will endure, our traitors and pseudo-catholics will declare 
unto us; and how hitler on the other side to their adversaries, how violently bent, 
let those Marian times record, as those miserable slaughters at Merindol and Cabriers, 
the Spanish inquisition, the Duke of Alva's tyranny in the Low Countries, th(3 
French uiassacres and civil wars. '^^'•^Tantum religio pofui.t suadere maloruni?'' 
••'Such wickedness did religion persuade." Not there only, but all over Europe, wo 
read of bloody battles, racks and wheels, seditions, factions, oppositions. 

'>'•' " obvia signis 

Sigiia, pares aquilas, et pila miiiaiitia pilis," 

Invectives and contentions. They had rather shake hands with a Jew, Turk, or, as 
the Spaniards do, sutler Moors to live amongst them, and Jews, than Protestants ; 
" my name (saith ''^Luther) is more odious to them than any thief or murderer." So 
it is with all heretics and schismatics whatsoever : and none so passionate, violent 
in their tenets, opinions, obstinate, wilful, refractory, peevish, factious, singular and 
stiff in defence of them; they do not only persecute and hate, but pity all other 
religions, account them danmed, blind, as if they alone were the true church, they 
are the true heirs, have the fee-simple of heaven by a peculiar donation, 'tis entailed 
on them and their posterities, their doctrine sound, per funern aurcum de ccbIg delapsa 
doctrina^ "letdown from heaven by a golden rope," they alone are to be saved. 
The Jews at this day are so incomprehensibly proud and churlish, saith "^ Luther, 
that soli salvari., soli domini terrariim salutari volimf. And as '^''Buxtorfius adds, ''so 
ignorant and self-willed withal, that amongst their most understanding rabbms you 
shall lind nought but gross dotage, horrible hardness of heart, and stupendous obsti- 
nacy, in all their actions, opinions, conversations : and yet so zealous with all, that 
no man living can be more, and vindicate themselves for the elect people of GOD." 
'Tis so with all other superstitious sects, Mahometans, Gentiles in Cliina, and Tar- 
tary : our ignorant Papists, Anabaptists, Separatists, and peculiar churches of Amster- 
dam, they alone, and none but they can be saved. '^"Zealous (as Paul saith, Koni. 
<. 2.) without knowledge," they will endure any misery, any trouble, sulier and do 
hat which the sunbeams will not endure to see, Heligionis acti Fiiriis^ all extremi- 
ties, losses and dangers, take any pains, fast, pray, vow chastity, wilful poverty, for- 
sake all and follow their idols, die a thousand deaths as some Jews did to Pilate's 
soldiers, in like case, exerlos prcebenfes jugulos^ el manifeste prm scferentes^ (as Jo- 
sephus hath it) cariorem esse ritd sihi legis patricB ohservationem^ rather than abjure, 
or deny the least particle of that religion which their fathers profess, and they iliem- 
selves have been iDrought up in, be it never so absurd, ridiculous, they will embrace 
it, and without farther mquiry or examination of the truth, though it be prodigiously 
false, they will believe it; they will take much more pains to go to hell, than we 
shall do to heaven. Single out the most ignorant of them, convince his understanding, 
show^ him his errors, grossness, and absurdites of his sect. JYon persuadebis etiamsi 
persuaseris., he will not be persuaded. As those pagans told the Jesuits in Japona, 
^°they would do as their forelaihers have done: and with Ratholde the Frisian Prince, 
go to hell ft)r company, if most of their friends went thither: they will not be moved, 
no persuasion, no torture can stir them. So that papists cannot brag of their vows, 
poverty, obedience, orders, merits, martyrdoms, fastings, alms, good works, pilgrim- 
ages : much and more than all this, I shall show you, is, and hath been done by these 
superstitious Gentiles, Pagans, Idolaters and Jews : their blind zeal and idolatrous 
superstition in ail kinds is much at one ; little or no difference, and it is hard to 
say which is the greatest, which is the grossest. For if a man shall duly considei 
those superstitious rites amongst the Ethnics in Japan, the Bannians in Gusart, the 
Chinese idolaters, ^'Americans of old, in Mexico especially, Mahometan priests, he 
shall find the same government almost, the same orders and ceremonies, or so like, 
that they may seem all apparently to be derived from some heathen spirit, and the 
Herman hierarchy no better than the rest. In a word, this is common to all super- 
stition, there is nothing so mad and absurd, so ridiculous, impossible, incredible, 

■"* Lucret. "5 Likkih. 76 Ad Galat. comment. | ter iguoraiitiaiii et iiisipientiam jjrandem invenies, hf,r 



■^^omeii odiosins ineiini quam ullus liomicida ant fur. 

,ti comment. Micah. Adeo inrmnpreliensibilis et as- 

pcra eoruui superlna, &c. "8gy„^jj,,{, Jiidiporum, 

ta. 1 LiltiJ- eorum intirlligentissiuios Rabbiaos nil nr«. 



rendain induratinnem. et ohstinationem, &c. ''^Grea* 
is Diana of the lipliesian.*, Art. xv. bOMahuu cna 

illis insanire, qnam cum aljis bene sentire. *'^ Acost^ 
I 5. 



61P 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 4 



which they will not believe, observe, and diligently perform, as much as in them lies; 
nothing so monstrous.' lo conceive, or intolerable to put in practice, so cruel to suffer, 
which they will not willingly undertake. So powerful a thing is superstition. ^^"O 
Egypt (as Trismegistus exclaims) thy religion is fables, and such as posterity will 
not believe." 1 know that in true religion itself, many mysteries are so apprehended 
alone by faith, as that of the Trinity, which Turks especially deride, Christ's incar- 
nation, resurrection of the body at the last day, quod ideo credendum (saith Tertul- 
lian) quod incredible^ ^x. many miracles not to be controverted or disputed of. 
JMirari non rimari sajAcnlia vera es/, saith ^^Gerhardus; et in divinis (as a good 
father informs us) qucrdam credenda^ qucsdam adrniranda., Sfc. some things are to be 
believed, embraced, followed with all submission and obedience, some again admired. 
Though Julian the apostate scoff at christians in this point, quod captivemus intel- 
lectum in obsequiumjidei, saying, that the Cliristian creed is like the pythagorean 
Ipse dixif^ we make our will and understanding too slavishly subject to our faith, 
without farther examination of the truth ; yet as Saint Gregory truly answers, our 
creed is altioris prastantice, and much more divine ; and as Thomas will, pie conside- 
ranli semper suppeiunl rationes^ ostendentes credibiUtatem in mysteriis snpernafura- 
libus^ we do absolutely believe it, and upon good reasons, for as Gregory well in- 
formeth us ; Fides non habet meritum^ ubi humana ratio qucerit experimenfum ; that 
taith hath no merit, is not worth the name of faith, that will not apprehend without 
a certain demonstration : we must and will believe God's word ; and if we be mis- 
taken or err in our general belief, as ^"^ Ricliardus de Sancfo Victore vows he will say 
lo Christ himself at the day of judgment; '■'•Lord, if we be deceived, thou alone 
hast deceived us :" thus we plead. But for the rest I will not justify that pontificial 
consubstantiation, that which **' Mahometans and Jews justly except at, as Campa- 
nella confesseth, Atkeisnii iriumphat. cap. Vl.fol. 125, dijficillimum dogma esse., nee 
aliud subjectum magis ha^reUcorum blasphcmiis., et slultis irrisionibus politicorum re- 
periri. They hold it impossible, Deum in pane nianducari ; and besides they scoff 
at it, vide genlem comedenlem Deum suu?n, inquit. quidam Maurus. ^^Hunc Deum 
musccR et vermes irrident., quum ipsum polluunt et devorant., subdifus est igni^ aqucty 
et latrones furantur., pixidem auream humi prosternunt., et se tamen non defcndit hie 
Deus. Qui fieri potest., ut sit integer in singulis hostics particuUs^ idem, corpus nu- 
niero, tarn multis locis., ccelo., terra., SjX. But he that shall read the "'Turks' Alcoran, 
the Jews' Talmud, and papists' golden legend, in the mean time will swear that such 
gross fictions, fables, vain traditions, prodigious paradoxes and ceremonies, could 
never proceed from any other spirit, than that of the devil himself, which is the 
author of confusion and lies; and wonder withal how such wise men as have been 
of the Jews, such learned understanding men as Averroes, Avicenna, or those heathen 
philosophers, could ever be persuaded to believe, or to subscribe to the least part of 
them : aut fraudem 7ion detcgere : but that as ^^ Vanninus answers, ob publiccB potes- 
tatis formidinem allatrare pkilosophi non audebant., they durst not speak for fear of 
the law. But I will descend to particulars : read their several symptoms and then guess. 
Of such symptoms as properly belong to superstition, or that irreligious religion, 
I may say as of the rest, some are ridiculous, some again feral to relate. Of those 
ridiculous, there can be no better testimony than the multitude of their gods, those 
absurd names, actions, offices they put upon them, tlieir feasts, holy days, sacrifices, 
adorations, and the like. The Egyptians that pretended so great antiquity, 300 king.« 
before Amasis : and as Mela writes, 13,000 years from the beginning of llieir chroni- 
cles, that bragged so much of their knowledge of old, for they invented arithmetic, 
astronomy, geometry : of their wealth and power, that vaunted of 20,000 cities : 
yet at the same time their idolatry and superstition was most gross : they worshipped, 
as Diodorus Siculus records, sun and moon under the name of Isis and Osiris, and 
after, suc-h men as were beneficial to them, or any creature that did them good. In 
the city of Bubasli they adored a cat, saith Herodotus. Ibis and storks, an ox (saith 
Pliny) "^ leeks and onions, Macrobius, 



<2 iEgypte, religionis tuae solie supersunl fabulai 
taque iucrrdibiles posteiis tuis. ^^ iVledilat. lit. ile 

COJiia (Idiiiin. ''^ \.\h. I. (le trin. cap. i>. si decepli 

*iiliiiis, &<;. 8' Vide Siiiiisatis Isptiocaiiis objectiones 

lU jiioiiaclium Milesiu.u. '"'Lege Ilossiuaii. Mus 



exenteraius. ^^ As true as Homer's Iliad, Ovid'a 

Melaiiiorplioses, iKsops Fables. ««* Dial.. 52. de ora 

ciilis. ^9 O s.-iiKias geiites qiiibus hxa iiascunturia 

horto Numiiia ! Juveii. Sat. 15. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.j Symptoms of Religious Melancholy. 617 

90" Pnrrum et caepe deos impnncre nubibiis <iusi. 
Hos tu Nile deos colis." 

Scoffing ^' Lucian in his vera Hist or ia: which, as he confesseth himself, was no 
persuasively written as a truth, but in comical fashion to glance at the monstrous 
fictions and gross absurdities of writers and nations, to deride v/ithout doubt this 
prodigious Egyptian idolatry, feigns this story of himself: that when he had seen 
the Elysian fields, and was now coming away, Rhadamanthus gave him a mallow 
root, and bade him pray to that when he was in any peril or extremity ; which he 
did accordingly ; for when he came to Hydamordia in the island of treacherous 
women, he made his prayers to his root, and was instantly delivered. The Syrians, 
Chaldeans, had as many proper gods of their own invention ; see the said Lucian 
de dcd Syria. Morney cap. 22. de veritat. relig. Guliel. Stuckius '^^Sacrorum 
Sacrificiorumque Genfil. dcscript. Peter Faber Semester, /. 3. c. 1, 2, 3. Selden 
de diis Syris^ Purchas' pilgrimage, ^^Rosinus of the Romans, and Lilius Giraldus of 
the Greeks. The Romans borrowed from all, besides their own gods, which were 
majoriim and minorum gentium., as Varro holds, certain and uncertain ; some celestial, 
select, and great ones, others indigenous and Semi-dei, Lares, Lemures, Dioscuri, 
Soteres, and Parastata), dii tutelares amongst the Greeks : gods of all sorts, for all 
functions ; some for the land, some for sea ; some for heaven, some for hell ; some 
for passions, diseases, some for birth, some for weddings, husbandry, woods, waters*, 
gardens, orchards, &c. All actions and offices, Pax-Quies, Salus, Libertas, Foelicitas, 
Strenua, Stimula, Horta, Pan, Sylvanus, Priapus, Flora, Cloacina, Stercutius, Febris, 
Pallor, Invidia, Protervia, Risus, Angerona, Volupia, Vacuna, Viriplaca, Veneranda, 
Pales, Neptunia, Doris, kings, emperors, valiant men that had done any good offices 
for them, they did likewise canonise and adore for gods, and it was usually done, 
usitatum apud antiquos, as ^'*Jac. Boissardus well observes, dei/icare homines qui 
beneficiis rnortales jiwarenf^ and the devil was still ready to second their intents, 
statim se ingessit illorum sepulchris^ statuis, iemplis^ aris., 4'c. he crept into their 
temples, statues, tombs, altars, and was ready to give oracles, cure diseases, do mira- 
cles, &c. as by Jupiter, jEsculapius, Tiresias, Apollo, Mopsus, Amphiaraus, &c. dii 
et Semi-dii. For so they were Semi-dii., demi-gods, some medii inter Deos et homi- 
nes^ as Max. ^'Tyrius, the Platonist, ser. 26. et 27, maintains and justifies in many 
words. '•'• When a good man (Hes, his body is buried, but his soul, ex homi.ne dcemon 
evadit, becomes forthwith a demi-god, nothing disparaged with malignity of air, or 
variety of forms, rejoiceth, exults and sees that perfect beauty with his eyes. Now 
being deified, in commiseration he helps his poor friends here on earth, his kindred 
and allies, informs, succours, &c. punisheth those tliat are bad and do amiss, as a 
good genius to protect and govern mortal men appointed by the gods, so they will 
have it, ordaining some for provinces, some for private men, some for one office, 
some for another. Hector and Achilles assist soldiers to this day ; Assculapius all 
sick men, the Dioscuri seafaring men, &c. and sometimes upon occasion they show 
themselves. The Dioscuri, Hercules and iiiSculapius, he saw himself (or the devil 
in his likeness) non somnians sed vigilans ipse vidi .*" So far Tyrius. And not good 
men only do they thus adore, but tyrants, monsters, devils, (as ^'^Stukius inveighs) 
Neros, Domitians, Heliogables, beastly women, and arrant whores amongst the rest. 
" For all intents, places, creatures, they assign gods ;" 

" Et domibus, teclis, thermis, et equis soleatis 
Assigiiare solent genios" • 

saith Prucfentius. Cuna for cradles, Diverra for sweeping houses, Nodina knots, 
Prema, Pramunda, Hymen, Hymeneus, for weddings ; Comus the god of good fel- 
lows, gods of silence, of comfort, Hebe goddess of youth, Mena meiistruarum., 4'<' 
male and female gods, of all ages, sexes and dimensions, with beards, without beards, 
married, unmarried, begot, not born at all, but, as Minerva, start out of Jupiter's 



90 Priidantiiis. " Havinjr proceeded to deify leeks and 
onions, jou, oh Efjypt, worship such gods." ai Pra;fat. 
ver. liist. s^-pignri. fol. J494. »' Rosin. anti(i. 

Rom. I. '2. r. 1 et deinceps. 94 J^jb. de diviiiatioi'.e tt 

*ii!ii!icis |)r:;;stij.'iis in Mopso, s* Cosmo Piiccio In- 

terpret, nihil ab aeris caliL'ine ant fiijurarutn varietate 
impeditiis nierani piiichritudineni meruit, exnitans et 
liisericordia tno.uy, cognates auiicos qui adhuc n ' -^n- 

78 3b2 



tur in terra tuetur, errantibus sucoirrit, &c. Detis hoc 
jussit nt essent genii dii tntelarts liominibns, bonos 
juvantes, inalos punientes, &c. '"■Sacroruni gent, 

descript. lion bene ineritos solurr, sed et tyrannos pro 
diis coluiiJ, qui gen".s fiunianuii' hor/'mlurn in moduiu 
porteiitosa iiiiinanitate divexa.it'. Hcc. fccdas mere- 
trices, &.C. 



619 Religious Melanclwly. [Part. 3. Sec. 4. 

head. Hesiod reckons up at least 30,000 gods, Varro 300 Jnpiters. A^ Jeremy told 
them, their gods w re to the multitude of cities; 

*' duicqnifi hiunus, pelagus, ccelum miserabile gignit I "Whatever heavens, sea, and land l)Ofrat, 
Id dixere deos, colles, freta, tiiiinina, flamnias." | Hills, seas, and rivers, God was this and that." 

And which was most absurd, they made gods upon such ridiculous occasions ; " As 
children make babies (so saith ^^Morneus), their poets make gods," et quos adorant 
in temyJis^ ludunt in Theatris^ as Lactantius scoffs. Saturn, a man, gelded himself, 
did eat his own children, a cruel tyrant driven out of his kingdom by his son Jupi- 
ter, as good a god as himself, a wicked lascivious paltry king of Crete, of whose 
rapes, lusts, murders, villanies, a whole volume is too little to relate. Venus, a noto- 
rious strumpet, as common as a barber's chair. Mars, Adonis, Anchises' whore, is a 
great she-goddess, as well as the rest, as much renowned by their poets, with many 
such; and these gods so fabulously and foolishly made, ceremoniis^ hymnis^ et canticis 
celebrunf; iheir errors, luctus et gaudia., amores^ iras^ nuptias et liherorum procrea- 
tiones (^^as Eusebius well taxeth), weddings, mirth and mournings, loves, angers, and 
quarrelling they did celebrate in hymns, and sing of in their ordinary songs, as it 
were publishing their villanies. But see more of their originals. When Romulus 
was made away by the sedition of the senators, to pacify the people, ^^ Julius Procu- 
lus gave out that Romulus was taken up by Jupiter into heaven, and therefore to be 
ever after adored for a god amongst the Romans. Syrophanes of Egypt had one 
only son, whom he dearly loved ; he erected his statue in his house, which his ser- 
vants did adorn with garlands, to pacify their master's wrath when he was angry, so 
by little and little he was adored for a god. This did Semiramis for her husband 
Belus, and Adrian the emperor by his minion Antinous. Flora was a rich harlot in 
Rome, and for that she made the commonwealth her heir, her birthday was solem- 
nised long after; and to make it a more plausible holiday, they made her goddess 
of flowers, and sacrificed to her amongst the rest. The matrons of Rome, as Dio- 
nysius Ilalicarnassaeus relates, because at their entreaty Coriolanus desisted from his 
wars, consecrated a church ForluncB muUehri ; and ^°° Venus Barbata had a temple 
erected, for that somewhat was amiss about hair, and so the rest. The citizens ' of 
Alabanda, a small town in Asia Minor, to curry favour with the Romans (who then 
warred m Greece with Perseus of Macedon, and were formidable to these parts), 
consecrated, a temple to the City of Rome, and made her a goddess, with annua 
games and sacrifices; so a town of houses was deified, with shameful flattery of the 
one side to give, and intolerable arrogance on the other to accept, upon so vile ana 
absurd an occasion. Tully writes to Atticus, that his daughter Tulliola might bt 
made a goddess, and adored as Juno and Minerva, and as well she deserved it. Their 
holy days and adorations were all out as ridiculous ; those Lupercals of Pan, Flo- 
rales of Flora, Bona dea, Anna Perenna, Saturnals, &c., as how they were celebrated, 
with what lascivious and wanton gestures, bald ceremonies, ^ by what bawdy priests, 
how they hang their noses over the smoke of sacrifices, saith ^Lucian, and lick blood 
like flies that was spilled about the altars. Their carved idols, gilt images of wood^ 
iron, ivory, silver, brass, stone, olim truncus eram^ <^t., were most absurd, as being 
their own workmanship; for as Seneca notes, adorant lig^ieos deos, et fahros interim 
qui jecerunt, contemnunt^ they adore work, contemn the workman; and as Tertul- 
lian follows it, Si homines non essent diis propitli, non essent dii, had it not been 
for men, they had never been gods, but blocks, and stupid statues in which mice, 
swallows, birds make their nests, spiders their webs, and in their very mouths laid 
their excrements. Those images, 1 say, were all out as gross as the shapes in which 
they did represent them : Jupiter with a ram's head. Mercury a dog's. Pan like a 
goat, Heccate with three heads, one with a beard, another without ; see more in Car- 
terius and ^Verdurius of their monstrous forms and ugly pictures: and, which was 
absurder yet, they told them these images came from heaven, as that of Minerva in 
her temple at Athens, quod e coelo cecidisse credebant accolce, saith Pausanias. They 



"'Cap. 2-2. de ver. rel. Deos finxenint eornm poptfp, 
Ut infttinlium piippas. «« Proem, lib. Contra, philos. 

'''Liviiis, lih. 1. Deus vobis in posterurn propitins, 
Qdiriles. 100 Anih. Verdure Iniajr. deoruin. ' Mu- 
ieris c.indido splenfieiites aniicimine varioque laetentes 
grstininie, veriio florentes coiianiine. solum slerueiites, j 



&.C. Apiileius, lib. 11. de Asino aureo. a iMogna 

reliiiione qua;ritnr (jiia' pnssit adnlleria plnra nuir t-rare 
.Vlinut. 3 Lib. de sacrificiis. Fumo iiihiahf^s. «! 

mikstarum in iiior(;rn sanfruinem e.tiif;ei)tes circiin. aria 
effusuui. « Imagines Deorum lib. sic. inscript. 



Mem. I. Subs. 3.] Symptojns of Religious Melancholy. 619 

formeil some like storks, apes, bulls, anil yet seriously believed: and that which was 
mipious and abominable, they made their gods notorious whoremasters, incestuous 
Sodomites (as commonly tliey were all, as well as Jupiter. Mars, Apollo, Mercury 
Neptune, &.c.), thieves, slaves, drudges (for Apollo and Neptune made tiles in Phry- 
gia), kept sheep, Hercules emptied stables, Vulcan a blacksmith, unfit to dwell upon 
the earth for their villanies, much less in heaven, as ^ iMornay well saith, and yet 
they gave them out to be such ; so weak and brutish, some to whine, lament, and 
roar, as Isis for her son and Cenocephalus, as also all her weeping priests; Mars in 
Homer to be v/ounded, vexed ; Venus ran away crying, and tiie like ; than which 
M'hat can be more ridiculous .'' JS'onne ridiculuni lugere quod colas^ vcl colere quod 
lugeasf (^vhich ^Minutius objects) Si dli^ cur plangitisf si mortui^ cur adoratisf that 
it is no marvel if 'Lucian, that adamantine persecutor of superstition, and Pliny could 
so scofT at them and their horrible idolatry as they did ; if Diagoras took Hercules' 
image, and put it under his pot to seethe his pottage, which was, as he said, his 13th 
labour. But see more of their fopperies in Cypr. 4. tract, de Idol, varietat. Chrysos- 
lom advers. Gcntil. Arnobius adv. Genies. Austin, dc civ. dci. Theodoret. de curat. 
GrcEc. a feet. Clemens Alexandrinus, Minutius Fcelix, Eusebius, Lactantius, Stuckius, 
&.C. Lamentable, tragical, and fearful those symptoms are, that they should be so 
far forth affrighted with their fictitious gods, as to spend the goods, lives, fortunes, 
precious time, best days in their honour, to ^ sacrifice unto them, to their inestimable 
loss, such hecatombs, so many thousand sheep, oxen with gilded horns, goats, as 
''Croesus, king of Lydia, '° Marcus Julianus, surnamed oh crehras hostias Victima- 
rius^ et Tauricremus., and the rest of the Roman emperors usually did with such 
labour and cost ; and not emperors onl}^ and great ones, pro communi bono., were 
at this charge, but private men for their ordinary occasions. Pythagoras ofiered a. 
hundred oxen for the invention of a geometrical problem, and it was an ordinary 
thing to sacrifice in " Lucian's time, '•'' a heifer for their good health, four oxen 
for wealth, a hundred for a kingdom, nine bulls for their safe return from Troja to 
Pylus," &.C. Every god almost had a peculiar sacrifice — the Sun horses, Vulcan fire, 
Diana a white hart, Venus a turtle, Ceres a hog, Proserpine a black lamb, Neptune 
a bull (read more in '" Stukius at large), besides sheep, cocks, corals, frankincense, to 
their undoings, as if their gods were afifected with blood or smoke. "' And surely 
('^ saith he) if one should but repeat the fopperies of mortal men, in their sacrifices, 
feasts, worshipping their gods, their rites and ceremonies, what they think of them, 
of their diet, houses, orders, &c., what prayers and vows they make; if one should 
but observe their absurdity and madness, he would burst out a laughing, and pity 
their folly." For what can be more absurd than their ordinary prayers, petitions, 
'* requests, sacrifices, oracles, devotions .'' of which we have a taste in Maximus 
Tyrius, serm. I. Plato's Alcibiades Secundus, Persius Sat. 2. Juvenal. Sat. 10. there 
likewise exploded, Mactant opimas el pingues hostias deo quasi esurienti^ profundunt 
villa tanquam sitienti^ luinina acceiidunt vclut in tcnebris agenti (Lactantius, lib. 2. 
cap. 6). As if their gods were hungry, athirst, in the dark, they light candles, offer 
meat and drink. And what so base as to reveal their counsels and give oracles, e 
viscerum sterquiliniis, out of the bowels and excremental parts of beasts ^ sordidos 
decs Varro truly calls them therefore, and well he miglit. I say nothing of their 
magnificent and sumptuous temples, those majestical structures : to the roof of 
Apollo Didymeus' temple, ad branchida.s^ as '^Strabo writes, a thousand oaks did 
not suffice. Who can relate the glorious splendour, and slupend magnificence, the 
sumptuous buildmg of Diana at Ephesus, Jupiter Amnion's temple in Africa, the 
Pantheon at Rome, the Capitol, tlie Sarapium at Alexandria, Apollo's temple at 
Daphne in the suburbs of Antioch. The great temple at Mexico so richly adorned,, 

5 De ver. relig. cap. 22. liidigni qui terrain calcent, tissinii sunt ceremoniaruui, hello prKserlim. " De 

fif «Octaviano. i Jdpiter 'rragretlus, de ssacnfi- i sacrificiis: hiiculaiii pro bona valetudine, bovesquatuor 

f.iis. el passim alias. « Gtjo several kinds of sacrifices pro divitiis, centum tauros pro sospite a Trojui reditu. 
in Egypt Major reckons up, torn. 2. coll of which read ' &c. '^ Dp sacris Gentil. et sacrific. 'I'yg 1.5i)ti 



i-* Enimvero si quis receiisefet qniu stuiti mortales in 
fistis, sacrificiis, diis adorandis, &.c. (pia; vota faeiant, 
quid de iis staluaiit, &c. Iiaud fcio an nsurus, &c, 
'■•Max Tyriiis ser. I. Crce^us regum omnium stullit..si' 
mus de lebele coiisulil, alius de iiuiuiro areuaruia. Ui 



more in cap. 1. of Laureniius I'lgnoriiis his Euypt cha 

racters, a cause of which Sanubius gives sulicis. lih. 3. 

cap. 1. 8 Herod. Clio. Immnlavit lecta pecora Ler 

inille Delphis, una cum lectis pliialis iribus. 'O Su- 

perstitiosus Jiiliauus innumeras .sine par^iinonia pccu> 

des mactavit. Amianus 25. Boves allii. M. Ca;sari sa- niensiune maris, &.c. i» Lib. 4. 

lutem, si tu viceris perimus ; lib. 3. Ilomani observan 



^P^Wfl 



1520 Religious Melancholy. | [Part. 3. Sect. 4. 

and rio capacious (for 10,000 men might stand in it at once), tliat fair Pantheon of 
^'usco, described by Acosta in his Indian History, which eclipses both Jews and 
Christians. There were in old Jerusalem, as some write, 408 synagogues ; but new 
Cairo reckons up (if '^Radzivilus may be believed) 6800 mosques; Fez 400, whereof 
50 are most magnificent, like St. Paul's in London. Helena built 300 fair churches 
m the Holy Land, but one Bassa hath built 400 mosques. The Mahometans have 
1000 monks in a monastery; the like saith Acosta of Americans; Riccius of the 
Chinese, for men and women, fairly built; and more richly endowed some of them, 
than Arras in Artois, Fulda in Germany, or St. Edmund's-Bury in England with us : 
who can describe those curious and costly statues, idols, images, so frequently men- 
tioned in Pausanias ? I conceal their donaries, pendants, other offerings, presents, 
to these their fictitious gods daily consecrated. '^ Alexander, the son of Amyntas, 
king of Macedonia, sent two statues of pure gold to Apollo at Delphos. '^ Croesus, 
king of Lydia dedicated a hundred golden tiles in the same place with a golden altar: 
no man came empty-handed to their shrines. But these are base offerings in respect; 
they offered men themselves alive. The Leucadians, as Strabo writes, sacrificed 
every year a man, averruncaiidcB deoriim irce causa.) to pacify their gods, de monlis 
prcecipitio dejeccrent.^ ^x. and they did voluntarily undergo it. The Decii did so 
sacrifice, Diis manibus ; Curtius did leap into the gulf. Were they not all strangely 
deluded to go so far to their oracles, to be so gulled by them, both in war and peace, 
as Poly bins relates (which their argurs, priests, vestal virgins can witness), to be so 
superstitious, that they would rather lose goods and lives than omit any ceremonies, 
or ollend their heathen gods } Nicias, that generous and valiant captain of the 
Greeks, overthrew the Athenian navy, by reason of his too n)uch superstition, "'be- 
cause tile augurs told him it was ominous to set sail from the haven of Syracuse 
whilst the moon was eclipsed ; he tarried so long till his enemies besieged liim, he 
and all his army were overthrown. The ^° Parthians of old were so sottish in this 
kind, they would rather lose a victory, nay lose their own lives, than fight in the 
night, 'twas against their religion. The Jews would make no resistance on the Sab- 
bath, when Pompeius besieged Jerusalem; and some Jewish Christians in Africa, set 
upon by the Goths, suffered themselves upon the same occasion to be utterly van- 
quished. The superstition of the Dibrenses, a bordering town in Episus, besieged 
by the Turks, is miraculous almost to report. Because a dead dog was flung into 
the only fountain which the city had, they would die of thirst all, rather than drink 
of that ^' unclean water, and yield up the city upon any conditions. Though the 
praetor and chief citizens began to drink first, using all good persuasions, their super- 
stition was such, no saying would serve, they must all forthwith die or yield up the 
city. Vix ausum ipse credere (saith '^Barletius) tantam supcrstitionem.^ vel ajfirmare 
lev is s imam hanc causam ttmta rei vel magis ridiculam^ quiim non dubiiem risum po- 
tius quum admirationem posteris excitaturam. Tiie story was too ridiculous, he w as 
ashamed to report it, because he thought nobody would believe it. It is stupend to 
relate what strange effects this idolatry and superstition hath brought forth of the 
latter years in the Indies and those bordering parts : ^^ in what feral shapes the 
^^ devil is adored, ne quid mall intent ent^ as they say; for in the mountains betwixt 
Scanderoon and Aleppo, at this day, there are dwelling a certain kind of people 
called Coords, coming of the race of the ancient Parthians, who worship the devil, 
and allege this reason in so doing: God is a good man and will do no harm, but the 
devil is bad and must be pleased, lest he hurt them. It is wonderful to tell how the 
devil deludes them, how he terrifies them, how they offer men and women sacrifices- 
unto him, a hundred at once, as they did infants in Crete to Saturn of old, the finest 
children, like Agamemnon's Iphigenia, &c. At ^^ Mexico, when the Spaniards first 
overcame them, they daily sacrificed viva hominum corda e viventium corporibus ex- 
tract a^ the hearts of men yet living, 20,000 in a year (Acosta lib. 5. cap. 20) to their 
idols made of flour and men's blood, and every year 6000 infants of both sexes: 

'« Perigr. Hierosol. "Solinus. is Herodotus. I monstra coiispiciuntur, marniorea, ligriea, lutf-a, &,c. 

i" B'ltftius polit. lib. 2. cap. 16. 20 piutarcli vit. < raj^si. | Riccius. 24 Deiiin eiiitii platan; iioii e^l opiuv 

*' They were of llie Greek church. '^'^h\h. 5. de <;estis quia iion nncet ; set! daiiiioneiii sacrificiis placaiit, &,c 
Scaiulerbegis. '^h\ teiiiplis iiniiiania Idolorum | 25 Fer. Corlesius. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3. 



Symjdoms of Religious Melancholy. 



mi 



and as prodigious to relate, ^^ how they bury their wives with husbands deceased^ 'tis 
fearful to report, and harder to believe, 

27 '• Naiti ceriamen liabeiit Itethi qufe viva sequatiir 
Uoiijugium, pudor, est noii licuisse iiiori," 

and burn them alive, best goods, servants, horses, when a grandee dies, ^Hwelve 
thousand at once amongst the Tartars, when a great cham departs, or an emperor in 
America : how they plague themselves, which abstain from all that hath life, like 
those old Pythagoreans, with immoderate fastings, ^^as the Bannians about Surat, 
they of China, that for superstition's sake never eat flesh nor fish all their lives, 
never marry, but live in deserts and by-places, and some pray to their idols twenty- 
four hours together without any intermission, biting of their tongues when they have 
(lone, for devotion's sake. Some again are brouglit to that madness by their super- 
btilious priests (that tell them such vain stories of immortality, and the joys of heaven 
in that other life), ^'' that many thousands voluntarily break their own necks, as 
Cleombrotus Amborciatus, auditors of old, precipitate themselves, that they may par- 
ticipate of tliat unspeakable happiness in the other world. One poisons, another 
strangles himself, and the King of China had done as much, deluded with the vain 
hope, had he not been detained by his servant. But who can sufficiently tell of 
their several superstitions, vexations, follies, torments } I may conclude with ^' Pos- 
sevinus^ ReligifacU asperos juites, homines e feris ; superstitio ex hominihiis feras, 
religion makes wild beasts civil, superstition makes wise men beasts and fools ; and 
the discreeiest that are, if they give way to it, are no better than dizzards ; nay more, 
if that of Plotinus be true, is unus religionis scopus, ut ei quern colimus similes Jia- 
mas., that is the drift of religion to make us like him whom we worship: wliat shall 
be the end of idolaters, but to degenerate into stocks and stones .'' of such as wor- 
ship these heathen gods, for dii gentium dcemonia, '^^but to become devils themselves.^ 
'Tis therefore exiriosus error, et maxime periculosuSj a most perilous and dangerous 
error of all others, as ^^ Plutarch holds., turbulent a passio hominem consternans., a 
pestilent, a troublesome passion, that utterly undoeth men. Unhappy superstition, 
^■* Pliny calls it, 7uorle nonfmitur., death takes away life, but not superstition. Im- 
pious and ignorant are far more happy than they which are superstitious, no torture 
like to it, none so continuate, so general, so destructive, so violent. 

Jn this superstitious row, Jews for antiquity may go next to Gentiles : vvhat of 
old they have done, what idolatries they have committed in their groves and high 
places, what their Pharisees, Sadducees, Scribes, Essei, and such sectaries have main- 
tained, 1 will not so much as mention : for the present, I presume no nation under 
heaven can be more sottish, ignorant, blind, superstitious, wilful, obstinate, and 
peevish, tiring themselves with vain ceremonies to no purpose ; he that shall but 
read their rabbins' ridiculous comments, their strange interpretation of scriptures, their 
absurd ceremonies, fables, childish tales, which they steadfastly believe, will think 
they be scarce rational creatures; their foolish ^'customs, when they rise in the 
morning, and how they prepare themselves to prayer, to meat, with what supersti- 
tious washings, how to their sabbath, to tlieir other feasts, weddings, burials, &c. 
Last of all, the expectation of their Messiah, and those figments, miracles, vain pomp 
that shall attend him, as how he shall terrify the Gentiles, and overcome them by 
new diseases; how Michael the archangel shall sound his trumpet, how he shall 
gather all the scattered Jews in the Holy Land, and there make them a great banquet, 
^ '•' Wherein shall be all the birds, beasts, fishes, that ever God made, a cup of wine 
that grew in Paradise, and that hath been kept in Adam's cellar ever since." At the 
first course shall be served in that great ox in Job. iv. 10., '•^ that every day feeds on 
a thousand hills," Psal. 1. 10., that great Leviathan, and a great bird, that laid an egg 

■'"'M. Polas. Lod. Vertoiiianniis navig. lib. 6. cap. 9. 
P. Martyr. Ocean, dec. 27p,opertius lib. 3. eleg. 1-2. 

"There is a contest amongst the living wives as to 
which shall follow the husband, and not be allowed to 
die for him is accounted a disgrace." 2« Matthias a 

Micfeou. ''^ Epist. Jesuit, anno. 15-19 a Xaverto et 

socus. Idemqiie Riccius expedid. ad Sinas I. 1. per to- 
tum Jejunatores apud eos tuto die carnibus abstinent 
et v^'scibijs ob religionem. nocte et die Idola colentes; 
iH.si^'iam egredientes. so ^(j i,„,nortalitatem morle 

a?i)irb."t Mimmi ^nagistratus, &c. Et multi mortajes 
bac .-nsaniti et pi epostero iiuiuortulitalis studio labo- 



rant, et misere pereunt : rex ipse clam venenum hausis- 
set, nisi a servo fuisset dett ntus. S'Caiitione in lib. 
10. BoiiMii de repub ful. 111. ^''Qnin ipsius diaboii 
nt nequitiam ret'erant. ^^ Mb. de siiperstit. ^* Ho- 
minibus vit« finis mors, non aulem superstitionis, pro. 
fert hiEC suusterminos ultra vila;linem. 3^ linxtortius 
Synagog. Jud. c. 4. Inter precanduin nemo pediculoe 
aitingat, vel puliceu*, aut per giittur iiilerius ventuic 
eiiiittas, &,c. Id. c 5 et. seq. cap. 3l). 3« lllic ominf 

animalia, pisces, aves, quos I>ju« unquam Qieavit inac 
tabuntur, el viiiuin generosum, &c. 



622 Religious Melancholy. [Pait. 3. Sec. 4. 

6o big, ^' " ihat by chance tumbling out of the nest, it knocked down three hundred 
tali cedars, and breaking as it lell, drowned one hundred and sixty villages :" this 
bird stood up to the knees in the sea, and the sea was so deep, that a hatchet would 
not fall to the bottom in seven years : of their Messiah's ^^ wives and children ; Adam 
and Eve, &.C., and tliat one stupend fiction amongst the rest : w^hen a Roman prince 
asked of rabbi Jehosua ben Hanania, why the Jews' God was compared to a lion; 
he made answer, he compared himself to no ordinary lion, but to one in the wood 
Ela, which, when he desired to see, the rabbin prayed to God he might, and forth- 
with the lion set forward. ^^'' But when he was four hundred miles from Rome he 
BO roared that all the great-bellied women in Rome made abortions, the city walls 
fell down, and when he came a hundred miles nearer, and roared the second time, 
their teeth fell out of their heads, the emperor himself fell down dead, and so the 
lion went back." With an infinite number of such lies and forgeries, which they 
verily believe, feed themselves with vain hope, and in the mean time will by no per- 
suasions be diverted, but still crucify their souls with a company of idle ceremonies, 
live like slaves and vagabonds, will not be relieved or reconciled. 

Mahometans are a compound of Gentiles, Jews, and Christians, and so absurd in 
their ceremonies, as if they had taken that which is most sottish out of every one 
of them, full of idle fables in their superstitious law, their Alcoran itself a galli- 
maufry of lies, tales, ceremonies, traditions, precepts, stolen from other sects, and 
confusedly heaped up to delude a company of rude and barbarous clowns. As how 
birds, beasts, stones, saluted Mahomet when he came from Mecca, the moon came 
down from heaven to visit him, *°how God sent for him, spake to him, &c., with a 
company of stupend figments of the angels, sun, moon, and stars, &c. Of the day 
of judgment, and three souqds to prepare to it, which must last fifty thousand years 
of Paradise, which wliolly consists in coeundl et cnmedcndi volup.ate^ and pecorinis 
hominibus scripium^ hestialis heatitudo^ is so ridiculous, that Virgil, Dante, Lucian 
nor any poet can be more fabulous. Their rites and ceremonies are most vain and 
superstitious, wine and swine's flesh are utterly forbidden by their law, "*' they must 
pray live times a day \ and still towards the south, wash before and after all their 
bodies over, with many such. For fasting, vows, religious orders, peregrinations, 
tliey go far beyond any papists, ^^ they fast a month together many times, and must 
not eat a bit till sun be set. Their kalendars, dervises, and torlachers, &.c. are more 
'^abstemious some of them, than Carthusians, Franciscans, Anchorites, forsake ail, 
live solitary, fare hard, go naked, &c. "^ Their pilgrimages are as far as to the river 
'^Ganges (which the Gentiles of those tracts likewise do), to wash themselves, for 
that river as they hold hath a sovereign virtue to purge them of all sins, and no man 
can be saved that hath not been washed in it. For which reason they come far and 
near from the Indies; Maximus gentium omnium conjlaxus est ; and infinite numbers 
yearly resort to it. Others go as far as Mecca to Mahomet's tomb, which journey is 
both miraculous and meritorious. The ceremonies of flinging stones to stone the 
devil, of eating a camel at Cairo by the way ; their fastings, their running till they 
sweat, their long prayers, Mahomet's temple, tomb, and building of it, would ask a 
whole volume to dilate : and for their pains taken in this holy pilgrimage, all their 
sins are forgiven, and they reputed for so many saints. And diverse of them with 
hot bricks, when they return, will put out their eyes, '^^"that they never after 
see any profane thing, bite out their tongues," &c. They look for their prophet 
Mahomet as Jews do for their Messiah. Read more of their customs, rites, cere- 
monies, in Lonicerus Turcic. hist. torn. 1. from the tenth to the twenty-fourth cbap- 
ter. Bredenbachius, cap. 4, 5, 6. Leo Afer, lib. I. Busbequius Sabellicus, Pur- 
chas, lib. 3. cap. 3, et 4, 5. Tf eodorus Bibliander, &c. Many foolish ceremonies 



s^Cujus lapsucedrialtissimi 300dejecti sunt,quumqiie 
i lapsu ovum fueralconfracluni, pajii ICOindesubmersi, 
el alluvjone inundati. »- Every king of tlie world 

shall send him one of his daughters to be his wife, be- 
cause it is written, Ps. xlv. 10. " Kings' daughters shall 
attend on him," &c. 39 Q,uum quadringenlis adhuc 

milliaribus ab imperatore Leo hie abesset, tau) fortiter 
rugiebat, ut rnulieres Romans abortieiint omp<^s, mu- 
tique, &c. ^ogtrozius Cicogiia omnif. mag jn. I. c. 

1. pulida multa recensel ex Alcorano, de ccelo stellis, 
Angelis, Iyj"icerus c. 21, 22. 1. 1. " auinquies in di« 



orare Turcoe tenentur ad meridiem. Bredenbachius cap. 
5. 42 In quolibet anno mensem integrum jejunant 

interdiu, nee comedetites nee bihentes, &e. ^^ JVulJia 
unquam multi per tolam aeiatem cartiibus Vi^scuntur. 
l-eo Afer. 44 j^nnicerus to I. Leap. 17. 18. ^sQotar- 
dus Arthus ca. 33. hist, orient. Indiae; opinio est expia 
torium esse Gangem ; et nee munduni ab omni peccaio 
nee salvum fieri posse, qui iion hoc iliimitie se abliiit 
quam ob eausain ex tota India, &,c. ''Quia nil 

volunt deinceps videre. 



Mem, 1. Subs. 3. 



Symptoms oj' Religious Melancholy. 



^'Z'6 



you shall find in them ; and which is most to be lamented, ttie people are gene- 
rally so curious in observing of them, that if the least circumstance be omitted, 
they think they shall be damned, 'tis an irremissible offence, and can hardly be for- 
given. I kept in my house amongst my followers (saith Busbequius, sometime the 
Turk's orator in Constantinople) a Turkey boy, that by chance did eat shell-fish, a 
meat forbidden by their law, but the next day when he knew what he had done, he 
was not only sick to cast and vomit, but very much troubled in mind, would weep 
and ''^grieve many days aftei, torment himself for his foul offence. Another Turk 
being to drink a cup of w^tie in his cellar, first made a huge noise and filthy faces, 
^^"to warn his soul, as he said, that it should not be guilty of that foul fact which 
he was to commit." With such toys as these are men kept in awe, and so cowed, 
that they dare not resist, or offend the least circumstance of their law, for con- 
science-sake misled by superstition, which no human edict otherwise, no force of 
arms, could have enforced. 

In the last place are Pseudo-Christians, in describing of whose superstitious symp- 
toms, as a mixture of the rest, 1 may say that which St. Benedict once saw in a 
vision, one devil in the market-place, but ten in a monastery, because there was 
more work ; in populous cities they would swear and forswear, lie, falsify, deceive 
fast enough of themselves, one devil could circumvent a thousand ; but in their re- 
ligious houses a thousand devils could scarce tempt one silly monk. All the prin- 
cipal devils, I think, busy themselves in subverting Christians ; Jews, Gentiles, and 
Mahometans, are extra caulem^ out of the fold, and need no such attendance, they 
make no resistance, '^^eos enlm pulsare negUgit^ qiios qui eto jure possidere se sentit^ 
they are his ovv'n already : but Christians have that shield of faith, sword of the Spirit 
to resist, and must have a great deal of battery before they can be overcome. That 
the devil is most busy amongst us that are of the true church, appears by those seve- 
ral oppositions, heresies, schisms, which in all ages he hath raised to subvert it, and 
in that of Rome especially, wherein Antichrist himself now sits and plays his prize. 
This mystery of iniquity began to work even in the Apostles' time, many Antichrists 
and heretics were abroad, many sprung up since, many now present, and will be to 
the world's end, to dementate men's minds, to seduce and captivate their souls. 
Their symptoms I know not how better to express, than in that twofold division, of 
such as lead, and are led. Such as lead are heretics, schismatics, false prophets, 
impostors, and their ministers : they have some common symptoms, some peculiar. 
Common, as madness, folly, pride, insolency, arrogancy, singularity, peevishness, 
obstinacy, impudence, scorn and contempt of all other sects : jYuUius addicti jurare 
in verba magistri; ^° they will approve of nought but what they first invent them- 
selves, no interpretation good but what their infallibile spirit dictates: none shall be in 
secundis^ no not in tertiis^ they are only wise, only learned in the truth, all damned 
but they and their followers, ccBdem scripturarum faciunt ad materiam suam^ saith 
Tertullian, they make a slaughter of Scriptures, and turn it as a nose of wax to their 
own ends. So irrefragable, in the mean time, that what they have once said, they 
must and will maintain, in whole tomes, duplications, triplications, never yield to 
death, so self-conceited, say what you can. As ^' Bernarcl (erroneously some say) 
speaks of P. Aliardus, omnes patres sic, afque ego sic. Though all the Fathers, Coun- 
cils, the whole world contradict it, they care not, they are all one : and as ^^Gregory 
well notes '' of such as are vertiginous, they think fill turns round and moves, all 
err : when as the error is wholly in their own brains." Magallianus, the Jesuit,, in 
his Comment on 1 Tim. xvi. 20, and Alphonsus de castro lib. 1 . adnersus hcercses^ 
gives two more eminent notes or probable conjectures to know such men by, (they 
might have taken themselves by the noses when they said it) ^^"' First they affect 
novelties and toys, and prefer falsehood before truth ; ^^^ secondly, they care not what 
they say, that which rashness and folly hath brought out, pride afterward, peevish- 
ness and contumacy shall maintain to the last gasp." Peculiar symptoms are profli- 
gious paradoxes, new doctrines, vain phantasms, which are many and diverse as they 



*' Nullum se conflictandi finem facit. •'f Ut in 

ahquein ant'uliim se reciperet, ne reus fieret ejus 
delicti quod ipse erat adiiiissurus. 4^* Greco r. Hoin. 

»o " Bound to the dictates of no master." s' Epist. 1!)0. 
"'Oral. 8. ut verligiiie correptis videntur omnia inoveri, 



omnia iis falsa sunt, quuin error in ipsorum ccrebro sit. 
^ Res novas alfectan let inutiles. falsa veiis pra^feruHt. 2 
quod teineritas effutierit, id supcrhiu post utodurn tuebi> 
tur et coniumaciae, &c. "See more in Vinceul 

Lyrin. 



624 



Religions Melancholy: 



[Part. 3. Sect. 4. 



themselves. ^^ Nicholaites of old, would have wives in common: Montanists will 
not marry at all, nor Tatians, forbidding all flesh, Severians wine; Adamians go 
naked, ^because Adam did so in Paradise; and some "barefoot all their lives, 
because God, Exod. iii. and Joshua v. bid Moses so to do ; and Isaiah xx. was bid 
put off his shoes; Manichees hold that Pythagorean transmigration of souls from 
men to beasts; ^^" the Circumcellions in Africa, with a mad cruelty made away them- 
selves, some by fire, water, breaking their necks, and seduced others to do the like, 
threatening some if they did not," with a thousand such ; as you may read in ^^ Austin 
(for there were fourscore and eleven heresies in his times, besides schisms and 
smaller factions) Epiphanius, Alphonsus de Castro^ Dancp.us^ Gab, Prateolus^ Sfc. Of 
prophets, enthusiasts and impostors, our Ecclesiastical stories afford many examples; 
of Elias and Christs, as our ^° Eudo de stellis^ a Briton in King Stephen's time, that 
went invisible, translated himself from one to another in a moment, fed thousands 
with good cheer in the wilderness, and many such ; nothing so common as miracles, 
visions, revelations, prophecies. Now what these brain-sick heretics once broach, 
and impostors set on foot, be it never so absurd, false, and prodigious, the common 
people will follow and believe. It will run along like murrain in cattle, scab in 
sheep. JVuUa scabies, as ^' he said, superstifione scabiosior ; as he that is bitten with 
a mad dog bites others, and all in the end become mad ; either out of affection of 
novelty, simplicity, blind zeal, hope and fear, the giddy-headed multitude will em- 
brace it, and without further examination approve it. 

Sed Vetera querimnr, these are old, hcEC prius fuere. In our days we have a new 
scene of superstitious impostors and heretics. A new company of actors, of Anti- 
christs, that great Antichrist himself: a rope of hopes, that by their greatness and 
authority bear down all before them : who from that time they proclaimed them- 
selves universal bishops, to establish their own kingdom, sovereignty, greatness, and 
to enrich themselves, brouglit in such a company of human traditions, purgatory, 
Limbus Pafrum, Ivfanium, and all that subterranean geography, mass, adoration of 
saints, alms, fastings, bulls, indulgences, orders, friars, images, shrines, musty relics, 
excommunications, confessions, satisfactions, blind obediences, vows, pilgrimages, 
peregrinations, with many such curious toys, intricate subtleties, gross errors, obscure 
questions, to vindicate the better and set a gloss upon them, that the light of the Gos- 
pel was quite eclipsed, darkness over all, the Scriptures concealed, legends brought in, 
religion banished, hypocritical superstition exalted, and the Church itself ^^ obscured 
and persecuted : Christ and his members crucified more, saith Benzo, by a few necro- 
mantical, atheistical popes, than ever it was by ^^ Julian the Apostate. Porphyrins 
the Piatonist, Celsus the physician, Libanius the Sophister ; by those heathen em- 
perors, Huns, Goths, and Vandals. What each of them did, by what means, at 
what times, quibus auxiliis, superstition climbed to this height, tradition increased 
and Antichrist himself came to his estate, let Magdeburgenses, Kemnisius, Osian- 
der. Bale, Mornay, Fox, Usher, and many others relate. ■ In the mean time, he thai 
shall but see their profane rites and foolish customs, how superstitiously kept, 
how strictly observed, their multitude of saints, images, that rabble of Romish dei- 
ties, for trades, professions, diseases, persons, offices, countries, places ; St. George 
for England ; St. Denis for France, Patrick, Ireland ; Andrew, Scotland ; Jago, Spain; 
&c. Gregory for students ; Luke for painters ; Cosmus and Damian for philoso- 
phers ; Crispin, shoemakers ; Katherine, spinners ; &c. Anthony for pigs ; Gallus, 
geese; Wenceslaus, sheep; Pelagius, oxen; Sebastian, the plague; Valentine, fall- 
ing sickness : Apollonia, tooth-ache ; Petronella for agues ; and the Virgin Mary for 
sea and land, for all parties, offices : he that shall observe these things, their shrines, 
iumges, oblations, pendants, adorations, pilgrimages they make to them, what creep- 
ing to crosses, our Lady of Loretto's rich *^^ gowns, her donaries, the cost bestowed 
on images, and number of suitoi-s ; St. Nicholas Burge in France; our St. Thomas's 
shrine of old at Canterbury ; those relics at Rome, Jerusalem, Genoa, Lyons, Bra- 



ss a ust.deiiseres. usus ninlierum iiidifferens. ssQuod 
ante peccavit Adam, niidus erat. *' Alii midis 

pedibus semper ambulant. ss [nsana feriiate f=ibi 

uon parcijiit nam per mortes varias prn?cipitiorum aqua- 
rum et ionium, seipsos iiecant, et in istum furorem alios 
ipgunt, mortem minantes ni faciant. •'^9 Elencli. 

iffiret. ab orbe condito ^ Nubrigensis. lib. cap. 19. 



61 Jovian. Pont. Ant. Dial, 
iiomen ejus pt^rsecjui not) poterat 



"■^ Cum per Paianos 
sub sjtecie reli^ionis 
fraudulenter .subvertere disponebat. fi^That writ 

deprofesso ajiainst Christians, et palestinum deum (ut 
Socrates lib. 3. cap. 19.) scripturam nugis plenam, &c. 
vide Cyrillum in Julianum, Originem in Celsum, &cc. 
** One image had one gown worth 400 crowns and more 



!e^ 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptom.yof Religious Melancholy. 625 

turn, St. Denis ; and how many thousands come yearly to offer to them, with whal 
cost, trouble, anxiety, superstition (for forty several masses are daily said in some 
of their ^^ churches, and they rise at all hours of the night to mass, come barefoot, 
&c.), how they spend themselves, times, goods, lives, fortunes, in such ridiculous 
observations ; their tales and figments, false miracles, buying and selling of pardons, 
indulgences for 40,000 years to come, their processions on set days, their strict 
fastings, monks, anchorites, friar mendicants, Franciscans, Carthusians, &c. Their 
vigils' and fasts, their ceremonies at Christmas, Shrovetide, Candlemas, Palm-Sunday, 
Blaise, St. Martin, St. Nicholas' day ; their adorations, exorcisms, Stc, will think all 
those Grecian, Pagan, Mahometan superstitions, gods, idols, and ceremonies, the 
name, time and place, habit only altered, to have degenerated into Christians. Whilst 
they prefer traditions before Scriptures ; those Evangelical Councils, poverty, obe- 
dience, vows, alms, fasting, supererogations, before God's Commandments ; their 
own ordinances instead of his precepts, and keep them in ignorance, blindness, they 
nave brought the common people into such a case by their cunning conveyances, 
strict discipline, and servile education, that upon pain of damnation they dare not 
break the least ceremony, tradition, edict; hold it a greater sin to eat a bit of meat 
in Lent, than kill a man : their consciences are so terrified, that they are ready to 
despair if a small ceremony be omitted ; and will accuse their own father, mother, 
brother, sister, nearest and dearest friends of lieresy, if they do not as they do, will 
be their cliief executioners, and help first to bring a faggot to burn them. What 
mulct, what penance soever is enjoined, they dare not but do it, tumble with St. 
Francis in the mire amongst hogs, if they be appointed, go woolward, whip them- 
selves, build hospitals, abbeys, &c., go to the East or West Indies, kill a king, or 
run upon a sword point : they perform all, without any muttering or hesitation, 
believe all. 

66 " \]\ pueri infantes credunt signa omnia ahena I "As children tliink their babies live to he, 

Vivere, et esse homines, et sic isti omnia ficta Do they these brazen injages they see." 

Vera putant, credunt signis cor inesse ahenis." | 

And whilst the ruder sort are so carried headlong with blind zeal, are so gulled and 
tortured by their superstitions, their own too credulous simplicity and ignorance, 
their epicurean popes and hypocritical cardinals laugh in their sleeves, and are merry 
m their chambers with their punks, they do indulgere genio., and make much of them- 
selves. The middle sort, some for private gain, hope of ecclesiastical preferment, 
[quis expedivit psiliaco suum z^'^^f^) popularity, base flattery, must and will believe 
all their paradoxes and absurd tenets, without exception, and as obstinately maintain 
and put in practice all their traditions and idolatrous ceremonies (for their religion is 
half a trade) to the death ; they will defend all, the golden legend itself, with all the 
lies and tales in it : as that of St. George, St. Christopher, St. Winifred, St. Denis, 
&c. Jt is a wonder to see how Nic. Harpsfield, that pharisaical impostor, amongst 
the rest, Ecclesiast. Hist. cap. 22. scec prim, sex.^ puzzles himself to vindicate that 
ridiculous fable of St. Ursula and the eleven thousand virgins, as when they live,"^ 
how they came to Cologne, by whom martyred, &c., though he can say nothing for 
it, yet he must and will approve it : nohiUtavit {inquit) hoc scECulum Ursula cum 
comitibus., cujus historia utinam tarn mihi esset expedita et. certa^ qudm in animo raeo 
certum ac expeditum est, earn esse cum sodalihus beatam in coelis virginem. They 
must and will (I say) either out of blind zeal believe, vary their compass with the 
rest, as the latitude of religion varies, apply themselves to the times and seasons, 
and for fear and flattery are content to subscribe and to do all that in them lies to 
maintain and defend their present government and slavish religious schoolmen, can- 
onists. Jesuits, friars, priests, orators, sophisters, who either for that they had notiiing 
else to do, luxuriant wit? knew not otherwise how to busy themselves in those idle 
times, for the Church then had few or no open adversaries, or better to defend theii 
lies, fictions, miracles, transubstantiations, traditions, pope's pardons, purgatories, 
masses, impossibilities, &c. with glorioute shows, fair pretences, big words, and 
plausible wits, have coined a thousand idle questions, nice distinctions, subtleties, 
Obs and Sols, such tropological, allegorical expositions, to salve all appearances, 

*^ As at our lady's church at Bergamo in Italy. ^e Lncilius lib. J cap. 22. de falsa relig. " Aa. 441. 

79 3C 



mm 



326 Religious Melancholy. Tart. 3. Sec. 4 

objections, s-ich quirks and quidLlnies^ quodUbelaries, as Bale saith of Ferribrigge and 
Strode, instances, ampliations, decrees, glosses, canons, that instead of sound com- 
mentaries, good preachers, are come in a company of mad sophisters, prhno seaindo 
sccvndari'i., sectaries. Canonists, Sorbonisls, Minorites, with a rabble of idle contro- 
versies and questions, ^^an Papa sit Deus^ an quasi Deusf Jin participet utramque 
Chrisfi naturom ? Whether it be as possible for God to be a humble bee or a gourd, 
as a man ? Whether he can produce respect without a foundation or verm, make a 
whore a virgin ? fetch Trajan's soul from hell, and how ? with a rabble of questions 
about hell-fire : whether it be a greater sin to kill a man, or to clout shoes upon a 
Sunday? whether God can make another God like unto himself? Such, saith Kem- 
nisuis, are most of your schoolmen, (mere alchemists) 200 commentators on Peter 
Lam bard ; {Pitsius catal. scripforum Anglic, reckons up 180 English commentators 
alone, on the matter of the sentences), Scotists, Thomists, Reals, Nominals, &c., and 
so perhaps that of St. ^^ Austin may be verified. Indocti rapiuni cmhwi^ docti interim 
descendunt ad infernum. Thus they continued in such error, blindness, decrees, 
sophisms, superstitions ; idle ceremonies and traditions were the sum of their new- 
coined holiness and religion, and by these knaveries and stratagems they were able 
to involve multitudes, to deceive the most sanctified souls, and, if it were possible, 
the very elect. In the mean time the true Church, as wine and \vater mixed, lay hid 
and obscure to speak of, till Luther's time, who began upon a sudden to defecate, 
and as another sun to drive away those foggy mists of superstition, to restore it to 
that purity of the primitive Church. And after him many good and godly men, 
divine spirits, have done their endeavours, and still do. 

"0 " And what their ignorance esteem VI so holy, 
Our wiser ages do account as folly." 

But see the devil, that will never suffer the Church to be quiet or at rest : no 
garden so well tilled but some noxious weeds grow up in it, no wheat but it 
hath some tares : we have a mad giddy company of precisians, schismatics, and some 
heretics, even in our own bosoms in another extreme. "' '•'• Dum vifanl stulti vitia in 
coniraria currunt ;''"' that out of too much zeal in opposition to Antichrist, human 
traditions, those Romish rites and superstitions, will quite demolish all, they will 
admit of no ceremonies at all, no fasting days, no cross in baptism, kneeling at com- 
munion, no church music, &c., no bishops' courts, no church government, rail at all 
our church discipline, will not hold their tongues, and all for the peace of thee, O 
Sion ! No, not so much as degrees some of them will tolerate, or universities, all 
human learning, ('tis cloaca diaboli) hoods, habits, cap and surplice, such as are 
things indifferent in themselves, and wholly for ornament, decency, or dislinction'- 
sake, they abhor, hate, and snuff at, as a stone-horse when he meets a bear : tliey 
make matters of conscience of them, and will rather forsake their livings than sub- 
scribe to them. They will admit of no holidays, or honest recreations, as of hawk- 
ing, hunting, &c., no churches, no bells some of them, because papists use them ; 
no discipline, no ceremonies but what they invent themselves; no interpretations of 
scriptures, no comments of fathers, no councils, but such as their own fantastical 
spirits dictate, or recta ratio., as Socinians, by which spirit misled, many times they 
broach as prodigious paradoxes as papists themselves. Some of them turn prophets, 
have secret revelations, will be of privy council with God himself, and know all his 
fiiecrets, '^ Per capillos spiritum sanctum tenent^ et omnia sciunt cum sint asini omnium 
obstinatissimi^ a company of giddy heads will take upon them to define how many \. 
■ shall be saved and who damned in a parish, where they shall sit in heaven, interpret ' 
Apocalypses, (Commentatores pra>cipites et vertiginosos., one calls them, as well he 
anight) and those hidden mysteries to private persons, times, places, as their own 
epirit informs them, private revelations shall suggest, and precisely set down when 
the world shall come to an end, what year, what month, what day. Some of them 
again liave such strong faith, so presumptuous, they will go into infected houses 
expel devils, and fast forty days, as Christ himself did ; some call God and his attri- 
butes into question, as Vorstius and Socinus ; some princes, civil magistrates, and 



«* Hospinlan Osiander. An hfec propositio Dens sit 
;»icurl)ita ve.' sc.arabeus. sit a^cpie possibilis ac Deus ct 
homo ? .Vn possit respectuiu producere sine fundamento 
et.leaiuu9' An levius sit liuininem ^guiare quani 



die dominico caiceum consuere ? ^^ De doct. Chris- 

tian. '^ Daniel. '» " Whilst these fools avoid 

one vice they run into another of an opposite c'.aiac 
ler." '2 Agrip. ey. 29. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Prognostics of Religious Melanchohj. 6'^'t 

their authorities, as anabaptists, will do all their own private spirit (lictat6f= and 
nothing else. Brownists, Barrowists, Familists, and those Arnsterdatnian sects and 
sectaries, are led all by so many private spirits. It is a wonder to reveal wliat j\'is- 
sages Sleidan relates in his Commentaries, of Cretinck, Knipperdoling, and tlieir 
associates, those madmen of Munster in Germany; wliat strange enthusiasms, sotiisli 
revelations they had, how absurdly they carried themselves, deluded others: and a^^ 
proftme Machiavel in his political disputations holds of Christian religion, m general 
it doth enervate, debilitate, take away men's spirits and courage from :hem, sim- 
pJiciores reddit homines^ breeds nothing so courageous soldiers as that Roman : we 
may say of these peculiar sects, their religion takes away not spirits only, but wit 
and judgment, and deprives them of their understanding; for some of them are so 
far gone with their private enthusiasms and revelations, that they are quite mad, out 
of their wits. What greater madness can there be, than for a man to take upon him 
to be a God, as some do ? to be the Holy Gliost, Elias, and what not ? In '^Poland, 
1518, in the reign of King Sigismund, one said he was Christ, and got him twelve 
apostles, came to judge the world, and strangely deluded the commons. '^ One David 
George, an illiterate painter, not many years since, did as much in Holland, took 
upon him to be the Messiah, and had many followers. Benedictus Victorinus Fa- 
ventinus, consil. 15, writes as much of one Honorius, that thought he was not only 
inspired as a prophet, but that he was a God himself, and had "^^ familiar conference 
with God and his angels. Lavat. de sped, c, 2. part. 8. hath a story of one John Sar- 
torious, that thought he was the prophet Elias, and cap.l. of diverse others that had 
conference with angels, were saints, prophets. Wierus, lib. 3. de Lamiis c. 7. makes 
mention of a prophet of Groning that said he was God the Father; of an Italian and 
Spanish prophet that held as much. We need not rove so far abroad, we have fami- 
liar examples at home : Hackett that said^he was Christ; Coppjnger and Arthington 
his disciples; '^Burchet and Hovatus, burned at Norwich. We are never likely 
seven ye^rs together without some such new prophets that have several inspirations, 
some to convert the Jews, some fast forty days, go with Daniel to the lion's den ; 
some foretell strange things, some for one thing, some for another. Great precisians 
of mean conditions and very illiterate, most part by a preposterous zeal, fasting, medi- 
tation, melancholy, are brought into those gross errors and inconveniences. Of those 
men I may conclude generally, that howsoever they may seem to be discreet, and 
men of understanding in other matters, discourse well, IcEsam habent imaginationcnu 
they are like comets, round in all places but where they blaze, ccelera sani^ they 
have impregnable wits many of them, and discreet otherwise, but in this their mad- 
ness and folly breaks out beyond measure, in injinilum erumpit stultitia. They are 
certainly far gone with melancholy, if not quite mad, and have more need of physic 
than many a man that keeps his bed, more need of hellebore than those that are in 
Bedlam. 

Sub SECT. IV. — Prognostics of Religious Melancholy. 

You may guess at the prognostics by the symptoms. What can these signs fore 
tell otherwise than folly, dotage, madness, gross ignorance, despair, obstinacy, a repro- 
bate sense, '"a bad end.? VVhat else can superstition, heresy produce, but wars, 
tumults, uproars, torture of souls, and despair, a desolate land, as Jeremy teacheth, 
cap. vii. 34. when they commit idolatry, and walk after their own ways } how should 
it be otherwise with them } what can they expect but ''blasting, famine, dearth," and 
all the plagues of Egypt, as Amos denounceth, cap. iv. vers. 9. 10. to be led into 
captivity.? If our hopes be frustrate, "we sow much and bring in little, eat and 
have not enough, drink and are not filled, clothe and be not warm, &.c. Haggai i. 6. 
we look for much and it comes to little, vfhence is it.? His house was waste, they 
came to their own houses, vers. 9. there*" jre the heaven stayed his dew, the earth 
his fruit." Because we are superstitious, irreligious, we do not serve God as we 
ought, all these plagues and miseries come upon us; what can we look for else but 



*8 Alex. Gaguin. ^. Disci piil is ascitis miriim in moduin 
populuin decepit. "*Guicciar(l. descrijj. liel;:. com. 

Jifjres habiiit asseclas ah iisdem L'oiioralus. '^ Hen. 

VichoUs at Leiden 1580. such a ou«. "6 See Catrj- 

ders Aruitt^B fo. 24-,>. et 2&5. "Arius his bowls 



bnrsi-; Montanus hanged himself, &;c. Endo de slellis, 
his disciples, ardere pDtius qnam ad vitam corrisi itia- 
hieriint ; tanta vis iiifixi semel errnris. they died hla»- 
ph^-iuiag. Wubrigensisc. 9. hb. 1. Jer. vii.23. Anios. v.« 



628 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 4 



mutual wars, slaughters, fearful ends in this life, and in the life to come eternal damna- 
tion ? What is it that hath caused so many feral battles to be fought, so much Chris- 
tian blood slied, but superstition ! That Spanish inquisition, racks, wheels, tortures, 
torments, whence do they proceed ? from superstition. Bodine the Frenchman, in his 
"^^mcthod. hist, accounts Englishmen barbarians, for their civil wars: but let him read 
those Pharsalian fields ^^ fought of late in France for their religion, their massacres, 
wherein by their own relations in twenty-four years, I know not how many millions 
have been consumed, whole families and cities, and he shall find ours to be but velita- 
tions to theirs. But it hath ever been the custom of heretics and idolaters, when they are 
plagued for their sins, and God's just judgments come upon them, not to ackncTvvledge 
any fault in themselves, but still impute it unto others. In Cyprian's time it was much 
controverted between him and Demetrius an idolater, who should be the cause of those 
present calamities. Pemetrius laid all the fault on Christians, (and so they did ever 
in the primitive church, as appears by the first book of ^^Arnobius), *''•* that there 
were not such ordinary showers in winter, the ripenintf heat in summer, so season- 
able springs, fruitful autumns, no marble mines in the mountams, less gold and silver 
than of old ; that husbandmen, seamen, soldiers, all were scanted, justice, friend- 
ship, skill in arts, all was decayed," and that through Christians' default, and all their 
other miseries from them, quod dii nostri d vobls non colantur., because they did not 
worship their gods. But Cyprian retorts all upon him again, as appears by his tract 
against him. 'Tis true the world is miserably tormented and shaken with wars, 
dearth, famine, fire, inundations, plagues, and many feral diseases rage amongst us, 
scd non ut tu quereris ista accidmit quod dii vesiri a nobis non colantur^ sed quod a 
vobis non colatur Dens., a quibus nee qucerilur^ nee timttur., not as thou complainest, 
that we do not worship your Gods, but because you are idolaters, and do not serve 
the true God, neither seek him, nor fear hjm as you ought. Our papists object as 
much to us, and account us heretics, we them ; the Turks esteem of both as infi- 
dels, and we them as a company of pagans, Jews against all ; when indeed there is 
a general fault in us all, and something in the very best, which may justly deserve 
God's wrath, and pull these miseries upon our heads. I will say nothing here of 
those vain cares, torments, needless works, penance, pilgrimages, pseudomartyrdom, 
&c. We heap upon ourselves unnecessary troubles, observations ; we punish our 
bodies, as in Turkey (saith ^^Busbequius leg. Turcic. ep. 3.) '"one did, that was 
much affected with music, and to hear boys sing, but very superstitious ; an old sybil 
coming to his house, or a holy woman, (as that place yields many) took him down 
for it, and told him, that in that other world he should suffer for it; thereupon he 
flung his rich and costly instruments which he had bedecked with jevvels, all at once 
into the fire. He was served in silver plate, and had goodly household stuff: a little 
after, another religious man reprehended him in like sort, and from thenceforth he 
was served in earthen vessels, last of all a decree came forth, because Turks might 
not drink wine themselves, that neither Jew nor Christian then living in Constanti- 
nople, might drink any wine at all." hi like sort amongst papists, fasting at first 
was generally proposed as a good thing ; after, from such meats at set times, and 
then last of all so rigorously proposed, to bind the consciences upon pain of damna- 
tion. '-'• First Friday," saith Erasmus, " then Saturday," et nunc pericUtatur dies 
Mercurii^ and Wednesday now is in danger of a fast. ^^" And for such like toys, 
some so miserably afflict themselves, to despair, and death itself, rather than ofl^end, 
and think themselves good Christians in it, when as indeed they are superstitious 
Jews." So saith Leonardus Fuchsius, a great physician in his time. ^ " We are 
tortured in Germany with these popish edicts, our bodies so taken down, our goods 
so diminished, that if God had not sent Luther, a worthy man, in time, to redress 



''■'5. Cap. '9 Popljnerius Lerius praf. hist. Rich. 

Dinoth. 80 Advers. gentes lib. 1. posiquarii in mundo 
rhiistiana gens ccepit, terraruni orbem periise, et inul- 
tis niaiis affectum esse genus hunianuni videnius. 
«•' Quod nee hyenie, nee ipstaie tarita iinbriuni ropia, nee 
fiiigibustorrendissolilaflagrantia.necvernali fernperie 
sala tarn Iseta sint, nee arboreis fcetibus autumni (OB- 
cundi, minus de montibus marmor eruatur, minus au- 
rum, &;c. 82 Solitus eral oblectare se fidibus, et 

rocr, niusicacanentiuiu: sed hocomnesublatum SybilliE 



cujusdam interventu, &c. Inde quicquid erat instru- 
mentorum Sympiioniacorum, aura gemmisquo egregio 
opere distinclorum comminuit, et in ignem injecit, &c. 
83 Ob id genusobservatiunculasvidemus homines misere 
affligi, et deiiique niori, et sibi ipsis Christianos videri 
quum revera sint Juda;i. *•< Ita in corpora noslra 

fortunasque decretis suis saeviit ut paruni obfuerat nisi 
Deus Lutlierutn virum perpetua niemoria dignissimuw 
excitasset. quiii nobis fceno mox communi cum juiueii 
tis cibo utendum fuisset. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 5.] Curt of Religious Melancholy. * 629 

these mischipfs, we sliould have eaten hay with our horses before this." ^^As in 
fasting", so in all other superstitious edicts, we crucify one another without a cause, 
barring ourselves of many good and lawful things, honest disports, pleasures and 
recreations ; for wherefore did God create them but for our use ? Feasts, mirth 
music, hawking, hunting, singing, dancing, &c. non tarn necessitatihus nostris Deu» 
hiservif^i sed in delicias amamur., as Seneca notes, God would have it so. And as 
Plato 2. de legibus gives out, Deos labor iosam hominum vitam miser at os^ the gods ir- 
commiseration of human estate sent Apollo, Bacchus, and the Muses, qui cum volup- 
tale tripudia et soUationes nobis ducarJ^ to be merry with mortals, to sing and dance 
with us. So that he that will not rejoice and enjoy himself, making good use of 
such things as are lawfully permitted, non est temperatus^ as he will, sed superstitio- 
sus. "There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and 
that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour," Eccles. ii. 24. And as ^'^one 
said of hawking and hunting, tot solatia in hac cEgri orbis calamitate morialibus 
tcedi.is dims objecit^ I say of all honest recreations, God hath therefore indulged them 
to refresh, ease, solace and comfort us. But we are some of us too stern, too rigid, 
too precise, too grossly superstitious, and whilst we make a conscience of every toy, 
with touch not, tas^te not, &c., as those Pythagoreans of old, and some Indians now, 
that will eat no flesh, or suffer any living creature to be killed, the Bannians about 
Guzzerat; we tyrannise over our brother's soul, lose the right use of many good 
gifts; honest ^'sports, games and pleasant recreations, ^'punish ourselves without a 
cause, lose our liberties, and sometimes our lives. Anno 1270, at ^'^ Magdeburg in 
Germany, a Jew fell into a privy upon a Saturday, and without help could not pos- 
sibly get out; he called to his fellows for succour, but they denied it, because it was 
their Sabbath, non licehat opus manuum exercere ; the bishop hearing of it, the next 
day forbade him to be pulled out, because it was our Sunday. In the mean time 
the wretch died before Monday. We have myriads of examples in this kind amongst 
those rigid Sabbatarians, and therefore not without good cause, ^Intolerabilem pertu- 
bationevi Seneca calls it, as well he might, an intolerable perturbation, that causeth 
such dire events, folly, madness, sickness, despair, death of body and soul, and hell 
itself. 

SuiisECT. V. — Cure of Religious Melancholy. 

To purge the world of idolatry and superstition, will require some monster-taming 
Hercules, a divine Aesculapius, or Christ himself to come in his own person, to reign 
a thousand years on earth before the end^ as the Millenaries will have him. They 
are generally so refractory, self-conceited, obstinate, so firmly addicted to that reli- 
gion in which they have been bred and brought up, that no persuasion, no terror, no 
persecution, can divert them. The consideration of which, hath induced many 
commonwealths to suffer them to enjoy their consciences as they will themselves 
a toleration of Jews is in most provinces of Europe. In Asia they have theii 
synagogues : Spaniards permit Moors to live amongst them : the Mogullians, Gen- 
tiles : the Turks all religions. In Europe, Poland and Amsterdam are the common 
sanctuaries. Some are of opinion, that no man ought to be compelled for con- 
science'-sake, but let him be of what religion he will, he may be saved, as Corne- 
lius was formerly accepted, Jew, Turks, Anabaptists, &c. If he be an honest 
man, live soberly, and civilly in his profession, (Volkelius, Crellius, and the rest of 
the Socinians, that now nestle themselves about Cracow and Kakow in Poland, have 
renewed this opinion) serve his own God, with that fear and reverence as he ought. 
Sua cuique civitatl (Laeli) religio s//, nostra nobis., Tully thought fit every city 
should be free in this behalf, adore their own Custod?s et Topicos Deos., tutelar 



•^■"The Gentiles in India will eat no sensible crea- 
tures, or aiipiht that liatli tiiood in it. ^^ Vandor- 
riiliiis de Aiiciipin. cap. 27. e'Some explode all 
liunian authors, art.'*, and sciences, poets, histories, &c., 
!io precise, their zeal overrutis their wits; and so stupid, 
^hey oppose all human leartiiiij.', because they are ijimt- 
rant themselves and '.lliterate, noiliiti<; irmst he read 
ut Scriptures; but these mew de-erve to be pitied. 
rather than contaied. Others are ?i strict they will 



3c2 



admit of no honest game and pleasure, no dancinsr, 
siusiinj,', other plays, recreations and (james, hawking, 
hunliu};, cockti^'hlinff, bear baitina, &c., because to see 
one beast kill another is the fruit of our rebellion 
against God, &c. »"' Nuda ac tremebunda rriienlis 

Irrcpet genibiis si Candida jusseril liio. Juveiialis. 
Sect. G. ^"Munstpr (Josuiog. lib. :}. cap. 444. Incidil 

in cloacam, uiide >;e uon possit eximere, iniplorat o\»r\i% 
sociorum, sed illi negant, &.c. >» De benetii. 7 2> 



630 * Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 . 

and liiCal gods, as Syrnmachus calls |hem. Isocrates adviseth Demonicus, " when he 
came to i strange city, to ^'worship by all means the gods of the place," et iinu.i- 
quemque, Toplcum deum sic coli oportere^ quomodo ipse prcEceperit : which Cecilius 
in ^^ IMinutius labours, and would have every nation sacrorum ritus gentiles habere et 
4eos colere municipes., keep their own ceremonies, vvorship their peculiar gods, which 
Pomponius Mela reports of the Africans, Deos suos patrio more venera?ifur, they wor 
sliip their own gods according to their own ordination. For why should any one 
nation, as he there pleads, challenge that universality of God, Deum suum quern nee. 
ostendunt. nee vident, discurraniem si licet et uhique prcEsenteniy in omnium mores, 
actus., et occvltas., cogitaliones in(^uirentem^ (Sfc, as Christians do: let every province 
enjoy their liberty in this behalf, worship one God, or all as they will, and are in- 
formed. The Romans built altars Diis Asias, Europae, Lybise, diis ignotis et pere- 
gHnis: others otherwise, Sic. Plinius Secundus, as appears by his Epiwtle to Trajan, 
would not have the Christians so persecuted, and in some time of the reign of 
Maximinus, as we find it registered in Eusebius lib. 9. cap. 9. there was a decree 
made to this purpose, JVullus cogatur inviius ad hunc vel ilium deorum cultum., "let 
no one be compelled against his will to worship any particular deity," and by Con- 
stantine in the 19th year of his reign as ^^Baronius informeth us, JVemo alteri ex^ 
hibeat moleslia?n, quod cujusque animus vult, hoc quisque transigat, new gods, new 
lawgivers, new priests, will have new ceremonies, customs and religions, to which 
every wise man as a good formalist should accommodate himself. 

9< " Saturnus pcriit, perieruiit et sua jura, 

sub Jove nunc niiindus, jussa sequare Jovis." 

The said Constantine the emperor, as Eusebius writes, flung down and oemolished 
all the heathen gods, silver, gold statues, altars, images and temples, and turned them 
all to Christian churches, infeslus gentilium monumentis ludibrio exposuit ; the Turk 
now converts them again to Mahometan mosques. The like edict came forth in the 
reign of Arcadius and Honorius. ^^Symmachus the orator in his days, to procure a 
general toleration, used this argument, ^^" Because God is immense and infinite, and 
his nature cannot perfectly he known, it is convenient he should be as diversely wor- 
shipped, as every man shall perceive or understand." It w^as impossible, he thought, 
for one religion to be universal : you see that one small province can hardly be ruled 
by one law, civil or spiritual; and " how shall so many distinct and vast empires of 
the world be united into one.^ it never was, never will be ' Besides, if there be 
infinite planetary and firmamental worlds, as ®^ some will, there be infinite genii or 
commanding spirits belonging to each of them; and so, per consequens (for they will 
be all adored), infinite religions. And therefore let every territory keep their proper 
rites and ceremonies, as their dii tutelares will, so Tyrius calls them, " and accord- 
ing to the quarter they hold," their own institutions, revelations, orders, oracles, 
which they dictate from time to time, or teach their own priests or ministers. This 
tenet was stiffly maintained in Turkey not long since, as you may read in the third 
epistle of Busbequius, '"*'^that all those should participate of eternal happiness, that 
lived a holy and innocent life, what religion soever they professed." Rustan Bassa 
was a great patron of it; though Mahomet himself was sent virtute gladdi^ to enforce 
all, as he writes in his Alcoran, to follow him. Some again will approve of this for 
Jew s, Gentiles, infidels, that are out of the fold, they can be content to give them all 
respect and favour, but by no means to such as are within the precincts of our own 
church, and called Christians, to no heretics, schismatics, or the like; let the Spanish 
in juisition, that fourth fury, speak of some of them, the civil wars and massacres in 
France, our Marian times. ^'^ Magillianus the Jesuit will not admit of conference 
with a heretic, but severity and rigour to be used, non illis verba reddere., sed fur- 
cas., figere oportet; and Theodosius is commended in Nicephorus, lib. 12. cap. 15 
'"^^^'That he put all heretics to silence." Bernard. Epist. 180, will have ciub law. 



91 Nunirn venerare pra»seitini quod civitas colit. i quisque aliquid de Deo porcipit aut intelliijit. s'Cam- 
BMjctavio dial. '-o Aiinal. toni. ;{ ad aiiiiuni 324. I. | panella Calcaginiis, and olliers. 9» .Eternij lieati- 

!<> Uvid. "Saturn is dead, hi:^ laus died v\ith hiui ; now i tudinis consortes fort^, qui sancte innocnterc ie liaiic 
lliat Jupiter rules tJie world, let us ohey iiis laws." vitain traduxerint, quanicunque illi relitsiou*»ui sequuti 
B" In epist. Syni. «6 Quj;, ,jens ininiensinn qiiiddani sunt. ssL'onunent. in (J. 'I'ini. fi ""r. 20. t. 21. se veri- 

est, el intinituin cujus natiira perfecte cojinosci non tate cum asendum, et non alitei '— UuihI Jilentium 
p'test, wquum ergo est, at di versa ralione colatur pruut , iia^rcticis indixerit. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] 



Religious Melancholy in Defect. 



631 



fire and sword for heretics, '"compel them, stop their mouths not with disputations, 
or refute them with reasons, but with fists;" and this is their ordinary practice. 
Another company are as mild on the other side; to avoid all heart-burning, and con- 
tentious wars and uproars, they would have a general toleration in every kingdom, 
no mulct at all, no man for religion or conscience be put to death, which ^Thuanua 
the French historian much favours; our late Socinians defend; Vaticanus agamsi 
Calvin in a large Treatise in behalf of Servetus, vindicates; Castillo, &c., INlartir 
Ballius and his companions, maintained this opinion not long since in France, whose 
error is confuted by Beza in a just volume. The medium is best, and that which 
Paul prescribes. Gal. i. "If any man shall fall by occasion, to restore such a one 
with the spirit of meekness, by all fair means, gentle admonitions;" but if that will 
not take place, Post unam et alteram admonifionem hceretlcum devita^ he must be 
excommunicate, as Paul did by Hymenaeus, delivered over to Satan. Immedicahile 
vulnus ense reddendum est. As Hippocrates said in physic, I may well say in divinity, 
QiKeferro non curanlur., ignis curat. For the vulgar, restrain them by laws, mulcts, 
burn their books, forbid their conventicles ; for when the cause is taken away, the 
effect will soon cease. Now for prophets, dreamers, and such rude silly fellows, 
that through fasting, too much meditation, preciseness, or by melancholy, are dis- 
tempered : the best means to reduce them ad sanam mentem., is to alter their course 
of life, and with conference, threats, promises, persuasions, to intermix physic. 
Hercules de Saxonia had such a prophet conmiitted to his charge in Venice, that 
thought he was Ellas, and would fast as he did; he dressed a fellow in angePs 
attire, that said he came from heaven to bring him divine food, and by that means 
stayed his fast, administered his physic ; so by the meditation of this forged angel 
he was cured. ^ Rhasls an Arabian, cont. lib. I. cap. 9, speaks of a fellow that in 
like case complained to him, and desired his help: "1 asked him (saith he) what 
the matter was ; he replied, I an) continually meditating of heaven and hell, and 
methinks I see and talk with fiery spirits, and smell brimstone, &c., and am so carried 
away with these conceits, that 1 can neither eat, nor sleep, nor go about my busi- 
ness : I cured him (saith Rhasis) partly by persuasion, partly by physic, and so have 
I done by many others." We have'frequenlly such prophets and dreamers amongst 
us, whom we persecute with fire and faggot : I think the most compendious cure, 
for some of them at least, had been in Bedlam. Sed de his satis. 



MEMB. II. 



SuBSECT. I. — Religious Melancholy in defect; parties affected., Epicures., Atheists, 
Hypocrites., worldly secure, Carnalists; all impious persons., impenitent sinners., S^c. 

In that other extreme or defect of this love of God, knowledge, faith, fear, hope, 
&c. are such as err both in doctrine and manners, Sadducees, Herodians, libertines, 
politicians : all manner of atheists, epicures, infidels, tliat are secure, in a reprobate 
sense, fear not God at all, and such are too distrustful and timorous, as desperate 
persons be. That grand sin of atheism or impiety, ■* Melancthon calls it monsfrosam 
melancholiam., monstrous melancholy; or venenatam melancholiain., poisoned melan- 
choly. A company of Cyclops or giants, that war with the gods, as the poets 
feigned, antipodes to Christians, that scoff at all religion, at God himself, deny him 
and all his attributes, his wisdom, power, providence, his mercy and judgment. 

»" Esse aliquos manes, et subterranea regria, 
Et contum, et Stygio ranas in gurgite iiigras, 
Atque una transire vadum tot inillia c.yniha, 
Nee pueri credunt, nisi qui noncluni aere lavantur.'' 



» Igne et fuste potins agendum cum hffireticis quam 
cum disputationibus; os alia loquens, &c. ^Pra'fat. 

fijst. *Q,uidain conqucstus est niihi de hoc mnrbo, 

f.l deprecatus est ut ego ilium ciirarem ; ego quresivi ab 
eo quia sentiret; respondit, semper imaginor et cogito 
lie D"'" *-• HUgelis, &c. et ita deintrsus sum hac imagi- 
Aituone, ut nnc edam n:; dormiam, nee negotiiS; &e. 



Ego curavi medicine et persuasione; et sic pliires alios. 
« De anima, c. de humoribus. »Juv(;na!. "That 

there are many chosls and subterranean realms, and i 
boat-pole, and Mack frogs in the Stvijian gulf, and that 
so many thousands pass over in one boat, not even boyi 
believe, unless those not as yet washed for money." 



632 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 4. 



Hand ulla numina expavescunt cselitum, 
S»'d victimas uiii deoriim inaximo, 
Veiitri offeruiit, deos ignorant CEleroiJ." 



That tnere is either heaven or hell, resurrection of the dead, pain, happiness, oi 
'•vorld to come, credal JudcBus Jipella; for their parts they esteem them as so many 
poet's tales, bugbears, Liician's Alexander ; Moses, Mahomet, and Christ are all as 
one in their creed. When those bloody wars in France for matters of religion (saith 
® Richard Dinoth) wert so violently pursued between Huguenots and Papists, there 
was a company of good fellows laughed them all to scorn, for being such supersti- 
tious fools, to lose their wives and fortunes, accounting faith, religion, immortality 
of the soul, mere fopperies and illusions. Such loose ''atheistical spirits are too 
predominant in all kingdoms. Let them contend, pray, tremble, trouble themselves 
that will, for their parts, they fear neither God nor devil ; but with that Cyclops in 
Euripides, 

I" They fear no God hut one. 
They sacrifice to none, 
I But belly, and hinfi adore, 

For gods they know no more." 

"Their God is their belly," as Paul saith, Sancta mater saturitas ; — quihiis in 

solo Vivendi causa paJaio est. The idol, which they worship and adore, is their 
mistress ; with him in Plautus, mallem hcec mulier me amet quam dii, they had rather 
have her favour than the gods'. Satan is their guide, the flesh is their instructor, 
hypocrisy their counsellor, vanity their fellow-soldier, their will their law, ambition 
their captain, custom their rule ; temerity, boldness, impudence their art, toys their 
trading, damnation their end. All their endeavours are to satisfy their lust and ap- 
petite, how to please their genius, and to be meiTy for the pi'esent, Ede^ lude., hibe, 
post mortem nulla voluptas? " The same condition is of men and of beasts j as the 
one dieth, so dieth the other," Eccles. iii. 19. The world goes round, 

9 " truditur dies die, 

Novfcque pergunt interire Lunse:" 

'"They did eat and drink of old, marry, bury, bought, sold, planted, built, and will 
do still. " " Our life is short and tedious, and in the death of a man there is no re- 
covery, neither was any man known that hath returned from the grave; for we are 
born at all adventure, and we shall be hereafter as though we had never been ; for 
the breath is as smoke in our nostrils, &c., and the spirit vanisheth as the soft air. 
'^Come let us enjoy the pleasures that are present, let us cheerfully use the creatures 
as in youth, let us till ourselves with costly wine and ointments, let not the flower 
of our life pass by us, let us crown ourselves with rose-buds before they are wither- 
ed, &.C. ^^Vivamus mea Lcsbia et amemus, Sfc. '''Come let us take our fill of love, 
and pleasure in dalliance, for this is our portion, this is our lot. Tempora labuntur, 
iacitisque scnescimus annis.^^ For tlie rest of heaven and hell, let children and super- 
stitious fools believe it : for their parts, they are so far from trembling at the dread- 
ful day of judgment that they wish with Nero, Me vivo fiat., let it come in their 
times : so secure, so desperate, so immoderate in lust and pleasure, so prone to re- 
venge that, as Paterculus said of some caitiff's in his time in Rome, Quod nequiter 
ausi., fort iter executi : it shall not be so wickedly attempted, but as desperately per- 
formed, whatever they take in hand. Were it not for God's restraining grace, fear 
and shame, temporal punishment, and their own infamy, they would Lycaon-like 
exenterate, as so many cannibals eat up, or Cadmus' soldiers consume one another. 
These are most impious, and commonly professed atheists, that never use the name 
of God but to swear by it; that express nought else but epicurism in their carriage, 
or h-pocrisy ; with Peniheus they neglect and contemn these rites and religious 
cen'monies of the gods ; they will be gods themselves, or at least socii deorum. 
Divisum imperivm cum Jove CcEsar habet. " Caesar divides the empire with Jove." 
Aproyis, an Mgy\)t'iSLn tyrant, grew, saith '^Herodotus, to that height of pride, in- 
solency of impiety, to that contempt of Gods and men, that he held his kingdom so 
sure, ut a nemine deorum aut hominum sibi eripi posset., neither God nor men could 
take it from him. '^ A certain blasphemous king of Spain (^as '^Lansius reports 



• Li. .5. Gal. hist, quamplurimi reperti sunt qui tot 
pericula sutteuntes irridehant ; et qua; de fide, religione, 
&c. (lic( batit, liidibrio habehaut, nihil enruui adniitteu- 
es de f itura vita. '50,000 atheists at this day in 

Paris, Mercennns thinks. •" Eat. drink, be merry; 

therp is no more plcas'irp after ileatb." » Hor. 1. 2. 

od. Iri. ' One day succeeds another, and new moons 



hasten to their wane." ^o Luke xvii. ii Wiso. 

ii.2. 12 Vers. 6. 7, 8. "Catulhjs. k Prov. vii. a 
16 " Time glides away, and we grow old by years inseri 
sibly accumulating."' i* Lib. L " .M. Montau. 

lib. L cap. 4. Orat. Cont. Hispan. ne proximo 

decennio deum adorareni, &.C.. 



BTSrSTTTSr^ 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] 



Religious Melancholy in Defect. 



635 



made an edict, that no subject of his, for ten years' space, should believe in, call on. 
or worship any god. And as '^ Jovius relates of "Mahomet the Second, that sackecl 
Constantinople, he so behaved himself, that he believed neither Christ nor Mahomet, 
and thence it came to pass, that he kept his vi^ord and promise no farther than for 
his advantage, neither did he care to commit any offence to satisfy his lust." I could 
say the like of many princes, many private men (our stories are full of them) in 
times past, this present age, that love, fear, obey, and perform all civil duties as they 
shall find them expedient or behoveful to tlieir own ends. Securi adversus Deos, 
securi adversus homines, vot is no?i est opus, which ^° Tacitus reports of some Germans, 
they need not pray, fear, hope, for they are secure, to their thinking, both from Gods 
and men. Bulco Opiliensis, sometime Duke of ^' Silesia, was such a one to a hair; 
he lived (saith ^^iEneas Sylvius) at ^''Uratislavia, and was so mad to satisfy his lust, 
that he believed neither heaven nor hell, or that the soul was immortal, but married 
wives, and turned them up as he thought fit, did murder and mischief, and what he 
list himself." This duke hath too many followers in our days : say what you can, 

dehort, exhort, persuade to the contrary, they are no more moved, quam si dura 

silex aut stet Marpesia cautes, than so many stocks, and stones ; tell them of heaven 
and hell, 'tis to no purpose, laterem lavas, they answer as Ataliba that Indian prince 
did friar Vincent, '^ " when he brought him a book, and told him all the mysteries 
of salvation, heaven and hell, were contained in it : he looked upon it, and said he 
saw no such matter, asking withal, how he knew it :" they will but scofl!* at it, or 
wholly reject it. Petronius in Tacitus, when he was now by Nero's command bleed- 
ing to death, audiebat auiicos nihil refercnfes de iminortalitate annnce, aut sapientum 
placitis, scd levia carmina et facilcs versus ; instead of good counsel and divine 
meditations, he made his friends sing him bawdy verses and scurrilous songs. Let 
them take heaven, paradise, and that future happiness that will, bonutn est esse hic, it 
is good being here: there is no talking to such, no hope of their conversion, they 
are in a reprobate sense, mere carnalists, fleshly minded men, which howsoever they 
may be applauded in this life by some few parasites, and held for worldly wise men. 
""They seem to me (saith Melancthon) to be as mad as Hercules was when he 
raved and killed his wife and children." A milder sort of these atheistical spirits 
there are that profess religion, but ti.fiiide et hcBsitanttr, tempted thereunto out of that 
horrible consideration of diversity of religions, which are and have been in the world 
(which argument Campanella, Atheismi Triumphati, cap. 9. both urgeth and answers), 
besides the covetousness, imposture, and knavery of priests, ^Mce/acmw/. (as ^^Postel- 
lus observes) ut rebus sacris minus faciant Jidem ; and those religions some of them 
so fantastical, exorbitant, so violently maintained with equal constancy and assurance; 
whence they infer, that if there be so many religious sects, and denied by the rest, 
why may they not be all false .'' or why should this or that be preferred before the 
rest ? The sceptics urge this, and amongst others it is the conclusion of Sextus 
Empericus, lib. S. advers. Mathematicos : after many philosophical arguments and 
reasons pro and con that there are gods, and again that there are no gods, he so 
concludes, cum tot infer se pugnent, Sfc. Una tantum potest esse vera, as Tully like- 
wise disputes : Christians say, they alone worship tbe true God, pity all other sects, 
lament their case; and yet those old Greeks and Romans that worshipped the devil, 
as the Chinese now do, aut deos topicos, their own gods ; as Julian the apostate, 
^^Cecilius in Minutius, Celsus and Porphyrius the philosopher object : and as Ma- 
chiavel contends, were much more noble, generous, victorious, had a more flourish- 
ing commonwealth, better cities, better soldiers, better scholars, better wits. Their 
gods overcame our gods, did as many miracles, &c. Saint Cyril, Arnobius, Minu- 
tius, with many other ancients of late, Lessius, Morneus, Grotius de Verit. Reiig. 
Chrisiianae, Savanarola de Verit. Fidei Christianie, well defend ; but Zanchius, ^^ Cam- 



I'Talem se exhibiiit. tit nee in Chrisiiim, nee Maho- 
metan crederet, ijndot^ffecliiin ut proinissa iii.-i quatenug 
in suuni coinimxliiin cedereiit niininie servaret, nt c iillo 
scelere peccatiini slatueret, ut suis desiiierijs satisfa- 
ceret. 20 l.,1). de mor. Germ. '^' Or Brcslau. 

22 LTs-juR adeo insaniis, ut nee inferDS, noc superns esse 
iJJcat, aniinasque cum corporihus inlenre < redat, &c. 
>^ Euroiu- deser. cap. ti4. ^'' Fratris a Bry Amer. 

i)ar I), i ' ruin a Vinventio inonacho datum abject, niliil 

80 



se videre ilii Imjusmodi dicens roijansque unde li«t 
sciret, quum de ccelo et Tartaro contineri ibi dic.erel 
25 IVoH niinus hi f.irunt quam Hercules, q li conjujiem e\ 
liheros iiiterftcii; liabet iia-c Ktas pliira nuj.ismodi por 
tentosa moiis^lra. 26 £)e orbis con. lib. 1. cap. 7. 

2- Noniie Romani sine Deo vestro remnant et fruuntur 
orhe into, et vos et Deos vestros captivos tenent, &c. 
Minutius Octaviano. 26 Comment, in Genesin ci.pio- 
sus in hue subjeoto. 



634 



Re llgious Me lancho ly. 



[Part. 3. Sec 4. 



panella, Man'nus Marcennus, Bozius, and Gentillettus answer all these atheistical 
arguments at large. But this again troubles many as of old, wicked men general!) 
\hrive, professed atheists thrive, 



Niillo* et^KP Deos, inane coelum, 
Alfirniat Selius: probatque, quod se 
Factum, duiii iiegat li;ec, videt beatum." 



' There are no gods, Iieavens are toys, 
Selius in public justifies- 
Because that whilst he thus denies 



Their deities, lie better thrives." 

This is a prime argument : and most part your most sincere, upright, honest, and 
'° good men are depressed, " The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong 
(Eccles. ix. II.), nor yet bread to the wise, favour nor riches to men of understand- 
ing, but time and chance comes to all." There was a great plague in Athens (as 
Thucydides, lib. 2. relates), in which at last every man, with great licentiousness, 
did what he list, not caring at all for God's or men's laws. " Neither the fear of 
God nor laws of men (sailh he) awed any man, because the plague swept all away 
alike, good and bad ; they thence concluded it was alike to worship or not worship 
the gods, since they perished all alike." Some cavil and make doubts of scripture 
itself: it cannot stand with God's mercy, that so many should be damned, so many 
bad, so few good, such have and hold about religions, ail stiff on their side, factious 
alike, thrive alike, and yet bitterly persecuting and damning each other ; '^ It cannot 
stand with God's goodness, protection, and providence (as ^' Saint Chrysostom in the 
Dialect of such discontented persons) to see and suffer one man to be lame, another 
mad, a third poor and miserable all the days of his life, a fourth grievously tormented 
with sickness and aches, to his last hour. Are these signs and works of God's pro- 
vidence, to let one man be deaf, another dumb } A poor honest fellow lives in dis- 
grace, woe and want, wretched he is; when as a wicked catiff abounds in superfluity 
of wealth, keeps whores, parasites, and what he will himself:" Jiudis JupUer ha>cf 
Tali a mulia connectentes^ longum reprehensionis scrmonem erga Dei providentiam 
contexunt. ^^Thus they mutter and object (see the rest of their arguments in Mar- 
cennus in Genesin, and in Campanella, amply confuted), v/ith many such vain cavils, 
well known, not worthy the recapitulation or answering : whatsoever they pretend, 
they are interim of little or no religion. 

Cousin-germans to these men are many of our great philosophers and deists, who, 
though they be more temperate in this life, give many good moral precepts, honest, 
upright, and sober in their conversation, yet in effect they are the same (accounting 
no man a good scholar that is not an atheist), nimis altum sapiunt^ too much learn- 
ing makes them mad. Whilst they attribute all to natural causes, ^^ contingence of 
all things, as Melancthon calls them, Perlinax hominum genus^ a peevisli generation 
of men, that misled by philosophy, and the devil's suggestion, their own innate 
blindness, deny God as much as the rest, hold all religion a fiction, opposite to rea- 
son and philosophy, though for fear of magistrates, saith ^^Vaninus, they durst not 
publicly profess it. Ask one of them of what religion he is, he scoffingly replies, a 
philosopher, a Galenist, an ^^Averroist, and with Rabelais a physician, a peripatetic, 
an epicure. In spiritual things God must demonstrate all to sense, leave a pawn 
with them, or else seek some other creditor. They will acknowledge Nature and 
Fortune, yet not God : though in effect they grant both : for as Scaliger defines. 
Nature signifies God's ordinary power; or, as Calvin writes. Nature is God's order, 
and so things extraordinary may be called unnatural : Fortune his unrevealed will ; 
and so we call things changeable that" are beside reason and expectation. To this 
purpose ^^Minutius in Octavio^ and ^'Seneca well discourseth with them, lib. 4. de 
beneficiis^ cap. 5, 6, 7. "They do not understand what they say; what is Nature 
but God.'' call him what thou wilt, Nature, Jupiter, he hath as many names as offices: 
it comes all to one pass, God is the fountain of all, the first Giver and Preserver, 



29 Ecce pars vestrum et major et nielior alget, fame 
aborat, et deus patitur, dissiniulat, non vult, non 
potest opitulari suis, et vel invalidus vel iniquus est. 
Cecilius in Miriut. Dum rapiunt mala fata bonos, 
ignoscite fasso, Sollieitor riullos esse putare deos. Oviil. 
Vidi ejro diis fretos, niultos decipi. Plautus Casina 
act. '2. seen. 5. 3" Martial. 1. 4. epig. 21. 3» Ser. 30. 
in 5. cap. ad Ephes. hie fractii est jjedibus, alter furit, 
alius ad extremam senectam progressiis omneui vilain 
paup^^rlate peragit, ille morhis j:ravissiniis : sunt hmc 
Providenlise opera ? hie surdus, ille mutus, &c. »* " Oh 1 



Jupiter.do you hear'.hose things? Collecting many sudh 
facvs, they weave a tissue of reproaches acainst God's 
providence." ^3 Omnia contingeiiter fieri volunt. 

Melancihon in praeceplum primum. 3* Dial. 1. lib. 4. 
de admir. nat. Arcanis. as Anima una sit rum 

animis i)hilosoph()rum. ^^Deum unum multisdtsig- 
iiant noniiniltus, &c. S'' Non intelliAlis te ouuiit ^laEO 

dicis, negare te ipsum nomen Dei : (\"uA eiiiu! .'st a iiid 
Nalura quam Deus? &c tot habet uipeilati^ is;s 'j.iol 
njunera. 



icmrsr-ma; 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1 J Religious Melancholy in Defect. 635 

from whom all ihinjfs depend, ^ a quo^ et per qugm omnia., jYam quocunque. tides 
Dtus est, quocunque tnoveris., '^ God is all in all, God is everywhere, in every place." 
And yet ihis Seneca, that could confute and blame them, is all out as much to be 
bhiuied and confuted himself, as mad himself; for he holds fatum Sloicum., that 
inevitable Necessity in the other extreme, as those Chaldean astrologers of old did, 
against whom the prophet Jeremiah so often thunders, and those heathen mathema- 
ticians, Nigi(hus Figulus, magicians, and Priscilianists, whom St. Austin so eagerly 
confutes, those Arabian questionaries, Novem Judices, Albumazer, Dorotheus, &c., 
and our countryman ^^Estuidus, that take upon them to define out of those great con- 
junction of stars, with Ptolomeus, the periods of kingdoms, or religions, of all future 
accidents, wars, plagues, schisms, heresies, and what not.? all from stars, and such 
things, saith Maginus, Quce sibi et intelUgentiis suis reservavit Deus., which God hath 
reserved to himself and his angels, they will take upon them to foretel, as if stars 
were immediatp, inevitable causes of all future accidents. Caesar Vaninus, in his book 
de admirandis natures Jlrcanis^^ dial. 52. de oracuUs., is more free, copious, and open 
in this explication of this astrological tenet of Ptolemy, than any of our modern 
writers. Cardan excepted, a true disciple of his master Pomponatius; according to 
the doctrine of peripatetics, he refers all apparitions, prodigies, miracles, oracles, ac- 
cidents, alterations of religions, kingdoms, &c. (for which he is soundly lashed by 
Marinus Mercennus, as well he deserves), to natural causes (for spirits he will not 
acknowledge), to that light, motion, influences of heavens and stars, and to the in- 
telligences that move the orbs. Intelligentia quce movet orhem mediante coelo., Sfc, 
Intelligences do all : and after a long discourse of miracles done of old, si hcec 
dcBUioncs possint., cur non et intelligentioi ccclorum motrices ? And as these great 
conjunctions, aspects of planets, begin or end, vary, are vertical and predominant, so 
have religions, rites, ceremonies, and kingdoms their beginning, progress, periods, in 
urbibus regibus., rcUgionibus., ac in parti cularibus hominibus., Iiac vera ac manifesta 
sunt., ut Aristoteles innuere videtur., et quotidiana docet expcrientia., ut historias per- 
legcns videbit ; quid, oliin in Gcntili lege Jove sanctius et illustriusf quid nunc vile 
magis et execrandum? Ita ccelestia corpora pro mortalium bencjicio religiones cedi- 
Jicant., et cum cessat inJI.uxus, cessat Icx.,^"^ Sfc. And because, according to their tenets, 
the world is eternal, intelligences eternal, influences of stars eternal, kingdoms, reli- 
gions, alterations shall be likewise eternal, and run round after many ages ; Jltque 
iterum ad Troiam magnus mittetur Achilles ; renoscenfur religiones., et ceremonioi., 
res humance in idem recident., nihil nunc quod non olimfuit, et post sceculorum revo- 
lutiones alias est, erit.,^^ ^c. idem specie., saith Vaninus, Jion individuo quod Plato 
signijicavit. Tliese (saith mine '^'^ author), these are the decrees of peripatetics, which 
though I recite, in obsequium Christiance Jidei detestor., as I am a Christian I detest 
and hate. Thus peripatetics and astrologians held in former times, and to this effect 
of old in Rome, saith Dionysius Halicarnassus, lib. 7, when those meteors and pro- 
digies appeared in the air, alter the banishment of Coriolanus, '^^"Men w'ere diversely 
aflected : some said they were God's just judgments for the execution of that good 
man, some referred all to natural causes, some to stars, some tiiought they came by 
chance, some by necessity" decreed ab initio., and could not be altered. The two 
last opinio.is of necessity and chance were, it seems, of greater note than the rest. 

""Sunt qui in Fortunae jam casibus omnia poiiunt, 
Ki iiiuiKtiuii cretlunl nullo reclore moveri, 
Watuia vtdveiile vuies," &.c. 

For the first of chance, as *^ Sallust likewise informeth us, those old Romans gene- 
rally received ; '" They supposed fortune alone gave kingdoms and empires, wealth, 

*» Austin. 39 Principin phmmer. «" In cilifs, i oraculis. 'is Varie homines affecti. alii rlei judi- 

kinus, religions, and in individual men, these tilings I ciuin ad tain pii exilium, aiii ad naturam referebant, 
are true and obvious, as Aristotle appears to imply, and | nee ab indigiiatione del, sed humanis causjs, &c. \i. 
daily experience teaches to llie reader of history : for Natural, qiia^st. 3:). 31). *« Juv. Sat. 13. "There 

what was more sacred and illustrious, by Gentile law, are those who ascribe everything to chance, and believe 
thai) Jupiter? v\ hat now more vile and execrable? In that the world is made without a director, nature in- 
inis way celestial objects suggest religions for worldly fluencing the vicissitniles,"&,c. <^ Epist. ad C. CaJsar. 
motives, and when the influx ceases, so does Ihe law," I Komani olim putabaiU fortunam regna el imperia 
&LC. *i "And again a great Achilles shall tie sent dare : Credebant aiitea iiiortales fortunam solain opes 

against Troy: religions and their ceremonies shall be ' et hoiiores largiri, idquo duabus de causis; priinuiii 
born again; however affairs relapse into the sam« ' qu d iiidignus quisque dives hoi^)ratus, potens ; alie- 
track, there is nothing now that was not formerly ami ^ rum. vix uuisiniam perjietno bonis iisfrui vistis. Fosiej. 
will not be again " dec. ^^ Vaninus dial. 52. de i prudeiitiores uidicere fortunam suaiu queiaquc fingcre 



(ft36 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4. 

honours, offices . and thai for two causes ; first, because every wicked base unwortliy 
wretch was preferred, rich, potent, &.c. ; secondly, because of their uncertainty, 
though never so good, scarce anyone enjoyed them long: but after, they began 
upon better advice to thinlv otherwise, that every man made his own fortune." The 
last of Necessity was Seneca's tenet, that God was alligafus causis secundis^ so tied 
to second causes, to that inexorable Necessity, that he could alter nothing of that 
which was once decreed; sic erat infatis^ it cannot be altered, semel jussit^ semper 
parel Deus, nulla vis ru?npit^ nullcB preces^ nee ipsufn fulmen^ God hath once said it, 
and it must for ever stand good, no prayers, no threats, nor power, nor thunder itself 
can alter it. Zeno, Chrysippus, and those other Stoics, as you may read in TuUy 2. 
de divinatione., Gellius, lib. G. cap. 2. &c., maintained as much. In all ages, there 
have been such, that either deny God in all, or in part; some deride him, they could 
have made a better world, and ruled it more orderly themselves, blaspheme him, de- 
rogate at their pleasure from him. 'Twas so in *^ Plato's time, " Some say there be 
no gods, others that they care not for men, a middle sort grant both." Si nan sit 
Deus.) unde malaf si sit Deus., wide malaf So Cotta argues in Tully, why made 
he not all good, or at least tenders not the welfare of such as are good ? As the 
woman told Alexander, if he be not at leisure to hear causes, and redress them, why 
doth he reign } '^^ Sextus Empericus hath many such arguments. Thus perverse 
men cavil. So it will ever be, some of all sorts, good, bad, indifferent, true, false, 
zealous, ambidexters, neutralists, lukewarm, libertines, atheists, &c. They will see 
these religious sectaries agree amongst themselves, be reconciled all, before they will 
participate with, or believe any: they think in the meantime (which ^^Celsus objects, 
and whom Origen confutes), "^ We Christians adore a person put to ''^ death with no 
more reason than the barbarous Getes worshipped Zamolxis, the Cilicians Mopsus, 
the Thebans Amphiaraus, and the Lebadians Trophonius ; one religion is as true as 
another, new fangled devices, all for human respects ;" great-witted Aristotle's works 
are as much authentical to them as Scriptures, subtle Seneca's Epistles as canonical 
as St. Paul's, Pindarus' Odes as good as the Prophet David's Psalms, Epictetus' En- 
chiridion equivalent to wise Solomon's Proverbs. They do openly and boldly speak 
this and more, some of them, in all places and companies. *°^' Claudius the emperor 
was angry with Heaven, because it thundered, and challenged Jupiter into the field ; 
with what ma(hiess ! saith Seneca; he thought Jupiter could not hurt him, but he 

co':!^ hurt Jupiter." Diagoras., Demonax, Epicurus., Pliny., Lucian., Lucretius, 

Contemptorque Deiim Mezenlius., "professed atheists all" in their limes: though not 
simple atheists neither, as Cicogna proves, lib. 1. cap. 1. they scoffed only at those 
Pagan gods, their plurality, base and fictitious offices. Gilbertus Cognatus labours 
much, and so doth Erasmus, to vindicate Lucian from scandal, and there be those 
that apologize for Epicurus, but all in vain ; Lucian scoffs at all, Epicurus he denies 
all, and Lucretius his scholar defends him in it : 

61 " Hutiiaiia ante oculus fa^de cum vita jaceret l " When human kind was dr<nch'd in superstition, 

In tenis oppressa gravi cum religioiie, | With ghastly looks aloft, which frighted mortal 

UufB caput a coeli rofjioiiibiis osteiuiebat, men," &c. , 

Horribili super aspectu mortalibus iiistans," &c. | 

He alone, like another Hercules, did vindicate the world from that monster. Unci? 
^^ Pliny, lib. 2. cap. 7. nat. hist, and lib. 7. cap. 55, in express words denies the im- 
mortality of the soul. ^^ Seneca doth little less, lib. 7. epist. 55. ad Lucilium., et lib. 
de consol. ad Martiam^ or rather more. Some Greek Commentators would put as 
much upon Job, that he should deny resurrection, &c., whom Pineda copiously con- 
futes in cap. 7. Job, vers. 9. Aristotle is hardly censured of some, both divines and 
philosophers. St. Justin in Percenetica ad Gerites^ Greg. JVazianzen. in disput. ad- 
versus Eun.^ IVieodoret., lib. 5. de curat, grce.c. ajjcc, Origen. lib. de principiis. 
Pomponatius justifies in his Tract (so styled at least) De immortal.il aie Animcv., Sca- 
liger (who would forswear himself at any time, saith Patritius, in defence of his 

••fi 10 de leaib. Alii n«gant esse deos, alii deos nnn putavitsibi nocere non posse, et se nncere tamen Jov* 
curare res humanas, alii utraque concedunt. <' Lib. I posse. s' Lib. 1. 1. 52 Idem status post nirrtiiu. 

B. ad mathem. *«Orij.'eu. contra Celsum. I. 3. hos ] ac fuit antequam nasceremur, et Sei.eca. hbiin trit 

iinmerito noliiscum conferri fuse declarat. '•'•(Jruci- post me quod ante me fuit. " Liio^rnne eadem coa- 

fium deuiu ijt;iiiimiuiose Lurianus vita perecrin. Chris- ditioquum cxtinguitur, ac fuit antequam arxenderetur 
tuiii vocat. so De ira, 16. 34. Iratus cabIo ()uod ob- | ila et hontinis. 

•treperet, ad pugnam vocane Jovem, quanta dementia ?| 



Mom. 2. Subs. 1.] Religious Melandioly in Defect. 637 

great master Aristotle), and Dandinus, lib. 3. de animd, acknowltdge as much, \ver- 
roes oppugns all spirits and supreme powers*, of late Brunus [infcelix Brunnsy . 
*'' Kepler calls him), Machiavel, Caesar Vaninus lately burned at Toulouse in France, 
and Pet. Aretine, have publicly maintained such atheistical paradoxes, ^^with that 
Italian Boccacio with his fable of three rings, &.C., ex quo infert hand posse internogc., 
qu(E sit verior religio^ Judaica.^ Mahometana^ an Christiana, quoniam eadcm signa, Sfc, 
•''from which he infers, that it cannot be distinguished which is the true religion, 
Judaism, Mahommedanism, or Christianity," &c. ^'^Marinus Mercennus suspects 
Cardan for h*is subtleties, Campaii^lla, and Charron's Book of Wisdom, with some 
other Tracts, to savour of "atheistn : but amongst the rest that pestilent book de 
trihus mundi impostor thus, quern sine horrore (inquit) non legas, et mundi Cymhalum 
dialogis quatuor contentum, anno 1538, auctore Peresio, Farisiis excusum, ^'^ &c. And 
as there have been in all ages such blasphemous spirits, so there have not been want- 
intr their patrons, protectors, disciples and adherents. Never so many atheists in 
Italy and Germany, saith ^^Colerus, as in this age: the like complaint Mercennus 
makes in France, 50,000 in that one city of Paris. Frederic the Emperor, as ^° Mat- 
thew Paris records licet non sit recitabile (I use his own words) is reported to have 
said, Tres proisligiatores, Moses., Christus, et Mahomet, uti mundo dominarentur, totum 
populum sibi contemporaneum seduxisse. (Henry, the Landgrave of Hesse, heard him 
speak it,) Si principes imperii institutioni mece adhcererent, ego multb meliorem modum 
credendi et vivendi ordinarem. 

To these professed atheists, we may well add that impious and carnal crew of 
worldly-minded men, impenitent sinners, that go to hell in a lethargy, or in a dream ; 
who though they be professed Christians, yet they will nulla pallesccre culpa, make 
a conscience of nothing they do, they have cauterized consciences, and are indeed in 
a reprobate sense, ^' past all feeling, have given thems'^lves over to wantonness, to 
work all manner of uncleanness even with greediness, Ephes. iv. 19. They do know 
there is a God, a day of judgment to come, and yet for all that, as Hugo saith, ila 
comedunt ac dormiunt, ac si diem judicii evasissent ; ita ludunt ac rident, ac si in caslis 
cum Deo regnarent : they are as merry for all the sorrow, as if they had escaped all 
dangers, and were in heaven already : 

«» " Metiis omnes, et inexorahile fatiim 

Subjecit pcdibiis, strepitumque Acherontis avari." 

Those rude idiots and ignorant persons, that neglect and contemn the means of their 
salvation, may march on with these ; but above all others, those Herodian temporizing 
statesmen, political Machiavelians and hypocrites, that make a show of religion, but 
in their hearts laugh at it. Simulata sanctitas duplex iniquitas ; they are in a double 
fault, '•' that fashion themselves to this world," which ^^Paul forbids, and like Mer- 
cury, the planet, are good with good, bad with bad. When they are at Rome, they 
do there as they see done, puritans with puritans, papists with papists; omnium hora' 
rum homines, formalists, ambidexters, lukewarm Laodiceans. ^^All their study is to 
please, and their god is their commodity, their labour to satisfy their lusts, and their 
endeavours to their own ends. Whatsoever they pretend, or in public seem to do, 

""With the fool in their hearts, they say there is no God." Heus tu de Jove 

quid sentis? " Hulloa ! what is your opinion about a Jupiter ?" Their words are as 
soft as oil, but bitterness is in their hearts; like ^^ Alexander VJ. so cunning dis- 
semblers, that what they think they never speak. Many of them are so close, you 
can hardly discern it, or take any just exceptions at them ; they are not factious, 
oppressors as most are, no bribers, no simoniacal contractors, no such ambitious, 
lascivious persons as some others are, no drunkards, sobrii solem vident orientem, 
sobr'd vident occidentem, they rise sober, and go sober to bed, plain dealing, upright, 
honest men, they do wrong to no man, and are so reputed in the world's esteem at 
least, very zealous in religion, very charitable, meek, humble, peace-makers, keep all 
duties, very devout, honest, well spoken of, beloved of all men : but he that knows 



6^ Dissert, cum nunc sider. 55 Campanella, cap. ]8. 
Atheism, triuniphat. 56 Comment, in Gen. cap. 7. 

"So that a man may meet an atheist as soon in liis 
study as in the street. ssSimonis religio incerlo 

auctore Cracovis edit. 1588, conclusio lihri est, Ede 
itaque h<be. hide, &c. jam Deus figmeritum est. 69 Lib, 



de immortal, animse. ^ Pag. 645. an. 1-23H. ad finein 
Henrici tertii. Idem Pisterius, pag. 743. iii compilat 
sua. 51 Virg. " They place fear, fate, and the sound 

of craving Acheron under their fe^t." «• Rom. xii. SL 
saOmiiis Arislippum decuit color, et status, et re*. 
5,1 Psal. xiii. 1. *^Guicciardiui. 



3D 



i38 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 

better how to judge, he that examines the heart, saith they arc hypocrites, Cor dolo 
plenum; sonant, vitium percussa maligni^ they are not sound within. As it is with 
writers ^^ oftentimes, Plus sanctimonicB in libelJo^ qudm lihelli auctore, more holiness 
is in ihe book than in the author of it : so 'tis with them : many come to church 
with great Bibles, whom Cardan said he could not choose but laugh at, and will now 
and then dare operam ^i/gustino^ read Austin, frequent sermons, and yet professed 
usurers, mere gripes, totavitce ratio epicurea est; all their life is epicurism and atheism, 
come to church all day, and lie with a courtezan at night. Qui curios simulant et 
Bacchanalia luvunt^ they have Esau's hands, and Jacob's voice : yea, and many of 
those holy friars, sanctified men, Cappam, saith Hierom, et cilicium induunt^ sed intus 
latronem tegunt. Tiiey are wolves in sheep's clothing, Introrsum lurpes^ speciosi 
pelle decora., ''•Fair without, and most foul within." ^'' Latet plerumque sub tristi 
amictu lascivia., et deformis horror vili veste tegitur ; ofttimes under a mourning weed 
lies lust itself, and horrible vices under a poor coat. But who can examine all those 
kinds of hypocrites, or dive into their hearts } If we may guess at the tree by the 
fruit, never so many as in these days ; show me a plain-dealing true honest man: Et 
pudor., et probitas., et timor omnis abest. He that shall but look into their lives, and 
see such enormous vices, men so immoderate in lust, unspeakable in malice, furious 
in their rage, flattering and dissembling (all for their own ends) will surely think 
they are not truly religious, but of an obdurate heart, most part in a reprobate sense, 
as in this age. But let them carry it as they will for the present, dissemble as they 
can, a time will come when they shall be called to an account, their melancholy is 
at hand, they pull a plague and curse upon their own heads, thesaurisant iram Dei. 
Besides all such as are in deos confumeliosi., blaspheme, contemn, neglect God, or 
scoff at him, as the poets feign of Salmoneus, that would in derision imitate Jupiter'? 
thunder, he was precipitated for his pains, Jupiter intonuit contra, SfC. so shall they 
certainly rue it in the end, {^^in se spuit, qui in ccelum spuit), their doom's at hand, 
and hell is ready to receive them. 

Some are of opinion, that it is in vain to dispute with such atheistical spirits in the 
meantime, 'tis not the best way to reclaim them. Atheism, idolatry, heresy, hypocrisy, 
though they have one common root, that is indulgence to corrupt affection, yet their 
growth is different, they have divers symptoms, occasions, and must have several 
cures and remedies. 'Tis true some deny there is any God, some confess, yet believe 
it not; a third sort confess and believe, but will not live after his laws, worship and 
obey him : others allow God and gods subordinate, but not one God, no such gene- 
ral God, non talem deum, but several topic gods for several places, and those not to 
persecute one another for any difference, as Socinus will, but rather love and cherish. 

To describe them in particular, to produce their arguments and reasons, would 
require a just volume, I refer them therefore that expect a more ample satisfaction, 
to those subtle and elaborate treatises, devout and famous tracts of our learned 
divines (schoolmen amongst the rest, and casuists) that have abundance of reasons 
to prove there is a God, the immortality of the soul, Slc, out of the strength of 
wit and philosophy bring irrefragable arguments to such as are ingenuous and well 
disposed ; at the least, answer all cavils and objections to confute their folly and 
madness, and to reduce them, si fieri posset., ad sanam mentem., to a better mind, 
though to small purpose many times. Among=t others consult w^ith Julius Caesar 
Lagalla, professor of philosophy in Rome, who hath written a large volume of late 
to confute atheists : of the immortality of the soul, Hierom. Montanus de im 
mortalitate ,BnimcE : Lelius Vincentius of the same subject : Thomas Giaminus. 
and Franciscus Collins de Paganorum animabus post mortem, a famous doctor of 
the Ambrosian -College in Milan. Bishop Fotherby in his Atheomastix, Doctor 
Dove, Doctor Jackson, Abernethy, Corderoy, have written well of this subject in 
our mother tongue : in Latin, Colerus, Zanchius, Paleareus, Jllyricus, ^^Philippus. 
Faber Favcntinus, &c. But instar omnium, the most copious confuter of atheists a 
Marinus Mercennus in his Commentaries on Genesis : '° with Campane. la's Atheis- 
mus Triumphatus. He sets down at large the causes of this brutish passion, (seven- 
teen in numl»er 1 take it) answers all their arguments and soph'sms, which he rc- 

<* Erasmus. «7 Hiprnm. «« Senp(». consol. I Alheos. Veaetiis IC27, quarto '<* Edit Jloa»», fljT 

ad Folyb. ca. 2\. "Disput. 4 Plrilosophiae adv«i 1631, 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Despair''s Dejiniiion. 639 

duceth to twenty-six heads, proving withal his own assertion; "Tiierc is a God, 
puch a God, tlie true and sole God," by thirty-five reasons. His Colophon is how 
to resist and repress atheism, and to tiiat purpose he adds four especial means oi 
ways, whicii who so will may profitably peruse. 

SuBSECT. U.— Despair. Despairs, Equivocations, Definitions, Parties and Parts 

affected. 

There be many kinds of desperation, ^vhereof some be holy, some unholy, as 
'' one distinguisheth ; that unholy he defines out of Tully to be JEgritudinem anirai 
sine uila rerum expectatione meliore, a sickness of the soul without any liope or ex- 
pectation of amendment; which commonly succeeds fear; for whilst evil is expect- 
ed, we fear : but when it is certain, we despair. Accor(hng to Thomas 2. 2ce. dis' 
tinct. 40. art. 4. it is Recessus d re desiderata, propter impossibilitatem exislimatam, 
a restraint from the thing desired, for some impossibility supposed. Because they 
cannot obtain what they would, they become desperate, and many times either yield 
to the passion by death itself, or else attempt impossibilities, not to be performed by 
men. In some cases, tliis desperate humour is not much to be discommended, as in 
wars it is a cause many times of extraordinary valour; as Joseph, lib. 1. de hello 
Jud. cap. 14. L. Danams in Aphoris. polit. pag. 226. and many politicians hold. T 
makes them improve their worth beyond itself, and of a forlorn impotent company 
become conquerors in a moment. Una salus victis nullum sperare salulem, " the 
only hope for the conquered is despair." Jn such courses when they see no remedy, 
but that they must either kill or be killed, they take courage, and oftentimes, prceter 
spem, beyond all hope vindicate themselves. Fifteen thousand Locrenses fought 
against a hundred thousand Crotonienses, and seeing now no way but one, they 
must all die, '^thought they would not depart unrevenged, and thereupon desperately 
giving an assault, conquered their enemies. JVec alia causa victorice (saith Justin 
mine author) qudm quod des per aver ant. William the Conqueror, when he first 
landed in England, sent back his ships, that his soldiers might have no hope of re- 
tiring back. '^ Bodine excuseth his countrymen's overthrow at that famous battle at 
Agincouit, in Henry the Fifth his time, i^cui simile, saith Froissard, tofa historia pro- 
ducere non possit, which no history can parallel almost, wherein one handful of 
Englishmen overthrew a royal army of Frenchmen) with this refuge of despair, pauci 
desperati, a few desperate fellows being compassed in by their enemies, past all hope 
of life, fought like so many devils; and gives a caution, that no soldiers hereafter 
set upon desperate persons, which ''''after Frontinus and Vigetius, Guicciardini like- 
wise admonisheth, Hypomnes. part. 2. pag. 25. not to stop an enemy that is going 
his way. Many such kinds there are of desperation, when men are past hope of 
obtaining any suit, or in despair of better fortune ; Desperatio facit monachum, as 
the saying is, and desperation causeth death itself; how many thousands in such 
distress have made away themselves, and many others ^. For he that cares not for 
his own, is master of another man's life. A Tuscan soothsayer, as '^ Paterculus tells 
the story, perceiving himself and Fulvius Flaccus his dear friend, now both carried 
to prison by Opimius, and in despair of pardon, seeing the young man weep, quin 
tu potius hoc inquit facis, do as 1 do; and with that knocked out his brains against 
the door-cheek, as he was entering into prison, protiiiusque illiso capite in capite in 
carceris januam effuso cerebro expiravit, and so desperate died. But these are 
equivocal, improper. " When 1 speak of despair," saith '^Zanchie, " 1 speak not of 
every kind, but of that aione whicli concerns God. It is opposite to hope, and a 
most pernicious sin, wherewith the devil seeks to entrap men." Musculus makes 
four kinds of desperation, of God, ourselves, our neighbour, or anything to be done; 
but this division of his may be reduced easily to the former : all kinds are opposite 
to hope, that sweet moderator of passions, as Simonides calls it; I do not mean that 
vain hope which fantastical fellows feign to themselves, which according to Aristotle 

1 Abernethy, c. 24. of his Pliysic of the Soul, i intenscindas, &c. 's Posl«r voliim. '^Suppr 

"Otnissa spe viclorije in destinatain mortem con- I prxceptuni primiim de Relii;. et partihus ejus. Non 
vpirant, taiitusque ardor singulos cepit, ut viclores se loquur de onnii desperalione, st-d taritum de ea qua des 
ftutarent i uou iuuiti innrerentur. Jui^iin. 1.20. "'^Mf.- ptrare solent homines de Deo; opponjtur sp«?i, 6t esi 
Vatii. hist cap, 5. i^Hosti abire volenti iter miniine I peccatum gravistimum, ^. 



640 Religious Melancholy. • [Part. 6. Sect. 4. 

is insomninm vigilanfwm^ a waking dream ; but this divine hope which proceeds 
from confidence, and is an anchor to a floating soul ; spes alit agricolas^ even in our 
temporal affairs, hope revives us, but in spiritual it farther animateth ; and were it 
net for hope, " we of all others w^re the most miserable," as Paul saith, in this life; 
were it not for hope, the heart would break ; " for though they be punished in the 
sight of men," (Wisdom iii. 4.) yet is " their hope full of immortality :" yet doth it 
not so rear, as despair doth deject; this violent and sour passion of despair, is of all 
perturbations most grievous, as '"^ Patritius holds. Some divide it into final and tem- 
poral ; '* final is incurable, which befalleth reprobates ; temporal is a rejection of 
hope and comfort for a time, which may befal the best of God's children, and it com- 
monly proceeds '^"from weakness o^ faith," as in David when he was oppressed he 
cried out, " O Lord, thou hast forsaken me," but this for a time. This ebbs and 
flows with hope and fear; it is a grievous sin howsoever: although some kind ol 
despair be not amiss, when, saith Zanchius, we despair of our own means, and rely 
wholly upon God: but that species is not here meant. This pernicious kind of des- 
peration is the subject of our discourse, homicida animce^ the murderer of the soul, 
as Austin terms it, a fearful passion, wherein the party oppressed thinks he can get 
no ease but by death, and is fully resolved to offer violence unto himself; so sensi- 
ble of his burthen, and impatient of his cross, that he hopes by death alone to be 
freed of his calamity (though it prove otherwise), and chooseth with Job vi. 8. 9. 
xvii. 5. ''Rather to be strangled and die, than to be in his bonds." ^°The part 
affected is the whole soul, and all the faculties of it; there is a privation of joy, 
ho-pe, trust, confidence, of present and future good, and in their place succeed fear, 
sorrow, &lc. as in the symptoms shall be shown. The heart is grieved, the con- 
science wounded, the mind eclipsed with black fumes arising from those perpetual 
terrors. 

SuBSECT. III. — Causes of Despair^ the Devil^ Melancholy., Meditation, Distrust^ 
Weakness of Faith, Rigid Ministers, Misunderstanding Scriptures., Guilty CoTt' 
sciences, Sfc. 

The principal agent and procurer of this mischief is the devil ; those whom God 
forsakes, the devil by his permission lays hold on. Sometimes he persecutes them 
with that worm of conscience, as he did Judas, ^' Saul, and others. The poets call 
it Nemesis, but it is indeed God's just judgment, sero sed serio., he strikes home at 
last, and setteth upon them " as a thief in the night," 1 Thes. ii. **^ This temporary 
passion made David cry out, " Loixl, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten 
me in thine heavy displeasure; for thine arrows have light upon me, &c. there is 
nothing sound in my flesh, because of thine anger." Again, I roar for the vefy grief 
of my heart : and Psalm xxii. " My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me, and 
art so far from my health, and the words of my crying ? J am like to water poured 
out, my bones are out of joint, mine heart is like wax, that is molten in the midst 
of my bowels." So Psalm Ixxxviii. 15 and 16 vers, and Psalm cii. " 1 am in misery 
at the point of death, from my youth I sufier thy terrors, doubting for my life; thine 
indignations have gone over me, and thy fear hath cut me off." Job doth often com- 
.;lain in this kind ; and those God doth not assist, the devil is ready to try and tor- 
ment, " still seeking whom he may devour." If he find them merry, saith Gregory, 
"he tempts them forthwith to some dissolute act; if pensive and sad, to a desperate 
end." Jlut suadendo hlanditur, aut miiiando terret, sometimes by fair means, some- 
times again by foul, as he perceives men severally inclined. His ordinary engine by 
which he produceth this effect, is the melancholy humour itself, which is halneum 
diaholi, the devil's bath; and as in Saul, those evil spirits get in ^^as it were, and 
take possession of us. Black choler is a shoeing-horn, a bait to allure them, inso- 
much that many writers make melancholy an ordinary cause, and a symptom of 
despair, for that such men are most apt, by reason of their ill-disposed temper, to 
distrust, fear, grief, mistake, and amplify whatsoever they preposterously conceive, or 
falsely apprehend. Conscientia scrupulosa nascitur ex vilio naturali, complcxione 



"^ Lib. 5. lit. 21. de regi? institut. Omnium pertuba- 1 fidelitate proficiscens. «« Abernethy. si 1 Sam. ii. 1« 
tioiium dfeierrima. '« Reprobi usque ad finem per- i <« Psal. xxxviii. vers. 9. 1.4. 83 immiscent se malt 

Iwiaciter persistunt. Zanchius. ''»Vilium ab in- | genii, Lein. lib. 1. cap. 16. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Despair his Causes. 641 

melanchoUca (saith Navarrus cap. 27. num. 282. torn. 2. cas. conscien.) The bod) 
works upon the mind, by obfuscating tlie spirits and corrupted instruments, wliich 
"Perkins illustrates by simile of an artificer, that hath a bad tool, his skill is good, 
ability correspondent, by reason of ill tools his work must needs be lame and imper- 
fect. But melancholy and despair, though often, do not always concur ; there is 
much difference : melancholy fears without a cause, this upon great occasion 
melancholy is caused by fear and grief, but this torment procures them and all ex* 
Iremity of bitterness ; much melancholy is without affliction of conscience, as 
^^ Bright and Perkins illustrate by four reasons; and yet melancholy alone may be 
sometimes a sufficient cause of this terror of conscience. ^'^ Fa3lix Plater so found 
it in his observations, e meJanchoJicis alii damnafos se pntant., Deo cures non sun!., nee 
prcEdestinafi^ Sfc. "They think they are not predestinate, God hath forsaken them;" 
and yet otherwise very zealous and religious; and 'tis common to be seen, "melan- 
choly for fear of God's judgment and hell-fire, drives men to desperation; fear and 
sorrow, if they be immoderate, end often with it." Intolerable pain and anguish, 
long sickness, captivity, misery, loss of goods, loss of friends, and those lesser 
griefs, do sometimes effect it, or such dismal accidents. Si non sfatim relevantur, 
^Mercennus, diihilani an sit Deus, if they be not eased forthwith, they doubt whether 
there be any God, they rave, curse, " and are desperately mad because good men are 
oppressed, wicked men flourish, they have not as they think to their desert," and 
through impatience of calamities are so misaffected. Democritus put out his eyes, 
ne malorum civium prosperos viderct snccessus., because he could not abide to see 
wicked men prosper, and was therefore ready to make away himself, as ^' Agellius 
writes of him. Faelix Plater hath a memorable example in this kind, of a painter's 
wife in Basil, that was melancholy for her son's death, and for melancholy became 
desperate; she thought God would not pardon her sins, ^^"and for four months still 
raved,. that she was in hell-fire, already damned." When the humour is stirred up, 
every small object aggravates and incenseth it, as the parties are addicted. ^°Th(! 
same author hath an example of a merchant man, that for the loss of a little wheat, 
which he had over long kept, was troubled in conscience, for that he had not sold it 
sooner, or given it to the poor, yet a good scholar and a great divine; no persuasion 
would serve to the contrary, but that for this fact he was damned : in other matters 
very judicious and discreet. Solitariness, much fasting, divine meditation, and con- 
templations of God's judgments, most part accompany this melancholy, and are 
main causes, as ^'Navarrus holds; to converse with such kinds of persons so troubled, 
is sufficient occasion of trouble to some men. JVonnuUi oh longas inedias^ stadia et 
meditationes ccBlestes^ de rebus sacris et religione semper agitant., S^c. Many, (saith 
P. Forestus) through long fasting, serious meditations of heavenly things, fall into 
such fits; and as Lemnius adds, lib. 4. cap. 21, ^^^ ]f they be solitary given, super- 
stitious, precise, or very devout: seldom shall you find a merchant, a soldier, an inn- 
keeper, a bawd, a host, a usurer, so troubled in mind, they have cheverel consciences 
that will stretch, they are seldom moved in this kind or molested : young men and 
mitldle age are more wild and less apprehensive ; but old folks, most part, such as 
are timorous and religiously given." Pet. Forestus observat. lib. 10. cap. 12. de mor- 
bis cerebri^ hath a fearful example of a minister, that through precise fasting in Lent, 
and overmuch meditation, contracted this mischief, and in the end became desperate, 
thought he saw devils in his chamber, and that he could not be saved ; he smelled 
nothing, as he said, but fire and brimstone, was already in hell, and vvould ask tliem, 
still, if they did not ^^ smell as much. 1 told him he was melancholy, b«t he laughed 
me to ycorn, and replied that he saw devils, talked with them in good earnest, would 
spit in my face, and ask me if 1 did not smell brimstone, but at last he was by him 
cured. Such another story I find in Plater observat. lib. 1. A poor fellow had done 



8t Cases of conscience, 1. 1. Jfi. 85 Tract. Melan. 

rapp. 33 et :M. sgC. 3. cle nraentis alien. Deo minus 

ee ciirce esse, nee ad salutem prsedestinatos esse. Ad 
iesperationem siEpe ducit liaRc melancholia, et est fre- 
queritissiina ob supplicii metiitn aeierniUTique judicium ; 
nioeror et metiis in desperationom plerumqiie desiniiiit. 
"Comment, in 1. cap. gen. arlic. 3. quia impii florent, 
honi opprimuntur, &c. alius ex consideralione hujus 
aeria desperabundus. «^ Lib. 20. c. 17. «* Dam- 



81 3d2 



natam se putavit, et quatunr menses Gehenna? pwnam 
sentire. ^ I5()G. ob triticum diutius servatiim con- 

scien tiiestimulisagi tatur,&c. 3' Tom. '2. c. 27. num. -iH'i 
conversatio cum scrupuiosis, vigilia), jejunia. 'J- Soli* 
tarios et superslitiosos plerunique exagitat conscientia. 
non mercatores, lenones, caupoiies, foRneratore?, &o. 
largiorem hi nacti sunt conscientiam. Juvenes ple- 
runique conscientiam netrligitnt, senes aulem, it€ 
'•*3 Annon seatis sulpiiur inquit ? 



GAfl 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 4. 



ii:ternitns est ilia vox, 

ineta carens et orta, &c. 

Tormeiita nulla territaiit, 

Q.I13: tiniuntur annis; 



iEternitas, jeternitas 

Versat coqiiiique pectus, 

Auget hcEc {icenas indies, 
Centuplicatque flaminas," &.c. 



fiome fou offence, and for fourteen days would eat no meat, in the end became despe- 
rate, the divines about him couhl not ease him, ^'but so he died. Continual medita- 
tion of God's judgments troubles many, Multi oh timorcmfufuripdicii., saith Guati- 
nerius cap. 5. tract. 15. et suspicionem desperabundi sunt. David himself complains 
that God's judgments terrified his soul, Psalm cxix. part. 16. vers. 8. "My flesh 
trembleth for fear of thee, and 1 am afraid of thy judgments." Quoties diem ilium 
cogito (saith ^^Hierome) toto corpore contremisco, I tremble as often as I think of it. 
Tlie terrible meditation of hell-fire and eternal punishment much torments a sinful 
silly soul. What's a thousand years to eternity.'' Ubi mcBror^ uhi Jlefus^ uM dolor 
sempiternus. Mors sine morte^ finis sine fine ; a finger burnt by chance we may not 
endure, the pain is so grievous, we may not abide an hour, a night is intolerable j 
and what shall this unspeakable fire then be that burns for ever, innumerable infinite 
millions of years, in orane cevum in csternum. O eternity ! 

•*'• ./Eternifas e.^t ilia vox, 
Vox ilia fuiniinairix, 
Toiiitrnis minacior, 
Fragoril>usque coeli, 

This meditation terrifies these poor distressed souls, especially if their bodies be 
predisposed by melancholy, they religiously given, and have tender consciences, 
every small object aflrights them, the very inconsiderate reading of Scripture itself, 
and misinterpretation of some places of it; as, '"Many are called, few are chosen. 
Not every one that saith Lord. Fear not little flock. He that stands, let him lake 
heed lest he fall. Work out your salvation with fear and trembling. That night 
two shall be in a bed, one received, the other left. Strait is the way that leads to 
heaven, and few there are that enter therein." The parable of the seed and of the 
sower, " some fell on barren ground, some was choaked. Whom he hath predesti- 
nated he hath chosen. He will have mercy on whom he will have mercy." JVbn 
est volentis nee currentis., scd miserentis Dei. These and the like places terrify the 
souls of many ; election, predestination, reprobation, preposterously conceived, offend 
divers, with a deal of foolish presumption, curiosity, needless speculation, contempla- 
tion, solicitude, wherein they trouble and puzzle themselves about those questions 
of grace, free will, perseverance, God's secrets ; they will know more than is re- 
vealed of God in his word, human capacity, or ignorance can apprehend, an'd too 
importunate inquiry after that which is revealed ; mysteries, ceremonies, observation 
of Sabbaths, laws, duties, &c., with many such which the casuists discuss, and 
schoolmen broach, which divers mistake, misconstrue, misapply to themselves, to 
their own undoing, and so fall into this gulf. " They doubt of their election, how 
they shall know, it, by what signs. And so far forth," saith Luther, " with such 
nice points, torture and crucify themselves, that they are almost mad, and all they 
get by it is this, they lay open a gap to the devil by desperation to carry them to 
hell;" but the greatest harm of all proceeds from those thundering ministers, a most 
.frequent cause they are of this malady : ^''^and do more harm in the church (saith 
Erasmus) than they that flatter ; great danger on both sides, the one lulls them 
asleep in carnal security, the other drives them to despair." Whereas, ^^St. Bernard 
well adviseth, " We should not meddle with the one without the other, nor speak 
of judgment without mercy; the one alone brings desperation, the other security." 
Bui these men are wholly for judgment ; of a rigid disposition themselves, there is 
no mercy with them, no salvation, no balsam for their diseased souls, they can speak 
of nothing but reprobation, hell-fire, and damnation; as they did Luke xi. 46. lade 
men with burdens grievous to be borne, which they themselves touch not with a 
linger. 'Tis familiar with our papists to terrify men's souls with purgatory, tales, 
tvisious, apparitions, to daunt even the most generous spirits, " to ^^ require charity," 



9< Desperahundus misere periit. 9* In 17. Jotiaimis. 
Non pauci se cruciant, el excarnificant in tautum, ut 
noil paruni absiiit ab insania ; iieque tauten aliud hac 
ineiitis anx\etate efliciunt, quam ut diabolo potesiateni 
faciant ip-Oi per desperatioiiein ad infernos producendi. 
»«l)rexelius Nicet. lib. 2. cap. 11. " Eternity, that word, 
.that trcinendous word, more threatening than thunders 
and the artillery of heaven— Eternity, that word, with- 
out end or origin. No torments affright us wliich are 
limited to years: Eternity, eternity, occupies and in- 
flames 'he heart— this it is that daily augments our suf- 
btcinga, and multiplies our heart-burnings a hundred- 



fold." »■' Ecclesiast. I. 1. Hand scio an majiis dia 

crimen ah his qui hiandiuntur, an ab his qui territani; 
ingens utrinque periculuni : alii ad securitatem ducunt, 
all! atflietionum magnitudine nientem absorbent, et in 
desperationeni trahunt. 9«' Bern. sup. 16. cant. 1. 

alteruin sine altero proferre non expedit; rec.ordatio 
solius judicii in desperationem pra>ci|)itat, et mrseri- 
cordia; fallax ostentalio pensimam genera t securilatein 
9" In J.uc. horn. 103. exigunt ah aliis charitatein, beneft 
centiarii, cum ipsi nil speclent pra'ter ULidiiiein. u\. 
vidiam, avaritiaia. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] 



Despair his Causes. 



643 



as Brentius observes, " of others, bounty, meekness, loTP, patience, when they them- 
selves breathe nought but hist, envy, covetousness." They teach others to fast, give 
alms, do penance, and crucify their mind with superstitious observations, bread and 
water, hair clothes, whips, and the like, when they themselves have all the dainties 
the world can afford, lie on a down-bed with a courtezan in their arms : Heu quan- 
tum paiimur pro Christo., as "^ he said, what a cruel tyranny is this, so to insult over 
and terrify men's souls ! Our indiscreet pastors many of them come not far behind, 
whilst in their ordinary sermons they speak so much of election, predestination, re- 
probation, ah o'terno., subtraction of grace, praeterition, voluntary permission. Sec, by 
what signs and tokens they shall discern and try themselves, whether they be God's 
true children elect, an s'lnt reprobi^ prcEdestinati^ Sfc.^ with such scrupulous points, 
they still aggravate sin, thunder out God's judgments without respect, intempestively 
rail at and pronounce them damned in all auditories, for giving so much to sports 
and honest recreations, making every small fault and thing indifTerent an irremissible 
offence, they so rent, tear and wound men's consciences, that they are almost mad. 
and at their wits' end. 

'•'•These bitter potions (saith 'Erasmus) are still in their mouths, nothing but gal] 
find horror, and a mad noise, they make all their auditors desperate :" many are 
wounded by this means, and they commonly that are most devout and precise, have 
been formerly presumptuous, and certain of their salvation ; they that have tender 
consciences, that follow sermons, frequent lectures, that have indeed least cause, 
they are most apt to mistake, and fall into these miseries. J have heard some com- 
plain of Parson's Resolution, and other books of like nature (good otherwise), they 
are too tragical, too much dejecting men, aggravating offences : great care and choice, 
much discretion is required in this kind. 

The last and greatest cause of this malady, is our own conscience, sense of our 
sins, and God's anger justly deserved, a guilty conscience for some foul offence for- 
merly committed, ^ O miser Oreste^ quid morbi te perditf Or: Conscienfia., Sum 

enim mihi conscius de malis perpdratis.^ '•'• A good conscience is a continual feast,'* 
but a galled conscience is as great a torment as can possibly happen, a still baking 
oven, (so Pierius in his Hieroglyph, compares it) another hell. Our conscience, 
"which is a great ledger book, wherein are written all our offences, a register to lay 
them up, (which those "* Egyptians in their hieroglyphics expressed by a mill, as weli 
for the continuance, as for the torture of it) grinds our souls with the remembrance 
of some precedent sins, makes us reflect upon, accuse and condemn our ownselves. 
*"Sin lies at door," ike. I know there be many other causes assigned by Zanchius, 
*Musculus, and the rest; as incredulity, infidelity, presumption, ignorance, blind- 
ness, ingratitude, discontent, those five grand miseries in Aristotle, ignominy, need, 
sickness, enmity, death, &c. ; but this of conscience is the greatest, ^ Insiar ulceris 
forpus jugiter perceUens : The scrupulous conscience (as ^ Peter Forestus calls it) 
which tortures so many, that either out of a deep apprehension of their unworthi- 
ness, and consideration of their own dissolute life, '^accuse themselves and aggra- 
vate every small offence, when there is no such cause, misdoubting in the meantime 
God's mercies, they fiill into these inconveniences." The poet calls them ^furies 
dire, but it is the conscience alone which is a thousand witnesses to accuse us, 
^'^JVocte dieque suum ge slant in pectore testem. A continual testor to give in evidence, 
to empanel a jury to examine us, to cry guilty, a persecutor with hue and cry to fol- 
low, an apparitor to summon us, a bailiff to carry us, a serjeant to arrest, an attorney 
to plead against us, a gaoler to torment, a judge to condenm, still accusing, denounc- 
mg, torturing and molesting. And as the statue of Juno in that holy city near Eu 
phrates in " Assyria will look still towards you, sit where you will in her temple, she 
stares full upon you, if you go by, she follows with her eye, in all sites, places, con- 
venticles, actions, our conscience will be still ready to accuse us. After many plea- 



loo Left dt'cinius. t Deo futuro judicio, de damna- 

tione horrendiim crepiiiit, et amaras illas poialioiies in 
ore semper habent, ut niiillns itide in desperationem 
cogant. « Euripides. "O wretched Orestes, what 

malady consumes you ?" ' "Conscience, for I am 

conscious of evil." « Pierius. »Gen. iv. 

• 9 causes Musculus makes. Plutarch. "Alios 



misere casligat plena scrupuiis consrientia, nodum in 
srirpo qua^runt, et iihi nulla causa subest, misericordia 
divinae diffidentes. se Oreo destinant. sQeliiis, 

lib. 6. >" Juvenal. " Night and day they carry 

their witnesses in the breast.' n Lucian. de dea 

Syria. Si adstiteris, te aspicit ; si transeas, viau U 
sequitur. 



644 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 4 



sant days, and fortunate adventures, merry tides, this conscience at last doth arresf 
us. Well he may escape temporal punishment, '^ bribe a corrupt judge, and avoid 
the censure of law, and flourish for a time; '^for '^ who ever saw (saith Chrysostom) 
a covetous man troubled in mind when he is telling of his money, an adulterer mourn 
with his mistress in his arms ? we are then drunk with pleasure, and perceive no- 
thing :" yet as the prodigal son had dainty fare, sweet music at first, merry com- 
pany, jovial entertainment, but a cruel reckoning in the end, as bitter as wormv/ood^ 
a fearful visitation commonly follows. And the devil that then told thee that it was 
a light sin, or no sin at all, now aggravates on the other side, and telleth thee, that 
it is a most irremissible offence, as he did by Cain and Judas, to bring them to 
despair; every small circumstance before neglected and contemned, will now amplify 
itself, rise up in judgment, and accuse the dust of their shoes, dumb creatures, as to 
Lucian's tyrant, lectus et candela., the bed and candle did bear witness, to torment 
their souls for their sins past. Tragical examples in this kind are too familiar and 
common : Adrian, Galba, Nero, Otho, Vitellius, Caracalla, were in such horror of 
conscience for their offences committed, murders, rapes, extortions, injuries, that they 
were weary of their lives, and could get nobody to kill them. ''^Kennetus, King of 
Scotland, when he had murdered his nephew Malcom, King DufTe's son. Prince of 
Cumberland, and with counterfeit tears and protestations dissembled the matter a 
long time, '^'•' at last his conscience accused him, his unquiet soul could not rest day 
or night, he was terrified with fearful dreams, visions, and so miserably tormented 
all his life." It is strange to read what '^Cominaeus hath written of Louis XI. that 
French King; of Charles VIII.; of Alphonsus, King of Naples; in the fury of his 
passion how he came into Sicily, and what pranks he played. Guicciardini, a man 
most unapt to believe lies, relates how that Ferdinand his father's ghost who before 
had died for grief, came and told him, that he could not resist the French King, he 
rliought every man cried France, France; the reason of it (saith Cominaeus) was 
because he was a vile tyrant, a murderer, an oppressor of his subjects, he bought 
up all commodities, and sold them at his own price, sold abbeys to Jews and Falk- 
oners ; both Ferdinand his father, and he himself never made conscience of any com- 
mitted sin ; and to conclude, saith he, it was impossible to do worse than they did. 
Why was Pausanias the Spartan tyrant, Nero, Otho, Galba, so persecuted with spirits 
in every house they came, but for their murders which they had committed ? "Why 
doth the devil haunt many men's houses after their deaths, appear to them living, 
and take possession of their habitations, as it were, of their palaces, but because of 
their several villanies ? VVhy had Richard the Third such fearful dreams, saith Poly- 
(lore, but for his frequent murders } Why was Herod so tortured in his mind } 
because he had made away Mariamne his wife. Why was Theodoric, the King of 
the Goths, so suspicious, and so affrighted with a fish head alone, but that he had 
murdered Symmachus, and Boethius his son-in-law, those worthy Romans } . Caelius, 
lib. 27. cap. 22. See more in Plutarch, in his tractive his qui sero a JVumine puniuri' 
lur^ and in his book De tranguUUtafe anhni, S^^c. Yea, and sometimes GOD him- 
self hath a hand in it, to show his power, humiliate, exercise, and to try their faith, 
(divine temptation, Perkins calls it, Cas. cons. lib. 1. cap. 8. sect. 1.) to punish them 
for their sins. God the avenger, as '^ David terms him, ultor d tergo Deus., his wrath 
is apprehended of a guilty soul, as by Saul and Judas, which the poets expressed by 
Adrastia, or Nemesis : 

19" Assequitur Nemesiqiie virum vestif-'a servat, 
Ne male quid facias." 

And she is, as ^''Ammianus, lib. 14. describes her, "the queen of causes, and mode- 
rator of things," now she pulls down the proud, now she rears and encourageth those 
that are good; he gives instance in his Eusebius ; Nicephorus, lib. 10. cap. 35. eccles. 
hist, in Maximinus and Julian. Fearful examples of God's just judgment, wrath 



13 Prima hfec est iiltio, qiind se judice nemo nocens 
ahsolvjtiir, improha quamvis gratia fallacis preetoris 
vicpfit isrnarn. Juvenal. '^ Ciuis unquarn vidit ava- 

rum ringi, dnm lucrum adest, adulteruin dum potitur 
VT»to, lupere in perpetrando sceiere ? voluptate sumus 
ehrii, proinde non sentimus, &c. '* Buchanan, lib. 6. 
Hii.'f. Scot. 15 Animus conscienlia sceleris inquietus, 
nullum admisit gaudium, sed semper vexatus noctu et 



interdiu per somnum visis horrore plenis putremefac- 
lus, &c. " De bello Neapol. i' Thirens de locig 

infestis, part. 1. cap. 2. Nero's mother was still in hit 
eyes. »' Psal. xliv. J. '9" And Nemesis pur. 

sues and notices the steps of men, lest you commit 
any evil." 'WRegina cauparum et arbitrs -erura. 

nunc erectas cervices oppriraTt, &c. 



Mem. 2. iSubs. 4.j Symptoms of Despair. 64£ 

and vengeance, are to be found in all histories, of some that have been eaten to death 
with rats and mice, as ^' Popelius, the second King of Poland, ann. 830, his wife and 
children ; the like story is of Hatto, Archbishop of Mentz, ann. 969, so devoured hj 
these vermin, which howsoever Serrarius the Jesuit Mogunt. rerum lib. 4. cap. 5. 
impugn by twenty-two arguments, Tritemius, "Munster, Magdeburgenses, and many 
others relate for a truth. Such another example I find in Geraldu.s Cambrensis Itin. 
Cam. lib. 2. cap. 2. and where not.'' 

And yet for all these terrors of conscience, affrighting punishments which are so 
f«**?quent, or whatsoever else may cause or aggravate this fearful malady in other 
religions, I see no reason at all why a papist at any time should despair, or be 
troubled for his sins ; for let him be never so dissolute a caitiff, so notorious a villain, 
so monstrous a sinner, out of that treasure of indulgences and merits of which the 
pope is dispensator, he may have free pardon and plenary remission of all his sins. 
There be so many general pardons for ages to come, forty thousand years to come, 
so many jubilees, so frequent gaol-deliveries out of purgatory for all souls, now 
living, or after dissolution of the body, so many particular masses daily said in seve- 
ral churches, so many altars consecrated to this purpose, that if a man have either 
money or friends, or will take any pains to come to such an altar, hear a mass, say 
so many paternosters, undergo such and such penance, he cannot do amiss, it is 
impossible his mind should be troubled, or he have any scruple to molest him. 
Besides that Taxa Camerce JlpostoliccB., which was first published to get money in the 
days of Leo Decimus, that sharking pope, and since divulged to the same ends, sets 
down such easy rates and dispensations for all offences, for perjury, murder, incest, 
adultery, &c., for so many grosses or dollars (able to invite any man to sin, and pro- 
voke him to offend, methinks, that otherwise would not) such comfortable remis- 
sion, so gentle and parable a pardon, so ready at hand, with so small cost and suit 
obtained, that I cannot see how he that hath any friends amongst them (as I say) or 
money in his purse, or will at least to ease himself, can any way miscarry or be 
misaffected, how he should be desperate, in danger of damnation, or troubled in 
mind. Their ghostly fathers can so readily apply remedies, so cunningly string and 
unstring, wind and unwind their devotions, play upon their consciences with plausi- 
ble speeches and terrible threats, for their best advantage settle and remove, erect 
with such facility and deject, let in and out, that I cannot perceive how any man 
amongst them should much or often labour of this disease, or finally miscarry. The 
causes above named must more frequently therefore lake hold in others. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Symptoms of Despair., Fear., Sorrow., Suspicion, Anxiety., Horror of 
Conscience., Fearful Dreams and Visions. 

As shoemakers do when they bring home shoes, still cry leather is dearer and 
dearer, may 1 justly say of those melancholy s3'mptoms : these of despair are most 
violent, tragical, and grievous, far beyond the rest, not to be expressed but negatively, 
as it is privation of all happiness, not to be endured; "for a v/ounded spirit who can 
bear it?'' Prov. xviii. 19. What, therefore, ^^Timanthes did in his picture of Iphige- 
nia, now ready to be sacrificed, when he had painted Chalcas mourning, Ulysses sad, 
but most sorrowful Menelaiis; and showed all his art in expressing a variety of 
afTections, he covered the maid's father Agamemnon's head with a veil, and left it to 
every spectator to conceive what he would himself; for that true passion and sor- 
row in summo gradu. such as his was, could not by any art be deciphered. What 
he did in his picture, 1 will do in describing the symptoms of despair; imagine what 
thou canst, fear, sorrow, furies, grief, pain, terror, anger, dismal, ghastly, tedious, 
irksome, &c. it is not sufficient, it comes far short, no tongue can tell, no heart con- 
ceive it. 'Tis an epitome of hell, an extract, a quintessence, a compound, a mixture 
of all feral maladies, tyrannical tortures, plagues, and perplexities. There is no 
sickness almost but pliysic provideth a remedy for if to every sore chirurgery will 
provide a slave; friendship helps poverty; h^pe of liberty easeth imprisonment; 

««Alt?x. Gajruinus cntal. reg. Pol. 2i rosmog. I oiiines qt:ein pnsseiit, maxim i in moerorem ii virgti'il 

Muntiter, el Magc^j. 2j j»||,,j|,s ^ap. 10. 1. :}5. Con- | patrc cogiiareiit. 

MuiipMS afl£;cl!it>as, Agai 'euii>'jr>.'S caput velavit, ut 



646 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3 Sec. 4. 



suit and favour revoke banishment; authority and time wear away reproach: hut 
what phvsic, what chirurgery, what wealth, favour, authority can relieve, bear oin 
assuage, or expel y troubled conscience ? A quiet mind cureth all them, but all the\ 
cannot comfort a distressed soul : who can put to silence the voice o{ desperation ? 
All that is single ii. other melancholy, Horribile., dlrum,, pestilens^ afrox^ feri/jn, con^ 
cur in this, it is more than melancholy in the highest degree ; a burning fev/;r of the 
soul ; so mad, sailh ^' Jacchinus, by this misery ; fear, sorrow, and despair, he puts 
for ordinary symptoms of melancholy. They are in great pain and horror of mind, 
distraction of soul, restless, full of continual fears, cares, torments, anxieties, they 
can neither eat, drink, nor sleep for them, take no rest. 



Perpetiia impietas, nee mensiE tempore cessat, 
Exagitat vesana quies, soiunique furenles." 



Neither at bed, nor yet at board. 
Will any rest df^pair afford." 



Fejir takes away their content, and dries the blood, wasteth the marrow, alters their 
CJiMitenance, '' even in their greatest delights, singing, dancing, dalliance, they are 
still (saith ^^Lemnius) tortured in their souls.". It consumes them to nought, "• I am 
like a pelican in the wilderness (saith David of himself, temporally afflicted), an owl, 
because of thine indignation," Psalm cii. 8, 10, and Psalm Iv. 4. "My heart trem- 
bleth within me, and the terrors of death have come upon me ; fear and trembling 
are come upon me, Sec. at death's door," Psalm cvii. 18. "Their soul abhors all 
manner of meats." Their ^^ sleep is (if it be any) unquiet, subject to fiearful dreams 
and terrors. Peter in his bonds slept secure, for he knew God protected him ; and 
Tully makes it an argument of Roscius Amerinus' innocency, that he killed not his 
father, because he so securely slept. Those martyrs in the primitive church were 
most ^^ cheerful and merry in the midst of their persecutions; but it is far otherwise 
with these men, tossed in a sea, and that continually without rest or intermission, 
they can think of nought that is pleasant, ^^" their conscience will not let them be 
quiet," in perpetual fear, anxiety, if they be not yet apprehended, they are in doubt 
still they shall be ready to betray themselves, as Cain did, he thinks every man will 
kill him ; " and roar for the grief of heart," Psalm xxxviii. 8, as David did ; as Job 
did, XX. 3, 21, 22, &c., " Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery, and life 
to them that have heavy hearts ? which long for death, and if it come not, search it 
more than treasures, and rejoice when they can find the grave." They are generally 
weary of their lives, a trembling heart they have, a sorrowful mind, and little or no 
rest. Terror uhique tremor., timor undiqiie et undique terror. " Fears, terrors, and 
affrights in all places, at all times and seasons." Cibum et potinn perttnaciter aver- 
santur mulf.i^ nodum in scirpo queer itantes., et culpam imaginantes ubi nulla est., as 
VVierus writes de Lamiis lib. 3. c. 7. " they refuse many of them meat and drink, 
cannot rest, aggravating still and supposing grievous offences where there are none." 
God's heavy wrath is kindled in their souls, and notwithstanding their continual 
prayers and supplications to Christ Jesus, tiiey have no release or ease at all, but a 
most intolerable torment, and insufferable anguish of conscience, and that makes 
them, through impatience, to murmur against God many times, to rave, to blaspheme, 
turn atheists, and seek to offer violence to themselves. Deut. xxviii. 65, 66. " In 
the morning they wish for evening, and for morning in the evening, for the sight of 
their eyes which they see, and fear of hearts." ^°Marinus Mercennus, in his Com- 
ment on Genesis, makes mention of a desperate friend of his, whom, amongst others, 
he came to visit, and exhort to patience, that broke out into most blasphemous athe- 
istical speeches, too fearful to relate, when they wished him to trust in God, QuU 
est ille Dcus [inquit) ut serviam illi^ quid proderit si oraverim ; si prcBsens est., cur 
non succurritf cur non me carcere^ inedid^ squalore confeclum liberatf quid effo 
fecif <^c. absit a me hujusmodi Deus. Another of his acquaintance broke out into 
like atheistical blasphemies, upon his wife's death raved, cursed, said and did he 
cared not what. And so for the most part it is with them all, many of them, iu 



a* Cap. 15. in 9. Rliasis. 25 j„v. Sat. 13 '^^M^^n- 

t* 111 enjiit linior hie; viiltiiin, totnuKiue corporis hal>i. 
tnrii iininiili'.t, etiain in deliciis, in tripudiis, in sym- 
po.-iii.-<, in an).plexi] conjn<.Ms carnificinatn e.xercpt, lib. 4. 
tap. iil. *' Non smit conscieiuia tales homi- 

nes recta verba prof(;rre, aul n^ciis qnencj.ain oculis 
Mmicere, ab omni h«minu4i< ccetii eosdem i-xterniinat, 



et dormierites perterrefacit. Philost. lib. 1. rie vjt« 
Apollonii. 28 Eusebius, Nicephorus eccles. hist, 

lib. 4. c. 17. 20 Seneca, lib. 18. epi.st. 100. Cu»- 

scientia aliud attere non ])atitur, pertiirbatf ;n vitai» 
a;riint, nunqnani vacant, <Stc. ^*> Artie. 3. ca. 1. f«>l. 

2:iU. quod horrenduin diciu, desperabuiidiis quKluui me 
presente cum ad patieutiam hui taretur, dec- 



Mem. 2. Subs. 5. 



Prof^nostics oj Despair. 



Gil 



their extremity, think they hear and see visions, outcries, confer with devils, tha* 
tliey are tormented, possessed, and in hell-fire, already damned, quite forsaken of 
God, they have no sense or feeling of mercy, or grace, hope of salvation, their sen- 
tence of condemnation is already past, and not to be revoked, the devil will cer- 
tainly have them. Never was any living- creature in such torment before, in such a 
miserable estate, in such distress of mind, no hope, no faith, past cure, reproliate, 
continually tempted to make away themselves. Something talks with them, they 
spit fire and brimstone, they cannot but blaspheme, they cannot repent, believe or 
think a good thought, so far carried ; uf cogantur ad impia cogUandum efiam contra 
voluntaiem^ said '" Foelix Plater, ad hlasphemiam erga deum., ad muJta horrenda per- 
petranda., ad manus violentas sibi inferendas^ Sfc.., and in their distracted fits and 
desperate humours, to ofier violence to others, their familiar and dear friends some- 
times, or to mere strangers, upon very small or no occasion ; for he that cares not 
for his own, is master of another man's life. They think evil against their wills ; 
that which they abhor themselves, they must needs think, do, and speak. He gives 
instance in a patient of his, that when he would pray, had such evil thoughts still 
suggested to him, and wicked "^meditations. Another instance he hath of a woman 
that was often tempted to curse God, to blaspheme and kill herself. Sometimes the 
devil (as they say) stands without and talks with them, sometimes he is within them, 
as they think, and there speaks and talks as to such as are possessed : so Apollo- 
dorus, in Plutarch, thought his heart spake within him. There is a most memora- 
ble example of ^'^ Francis Spira, an advocate of Padua, Ann. 1545, that being despe- 
rate, by no counsel of learned men could be comforted : he felt (as he said) the 
pains of hell in his soul ; in all other things he discoursed aright, but in this most 
mad. Frismelica, Bullovat, and some other excellent physicians, could neither make 
him eat, drink, or sleep, no persuasion could ease him. Never pleaded any man so 
well for himself, as this man did against himself, and so he desperately died. Springer, 
a lawyer, hath written his life. Cardinal Crescence died so likewise desperate at 
Verona, still he thought a black dog followed him to his death-bed, no man could 
drive the dog away, Sleiden. com. 23. cap. lib. 3. Whilst I was writing this Treatise, 
saith Montaltus, cap. 2. de mel. ^'*" A nun came to me for help, well for all other 
matters, but troubled in conscience for five years last past; she is almost mad, and 
not able to resist, thinks she hath oflended God, and is certainly damned." Foelix 
Plater hath store of instances of such as thought themselves damned, ^^ forsaken of 
God, &c. One amongst the rest, that durst not go to church, or come near the 
Rhine, for fear to make away himself, because then he was most especially tempted. 
These and such like symptoms are intended and remitted, as the malady itself is 
more or less; some will hear good counsel, some will not; some desire help, some 
reject all, and will not be eased. 



SuBSECT. V. — Prognostics of Despair., Atheism., Blasphemy., violent death., S)-c. 

Most part these kind of persons make ^away themselves, some are mad, blas- 
pheme, curse, deny God, but most offer violence to their own persons, and some- 
times to others. " A wounded spirit who can bear .?" Prov. xviii. 14. As Cain, Saul, 
Achitophel, Judas, blasphemed and died. Bede saith, Pilate died desperate eight years 
after Christ. '^'^ Fa3lix Plater hath collected many examples. ^^ A merchant's wife 
that v^as long troubled with such temptations, in the night rose from her bed, and 
out of the window broke her neck into the street: another drowned himself despe- 
rate as he was in the Rhine: some cut their throats, many hang themselves. But 
tliis needs no illustration. It is controverted by some, whether a man so ofl^ering 
violence to himself, dying desperate, may be saved, ay or no .? If they die so obsti- 
nately and suddenly, that they caimot so much as wish for mercy,, the worst is to 
be suspected, because they die impenitent. ^^ If their death had been a little more 
lingering, wherein they might have some leisure in their hearts to cry for mercy, 



" Lib. 1. obser. cap. 3. S2 ^d inalerlicpndnm Deo. 

"Goulart. si Dum haec scribo, implorat opem mearn 
monacha, in reliquis sana, et juilicio reita. per. 5. annos 
tnelanchnlica ; damnatum se riicit, conscientiiE stimiiltis 
oppressa, &.c. 3' Alios coiiqaereiiles aiidivi se esse 



fix daninatorurn numero. Deo iion esse ciinR ;ilia(m9 
infiiiita (jiiae proferre iiQn audfiha/lt, v\'l aMwirrebanl. 
a« Musciiliis, Patritiis. ad vim sibi inOrtMidain roj.'it hotni. 
ne.s. a? De mentis alienat. obspi»v. lib. 1. '^^ [Jvor :Vler- 
caioris dm vexatiunibus teiitata, Sec. ^* Aberiietliy 



648 



Religious Melam-holy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 4. 



charity may judge the best ; divers have been recovered out of the very act of hang- 
ing and drowning themselves, and so brought ad sanam menfem, they have been 
very penitent, much abhorred their former act, confessed that they have repented ia 
an instant, and cried for mercy in their hearts. If a man put desperate hands upon 
himself, b}' occasion of madness or melancholy, if he have given testimony before 
of his regeneration, in regard he doth this not so much out of his will, as ex vi 
morhi, we must make the best construction of it, as ^° Turks do, that think all fools 
and madmen go directly to heaven. 



SuBSECT. VI. — Cure of Despair hy Fhysic, Good Counsel, Comforts, &c. 

Experience teacheth us, that though many die obstinate and wilful in this malady, 
yet multitudes again are able to resist and overcome, seek for help and find comfort, 
are taken e faudbus Erchi, from, the chops of hell, and out of the devil's paws, 
.though they have by ""obligation, given themselves to him. Some out of their own 
strength, and God's assistance, '• Though He kill me, (saith Job,) yet will I trust in 
Him," out of good counsel, advice and physic. "^Bellovacus cured a monk by alter- 
ing his habit, and course of life : Plater many by physic alone. But for the most 
part they must concur ; and they take a wrong course that think to overcome this 
feral passion by sole physic ; and they are as much out, that think to work this efiect 
by good service alone, though both be forcible in themselves, yet vis imita fortior, 

"they must go hand in hand to this disease :" alterlus sic altera poscit oprm. 

For physic the like course is to be taken with this as in other melancholy : diet, 
air, exercise, all those passions and perturbations of the mind, &c. are to be rectified 
by the same means. They must not be left solitary, or to themselves, never idle, 
never out of company. Counsel, good comfort is to be applied, as they shall see 
the parties inclined, or to the causes, whether it be loss, fear, be grief, discontent, or 
same such feral accident, a guilty conscience, or otherwise by frequent meditation, 
too grievous an apprehension, and consideration of his former life ; by hearing, read- 
ing of Scriptures, good divines, good advice and conference, applying God's word to 
their distressed souls, it must be corrected and counterpoised. MjJny excellent exhor- 
tations, phrsenetical discourses, are extant to this purpose, for such as are any way 
troubled in mind : Perkins, Greenham, Hayward, Bright, Abernethy, Bolton, Cul- 
mannus, Helmingius, Caelius Secundus, Nicholas Laurentius, are copious on this sub- 
ject: Azorius, Navarrus, Sayrus, (tc, and such as have written cases of conscience 
amongst our pontifical writers. But because these men's works are not to all parties 
at hand, so parable at all times, I will for the benefit and ease of such as are afflicted, 
at the request of some ''^ friends, recollect out of their voluminous treatises, some few 
Buch comfortable speeches, exhortations, arguments, advice, tending to this subject, 
and out of God's word, knowing, as Culmannus saith upon the like occasion, *^'' how 
unavailable and vain men's councils are to comfort an afflicted conscience, except 
God's word concur and be annexed, from which comes life, ease, repentance," &c. 
Pre-supposing first that which Beza, Greenham, Perkins, Bolton, give in charge, the 
parties to whom counsel is given be sufiiciently prepared, humbled for their sins, fit 
for comfort, confessed, tried how they are more or less afflicted, how they stand 
affected, or capable of good advice, before any remedies be applied : to such there- 
fore as are so thoroughly searched and examined, I address this following discourse. 

Two main antidotes, "^^ Hemmingius observes, opposite to despair, good hope ouv 
of God's word, to be embraced; perverse security and presumption from the devil > 
treachery, to be rejected; Ilia sains animcB Ikec pest in; one saves, the other kills, 
occidit (inimam, saith Austin, and doth as much harm as despair itself, ^^ Navarrus the 
casuist reckons up ten special cures out of Anton, l.parf. Tit. 8. cay>. 10. I. God 
2. Physic. 3. ^"Avoiding such objects as have caused it. 4. Submission of himsel' 
to other men's judgments. 5. Answer of all objections, &c. All which Gajetan, 

*' Busboquius. ** John M;ijor vitis patruni : qui- quani vana sit et inefficax humanorum verborum penes 

dam n^gavit Christum, per Chirographum post resti- attiictos consolatio, nisi verbum Dei andiatur, i quo 

tutus. ** TrincaveUuB lib. 3. *^ My brother, vita, refrigeratio, solatium, pceiiitentia. ** Antid. 

George Burton, M. James Whitehall, rector of Checkley, adversus de»perationem. *• Tom. 2. c. 27. num. 282. 

in Statt'i.nlsliire, my quondam chamber-fellow, and late *'' Aversio cogitatiouia a re scrupulosa, contraveutio 

fellow student in Christ Church, Oxon. ♦* Scio scrupulorum. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Cure of Despair. 649 

Gerson, lib. de vit. spirit. Sayrus, lib. 1. cons. cap. 14. repeat and approve out of 
Emanuel Roderiques, cap. 51 ct 52. Greenham prescribes six special rules, Cul- 
mannus seven. First, to acknowledge all help come from God. 2. That the cause 
of their present misery is sin. 3. To repent and be heartily sorry for their sins. 
4. To pray earnestly to God they may be eased. 5. To expect and implore the 
prayers of the church, and good men's advice. 6. Physic. 7. To commend them- 
selves to God, and rely upon llis mercy: others, otherwise, but all to this eifect. 
But forasmuch as most men in this malady are spiritually sick, void of reason almost, 
overborne by their miseries, and too deep an apprehension of their sins, they cannot 
apply themselves to good counsel, pray, believe, repent, we must, as much as in us 
lies, occur and help their peculiar infirmities, according to their several causes and 
symptoms, as we shall find them distressed and complain. 

The main matter which terrifies and torments most that are troubled in mind, 
is the enormity of their offences, the intolerable burthen of their sins, God's heavy 
wrath and displeasure so deeply apprehended, that they account themselves repro- 
bates, quite forsaken of God, already damned, past all hope of grace, incapable of 
mercy, diaholi mancipia, slaves of sin, and their offences so great they cannot be 
forgiven. But these men must know there is no sin so heinous which is not par- 
donable in itself, no crime so great but by God's mercy it may be forgiven. 
" Where sin aboundeth, grace aboundeth much more," llom. v. 20. And what 
the Lord said unto Paul in his extremity, 2 Cor. xi. 9, " My grace is sufficient for 
thee, for my power is made perfect through weakness :" concerns every man in 
like case. His promises are made indefinite to all believers, generally spoken to all 
touching remission of sins that are truly penitent, grieved for their offences, and 
desire to be reconciled. Matt. ix. 12, 13, " I came not to call the righteous but sin- 
ners to repentance," that is, such as are truly touched in conscience for their sins. 
Again, Matt. xi. 28, "Come unto me all ye that are heavy laden, and I will ease 
you." Ezek. xviii. 27, "At what time soever a sinner shall repent him of his sins 
from the bottom of his heart, I will blot out all his wickedness out of my remem- 
brance saith the Lord.'' Isaiah xliii. 25, " I even I am He that put away ttiine ini- 
quity for mine own sake, and will not remember thy sins." "As a father (saith 
David Psal. ciii. 13) hath compassion on his children, so hath the Lord compassion 
on them that fear him." And will receive them again as the prodigal son was en- 
tertained. Luke XV., if they shall so come with tears in their eyes, and a penitent 
heart. Peccator agnoscat, Deus igvoscit. "The Lord is full of compassion and 
mercy, slow to anger, of great kindness," Psal. ciii. 8. " He will not always chide, 
neither keep His anger for ever," 9. "As high as the heaven is above the earth, so 
great is His mercy towards them that fear Him," 11. "As far as the East is from 
the West, so far hath He removed our sins from us," 12. Though Cain cry out in 
the anguish of his soul, my punishment is greater than I can bear, 'tis not so ; thou 
liest, Cain (saith Austin), "God's mercy is greater than thy sins. His mercy is 
above all His works," Psal. cxlv. 9, able to satisfy for all men's sins, anfilutron, 1 
Tim. ii. 6. His mercy is a panacea., a balsam for an afflicted soul, a sovereign medi- 
cine, an alexipharmacum for all sins, a charm for the devil ] his mercy was great to 
Solomon, to Manasseh, to Peter, great to all offenders, and whosoever thou art, it 
may be so to thee. For why should God bid us pray (as Austin infers) " Deliver 
us from all evil," iiisi ipse miser Icors perseverarct., if He did not intend to help us ? 
He therefore that *^ doubts of the remission of his sins, denies God's mercy, and 
doth Him injury, saith Austin. Yea, but thou repliest, I am a notorious sinner, mine 
offences are not so great as infinite. Hear Fulgentius, ''^" God's invincible goodness 
cannot be overcome by sin. His infinite mercy cannot be terminated by any: the 
multitude of Uis mercy is equivalent to [lis magnitude." Hear ^ Chrysostom, " Thy 
malice may be measured, but God's mercy cannot be defined ; thy malice is circum- 
scribed. Mis mercies infinite." As a drop of water is to the sea, so are thy misdeeds 
to His mercy : nay, there is no such proportion to be given ; for the sea, though 



*» Magnam injuriam Deo facit qui diffidit de ejus 
misericordia. *" Bonitas invicti non vincitur; iu- 

finiti misericordia non finitur. »• Horn. 3. De 

Uopniifntia: Tua quidem malitia meusuram habet. 

82 3E 



Dei autem misericordia mensuram non lialx't. Tua 
malitia circum8crii)ta est, &c. Pelagus etsi magnum, 
mensuram habet; del autem, &c. 



650 Religious Melancholy. [Part. I.-5. ISec 4. 

great, yet may be measured, but God's mercy cannot be circumscribed. Wiiatsoever 
diy sins be then in quantity or quality, multitude or magnitude, fear them not, dis- 
trust not. 1 speak not this, saith ^' Chrysostom, " to make thee secure and negligent, 
but to cheer tliee up." Yea but, thou urgest again, J have little comfort of this 
which is said, it concerns me not : Inanis pcenitentia quam sequens culpa coinquinatf 
'tis to no purpose for me to repent, and to do worse than ever I did before, to per- 
severe in sin, and to return to my lusts as a dog to his vomit, or a swine to the 
mire : ^^ to what end is it to ask forgiveness of my sins, and yet daily to sin again 
and again, to do evil out of a habit r I daily and hourly offend in thought, word, 
and deed, in a relapse by mine own weakness and wilfulness : my bonus genius, my 
good protecting angel is gone, J am fallen from that J was or would be, worse and 
worse, '•'' my latter end is worse than my beginning : Si quotidice peccas, quotidie^ 
saith Chxy sosiom^ painitentiam age, if thou daily offend, daily repent : ^^"if twice, 
thrice, a hundred, a hundred thousand times, twice, thrice, a hundred thousand times 
repent." As they do by an old house that is out of repair, still mend some part or 
other; so do by thy soul, still reform some vice, repair it by repentance, call to Him 
for grace, and thou shalt have it; '•'For we are freely justified by His grace," Rom, 
iii. 24. W thine enemy repent, as our Saviour enjoined Peter, forgive him seventy- 
seven times ; and why shouldst thou think God will not forgive thee } Why should 
the enormity of thy sins trouble thee .'' God can do it, he will do it. "My con« 
science (saith ^* Anselm) dictates to me that I deserve damnation, my repentance will 
not suffice for satisfaction : but thy mercy, O Lord, quite overcometh all my trans- 
gressions." The gods once (as the poets feign) with a gold chain would pull Jupi- 
ter out of heaven, but all they together could not stir him, and yet he could draw 
and turn tliem as he would himself; maugre all the force and fury of these infernal 
fiends, and crying sins, •' His grace is sufficient." Confer the debt and the payment ; 
Christ and Adam ; sin, and the cure of it ; the disease and the medicine ; confer the 
sick man to his physician, and thou shalt soon perceive that his power is infinitely 
beyond it. God is better able, as ^^ Bernard informeth us, "to help, than sin to do 
us hurt; Christ is belter able to save, than the devil to destroy." ^^If he be a skil- 
ful Physician, as Fulgentius adds, " he can cure all diseases ; if merciful, he will." 
JVon est perfecta bonitas a qua non omnis malitia vincitur, His goodness is not abso- 
lute and perfect, if it be not able to overcome all malice. Submit thyself unto Him, 
as St. Aiistin advisetli, "" He knoweth best what he doth ; and be not so much 
pleased when he sustains thee, as patient when he corrects thee ; he is omnipotent, 
and can cure all diseases when he sees his own time." He looks down from heaven 
upon earth, that he may hear the " mourning of prisoners, and deliver the children 
of death," Psai. cii. 19. 20. "And though our sins be as red as scarlet. He can 
make them as white as snow," Isai. i. 18. Doubt not of this, or ask how it shall 
be done : He is all-sufficient that pron)iseth ; qui fecit mundum de immundo, saith 
Chrysostom, he tiiat made a fair world of nought, can do this and much more for 
his part : do thou only believe, trust in him, rely on him, be penitent and heartily 
sorry for thy sins. Repentance is a sovereign remedy for all sins, a spiritual wing 
to rear us, a charm for our miseries, a protecting amulet to expel sin's venom, an 
attractive loadstone to draw God's mercy and graces unto us. ^^Peccatum vulnus^ 
popMiienti-a medicinain : sin made the breach, repentance must help it ; howsoever 
thine ofience came, by error, sloth, obstinacy, ignorance, exiliir per pcenitent i am, this 
is the sole means to be relieved. ^^ Hence comes our hope of safety, by this alone 
sinners are saved, God is provoked to mercy. " This unlooseth all that is bound, 
enlighteneth darkness, mends that is broken, puts life to that which was desperately 
dying:" makes no respect of offences, or of persons. *'°"This doth not repel a 

61 Noil ul dcsitliores vos faciain, sed ut alaciiores red- i languor insaiiabilis occurril : tu tantum doceri te sino, 
dam. ^'■' Pro peccatis veniain poscere, et mala de iiiaiiuin ejus ne repelle; novit quiil aj:at ; non tantum 

novo iterare. ^^^ Si bis, si ler, si ceiities, si centies delecleris cum fovet, sed toleres quiim secal. ''^'Chrjs. 

millies, tdties pceniteniiam age. ^^Conscienlia | liom. 3. de pOBuit. 6" Spes salutis per quam pecoa- 

mea meruit dainnationem, pcenitentia non sufficil ad ~ 

Batisfactionem: sed tua misericordia supecat omnem 
offensionem. '^ Multo eflicacior Cliristi mors in 

bouum, quam peccata nostra in malum. (Jliristus pu- 
lenlior ad salvandum. qirain diRmon ad pL-rdenduin. 
^ Peritns medicus potest inrines intirmilates sanare ; si 
aiiseri(y>rs. vult. ^^ Omnipoleiiti iHedicu iiullus 



tores salvaiitur, Dens ad misericonliam provocatur. 
Isidor. omnia ligata tu solvis, Cdtitrita sanas, confusa 
lucidas, desperaia animas. ^^ociirys. hum 5. no . 

fornicatoreni ahnuil, non ebrium avertit, iioi suiier- 
bum repellit, non aversatur liiololatram, ii n aiiulte* 
rum, sed oinnes *iuscipit, omnibus communicat. 



Men. 2. Subs. 6.] 



Cure of Despair. 



6;) I 



forni -ator, reject a drunkard, resist a proud fellow, turn away an idolater, nut pnter- 
tains all, communicates itself to all." Who persecuted the church more llian Paul, 
ofTended more than Peter ? and yet by repentance (saith Curysologus) they got both 
Magisterium et minislerium sancdtatis^ the Magistery of holiness. The prodigal son 
went far, but by repentance he ^ame home at last. ^' " This alone will turn a wolf 
into a sheep, make a publican a preacher, turn a thorn into an olive, make a de- 
bauched fellow religious," a blasphemer sing halleluja, make Alexander the copper- 
smith truly devout, make a devil a saint. "'' And him that polluted his mouth with 
calumnies, lying, swearing, and filthy tunes and tones, to purge his throat with divine 
Psalms." Repentance will effect prodigious cures, make a stupend metamorphosis. 
''• A hawk came into the ark, and went out again a hawk; a lion came in, went out 
a lion ; a bear, a bear ; a wolf, a wolf; but if a hawk came into this sacred temple 
of repentance, he v/ill go forth a dove (saith ^^ Chrysostom), a wolf go out a sheep, 
d lion a lamb. ^* This gives sight to the blind, legs to the lame, cures all diseases, 
confers grace, expels vice, inserts virtue, comforts and fortifies the soul." Shall I 
say, let thy sin be what it will, do but repent, it is sufficient. ^^ Quern pcBnitet pec- 
cas^e pene est innocens. 'Tis true indeed and all-sufficient this, they do confess, if 
they could repent; but they are obdurate, they have cauterised consciences, they are 
in a reprobate sense, they cannot think a good thought, they cannot hope for grace, 
pray, believe, repent, or be sorry for their sins, they find no grief for sin in them- 
selves, but rather a delight, no groaning of spirit, but are carried headlong to their 
own destruction, " heaping wrath to themselves against the day of wrath," Rom. 
ii. 5. 'Tis a grievous case this I do yield, and yet not to be despaired ; God of his 
bounty and mercy calls all to repentance, Rom. ii. 4, thou mayest be called at length, 
restored, taken to His grace, as the thief upon the cross, at the last hour, as Mary 
Magdalen and many other sinners have been, that were buried in sin. "God (saith 
^Fulgentius) is delighted in the conversion of a sinner, he sets no time;" prolixitas 
temporis Deo non prmjudicat^ aut gravUas peccati, deferring of time or grievousnesa 
of sin, do not prejudicate his grace, things past and to come are all one to Him, as 
present: 'tis never too late to repent. ^^"This heaven of repentance is still open 
for all distressed souls;" and howsoever as yet no signs appear, thou mayest repent 
in good time. Hear a comfortable speech of St. Austin, ^"^^ Whatsoever thou shalt 
do, how great a sinner soever, thou art yet living; if God would not help thee, he 
would surely take thee away; but in sparing thy life, he gives thee leisure, and in- 
vites thee to repentance." Howsoever as yet, I say, thou perceivest no fruit, no 
feeling, findest no likelihood of it in thyself, patiently abide the Lord's good leisure, 
despair not, or think thou art a reprobate; He came to call sinners to repentance, 
Luke v. 32, of which number thou art one; He came to call thee, and in his time 
will surely call thee. And although as yet thou hast no inclination to pray, to re- 
pent, thy faith be cold and dead, and thou wholly averse from all Divine functions, 
yet it may revive, as trees are dead in winter, but flourish in the spring! these vir- 
tues may lie hid in thee for the present, yet hereafter show themselves, and perad- 
venture already bud, howsoever thou dost not perceive. 'Tis Satati's policy to plead 
against, suppress and aggravate, to conceal those sparks of faith in thee. Thou dost 
not believe, thou sayest, yet thou wouldst believe if thou couldst, 'tis thy desire to 
believe; then pray, ^^"Lord help mine unbelief:" and hereafter thou shalt certainly 
believe : '^° Dahiiur sillenti^ it shall be given to him that thirsteth. Thou canst not 
yet repent, hereafter thou shalt; a black cloud of sin as yet obnubilates thy soul, 
terrifies thy conscience, but tliis cloud may conceive a rainbow at the last, and be 
quite dissipated by repentance. Be of good cheer; a child is rational in power, not 
m act ; and so art thou penitent in affection, though not yet in action. 'Tis thy 
desire to please God, to be hearlily sorry; comfort thyself, no time is overpast, 'tis 
never loo late. A desire to repent is repentance itself, though not in nature, yet in 



61 Chrys. hotn. .5. 8-Q,ui tnrpihus cantilenis ali- 

6|uando inqiiiiiavit os, divinis liyiiniis aiiiiiiiiiii piirija 
bit. 63 Horn. 5. Iiilroivit hic qiiis nccipiler, coluinba 
exit ; introivil lupus, ovi.s egieditur, &c. 64 0i„|,,;s 

lariijuores sanat, caecis vi.suin, claudis LTessum, gratiam 
confert, &c ^6 Seneca. " He whu iei)etUs of his 

■ir.s is well nigh innocent." 66 Dp|«;ciatur Deus 

eonversione peccatoris; omne tempus vits coiiver.-iioni 



deputatur; pro prxscntibus habentur tain praeterita 
quan) fulura. ^'' Austin. Seuipt;r pffiiiiieiiiia; ^ortus 

apertus est ne despereinus. •'■'Quicqiiid ft.ceris, 

quaiitunicinique peccaveris, adhuc in viia e.s, undo te 
oinnino si sanare te nollet Deus, auferret ; parcend' 
cla:nat ut rcde^is, &c. sa iVIatt. vi. 23. ■"> Rtf» 

xxi. ti. 



652 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect. 4. 

God's acceptance; a willing mind is sufficient. "Blessed are tney that hunger and 
thirst after righteousness," Matt. v. 6. He that is destitute of God's grace, and 
wisheth for it, sha.l have it. '•• The Lord (saith David, Psal. x. 17) will hear the 
desire of the poor," that is, such as are in distress of body and mind. 'Tis true 
thou canst not as yet grieve for thy sin, thou hast no feeling of faith, I yield ; yet 
canst thou grieve thou dost not grieve .'* It troubles thee, I am sure, thine heart 
should be so impenitent and hard, thou wouldst have it otherwise; 'tis thy desire to 
grieve, to repent, and to believe. Thou lovest God's children and saints in the 
meantime, hatest them not, persecutest them not, but rather wishest thyself a true 
professor, to be as they are, as thou thyself hast been heretofore ; v/hich is an evi- 
dent token thou art in no such desperate case. 'Tis a good sign of thy conversion, 
thy sins are pardonable, thou art, or shalt surely be reconciled. " The Lord is near 
them that are of a contrite heart," Luke iv. 18. '«! A true desire of mercy in the 
want of mercy, is mercy itself; a desire of grace in the want of grace, is grace 
itself; a constant and earnest desire to believe, repent, and to be reconciled to God, 
if it be in a touched heart, is an acceptation of God, a reconciliation, faith and re- 
pentance itself For it is not thy faith and repentance, as '^Chrysostom truly teacheth, 
that is available, but God's mercy that is annexed to it, He accepts the will for the 
deed : so that I conclude, to feel in ourselves the want of grace, and to be grieved 
for it, is grace itself. 1 am troubled with fear my sins are not forgiven. Careless 
objects: but Bradford answers they are; "For God hath given thee a penitent and 
believing heart, that is, a heart which desireth to repent and believe; for such an 
one is taken of him (He accepting the will for the deed) for a truly penitent and 
believing heart. 

All this is true thou repliest, but yet it concerns not thee, 'tis verified in ordinary 
offenders, in common sins, but thine are of a higher strain, even against the Holy 
Ghost himself, irremissible sins, sins of the first magnitude, written with a pen of 
iron, engraven with a point of a diamond. Thou art worse than a pagan, infidel. 
Jew, or Turk, for thou art an apostate and more, thou hast voluntarily blasphemed, 
renounced God and all religion, thou art worse than Judas hmiself, or they that cru- 
cified Christ : for they did otTend out o*^ ignorance, but tliou hast thought in thine 
heart there is no God. Thou hast given thy soul to the devil, as witches and con- 
jurors do, explicite and implicite, by compact, band and obligation (a desperate, a 
fearful case) to satisfy thy lust, or to be revenged of thine enemies, thou didst never 
pray, come to church, hear, read, or do any divine duties with any devotion, but for 
formality and fashion'-sake, with a kind of reluctance, 'twas troublesome and pain- 
ful to thee to perform any such thing, prcBter voluntatem., against thy will. Thou 
never mad'st any conscience of lying, swearing, bearing false v/itness, murder, adul- 
tery, bribery, oppression, theft, drunkenness, idolatry, but hast ever done all duties 
for fear of punishment, as they were most advantageous, and to thine own ends, and 
committed all such notorious sins, with an extraordinary delight, i'siting that thou 
shouldest love, and loving that thou shouldest hate. Instead of faith, ftar and lovi^ of 
God, repentance, &c., blasphemous thoughts have been ever harboured in his mind, 
even against God himself, the blessed Trinity ; the ^^ Scripture false, rude, harsh, imme- 
thodical : heaven, hell, resurrection, mere toys and fables, "■* incredible, impossible, ab- 
surd, vain, ill contrived ; religion, policy, and human invention, to keep men in obe- 
dience, or for profit, invented by priests and law-givers to that purpose. If there b^ 
any such supreme power-, he takes no notice of our doings, hears not our prayerh, 
regardeth them not, will not, cannot help, or else he is partial, an excepter of persons, 
author of sin, a cruel, a destructive God, to create our souls, and destinate them to 
eternal damnation, to make us worse than our dogs and horses, why doth he not 
govern things better, protect good men, root out wicked livers? why do they prosper 

and flourish? as she raved in the '^tragedy pellices ccbIuiti tenent., ihere they 

shine, Suasque Perseus aureas Stellas habet, where is his providence? how appears it^ 

'6 " Martnori'O Licinus tuniulo jacet, at Cato parvo, 
Poniponius nullo, quis putel esse Deos." 

■>! Ahrrneihy, Perkins. 'i Non est poenitentia, I and objections are well answered In John Downain's 

Bed Dei iiiisericordia aiinexa. 'scjEcilius Minutio, Christian Warfare. ''5Seneca. '«" Licinus 

On.nif ista fi^inenta tnala sans religionis, et inepta | lies in a*niarhle tomb, but Cato in a mean one : Pom- 
solatia k poetis iiivent.i, vel ab aliis oh ronimodum, i poiiius has none, who can think tberetbre that itierf. 
Buperstuiosa misleria, &.C. ^4 xjjese temptations 1 are^ods?" 



Mem. 2. Subs. 6. Cure of Despair. 65.1 

Why doth he suffer Turks to overcome Christians, the enemy to triumph over liis 
church, paganism to domineer in all places as it doth, heresies to multiply, such 
enormities to be committed, and so many such bloody wars, murders, massacres, 
plagues, feral diseases ! why doth he not make us all good, able, sound ? why makes 
he '^venomous creatures, rocks, sands, deserts, this earth itself the muck-hill of the 
world, a prison, a house of correction ? ''^Menfimur regnare Jovem., 4'c., with many 
such horrible and execrable conceits, not fit to be uttered ; TcrrihUia de fide^ lior- 
rihilia de Divinitate. They cannot some of them but think evil, they are compelled 
volentes nolentes^ to blaspheme, especially when they come to church and pray 
read, 8t.c., such foul and prodigious suggestions come into their hearts. 

These are abominable, unspeakable offences, and most opposite to God, tenfa 
tiones fcRdcB el impicc, yet in this case, he or they that shall be tempted and so affected 
must know, that no man living is free from such thoughts in part, or at some times* 
the most divine spirits have been so tempted in seme sort, evil custom, omission of 
holy exercises, ill company, idleness, solitariness, melancholy, or depraved nature, 
and the devil is still ready to corrupt, trouble, and divert our souls, to suggest such 
blasphemous thoughts into our fantasies, ungodly, profane, monstrous and wicked 
conceits : If they come from Satan, they are more speedy, fearful and violent, the 
parties cannot avoid them : they are more frequent, I say, and monstrous when they 
come ; for the devil he is a spirit, and hath means and opportunities to mingle him- 
self with our spirits, and sometimes more slily, sometimes more abruptly and openly, 
to suggest such devilish thoughts into our hearts; he insults and domineers in 
melancholy distempered fantasies and persons especially; melancholy is balneum 
diahol'i^ as Serapio holds, the devil's bath, and invites him to come to it. As a sick 
man frets, raves in his fits, speaks and doth he knows not what, the devil violently 
compels such crazed souls to think such damned thoughts against their wills, they 
cannot but do it; sometimes more continuate, or by fits, he takes his advantage, as 
the subject is less able to resist, he aggravates, extenuates, affirms, denies, damns, 
confounds the spirits, troubles heart, brain, humours, organs, senses, and wholly 
domineers in their imaginations. If they proceed from themselves, such thoughts, 
they are remiss and moderate, not so violent and m«^istrous, not so frequent. The 
devil commonly suggests things opposite to nature, opposite to God and his word, 
impious, absurd, such as a man would never of himself, or could not conceive, they 
strike terror and horror into the parties' own hearts. For if he or they be asked 
whether they do approve of such like thoughts or no, they answer (and their own 
souls truly dictate as much) they abhor them as much as hell and the devil himself, 
they would fain think otherwise if they could ; he hath thought otherwise, and with 
all his soul desires so to think again; he doth resist, and hath some good motions 
intermrxed now and then : so that such blasphemous, impious, unclean thoughts, 
are not his own, but the devil's; they proceed not from him, but from a crazed 
phantasy, distempered humours, black fumes which offend his brain: "^ they are 
thy crosses, the devil's sins, and he shall answer for them, he doth enforce thee to 
do that which thou dost abhor, and didst never give consent to: and although he 
hath sometimes so slily set upon thee, and so far prevailed, as to make thee in some 
sort to assent to such wicked thoughts, to delight in, yet they have not proceeded 
from a confirmed will in thee, but are of that nature which thou dost afterwards 
reject and abhor. Therefore be not overmuch troubled and dismayed with such 
kind of suggestions, at least if they please thee not, because they are not thy per- 
sonal sins, for which thou shalt incur the wrath of God, or his displeasure: con- 
temn, neglect them, let them go as they come, strive not too violently, or trouble 
thyself too much, but as our Saviour said to Satan in like case, say thou, avoid 
Satan, I detest thee And them. SatancB esi mala ingerere (saith Austin) nostrum nan 
consentire : as Satan labours to suggest, so must we strive not to give consent, and 
it will be sufficient : the more anxious and solicitous thou art, the more perplexerl, 
the more thou shalt otherwise be troubled and entangled. Besides, they must know 
this, all so molested and distempered, that although these be most execrable and 
grievous sins, they are pardonable yet, through God's mercy and goodness, they 

^ Vid. Cainpanella cap. 6. Athcis. triumphal, et c. 2. I coluin, &c. '« Lucan. " II can't he true that Just 

\d argtimentum 12. ubi pliira. Si Deus bonus unde | Jove reigna." ^''Perkins. 

3e2 



654 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sl€. 4 



may be forgiven, if they be penitent and sorry for them. Paul himself confosseth, 
Rom. xvii. 19. "-He did not the good he would do, but the evil which he would not 
do; 'tis not I, but sin that dwelleth in me." 'Tis not thou, but Satan's suggestions, 
his craft and subtility, his malice : comfort thyself then if thou be penitent and 
grieved, or desirous to be so, these heinous sins shall not be laid to thy charge ; 
God's mercy is above all sins, which if thou do not finally contemn, without doubt 
thou shalt be saved. ^"No man sins against the Holy Ghost, but he that wilfully 
and finally renounceth Christ, and contemneth him and his word to the last, without 
which there is no salvation, from which grievous sin, God of his infinite mercy 
deliver us." Take hold of this to be thy comfort, and meditate withal on God's 
word, labour to pray, to repent, to be renewed in mind, ''• keep thine heart with all 
diligence." Prov. iv. 13, resist the devil, and he v>/ill fly from thee, pour out thy soul 
unto the Lord with sorrowful Hannah, ''pray continually," as Paul enjoins, and as 
David did. Psalm i. " me(htate on his law day and night." 

Yea, but this meditation is that mars all, and mistaken makes many men far 
worse, misconceiving all they read or hear, to their own overthrow; the more they 
search and read Scriptures, or divine treatises, the more they puzzle themselves, as 
a bird in a net, the more they are entangled and precipitated into this preposterous 
gulf: "Many are called, but few are chosen," Matt. xx. 16. and xxii. 14. with such 
like places of Scripture misinterpreted strike them with horror, they doubt presently 
whether they be of this number or no: God's eternal decree of predestination, abso- 
lute reprobation, and such fatal tables, they form to their own ruin, and impinge upon 
this rock of despair. How shall they be assured of their salvation, by what signs.? 
" If the righteous scarcely be saved, vvhere shall the ungodly and sinners appear .?" 
1 Pet. iv. 18. Who knows, saith Solomon, whether he be elect.? This grinds their 
souls, how shall they discern tiiey are not reprobates .? Bui I say again, how shall 
they discern they are .? From the devil can be no certainty, for he is a liar from the 
beginning; if he suggests any such thing, as too frequently he doth, reject him as a 
deceiver, an enemy of human kind, dispute not with liim, give no credit to him, 
obstinately refuse him, as St. Anthony did in the wilderness, whom the devil set 
upon in several shapes, or as the collier did, so do thou by him. For when the 
devil tempted him with the weakness of his faith, and told him he could not be 
saved, as being ignorant in the principles of religion, and urged him moreover to 
know what he believed, v/hat he thought of such and such points and mysteries: 
the collier told him, he believed as the church did ; but what (said the devil again) 
doth the church believe.? as I do (said the collier); and what's that thou believest ? 
as the church doth, &c., when the devil could get no other answer, he left him. If 
Satan summon thee to answer, send him to Christ : he is thy liberty, thy protector 
against cruel death, raging sin, that roaring lion, he is thy righteousness, thy Saviour, 
and thy life. Though he say, thou art not of the number of the elect, a reprobate, 
forsaken of God, hold thine own still, hie mums aheneus esto, "let this be as a bul- 
wark, a brazen wall to defend thee, stay thyself in that certainty of faith; let that 
be thy comfort. Christ will protect thee, vindicate thee, thou art one of his flock, he 
will triumph over the law, vanquish death, overcome the devil, and destroy hell. If 
he say thou art none of the elect, no believer, reject him, defy him, thou hast thought 
otherwise, and mayest so be resolved again ; comfort thyself; this persuasion can- 
not come from the devil, and much less can it be grounded from thyself.? men are 
liars, and why shouldest thou distrust .? A denying Peter, a persecuting Paul, an 
adulterous cruel David, have been received; an apostate Solomon may be converted; 
no sin at all but irapenitency, can give testimony of final reprobation. Why shouldest 
thou then distrust, misdoubt thyself, upon what ground, what suspicion.? This 
. pinion alone of particularity .? Against that, and for the certainty of election and 
salvation on the other side, see God's good will toward men, hear how generally 
his grace is proposed to him, and him, and them, each man in particular, and to all. 
1 Tim. ii. 4. " God will that all men be saved, and come to the knowledge of the 
truth." 'Tis a universal promise, " God sent not his son into the world to condemn 



80 Heniingius. Nemo pecc.it in spirituin sanctum nisi 
qui tiiialiler et voluntarie renuiiciat Christum, eumque 
•t ejus verbuin extroine cuntemnit, sine qua nulla 



saliis; a quo peccato iiberet nos Dominus J^jsus Chri 
Cue. Amen. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] 



Cure of Despair. 



655 



the world, but that through him the world might be saved." John iii. 17. " He that 
hci<iiowledgetli himself a man in tlie world, must likewise acknowledge he is of that 
number that is to be saved." Ezek. xxxiii. 11, "I will not the death of a sinner, but 
that he repent and live:" But thou art a sinner; therefore he will not thy death. 
^' This is the will of him that sent me, that every man that believeth in the Son, 
should have everlasting life." John vi. 40. " He would have no man perish, but all 
come to repentance," 2 Pet. iii. 9. Besides, remission of sins is to be preached, not 
to a few, but universally to all men, " Go therefore and tell all nations, baptising 
them," &c. Matt, xxviii. 19. "Go into all the world, and preach the Gospel to 
every creature," Mark xvi. 15. Now there cannot be contradictory wills in God, 
he will have all saved, and not all, how can this stand together ? be secure then, 
believe, trust in him. hope well and be saved. Yea, that's the main matter, how 
shall I believe or discern my security from carnal presumption? my faith is weak 
and faint, I want those signs and fruits of sanctification, ^' sorrow for sin, thirsting 
for grace, groanings of the spirit, love of Christians as Christians, avoiding occasion 
of sin, endeavour of new obedience, charity, love of God, perseverance. Though 
these signs be languishing in thee, and not seated in thine heart, thou must not there- 
fore be dejected or terrified ; the effects of the faith and spirit are not yet so fully 
felt in thee ; conclude not therefore thou art a reprobate, or doubt of thine election, 
because the elect themselves are without them, before their conversion. Thou 
mayest in the Lord''s good time be converted ; some are called at the eleventh hour. 
Use, J say, the means of thy conversion, expect the Lord's leisure, if not yet called, 
pray thou mayest be, or at least wish and desire thou mayest be. 

Notwithstanding all this which might be said to this effect, to ease their afflicted 
minds, what comfort our best divines can afford in this case, Zanchius, Beza, &.c 
This furious curiosity, needless speculation, fruitless meditation about election, 
reprobation, free will, grace, such places of Scripture preposterously conceived, tor- 
ment still, and crucify the souls of too many, and set all the world together by the 
ears. To avoid which inconveniences, and to settle their distressed minds, to miti- 
gate those divine aphorisms, (though in another extreme some) our late Arminians 
have revived that plausible doctrine of universal grace, which many fathers, our late 
Lutheran and modern papists do still maintain, that we have free will of ourselves, 
and that grace is common to all that will believe. Some again, though less ortho- 
doxal, will have a far greater part saved than shall be damned, (as ^^Caelius Secundus 
stiffly maintains in his book, De ampliiudine regn'i caelestis^ or some impostor under 
his name) beatorum mimerus viuUb major qudm damnatorum. ^^ lie calls that other 
tenet of special ^"election and reprobation, a prejudicate, envious and malicious 
opinion, apt to draw all men to desperat>-on. Many are called, few chosen, &.c. He 
opposeth some opposite parts of Scriptuie to it, "Christ came into the world to save 
sinners," &c. And four especial arguments he produceth, one from God's power. 
If more be damned than saved, he erroneously concludes, **^ the devil hath the greater 
sovereignty! for what is power but to protect.? and majesty consists in multitude. 
" Jf the devil have the greater part, where is his mercy, where is his power.? how 
is he Dezis Optimus Maxi?nus., miser icors? 4'^., where is his greatness, where his 
goodness?" He proceeds, ^'^"We account him a murderer that is accessary only, 
or doth not help when he can; which may not be supposed of God without great 
offence, because he may do what he will, and is otherwise accessary, and the author 
of sin. The nature of good is to be communicated, God is good, and will not then 
be contracted in his goodness : for how is he the father of mercy and comfort, if 
his good concern but a few? O envious and unthankful men to think otherwise! 
*^VVhy should we pray to God that are Gentiles, and thank him for his mercies and 
benefits, that hath damned us all innocuous for Adam's offence, one man's offence, one 
small offence, eating of an apple ? why should we acknowledge him for our governor 



•' Abernethy. ^^gee whole hooks of these argu- 

ments. 83 Lib. 3. fol. 122. PriEJudicata opinio, in- 

vida, maligna, et ajtta ad inipellendos aniinos in despe- 
ratiouein. o* See the Antidote in Ciiauiier's toin. 3. 

lib. 7. Downam's Christian Warfare, &.c. ^5 Potentior 
ebi L>eo diaUolus et muiidi princeps, et in multitudine 
bominum sita est majciitas. t^^ Homicida qui nun 



siihvenit quum potest ; hoc de Deo sine scelere co^itari 
non potest, utpote quum quod vult licet. Boni natura 
comniunicari. Bonus Deus, quornodo niisericordia, 
pjiter, &c, 8' Vide Cyrilhnn lib. 4. adversus Julia- 

num. qui poterimus illi gratiaa agtre qui ncdtis noa 
misit Mosen et prophetas, et conteinpsit boni ainiina- 
rum nustrarum. 



656 



Religious Melancholy. 



rPart. 3 Sec e 



ihat hhth wholly neglected the salvation of our souls, contemned us, and sei.t :o 
orophets or instructors to teach us, as he hath done to the Hebrews ?" So Julian vhe 
apostate objects. Why should these Christians (Ca?lius urgeth) reject us and appro- 
priate God unto themselves, Deum ilium siium unicuru^ &cc. But to return to our forged 
Caelius. At last he comes to that, he will have those saved that never heard of, or 
believed in Christ, ex puris naturalihus^ with the Pelagians, and proves it out of Ori- 
gen and others. -'They (saith ^^Origen) that never heard God's word, are to be 
excused for their ignorance; we may not think God will be so hard, angry, cruel or 
unjust as to condemn any man indicld causa. They alone (he holds) are in the state 
of damnation that refuse Christ's mercy and grace, when it is offered. Many worthy 
Greeks and Romans, good moral honest men, that kept the law of nature, did to 
others as they woMld be done to themselves, as certainly saved, he concludes, as 
they were that lived uprightly before the law of Moses. They were acceptable in 
God's sight, as Job was, the Magi, the queen of Sheba, Darius of Persia, Socrates, 
Aristides, Cato, Curius, Tully, Seneca, and many other philosophers, upright livers, 
no matter of what religion, as Cornelius, out of any nation, so that he live honestly, 
call on God, trust in him, fear him, he shall be saved. This opinion was formerly 
maintained by the Valentinian and Basiledian heretics, revived of late in ^^ Turkey, 
of what sect Rustan Bassa was patron, defended by ""Galeatius '^'Erasmus, by Zu« 
inglius in exposit. Jidei ad Regem Gallice^ whose tenet Bullinger vindicates, and 
Gualter approves in a just apology with many arguments. There be many Jesuits 
that follow these Calvinists in this behalf, Franciscus Buchsius Moguntinus, Andra- 
dius Consil. Trident, many schoolmen that out of the 1 Rom. v. 18. 19. are verily 
persuaded that those good works of the Gentiles did so far please God, that they 
might vitam ceternam promereri., and be saved in the e.n{\. Sesellius, and Benedictus 
Justinianus in his comment on the first of the Romans, Mathias Ditmarsh the poli- 
tician, Avith many others, hold a mediocrity, they may be salute nan indigni but they 
will not absolutely decree it. Hofmannus, a Lutheran professor of Helmstad, and 
many of his followers, with most of our church, and papists, are stiff against it. 
Franciscus Collins hath fully censured all opinions in his Five Books, de Pagano- 
rum animabus post mortem., and amply dilated this question, which whoso will may 
peruse. But to return to my author, his conclusion is, that not only wicked livers, 
blasphemers, reprobates, and such as reject God's grace, " but that the devils them- 
selves shall be saved at last," as^^Origen himself long since delivered in his works, 
and our late ^^Socinians defend, Ostorodius, cap. 4J. institut. Smaliius, Sfc. Those 
terms of all and for ever in Scripture, are not eternal, but only denote a longer time, 
which by many examples they prove. The world shall end like a comedy, and we 
shall meet at last in heaven, and live in bliss altogether, or else in conclusion, in 
nihil evanescere. For how can he be merciful that shall condemn any creature t(? 
eternal unspeakable punishment, for one small temporary fault, all posterity, so many 
myriads for one and another man's offence, quid meruistis ovesf But these absurd 
paradoxes are exploded by our church, we teach otherwise. That this vocation, 
predestination, election, reprobation, non ex corruptd massd., prceviso^Jide, as our 
Arminians, or ex prcevisis operibus, as our papists, non ex propter itione., but God's 
absolute decree ante mundum creatum^ (as many of our church hold) was from the 
beginning, before the foundation of the world was laid, or homo conditus^ (or from 
Adam's fall, as others will, homo lapsus objeclum est reprobationis) with pfrseve- 
ranfia sanctorum., we must be certain of our salvation, we may fall but not finally, 
which our Arminians will not admit. According to his immutable, eternal, just de- 
cree and counsel of saving men and angels, God calls all, and would have all to be 
saved according to the efficacy of vocation : all are invited, but only the elect ap- 
prehended : the rest that are unbelieving, impenitent, whom God in his just judg- 
m.ent leaves to be punished for their sins, are in a reprobate sense; yet we must not 
determine who are such, condemn ourselves or others, because we have a universal 
invitation ; all are commanded to believe, and we know not how soon or how late 



*Veniadanda est iisqui non audiunt oh ignoratiam. 
Non est tarn iniqtiiis Judex Deus: ut quenqiiam indicta 
eausa damnare velit. li solum dainiiatitur, qui obla- 
lam Chrjsti gratiuin rejiciinl. SBBusbequius Loni- 



cerus, Tur. hist. To. I. I. 2. »OIem. Alex. ^i Pau- 
lus Jovius Elog. vir. Illust. w \on homines sed el 

ipsi deeinont-s aliquaiido servaiidi. »3 Vid PelBii 

Harmoniam art. 22. p. 2. 



Mem. 2 Subs. 6.] Cure of Despair. 057 

our end may be received. I might have said more of this subject; but forasmuch 
as it is a forbidden question, and in the preface or declaration to the articles of the 
church, printed 1633, to avoid factions and altercations, we that are university divines 
esj^ecially, are prohibited "all curious search, to printer preach, or draw the article 
aside by our own sense and comments upon pain of ecclesiastical censure." I will 
suicease, and conclude with ^^ Erasmus of such controversies: Pugnet qui volet., ego 
cenaeo leges raajorum reverenter suscipiendas., et religiose ohservandas., vclut a Dec 
profcctas ; nee esse tulura., nee esse pium., de pot estate publicd sinistram concipcre aut 
sererc suspici.onem. Et siqu.id est tijrannidis., quod tamen non cogat ad impielatem^ 
satins est f err e., quam seditiose reluctari. 

But to my former task. The last main torture and trouble of a distressed mind, 
is not so mucli this doubt of election, and that the promises of grace are smothered 
and extinct in them, nay quite blotted out, as they suppose, but withal God's heavy 
M'rath, a most intolerable pain and grief of heart seizetii on them: to their thinking 
they are already damned, they suffer the pains of hell, and more than possibly can 
be expressed, they smell brimstone, talk familiarly with devils, hear and see chimeras, 
prodigious, uncouth shapes, bears, owls, antiques, black dogs, fiends, hideous out- 
cries, fearful noises, shrieks, lamentable complaints, they are possessed, ^^ and through 
impatience they roar and howl, curse, blaspheme, deny God, call his power in ques- 
tion, abjure religion, and are still ready to offer violence unto themselves, by hang- 
ing, drowning, &.c. Never any miserable wretch from the beginning of the world 
was in such a woeful case. To such persons I oppose God's mercy and his justice; 
Judicia Dei occulta., non injusta: his secret counsel and just judgment, by which he 
spares some, and sore afflicts others again in this life; his judgment is to be adored, 
trembled at, not to be searched or inquired after by mortal men : he hath reasons 
reserved to himself, which our frailty cannot apprehend. He may punish all if he 
will, and that justly for sin; in that he doth it in some, is to make a way for his 
mercy that they repent and be saved, to heal them, to try them, exercise their 
patience, and make them call upon him, to confess their sins and pray unto him, as 
David did. Psalm cxix. 137. "Righteous art thou, O Lord, and just are thy judg- 
ments." As the poor publican, Luke xviii. 13. "Lord have mercy upon me a 
miserable sinner." To put confidence and have an assured hope in him, as Job had, 
xiii. 15. "Though he kill me I will trust in him:" C/re, seca, occide O Domine^ 
(saith Austin) modo serves animam^ kill, cut in pieces, burn my body (O Lord) to 
save my soul. A small sickness ; one lash of afl^iction, a little misery, many times 
will more humiliate a man, sooner convert, bring him home to know himself, than 
all those paraenetical discourses, the whole theory of philosophy, law, physic, and 
divinity, or a world of instances and examples. So that this, which they take to be 
such an insupportable plague, is an evident sign of God's mercy and justice, of His 
love and goodness: periissent nisi periissent., had they not thus been undone, they 
had finally been undone. Many a carnal man is lulled asleep in perverse security 
foolish presumption, is stupefied in his sins, and hath no feeling at all of them : " 1 
have sinned (he saith) and what evil shall come unto me," Eccles. v. 4, and "Tush, 
how shall God know it ?" and so in a reprobate sense goes down to hell. But here, 
Cynthius aurem vellif.^ God pulls them by the ear, by affliction, he will bring them lo 
heaven and happiness; "Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted," 
Matt. v. 4, a blessed and a happy state, if considered aright, it is, to be so troubled. 
" It is good for me that J have been afflicted," Psal. cxix. " before 1 \\ as afflicted 
I went astray, but now I keep Thy word." " Tribulation works patience, patience 
hope," Rom. v. 4, and by such like crosses and calamities we are driven from the 
stake of security. So that afliiction is a school or academy, wherein the best scho- 
lars are prepared to the commencements of the Deity. And though it be most 
troublesome and grievous for the time, yet know this, it comes by God's permission 
and providence; He is a spectator of thy groans and tears, still present with thee, 



9* Epist. Erasmi de utilitate colloquior. nd lectorem.— 
Let wliof^vpr wislvs dispute, I think the laws of niir 
forefathers should be received with reverence, and reli- 
pioiisly oliserved, as coming from God; neither is it 
Bufe or pious to conceive, or contrive, an injurious sus- 
picion of the Dublicauth Titv; and sliould any tyranny, 

83 



likely to drive men into the commission of vvickednesn, 
exist, it is detter to endure it th.in to resist it l>v sedi- 
tion. 9*Vastata conecientia scquitur ser»sus inr 
divitife. (Hemingius) fremi'us ori'-s, ingens aniran 
cruciatus, &c. 



558 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 

ihe very han's of tliy head are numbered, not one of them can fall to the ground 
without the express will of God : he will not suffer thee to be tempted above mea- 
sure, he corrects us all, °^nu?nero^ pondere^ et mensura^ the Lord will not quench the 
smoking flax, or break the bruised reed, Teniat (saith Austin) non ut ohruai^ sed ut 
coronet he sutlers thee to be tempted for thy good. And as a mother doth handle 
her child sick and weak, not reject it, but with all tenderness observe and keep it, so 
doth God by us, not forsake us in our miseries, or relinquish us for our imperfec- 
tions, but with all pity and compassion support and receive us; whom he loves, he 
"oves to the end. Rom. viii. ^'VVhom He hath elected, those He hath called, justified, 
eanctified, and glorified." Think not then thou hast lost the Spirit, that thou art for- 
saken of God, be not overcome with heaviness of heart, but as David said, '•'' I will 
not fear though I walk in the shadows of death." We must all go, non a deliciis 
ad delicias^ ^' but from the cross to the crown, by hell to heaven, as the old Romans 
put Virtue's temple in the way to that of Honour; we must endure sorrow and 
misery in this life. 'Tis no new thing this, God's best servants and dearest children 
have been so visited and tried. Christ in the garden cried out, "My God, my God, 
why hast thou forsaken me ?" His son by nature, as thou art by adoption and grace. 
Job, in his anguish, said, " The arrows of the Almighty God were in him," Job vi. 4. 
" His terrors fought against him, the venom drank up his spirit," cap. xiii. 26. He 
«aith, " God was his enemy, writ bitter things against him (xvi. 9,) hated him." 
His heavy w^'ath had so seized on his soul. David complains, " his eyes were 
eaten up, sunk into his head," Ps. vi. 7, " his moisture became as the drought in 
summer, his flesh was consumed, his bones vexed :" yet neither Job nor David did 
finally despair. Job would not leave his hold, but still trust in Him, acknowledging 
Him to be his good God. "The Lord gives, the Lord takes, blessed be the name of 
the Lord," Job. i. 21. " Behold I am vile, I abhor myself, repent in dust and ashes," 
Job xxxix. 37. David humbled himself, Psal. xxxi. and upon his confession received 
mercy. Faith, hope, repentance, are the sovereign cures and remedies, the sole com- 
forts in this case; confess, humble thyself, repent, it is sufficient. Quod -purpura 
non potest, saccus potest, sdi'iih Chrysostom ; the king of Nineveh's sackcloth and 
ashes did that which his purple robes and crown could not effect; Quod dladema 
non potuit, cinis perfecit. Turn to Him, he will turn to thee ; the Lord is near those 
that are of a contrite heart, and will save such as be afflicted in spirit, Ps. xxxiv. 18. 
" He came to the lost sheep of Israel," Matt. xv. 14. Si cadenfem intuetur, clementicB 
manum protendit, He is at all times ready to assist. JYunquam spernit Dens Poeni- 
tentiam si sincere et simpliciter offeratur, He never rejects a penitent sinner, though 
he have come to the full height of iniquity, wallowed and delighted in sin; yet if he 
will forsake his former ways, lihenter amplexatur, He will receive him. Parcam huic 
homini, saith ^^ Austin, (^ex persona Dei) quia sihi ipsi non pepercit ; ignoscam quia 
peccatujn agnovit. I will spare him because he hath not spared himself; I will par- 
don him because he doth acknowledge his offence : let it be never so enormous a 
sin, " His grace is sufficient," 2 Cor. xii. 9. Despair not then, faint not at all, be 
not dejected, but rely on God, call on him in thy trouble, and he will hear thee, he 
will assist, help, and deliver thee : " Draw near to Him, he will draw^ near to thee," 
James iv. 8. Lazarus was poor and full of boils, and yet still he relied upon God, 
Abraham did hope beyond hope. 

Thou exceptest, these were chief men, divine spirits, Deo cari, beloved of God, 
especially respected ; but 1 am a contemptible and forlorn wretch, forsaken of God, 
and left to the merciless fury of evil spirits. I cannot hope, pray, repent, &c. How 
often shall I say it .'' thou mayest perform all those duties. Christian offices, and be 
restored in good time. A sick man loseth his appetite, strength and ability, his dis- 
ease prevaileth so far, that all his faculties are spent, hand and foot perform not their 
duties, his eyes are dim, hearing dull, tongue distastes things of pleasant relish, yet 
mature lies hid, recovereth again, and expelleth all those feculent matters by vomit, 
isweat, or some such like evacuations. Thou art spiritually sick, thine heart is 
heavy, thy mind distressed, thou mayest happily recover again, expel those dismal 
passions of fear and grief; God did not suffer thee to be tempted above measure; 

M Austin. 9' "Not from pleasures to pleasures." * Supe Psal. lii. Convcrtar ad fiberandum euin 

•juia conversus ts. aa peccatum suum puniendum. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Cure of Despair. 659 

whom he loves (I say) he love? to the end ; hope the best. David in his misery 
prayed to the Lord, remembering how he had formerly dealt witli him ; and with 
that meditation of God's mercy confirmed his faith, and pacified his own tumultuous 
heart in his greatest agony. "O my soul, why art thou so disquieted within me,'' 
&c. Thy soul is eclipsed for a time, I yield, as the sun is shadowed by a cloud ; 
no doubt but those gracious beams of God's mercy will shine upon thee again, as 
they have formerly done : those embers of faith, hope and repentance, now buried 
in ashes, will flame out afresh, and be fully revived. Want of faith, no feeling of 
grace for the present, are not fit directions; we must live by faith, not by feeling; 
'tis the beginning of grace to wish for grace : we must expect and tarry. David, a 
man after God's own heart, was so troubled himself; "Awake, why sleepest thou ? 
O Lord, arise, cast me not ofl^; wherefore hidest thou thy face, and forgettest mine 
affliction and oppression } My soul is bowed down to the dust. Arise, redeem us," 
&c., Ps. xliv. 22. He prayed long before he was heard, expeclans expecfavU ; en- 
dured much before he was relieved. Psal. Ixix. 3, he complains, '' I am weary of 
crying, and my throat is dry, mine eyes fail, whilst I wait on the Lord ;" and yet he 
perseveres. Be not dismayed, thou shalt be respected at last. God often works by 
contrarieties, he first kills and then makes alive, he woundeth first and then healeth, 
he makes man sow in tears that he may reap in joy; 'tis God's method : he that is 
so visited, must Avith patience endure and rest satisfied for the present. The paschal 
lamb was eaten with sour herbs ; we shall feel no sweetness of His blood, till we 
first feel the smart of our sins. Thy pains are great, intolerable for the time ; thou 
art destitute of grace and comfort, stay the Lord's leisure, he will not (I say) suffer 
thee to be tempted above that thou art able to bear, 1 Cor. x. 13. but will give an 
issue to temptation. He works all for the best to them that love God, Rom. viii. 28. 
Doubt not of thine election, it is an immutable decree ; a mark never to be defaced : 
you have been otherwise, you may and shall be. And for your present affliction, 
hope the best, it will shortly end. " He is present with his servants in their afflic- 
tion," Ps. xci. 1 5. " Great are the troubles of the righteous, but the Lord delivereth 
them out of all," Ps. xxxiv. 19. " Our light affliction, which is but for a moment^ 
woiketh in us an eternal weight of glory," 2 Cor. iv. 18. "Not answerable to that 
glory which is to come; though now in heaviness," saith 1 Pet. i. 6, "you shall 
rejoice." 

Now last of all to those external impediments, terrible objects, which they hear 
and see many times, devils, bugbears, and mormeluches, noisome smells, Slc. These 
may come, as I have formerly declared in my precedent discourse of the Symptoms 
of Melancholy, Irom inward causes ; as a concave glass reflects solid bodies, a 
troubled brain for want of sleep, nutriment, and by reason of that agitation of spirits 
to which Hercules de Saxonia attributes all symptoms almost, may reflect and show 
prodigious shapes, as our vain fear and crazed phantasy shall suggest and feign, as 
many silly weak women and children in the dark, sick folks, and frantic for want of 
repast and sleep, suppose they see that they see not : many times such terricula 
ments may proceed from natural causes, and all other senses may be deluded. Be- 
sides, as I have said, this humour is balneum diaholi^ the devil's bath, by reason of 
the distemper of humours, and infirm organs in us : he may so possess us inwardl) 
to molest us, as he did Saul and others, by God's permission : he is prince of the 
air, and can transform himself into several shapes, delude all our senses for a time^ 
but his power is determined, he may terrify us, but not hurt; God hath given "His 
angels charge over us, He is a wall round about his people," Psal. xci. 11, 1? 
There be those that prescribe physic in such cases, 'tis God's instrument and noi 
unfit. The devil works by mediation of humours, and mixed diseases must have 
mixed remedies. Levinus Lemnius cap. 57 and 58, exhort, ad vit. ep. instil, is very 
copious on this subject, besides that chief remedy of confidence in God, prayer, 
hearty repentance, &c., of which for your comfort and instruction, read Lavater de 
spectris part. 3. cap. 5. and 6. Wierus de prcBsfigiis dcemonum lib. 5. to Philip Me- 
lancthon, and others, and that Christian armour which Paul prescribes ; he sets down 
certain amulets, herbs, and precious stones, which have marvellous virtues all, pro- 
fiigandis dannonibus, to drive away devils and their illusions. Sapp.iires, chryso- 
lites, carbuncles, Slc. Qu(2 mird virtute pollent ad lemurcsj stry^es. incubos^ get^ios 



650 Religious MelancJioly. [Part. 3. Sbc. 4. 

aereos arc-rndos^ si veteruin inonunKniis hahcnda fides. Of herbs, he rerl^ons us 
pennyroyal, rue, mint, angelica, peony : Rich. Argentine de jprcEstigiis dcEmonum^ cap. 
20, adds, hypericon or St. John's wort, perforata herha^ which by a divine virtue 
drives away devils, and is tlierefore /Mo^a dctmonum : all which rightly used by their 
euffitus, Dccmonum vexationibus obsisdint., ajjiictas mentes a damonibus relevant^ el 
venennfisfumis., expel devils themselves, and all devilish illusions. Anthony Musa, 
the Emperor Augustus, his physician, cap. 6, de Betonid^ approves of betony to this 
purpose ; ^"^ the ancients used therefore to plant it in churchyards, because it was 
held to be an holy herb and good against fearful visions, did secure such places as it 
grew in, and sanctified those persons that carried it about them. Idem fere Matliio- 
lus in dioscoridem. Others commend acc;;rate music, so Saul was helped by David's 
harp. Fires to be made in such rooms wfiere spirits haunt, good store of lights to 
be set up, odours, perfumes, and sufTumigations, as the angel taught Tobias, of brim- 
stone and hitumtn^ ilius^ myrrh.) briony root, M'ilh many such simples which Weckei 
hath collected, lib. 15, de secretis., cap. 15. 4 sulphuris drachmam unam^ recoqua- 
tur in viiis albce aqua., ut dilutius sit sulphur ; detur cpgro : nam dcemones sunt w.orbi 
(saith Rich. Argentine, lib. de prrsstigiis dcp.monmn^ cap. nit.) Vigetus hath a far 
larger receipt to this purpose, which the said Wecker cites out of Wierus. 4 sul- 
phuris^ vini^ hituminis^ opoponacis, galbani^ caslorei^ S^x. Why sweet perfnmes, 
rircs and so many lights should be used in such places, Ernestus Burgravius Lucerna 
jntcB et jnortis^ and Fortunius Lycetus assigns this cause, quod his boni genii provo- 
centur^ rnaU arceanlur ; '* because good spirits are well pleased with, but evil abhor 
them !" And therefore those old Gentiles, present Mahometans, and Papists have 
continual lamps burning in their churches all day and all night, lights at funerals 
and in their graves ; lucernes ardentes ex auro liqucfacto for many ages to endure 
(saith Lazius), ne da?nones corpus Icedant ; lights ever burning as those vestal virgins. 
Pythonissae maintained heretofore, with many such, of which read Tostatus in 2 
Reg. cap. 6. quccst. 43. Thy reus, cap. 57, 58, 62, 8^x. de. locis infestis^ Pictorius 
Jsagog. de dce.monibus^ <^t., see more in them. Cardan would have the party affected 
wink altogether in such a case, if he see aught that offends him, or cut the air with 
a sword in such places they walk and abide ; gladiis enim et lanceis terrenlur^ shoot 
a pistol at them, for being aerial bodies (as Ca^lius Rhodiginus, lib. 1. cap. 29. Ter- 
tullian, Origen, Psellas, and many hold), if stroken, they feel pain. Papists com- 
monly enjoin and apply crosses, holy water, sanctified beads, amulets, music, ringing 
of bells, for to that end are they consecrated, and by them baptized, characters, 
counterfeit relics, so many masses, peregrinations, oblations, adjurations, and what 
not ? Alexander Albertinus a Rocha, Petrus Thyreus, and Hieronymus Mengus, 
with many other pontificial writers, prescribe and set down several forms of exor- 
cisms, as well to houses possessed with devils, as to demoniacal persons ; but I am 
of '°Lemnius's mind, 'tis but damnosa adjuratio., out potius ludificatio^ a mere 
mockery, a counterfeit charm, to no purpose, they are fopperies and fictions, as that 
absurd 'story is amongst the rest, of a penitent woman seduced by a magician in 
France, at St. Bawne, exorcised by Domphius, Michaelis, and a company of circum- 
venting fiiars. If any man (saith Lemnius) will attempt such a thing, without all 
those juggling circumstances, astrological elections of time, place, prodigious habits, 
fustian, big, sesquipedal words, spells, crosses, characters, which exorcists ordinarily 
use, let him follow the example of Peter and John, that without any ambitious 
swelling terms, cured a lame man. Acts iii. " In the name of Christ Jesus rise and 
walk." His name alone is the best and only charm against all such diabolical illu- 
sions, so doth Origen advise : and so Chrysostom, Hcec erit tibi baculus, hcec turri$ 
inexpus^iiabiUs, hcBc armatura. JVos quid ad hcec dicemus^ plures fortasse expccta- 
bunt^ saith St. Austin. Many men will desire my counsel and opinion what is to be 
done in this behalf; I can say no more, quam ut verdjide^ qucE per dilectionem ope 
ratur^ ad Deum unumfugiamus., let them fly to God alone for help. Athanasius in 
his book, De variis qucest. prescribes as a present charm against devils, the begin 
■ning of the Ixvii. Psalm. Exurgot Deus^ dissipentur inimici, Sfc. But the best 



8P A"«ifiiji snliti siiiitlianc h(?rham ponere in cccnii- I irrisi pudore suffVcii sunt et re infecta abif runt » Done 
te*i.s Kleo quod, «5cr.. i"^ Non dnsunt nostra a'tnte into Englisli by W. B., 1613 

i»%i:riiiculi, qui tale quid aitentant, sed i cacoda>nione | 



Mem. 2. Subs. G.J Cure of Despair. 601 

remedy is to fly to God, to rail on him, hope, pray, trust, rely on him, to conmiit 
ourselves wholly to him. What the practice of the primitive church was in this 
behalf, Et quis dccmonia ejiciendi modus, read Wierus at large, Jib. 5. de Cura. Lam. 
meles. cap. 38. et deinceps. 

Last of all : if the party affected shall certainly know tliis malady to have pro- 
ceeded from too much fasting, meditation, precise life, contemplation of God's judg- 
ments (for the devil deceives many by such means), in that other extreme he cir- 
cumvents melancholy itself, reading some books, treatises, hearing rigid preachers, 
&c. If he shall perceive that it hath begun first from some great loss, grievous ac- 
cident, disaster, seeing others in like case, or any such terrible object, let him speedily 
remove the cause, wliich to the cure of this disease Navarras so much commends, 
* avertat cogifationem d re scrupulosctj by all opposite means, art, and industry, let him 
laxare animum^ by all honest recreations, ''refresh and recreate his distressed soul;" 
let him direct liis thoughts, by himself and other of his friends. Let him read i.o more 
such ti-acts or subjects, hear no more such fearful tones, avoid such companies, and 
by all means open himself, submit himself to the advice of good physicians and 
divines, which is contravenlio scrujndorum, as ^ he calls it, hear tliem speak to whom 
the Lord hath given the tongue of the learned, to be able to minister a word to him 
that is weary ,^ whose words are as flagons of wine. Let him not be obstinate, head- 
strong, peevish, wilful, self-conceited (as in this malady they are), but give ear to 
good advice, be ruled and persuaded ; and no doubt but such good counsel may 
prove as preposterous to his soul, as the angel was to Peter, that opened the iron 
gates, loosed his bands, brought him out of prison, and delivered him from bodily 
thraldom; they may ease his afflicted mind, relieve his wounded soul, and take him 
out of the jaws of hell itself I can say no more, or give better advice to such as 
are any wa/ distressed in this kind, than what I have given and said. Only take 
this for a corollary and conclusion, as thou tenderest thine own welfare in this, and 
all other melancholy, thy good health of body and mind, observe this short precept, 
give not way to solitariness and idleness. '^ Be not solitary, be not idle." 

SPERATE MISERt-UNHAPl'Y FJOPE. 
CAVETE FGELICES— HAPPY BE CAUTIOUS. 

Vis a duhio I'iherarif vis quod incertum est evadere? Age poenitenfiam dum 
sanus es ; sic agens^ dico ilhl quod securus es, quod poenitentiam egisfi eo tempore 
quo peccare potuisti. Austin. " Do you wish to be Ueed from doubts ? do you 
desire to escape uncertainly } Be penitent whilst rational : by so doing i assert that 
you are safe, because you have devoted that time to penitence in which you might 
have been guilty of sin." 

• 'iom. 2. cap. 27, num. 2S-2. "Let him avert his thoughtB from tlie painful object." » Nat'arrus. « Is. I i. 



^F 



(I 



(6(13) 



INJIEX. 



Absence a cure of love-melancholy, 531 
Absence ovei long, cause of jealousy, 569 
Abstinence commended, 283 
Academicnrum Errata, 197 
Adversity why better than prosperity, 3b7 
Aerial devils, 115 ^ . ,u 

Affections whence they arise, 103; how they 
transform us, 89 ; of sleeping and waking, 

103 
Affection in melancholy, what, 109 
Against abuses, repulse, injuries, contumely, dis- 

graces, scoffs, 376 
Against envy, livor, hatred, malice, 375 
Against sorrow, vain fears, death of friends, 369 
Air, how it causeth melancholy, 149 ; how rec 
tified it cureth melancholy, 303—308 ; air in 
love, 461 
Alkermes good against melancholy, 411 
All are melancholy, HO 
All beautiful parts attractive in love, 466 
Aloes, his virtues, 400 
Alteratives in physic, to what use, 391 ; against 

melancholy, 408 
Ambition defined, described, cause of melan- 
choly, 167, 175; of heresy, 604; hinders and 
spoils many matches, 554 
Amiableness loves object, 427 
Amorous objects causes of love-melancholy, 479, 

489 
Amulets controverted, approved, 412, 413 
Amusements, 314 

Anger's description, effects, how it causeth me- 
lancholy, 169 

Antimony a purger of melancholy, 399 

Anthony inveigled by Cleo[)atra, 475 

Apology of love-melancholy, 422 

Ap[)etite, 103 

Apples, good or bad, how, 140 

Apparel and clothes, a cause of love-melancholy, 
47 3 

Aqueducts of old, 281, 282 

Arminian's tenets, 655 

Arteries, what, 96, 97 

Artificial air against melancholy, 304 

Artificial allurements of love, 470 

Art of memory, 322 

Astrological aphorisms, how available, signs o 
causes of melancholy, 130 

Astrological signs of love 4.iS3 454 



Atheists described, 632 

Averters of melancholy, 407 

Aurum polubile censured, approved, 39 

B. 

Baits of lovers, 491 

Bald lascivious, 571, 572 

Balm good against melancholy, 392 

Banishment's effects, 225; its cure and nr.ti- 

dote, 368 
Barrenness, what grievances it causeth, 225: a 

cause of jealousy, 570 
Barren grounds have best air, 304 
Bashfulness a symptom of melancholy, 235; 

of love-melancholy, 243; cured, 414 
Baseness of birlh no disparagement, 459 
Baths rectified, 285 

Bawds a cause of love-melancholy, 492 
Beasts and birds in love. 445, 446, 461 
Beauty's definition, 427; described, 465; m 
parts, 466; commendation, 457; attractive 
power, prerogatives, excellency, how it causeth 
melancholy, 459—469; makes grievous 
wounds, irresistible, 464 ; more beholding to 
art than nature, 470 ; brittle and uncertain, 
537; censured, 539; a cause of jealousy, 
570 ; beauty of God, 594 
Beef a melancholy meat, 137 
Beer censured, 141 
Best site of a house, 304 
Bezoar's stone good against melancholy, 411 
Black eves best, 468 
Black spots in the nails signs of melancholy, 

132 
Black man a [)earl in a woman's eye, 467 
Blasphemy, how pardonable, 653 
Blindness of lovers, 507 

Blood-letting, when and how cure of melan- 
choly. 404, 415; time and quantity, 403 
Blood-letting and purging, how causes of me- 
lancholy, 149 
Blow on the head cause of melancholy, 226 
Body, how it works on the mind, 157, 227, 

241 
Body melancholy, its causes, 231 
Bodily symptoms of melancholy, 232 ; o .ov*-. 
1 melancholy. 496 
I Bodily exercises, 308 



6G4 



INDEX. 



Books of all sorts, 320 

Horage and hugloss, sovereign herbs against 

melancholy, 391 ; their wines and juice most 

excellent, 397 
Boring of the head, a cure for melancholy, 408 
Brain distempered, how cause of melancholy, 

2'28 ; his parJs anatomised, 99 
Bread and beer, liow causes of melancholy, 140, 

141 
Brow and forehead, which are most pleasinjr, 

466 ^ 

IJrute beasts jealous, 565 
Business the best cure of love-melancholy, 526 



C. 

Cardan's father conjured up seven devils at 

once, 117; had a spirit bound to him, 121 
Cards and dice censured, approved, 315 
Care's effects, 170 
Carp fish's nature, 138, 139 
Cataplasms and cerates for melancholy, 397 
Cause of diseases, 86 

Causes immediate of melancholy symptoms, 253 
Causes of honest love, 434 ; of heroical love, 

453 ; of jealousy, 569 
Cautions against jealousy, 590 
Centaury good against melancholy, 391 
Charles the Great enforced to love basely by a 

philter, 494 
Change of countenance, sign of love-melan- 
choly, 498 
Charity described, 438 ; defects of it, 440 
(Jharacter of a covetous man, 178 
Charles the Sixth, king of France, mad for 

anger, 169 
Chemical physic censured, 407 
Chess-play censured, 316 
Chiromantical signs of melancholy, 131, 132 
Chirurgical remedies of melancholy, 403 
Choleric melancholy signs, 243 
Chorus sancti Viti, a disease, 92 
Circumstances increasing jealousy, 571 
Cities' recreations, 313, 314 
Civil lawyers' miseries, 192 
Climes and particular places, how causes of 

love-melancholy, 455 
Clothes a mere cause of good respect, 214 
Clothes causes of love-melancholy, 473 
Clysters good for melancholy, 417 
Coffee, a Turkey cordial drink, 410 
Cold air cause of melancholy, 150 
Comets above the moon, 296 
Compound alteratives censured, approved, 395; 
compound purgers of melancholy, 402; com- 
pound Wines for melancholy, 408 
Con)munity of wives a cure of jealouay, 585 
Compliment and good carriage causes of love- 
melancholy, 472 
Confections and conserves against melancholv 

397 
Confession of his grief to a friend, a principal 

cure of melancholy, 329, 330 
(\)nfider:ce m his physician half a cure, 278 
l^oiijugal love best, 450 
Conscience what it is, 106 
Conscience troubled, a cause of despair, 643, O'^G 



Continual cogitation of his mistress a riymptoa 

of love-melancholy, 503 
Contention, brawlinp:, law-suits, efTccts, 224 
Continent or inward causes of melancholy, 22'" 
Content above all, whence to be had. Soft 
(Contention's cure, 381 
Cookery taxed, 142 
Copernicus, his hypothesis of the earth's mo- 

tion, 298, 300 
Correctors of accidents in melancholy, 413 
Correctors to expel windiness, and costivenest 

helped, 418 
Cordials against melancholy, 408 
Costiveness to some a cause of melancholy, 147 
Costiveness helped, 419 
Covetousness defined, described, how it causeth 

melancholy, 177 
Counsel against melancholy, 331, 534 ; cure of 

jealousy, 584 ; of despair, 648 
Country recreations, 313 
Crocodiles jealous, 565 
Cuckolds common in all ases, 581 
Cup[)ing-glasses, cauteries how and when used 

to melancholy, 403, 408 
Cure of melancholy, unlawful, rejected, 270 , 

from God, 272 ; of head-melancholv, 404 ; 

over all the body, 415; of hypochondriacal 

melancholy, 416; of love-melancholy. 625; 

of jealousy, 580; of despair, 648 
Cure of melancholy in himself, 327 : or friends, 

331 
Curiosity described, his eflfects, 222 
Custom of diet, delight of appetite, how K. b* 

kept and yielded to, 145 



Daxciu-g, masking, mumming, censured, ap. 
proved, 487, 488; their effects, how they 
cause love-melancholy, 487 ; how symptoms 
of lovers, 519 

Death foretold by spirits, 123 

Death of friends cause of melancholy, 218; 
other eflfects, 218; how cured, 369; death 
advantageous, 373 

Deformity of body no misery, 345 

Delirium, 90 

Despair, equivocations, 639 ; causes. 640 ; symp. 
toms, 645 ; prognostics, 647 ; cure, 648 

Devils, how they cause melancholy, 115; their 
beginning, nature, conditions, 115; feel pfiiii, 
swift in motion, mortal, 116; their orders. 
118; power, 125; how they cause religiouii 
melancholy, 601 ; how despair, 640; devils 
are often in love, 446 ; shall be saved, as some 
hold, 656 

Diet what, and how causeth melancholy, 136 
quantity, 142; diet of divers nations, 145 

Diet rectified in substance, 280; in quantity. 
282 

Diet a cause of love melancholy, 456; a cure^ 
527 

Diet, inordinate, of parents, a cause of melan- 
choly to their offspring, 135 

Digression against all mannei of discontents 
341; digression of air, 288; of anatomy, 95 
of devils and spirits, 115 



■v.. '^-^ g w^p^PiaWf^ 



INDEX 



605 



Discommodities of unequal mutches, 587 
Disgrace a cause of melancholy, 164, 224; 

qualified by counsel, 382 
Dissimilar parts of the body, 97 
Distemper of particular parts, causes of melan- 
choly, and how, 228 
Discontents, cares, miseries, causes of melan- 
choly, 170; how repelled and cured by good 
counsel, 331, 341 
Diseases why inflicted upon us, 86; their num- 
ber, definition, division, 89; diseases of the 
head, 90; diseases of the mind, 91; more 
grievous than those of the body, 262 
Divers accidents causing melancholy, 218 
Divine sentences, 384 
Divines' miseries, 193; with the causes of their 

miseries, 194 
Dotage what, 90 
Dotage of lovers, 506 

Dowry and money main causes of love-melan- 
choly, 477 
Dreams and their kinds, 103 
Dreams troublesome, how to be amended, 326, 

414 
Drunkards' children often melancholy, 134 
Drunkenness taxed, 143, 340 



love-melancholy, 526, 527 alused, the 
devil's instrument, 611, 612; elfects of it, 
610 
Fear cause of melancholy, its effects, 163; fenr 
of death, destinies foretold, 221 ; a sympi-r* 
of melancholy, 234; sign of love-melancholy 
500, 501 ; antidote to fear, 374 
Fenny fowl, melancholy, 138 
Fiery devils, 120, 121 
Fire's rage, 87 
Fish, what melancholy, 138 
Fish good, 282 
Fishes in love, 445 

Fishing and fowling, how and when good exer- 
cise, 310 
Flaxen hair a great motive of love, 466 
Fools often beget wise men, 135; by love be- 
come wise, 517, 518 
Force of imagination, 158 
Friends a cure of melancholy, 330 
Fruits causing melancholy, 139 ; allowed, 282 
Fumitory purgeth melancholy, 392 



E. 

Earth's motion examined, 298 ; compass, 

centre, 299 ; an sit unainata, 297 
Eccentrics and epicycles exploded, 296 
Education a cause of melancholy, 204 
Effects of love, 520—522 
Election misconceived, cause of despair, 654 — 

656 
Element of fire exploded, 296 
Emulation, hatred, faction, desire of revenge, 
causes of melancholy, 167, 168; their cure, 
375 
Envy and malice causes of melancholy, 166; 

their antidote, 375 
Epicurus vindicated, 327 
Epicurus's remedy for melancholy, 337 
Epicures, atheists, hypocrites how mad, and 

melancholy, 631 
Epithalamium, 561 
Equivocations of melancholy, 93 ; of jealousy, 

562 
Eunuchs why kept, and where, 577 
Evacuations, how they cause melancholy, 148 
Exercise if immoderate, cause of melancholy, 
151 ; before meals wholesome, 152; exercise 
rectified, 308 ; several kinds, when fit, 316; 
exercises of the mind, 318 — 323 
Exotic and strange simples censured, 395 
Extasies, 396, 39? 

Eyes main instruments of love, 457 ; love's 
darts, seats, orators, arrows, torches, 467 ; 
Uow they pierce, 471 



F. 



Face's prerogative, a most attractive part, 465, 

466 
Fairies, 122 

Fasting cause of melancholy, 144; a cure of 
84 3f 



Gamixg a cause of melancholy, his effects, 181 

Gardens of simples where, to what end, 390, 391 

Gardens for pleasure. 31 1 

General toleration of religion, by whom per- 
mitted, and why, 629 

Gentry, whence it came first, 349 ; base with- 
out means, 348 ; vices accompanying it, 348 ; 
true gentry, whence, 351 ; gentry commended, 
351 

Geography commended, 319 

Geometry, arithmetic, algebra, comnsended, 332 

Gesture cause of love-melancholy, 472 

Gifts and promises of great force amongst lovers, 
489 

God's just judgment cause of melancholy, 86; 
sole cause sometimes, 113 

Gold good against melancholy, 391; a most 
beautiful object, 431 

Good counsel a charm to melancholy, 331 ; 
good counsel for love-sick persons, 534; 
against melancholy itself, 333; for such as 
are jealous, 580 

Great men most part dishonest, 571 

Gristle what, 96 

Guts described, 98 

H. 
Hand and paps how forcible in love-me.an- 

choly, 466, 467 

Hard usage a cause of jealousy, 568 

Hatred cause of melancholy, 168 

Hawking and hunting why good, 310 

Head melancholy's causes, 229; symptoroN 
247 ; its cure, 404 

Hearing, what, 102 

Heat immoderate, cause of melancholy, 149 

Health a treasure, 225 

Heavens penetrable, 297; infinitely swift, 298 

Hell where, 292 

Hellebore, white and black, purgers of melan- 
choly, 406; black, its virtues and history, 
400 

2 



66G 



INDEX 



Help from friends against melancholy, 331 

Hemorrhage cause of melancholy, 147 

Hemorrhoids stopped cause of melancholy, 147 

Herbs causing melancholy, 139; curing melan- 
choly, 282 

Hereditary diseases, 133 

Heretics their conditions, 623 ; their symptoms, 
623 

Heroical love's pedigree, power, extent, 443 ; 
definition, part affected, 448 ; tyranny, 448 

Hippocrates' jealousy, 569 

Honest objects of love, 434 

Hope a cure of misery, 371; its benefits, 640 

Hope and fear, the Devil's main engines to 
entrap the world, 607 

Hops good against melancholy, 392, 416 

Horse-leeches how and when used in melan- 
choly, 404, 416 

Hot countries apt and prone to jealousy, 566 

How oft 'tis fit to eat in a day, 282, 283 

How to resist passions, 328 

How men fall in love, 469 

Humours, what they are, 95 

Hydrophobia described, 92 

Hypochondriacal melancholy, 112; its causes 
inward, outward, 230; symptom, 244; cure 
of it, 416 

Hypochondries misaffected, causes, 228 

Hypocrites described, 638 



I. 

Idleness a main cause of melancholy, 152; of 
love-melancholy, 456; of jealousy, 567 

Ignorance the mother of devotion, 608 

Ignorance commended, 386 

Ignorant persons still circumvented, 609 

Imagination what, 102; its force and effects, 
159 

Imagination of the mother affects her infant, 
135 

Immaterial melancholy, 110 

Immortality of the soul proved, 105 ; impugned 
by whom, 636 

Impediments of lovers, 557 

Importunity and opportunity cause of love- 
melancholy, 478; of jealousy, 574 

Imprisonment cause of melancholy, 210 

Impostures of devils, 607 ; of politicians, 603 ; 
of priests, 604 

Impotency a cause of jealousy, 568 

Impulsive cause of man's misery, 85 

Incubi and snccubi, 446 

Inconstancy of lovers, 540 

Inconstancy a sign of melancholy, 237 

Infirmities of body and mind, what grievances 
they cause, 227 

Injuries and abuses rectified, 378, 379 

Instrumental causes of diseases, 87 

Instrumental cause of man's misery, 87 

Interpreters of dreams, 103 

Inundation's fury, 87 

Inventions resulting from love, 521 

Inward causes of melancholy, 227 

Inward senses described, 102 

Cssues when used in melancholy, 403 



J. 

Jealoust a symptom of melancholy, 237; de- 
fined, described, 563; of princes, 564; of 
brute beasts, 565 ; causes of it, 566 ; symp- 
toms of it, 575 ; prognostics, 579 ; cure of 
it, 680 
Jests how and when to be used, 209 
Jews' religious symptoms, 614, 615 
Joy in excess cause of melancholy, 186, 18^ 



K. 

KiifGS and princes' discontents, 174 
Kissing a main cause of love-melancholy, 482 ; 
a symptom of love-melancholy, 498 



L. 

L-VBOun, business, cure of love-melancholy 
526 ; Lapis Armenus, its virtues against me- 
lancholy, 400 

Lascivious meats to be avoided, 527 

Laughter, its effects, 256, 257 

Laurel a purge for melancholy, 398 

Laws against adultery, 578 

Leo Decimus the pope's scoffing tricks, 208 

Lewellyn prince of Wales, his submission, 379 

Leucata petra the cure of love-sick persons, 546 

Liberty of princes and great men, how abused, 
574 

Libraries commended, 321 

Liver its site, 97 ; cause of melancholy distem- 
pers, if hot or cold, 229 

Loss of liberty, servitude, imprisonment, cause 
of melancholy, 210 

Losses in general how they offend, 220; cause 
of despair, 369, 641 ; how eased, 373 

Love of gaming and pleasures immoderate, 
cause of melancholy, 181 

Love of learnini;, overmuch study, cause of 
melancholy, 187 

Love's beginning, object, definition, division. 
426 ; love made the world, 430 ; love's 
power, 444; in vegetables, 445; in sensible 
creatures, 445 ; love's power in devils and 
spirits, 446 ; in men, 448 ; love a disease, 
500; a fire, 504; love's passions, 605; 
phrases of lovers, 509; their vain wishes 
and attempts, 514; lovers impudent, 615; 
courageous, 516; wise, valiant, free, 617; 
neat in apparel, 518; poets, musicians, 
dancers, 519: love's effects, 521; love lost 
revived by sight, 530 ; love cannot be com- 
pelled, 554 

Love and hate symptoms of religious melan- 
choly, 614 

Lycanthropia described, 91 



M. 

Madxess described, 91 ; the extent of melan 
choly, 259; a symptom and effect of love- 
melancholy, 524 
Made dishes cause melancholy, 142 
Magicians how they cause melancholy, 128 
how they cure it, 271 



«1 



INDEX 



667 



Mahometans their symptoms, 698 

Maids', nuns', and widows' melancholy, ^DU 

Man's excellency, misery, 85 

Man the greatest enemy to man, 88 

Many means to divert lovers, 529; to cure 

them, 534 , . i 

Marriage if unfortunate cause of melancholy, 
223- best cure of lovc-melancholy, 547; 
marriage helps, 585 ; miseries, 641 ; benefits 
and commendation, 450, 561 
Mathematical studies commended, 322 
Medicines select for melancholy, 386 ; agamst 
wind and costiveness, 419 ; for love-melan- 
choly, 529 
Melancholy in disposition, melancholy equivo- 
cations, 93 ; definition, name, difference, 108 ; 
part and parties affected in melancholy, it s 
affection, 109 ; matter, 110; species or kinds 
of melancholy, HI ; melancholy an heredi- 
tary disease, 133; meats causmg it, 136, &c.; 
antecedent causes, 227 ; particular parts, 228; 
symptoms of it, 232 ; they are passionate 
above measure, 238; humorous, 238; me- 
lancholy, adust symptoms, 242 ; mixed symp- 
toms of melancholy with other diseases, 244 ; 
melancholy, a cause of jealousy, 567 ; of des- 
pair, 640; melancholy men why witty, 2 55 ; 
why so apt 10 laugh, weep, sweat, blush, 25b ; 
why they see visions, hear strange noises, 
257; why they speak untaught languages, 
prophesy, &c., 259 
Memory his seat, 103 
Menstruiis concuhitus causa nielanc, 135 
Men seduced by spirits in the night, 123 
Metempsychosis, 104 
Metals, minerals for melancholy, 393 
Meteors strange, how caused, 295, 296 
Metoposcopy foreshowing melancholy, 131,132 
Milk a melancholy meat, 138 
Mind how it works on the body, 155 
Minerals good against melancholy, 394 
Ministers how they cause despair, 642, 643 
Mirach, mesentery, matrix, meseraic veins, causes 

of melancholy, 228 
Mirabolanes purgers of melancholy, 399 
Mirth and mercy company excellent against me- 

lancholy, 336; their abuses, 340 
Miseries of man, 85 ; how they cause melan- 
choly 171 ; common miseries, 170 ; miseries 
of both sorts, 342 ; no man free, niiser.es' 
effects in us, 343 ; sent for our good, 344 ; 
miseries of students and scholars, 187 
Mitigations of melancholy, 384 
Money's prerogatives, 431 ; allurement, 477 
Moon inhabited, 299 ; moon in love, 444 
Mother how cause of melancholy, 134 
Moving faculty described, 103 
Music a present remedy for melancholy, 334 ; 
its effects, 335 ; a symptom of lovers, 519 ; 
causes of love-melancholy, 481 



Nakednf.ss of parts a cause of love-melnn- 
choly, 472, 473 ; cure of love-melancholy, 
636 

Narrow streets where in use, 305 



Natural melancWoly signs, 242 
Natural signs of love-melancholy, 496 
Necessity to what it enforceth, 146, 216 
Neglect and contempt, '.est cures of jealousy 

Nemesis or punishment comes after, 380 

Nerves what, 96 

News most welcome, 315 

Nobility censured, 348 

Non-necessary causes of melancholy, 20 

Nuns' melancholy, 251 

Nurse, how cause of melancholy, 202 



O. 

Objects causing melancholy to be removed. 

529 
Obstacles and hindrances of lovers, 548 
Occasions to be avoided in love-melancholy, 52H 
Odoraments to smell to for melancholy, 412 
Ointments, for melancholy, 413 
Ointments riotously used, 475 
Old folks apt to be jealous, 568 
Old folks' incontinency taxed, 58 ^ 

Old age a cause of melancholy, 132 ; old men a 

sons often melancholy, 134 
One love drives out another, 533 
Opinions of or concerning the soul, 104 
Oppression's effects, 224 

Opportunity and importunity causes of love- 
melancholy, 478 
Organical parts, 98 

Overmuch joy, pride, praise, how causes of me- 
lancholy, 186 



Palaces, 313 

Paleness and leanness, symptoms of love-melan- 
choly, 496 

Papists' religious symptoms, 615, 6^4 

Paracelsus' defence of minerals, 394 

Parents, how they wrong their children, 554; 
how they cause melancholy by propagation, 
133; how by remissness and indulgence, 204, 

205 ^, , . 

Paraenetical discourse to such as are troubled m 

mind, 648 
Particular parts distempered, how they cause 

melancholy, 228 
Parties affected in religious melancholy, 597 
Passions and perturbations causes of melan 
choly, 157 ; how they work on the body. 1^8- 
their divisions, 161 ; how rectified and eased 
327 
Passions of lovers, 500 
Patience a cure of misery, 379 
Patient, his conditions that would be cured, 2/7 
patience, confidence, liberality, not to practise 
on himself, 278 ; what he must do himseli, 
328; reveal his grief to a friend, 330 
Pennyroy.d good against melancholy, 400 
Perjury of lovers, 491 , . , 

Persuasion a means to cure love-melancholy, 

534; other melancholy, 332, 333 
Phantasy, what, 102 

PhWppus Bonus, how he used a country fel- 
low, 317 



668 



INDEX, 



Vhilosophers censured, 183; their errors, 183 
Philters cause of love-m.'Iancholy, 494 ; how 

they cure melancholy, 546 
Phlebotomy cause of melancholy, 149 ; how to 

be used, when, in melancholy, 404, 415; iu 

head melancholy, 407. 408 
Phlegmatic melancholy signs, 242 
Phrenzy's description, 91 
Physician's miseries, 192, 193; his qualities if 

he be good, 276 
Physic censured, 380, 388 ; commended, 389 ; 

when to he used. 389 
Physiognomical signs of melancholy, 131 
Pictures good against melancholy, 318 ; cause 

of love-melancholy, 482 
Plague's eli'ecls, S7 
Planets inhabiied, 299 
Plays more famous, 314 
Pleasant piilacts and gardens, 311 
Pleasant objtuts of love, 432 
Pleasing tone and voice a cause of love-melan- 
choly, 481 
Poetical cures of love-melancholy, 546 
Poets why poor, 191 
Poetry a symptom of lovers, 522 
Politician's pranks, 604 
Poor men's miseries, 215; their happiness, 356, 

365 ; they are dear to God, 364 
Pope Leo Decirnus, his scoffing, 208 
Pork a melancholy meat, 137 
Possession of devils, 93 
Poverty and want causes of melancholy, their 

eft'ects, 211 ; no such misery to be poor, 354 
Power of spirits, 125 
Predestination misconstrued, a cause of despair, 

654—656 
Preparatives and {)urger3 for melancholy, 405 
Precedency, what stirs it causeth, 167 
Precious stones, metais, altering melancholy, 

393 
Preventions to the cure of jealousy, 585 
Pride and praise causes of melancholy, 182 
Priests, how they cause religious melancholy, 

605 
Princes' discontents, 174 
Prodigals, their miseries, 181; bankrupts and 

spendthrifts, how p'.uiisbeJ, 181 
Profitable objects of love, 431 
Progress of love-melancholy exemplified, 484 
Prognostics or events of love-melancholy, 579 ; 

of despair, 579 ; of jealousy, 623 ; of melan- 
choly, 259 
Prospect good against melancholy, 307 
Prosperity a cause of misery, 366 
Protestations and deceitful promises of lovers, 

491 
Pseudo-prophets, their pranks, 627; their symp- 
toms, 623 
Pulse, peas, be*ans, cause of melancholy, 140 
Pulse of melancholy men, how it is aflected, 

233 
Pulse a sign of love-melancholy, 497 
Purgers and preparatives to head melancholy, 

405 
Purging simples upward, 397; downward, 399 
Purging, how cause of melancholy, 149 



Quantity of diet cause, 142; care of melfto- 
choly, 282 

R. 

Ratioxal soul, 104 

Reading Scriptures good against melancholy, 323 

Recreations good against melancholy, 309 

Redness of the face helped, 414 

Regions of the belly, 98 

Relation or hearing a cause of love-melan- 
choly, 457 

Religious melancholy a distinct species, 593; 
its object, 594 ; causes of it, 601 ; symptoms, 
613; prognostics, 627; cure, 629; religious 
policy, by whom, 604 

Repentance, its effects, 650 

Retention and evacuation causes of melancholy, 
140; rectified to the cure, 285 

Rich men's discontents and miseries, 178, 360; 
their prerogatives, 212 

Riot in apparel, excess of it, a great cause of 
love-melancholy, 475, 480 

Rivers in love, 461 

Rivals and co-rivals, 565 

Roots censured, 139 

Rose cross-men's or Rosicrucian's promises, 323 



S. 

Saints' aid rejected in melancholy, 274 

Salads censured, 139 

Sanguine melancholy signs, 242 

Scholars' miseries, 189 

Scilla or sea onion, a pwrger of melancholy, 398 

Scipio's continency, 530 

Scoffs, calumnies, bitter jests, how they cause 
melancholy, 207; their antidote, 383 

Scorzonera, good against melancholy, 392 

Scripture misconstrued, cause of religious me- 
lancholy, 654; cure of melancholy, 322 

Sea-sick, good physic for melancholy, 393 

Self-love cause of melancholy, his effects, 183 

Sensible soul and its parts, 101 

Senses, why and how deluded in melancholy, 
257 

Sentences selected out of humane authors, 384, 
385 

Servitude cause of melancholy, 210; and im- 
prisonment eased, 367 

Several men's delights and recreations, 306 

Severe tutors and guardians causes of me an- 
choly, 204 

Shame and disgrace how causes of melancholy, 
their effects, 164 

Sickness for our good, 346 

Sighs and tears symptoms of love-melancholy, 
496, 497 

Sight a principal cause of love-melancholy, 457, 
458 

Signs of honest love, 434 

Similar parts of the body, 96 

Simples censured proper to melancholy, '189 f 
fit to be known, 390; purging rnebLcnoly 
upward, 397; downward, purging simpler 
399 



fmk 



INDEX. 



d6U 



Singing a symptom of lovers, 519; cause of 
love-melaiicholy, 418 

Sin the impulsive cause of man's misery, 85 

Single life and virginity commended, 544; 
theit prerogatives, 545 

Slavery of lovers, 510 

Sleep and waking causes of melancholy, 156; 
by what means procured, helped, 414 

Small bodies have greatest wits, 346 

Smelling what, 102 

Smiling a ca ise of love-melancholy, 471 

Sodomy, 44S, 449 

Soldiers most part lascivious, 572 

Solitariness cause of melancholy, 154; coact, 
voluntary, how good, 155; sign of melan- 
choly, 239 

Sorrow its effect, 162; a cause of melancholy, 
163; a symptom of melancholy, 236; eased 
by counsel, 370 

Soul defined, its faculties, 99 ; ex traduce as 
some hold, 104 

Spices how causes of melancholy, 140 

Spirits and devils, their nature, 115; orders, 
118; kinds, 120; power, &c., 125 

Spleen its site, 97 ; how misatfected cause of 
melancholy, 228 

Sports, 314 ' 

Spots in the sun, 301 

Spruceness a symptom of lovers, 518 

Stars, how causes or signs of melancholy, 130; 
of love-rnelancholy, 453; of jealousy, 566 

Step-mother, her mischiefs, 224 

Stews, why allowed, 586 

Stomach distempered a cause of melancholy, 
228 

Stones like birds, beasts, fishes, &c., 290 

Strange nurses, when best, 203 

Streets narrow. 305 

Study overmuch cause of melancholy, 187 ; 
why and how, 188, 255; study good against 
melancholy, 318 

Subterranean devils, 124 

Supernatural causes of melancholy, 113 

Superstitious effects, symptoms, 616; how it 
domineers, 599, 624 

Surfeiting and drunkenness taxed, 143 

Suspicion and jealousy symptoms of melan- 
choly, 237; how caused, 254 

Swallows, cuckoos, &c., where are they in 
winter, 290 

Sweet tunes and singing causes of love-melan- 
choly, 481 

Sym[itoins or signs of melancholy in the body, 
232 ; mind, 233 ; from stars, members, 240 ; 
from education, custom, continuance of time, 
mixed with other diseases, 244; symptoms 
of head melancholy, 247; of hypochondriacal 
melancholy, 248; of the whole body, 250; 
symptoms of nuns', maids', widows' melan- 
choly, 250 ; immediate causes of melancholy 
symptoms, 253 ; symptoms of love-melan- 
choly, 496; symptoms of a lover pleased, 
502; dejected, 505; symptoms of jealousy, 
575; of religious melancholy, 613; of 
despair, 645, 646 

Synterrsis, 106 

Sjrsps, 397, 413 



T. 

Tale of a prebend, 377, 378 

TariHjtula's stinging effects, 226 

Taste what, 102 

Temper;iment a cause of love-melancholy, 453 

Tempestuous air, dark and fuliginous, how 

cause of melancholy, 151 
Terrestrial devils, 122 

Terrors and allVights cause melancholy, 205 
Theol()gasters censured, 301 
The best cure of love-melancholy is to let them 

have their desire, 647 
Tobacco approved, censured, 399 
'I'oleration, religious, 629 
Torments of love, 501 
Transmigration of souls, 104 
'i'ravelling commended, good against melari' 

choly, 306 ; for love-melancholy especially 

531 
Tutors cause melancholy, 204 



U. 

Unchahitable men described, 440 
r nd.irstanding defined, divided, 106 
Lni.-.rtunate marriages' effects, 174, 223, 588 
iinkind friends cause melancholy, 224 
fTtilawful cures of melancholy rejected, 270 
Upstarts censured, their symptoms, 350, 357 
Urine of melancholy persons, 233 
Uxoril, 568, 569 

V. 

Vainglory described a cause of melanchrly, 

182 
Valour and courage caused by love, 517 
Variation of the compass, where, 288 
Variety of meats and dishes cause melancholy, 

283 
Varie'y of mistresses and olgects a cure of 

melancholy, 534 
Variety of weather, air, manners, countries, 

whence, &c., 293, 294 
Variety of places, change of air, good agaii.sf 

melancholy, 306 
Vegetal soul and its faculties, 100 
Vegetal creatures in love, 444, 445 
Veins descril)ed, 97 
Venus rectified, 287 
Venery a cause of melancholy, 118 
Venison a melancholy meat, 137, 138 
Vices of women, 540 
Violent misery continues not, 342 
Violent death, event of love-melancholy^ 525; 

prognostic of despair, 647 ; by some defended, 

262 ; how to be censured, 265 
Virginity, by what signs to be known, 577 

commended, 545 
Virtue and vice, principal habits of the will, 108 
Vitex or agnus castas good against love- 
melancholy, 527 

W. 

Wakino cause of melancholy, 154, 163; a 

symptom, 232; cured, 325 
Walking, shooting, swimming. Sec, good agaiuBt 

melancholy, 307, 311, 528 



670 



INDEX. 



Want of sleep a symptom of love-melancholj, 
283, 490, 497 

Wanton carriage and gesture cause of love- 
melancholy, 470 

Water devils, 122 

Water if foul causeth melancholy, 141 

Waters censured, their eflFects, 141 

Waters, which good, 281 

Waters in love, 461 

Wearisomoness of life a symptom of melan- 
choly, 505 

What physic fit in love-melancholy, 526 

Who are most apt to be jealous, 567 

Whores' properties and conditions, 535 

Why good men are often rejected, 377 

Why fools beget wise children, wise men 
fools, 135 

Widows' melancholy, 251 

Will defined, divided, its actions, why ovei'- 
ruled, 107 

Wine causeth melancholy, 140, 182 ; a good 
cordial against melancholy, 410 ; forbid 
in love-melancholy, 527 

Winds in love, 461 

Witty devices against melancholy, 334, 532 



Wit proved by love, 517 

Withstand the beginnings, a principal cure 
of love-melancholy, 529 

Witches' power, how they cause melancholy, 
128; their transformations, 129; they can 
cure melancholy, 129, 270; not to be 
sought to for help, 272 ; nor saints, 275 

Wives censured, 560; commended, 561; 
choice of a wife, 590 

Women, how cause of melancholy, 182; their 
exercises, 324; their vanity in apparel 
taxed, 473 ; how they cozen men, 474 ; their 
counterfeit tears, 491 ; their vices, 540 

Woodbine, amni, rue, lettuce, how good in 
love-melancholy, 527 

AVorld taxed, 171 

Wormwood good against melancholy, 892 

Writers of the cure of melancholy, 270 

Writers of imagination, 159; de consolatione, 
341; of melancholy, 108; of love-melan- 
choly, 521, 522; against despair, 648 

Y. 

Young man in love with a picture, 499 
Youth a cause of love-melancholy, 454 



THE END. 



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